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Developing sustainable aquafeeds with lowlevels of fish meal & fish oilSadasivam (Sachi) Kaushik
ERA chair, Ecoaqua, Univ Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
INRA, 64310 St-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
First International Innovation Workshop AquacultureBerlin, March 14, 2017
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Capture fisheries vs Aquaculture, 2000-2020
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Aquaculture
Capture for humanconsumptionCapture Non Food
Mio
T
Source: redrawn from OCDE 2012
Farmed/ WildCrustaceans > 100%Finfish > 60%
Global Aquaculture 1980 : supplied 9% of seafood Today : supplies nearly 50%
EU: 24% of the 23 kg per capita consumption of seafood comes from aquaculture
At a global level, food supply from capture fisheries is at best stable while that from Aquaculture is continuously increasing
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Total seafood production volume is getting above that of beef, pork or poultry, thanks to Aquaculture
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Poultry Pork Beef Fisheries Aquaculture Fisheries +Aquaculture
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OCDE 2012 Kaushik, 2013
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Increasing aquaculture production leads to greater demand for aquafeed production
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x 1000 tons
Global fed Prdn
Global feeds
Global production
Formulated compound Aquafeeds in Europe : about 4 mio tons of aquafeeds
Aqua Feeds are nutrient dense, protein-rich, high energy (mainly from fats)
4 mio tons of feeds = 1,6 mio Tons of proteins; 0,5-0,6 mio tons of fats
Issues : Portein-rich feedstuffs requiredReliance on fish meal and fish oilderived from capture fisheriesCompetition with other animal productions
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Fishmeal (FM) and fish oil (FO) availability
Raw materialsWhole fish caught by dedicated feed fishing fleets 17-18 Mio tonsTrimmings and rejects from food fish 5-6 Mio tonsTotal raw material 22-23 Mio tons
Production of Fishmeal about 4-5 Mio tonsFish oil < 1 Mio tons
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Salmonids, marine fish and cyprinids consume
over 60% of FM and over 80% of FO used for
aquaculture
Fish meal use in aquafeeds
Shrimp28%
Marine fish21%
Salmonids27%
Carps15%
Other FW fish9%
Fish oil use in aquafeeds
Other FW fish4%Carps
6%
Shrimp9%
Marine fish14%
Salmonids67%
Fish oil use in aquafeeds
Other FW fish4%Carps
6%
Shrimp9%
Marine fish14%
Salmonids67%
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European Research initiatives
EU projects (FP5 & FP6) over the past ten years:
PEPPA dealt with fishmeal (FM) replacement by plant protein sources (trout, gilthead seabream)RAFOA dealt with fish oil (FO) replacement by veg oils (salmon, trout, European seabass)Gutintegrity dealt with effects of dietary factors on gut (salmonids)
=> FORM for collective dissemination to stakeholders
Aquamax, an FP6 integrated project, dealt with combined replacement of FM & FO ( salmon, trout, seabream, carps)
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• Feeds with low levels of FM & FO were deveopled• Long-term growth studies with different species: Atlantic salmon,
rainbow trout, gilthead seabream, carps (Common carp, Indian major carps) were undertaken
• Growth performance, nutrient utilisation efficiency ensured• Integrative tools (metabolic, molecular) developed & applied• Health & Welfare of fish, Nutritional quality of flesh ensured• Sensory value and consumer response assessed• Possible genetic determinism analysed
• Global environmental impacts & sustainability of feeds assessed ….
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Salmon - Nifes Salmon -UoS
RBT-INRA RBT-VdF
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GSB Carp
Bream and Common CarpAtlantic salmon & Rainbow trout
Studies were undertaken with juveniles to market size
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Status and targets fixed on fishmeal & fish oil levels in feeds as part of the “Aquamax” project
Species 2005 levels Target levels Achieved
FM FO FM FO
Atlantic Salmon 35-47 25-33 12-16 8-12
Rainbow trout 30-35 20-25 5 5
Gilthead
seabream
40-45 15-20 15 10
Carp 20-25 5-10 0 0
Significant reduction in the “FIFO” ratio
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Sustainability : exampleLife Cycle Analysis (LCA) of farmed fish
Feeds and Feed Utilisation Efficiency are the major factors
0%
50%
100%
150%Acidification
EutrophicationPotential
Global warming
Terrestrialecotoxicity
Net primaryproduction use
Water use
Landcompetition
Total cumulativeenergy demand
Standard Low Marine
Example :Compared to a feed with FM & FO, use of plant proteins & oils in the feedsreduces NPPU, does not much affect the GWP, has other impacts such as increased land & water use…
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Studies on five major species of fish with different biological cycles over the full life cycle
Grant number: FP7-288925Jan 2012 → Dec 2016
A consortium of 10 RTD & 11 industry / SMEs
A stakeholder advisory board
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Improved knowledge on nutrient requirementsNovel nutrient delivery vectorsLong-term trials with low FM/FO feedsEnsure growth, physiological well-being, health of fishEnsure nutritional value, quality and food safetyPrepare fish for the future ?
