Developing sustainable aquafeeds with lowlevels of fish meal & fish oilSadasivam (Sachi) Kaushik

ERA chair, Ecoaqua, Univ Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain

INRA, 64310 St-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France

First International Innovation Workshop AquacultureBerlin, March 14, 2017

Capture fisheries vs Aquaculture, 2000-2020

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Aquaculture

Capture for humanconsumptionCapture Non Food

Mio

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Source: redrawn from OCDE 2012

Farmed/ WildCrustaceans > 100%Finfish > 60%

Global Aquaculture 1980 : supplied 9% of seafood Today : supplies nearly 50%

EU: 24% of the 23 kg per capita consumption of seafood comes from aquaculture

At a global level, food supply from capture fisheries is at best stable while that from Aquaculture is continuously increasing

Total seafood production volume is getting above that of beef, pork or poultry, thanks to Aquaculture

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Poultry Pork Beef Fisheries Aquaculture Fisheries +Aquaculture

Million tons *

2010 2020

OCDE 2012 Kaushik, 2013

Increasing aquaculture production leads to greater demand for aquafeed production

,0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

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60,000

70,000

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

x 1000 tons

Global fed Prdn

Global feeds

Global production

Formulated compound Aquafeeds in Europe : about 4 mio tons of aquafeeds

Aqua Feeds are nutrient dense, protein-rich, high energy (mainly from fats)

4 mio tons of feeds = 1,6 mio Tons of proteins; 0,5-0,6 mio tons of fats

Issues : Portein-rich feedstuffs requiredReliance on fish meal and fish oilderived from capture fisheriesCompetition with other animal productions

Fishmeal (FM) and fish oil (FO) availability

Raw materialsWhole fish caught by dedicated feed fishing fleets 17-18 Mio tonsTrimmings and rejects from food fish 5-6 Mio tonsTotal raw material 22-23 Mio tons

Production of Fishmeal about 4-5 Mio tonsFish oil < 1 Mio tons

Salmonids, marine fish and cyprinids consume

over 60% of FM and over 80% of FO used for

aquaculture

Fish meal use in aquafeeds

Shrimp28%

Marine fish21%

Salmonids27%

Carps15%

Other FW fish9%

Fish oil use in aquafeeds

Other FW fish4%Carps

6%

Shrimp9%

Marine fish14%

Salmonids67%

Fish oil use in aquafeeds

Other FW fish4%Carps

6%

Shrimp9%

Marine fish14%

Salmonids67%

European Research initiatives

EU projects (FP5 & FP6) over the past ten years:

PEPPA dealt with fishmeal (FM) replacement by plant protein sources (trout, gilthead seabream)RAFOA dealt with fish oil (FO) replacement by veg oils (salmon, trout, European seabass)Gutintegrity dealt with effects of dietary factors on gut (salmonids)

=> FORM for collective dissemination to stakeholders

Aquamax, an FP6 integrated project, dealt with combined replacement of FM & FO ( salmon, trout, seabream, carps)

• Feeds with low levels of FM & FO were deveopled• Long-term growth studies with different species: Atlantic salmon,

rainbow trout, gilthead seabream, carps (Common carp, Indian