Grant number: FP7-288925Jan 2012 → Dec 2016
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Micronutrient requirements
Novel delivery forms
Novel methodologies
Nutritional programming
Biomarkers
Larvae & Alevins
Nutritional requirements
Novel methodologies
Biomarkers
Long-term effects
JuvenilesNutritional requirements
Long-term effects
• Metabolism & Growth
• Food Quality & Safety
• Health & Disease
• Environmental loads
Biomarkers
Grow-out stage
Biomarkers
Nutritional programming
Broodstock
Biomarkers
Novel delivery vectors
Nutritional programming
Eggs & Milt
Under scenaios of low FM / FO feeds though the whole life cycle …
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Improved knowledge on nutrient requirements of fishFeed Ingredients for use in AquacultureConfer flexibility in the choice of feedstuffs for the aquafeed IndustryDevelop micronutrient mix adapted for low FM/FO feedsDevelop feeds with improved nutrient availability
What was Done / Achieved ?
www.arraina.eu
Long-term trials five fish species fed low FM/FO feeds in link with producers
Technical Booklets
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Rainbow trout: Low or No FM / FO feeds on reproductive performance and possible trans-generational effects
• Rainbow trout can grow and reproduce when fed a no FM FO diet
• Even in the total absence of a dietary supply of EPA+DHA , Ova have EPA + DHA,
• Possible bioconversion of dietary 18:3 n-3 into EPA + DHA, & deposition of neosynthesized n-3 LC-PUFA into the eggs
• Before 1st feeding: no effects of broodstock nutritional history on fry transcriptome
• Analyses of fry – alevin growth, metabolic level : data on gene expression…
Lazzarotto, V. 2016. PhD Thesis, Univ Pauhttp://www.theses.fr/2016PAUU3002
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Weight (g)
COM MAR VEG
Trout fed a 0/0 diet did not have any adverse reproductive performance
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Growth of gilthead seabream fed low FM/FO diets over long periods
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D1 (FM25/FO15)D2 (FM5/FO6)D3 (FM5/FO2.5)D4 (FM5/FO2.5/BUT)
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Jan2016
FE = 0.81
SGR = 0.51
SGR = 1.4
FE = 0.99BW = 300 g
BW = 1000 gSGR = 0.70
BW = 1600 gFE = 0.72
FGR FE15-300g 1.00-1.05 0.95 - 1.01300-900g 1.25-1.33 0.75 - 0.80900-1700g 1.41-1.61 0.62 - 0.71Overall 1.33-1.43 0.70 – 0.75
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Tools / biomarkers for assessing physiological statushttp://nutrigroup-iats.org/arraina-biomarkers/
wastEst – a modeling tool to compare the
environmental impact of different fish
feed formulations
Web-based tool to assess environmental impacts of feeds
Novel Feeds Validated through a “Proof of Concept” challenge
What was Done / Achieved ?
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Reduced reliance on capture fishery derived feedstuffs(fish meal & fish oil) in fish feeds is a reality
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% Fishmeal in the feed
Bream &
BassSalmon
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% Fish oil in the feed
Bream &
BassSalmon
(Recalculated by Sachi Kaushik from Tacon & Metian, 2008, 2015; FAO, 2014)
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Reduced reliance on capture fishery derived feedstuffs(fish meal & fish oil) in fish feeds is a reality
0
10
20
30
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1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
% Fishmeal in the feed
Bream &
BassSalmon
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1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
% Fish oil in the feed
Bream &
BassSalmon
(Recalculated by Sachi Kaushik from Tacon & Metian, 2008, 2015; FAO, 2014)
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Ytrestøyl et al. 2015. Aquaculture 448: 365-374.
Sprague et al. 2016. Scientific Reports | 6:21892 | DOI: 10.1038/srep21892
LC-PUFA levels in the fleshEvolution of salmon feeds over the past25 years
Finishing feeds to tailor FA profiles: there is science behind. Practice ??Reduction in PAHs….
Reduced reliance on capture fishery derived feedstuffs(fish meal & fish oil) in fish feeds is a realityNot without consequences, but solutions are there
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Farmed fish are efficient convertors of feed protein / energy?
Waite et al. 2014
But not all aquaculture systems perform equally wellThere is still room for improvement in terms of resource use and efficiency
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Go beyond the current sustainabilitybandwagon
EU fish farming has been pro-active Risk management, Social responsibility ?Organic aquaculture, Circular economy, Slow Food, Food miles… Competition for resources, space, water… with other sectors
Need for a Holistic “Ecosystem Approach”
EAS- EATIP Meeting at San Sebastian, AE 2014
Feed x Breed Interactions
Different farming systems, Continuously changing feed composition, Economics, least-cost to least risk, optimal diet formulation - a moving target; benchmarking of options against “Reference” diets is needed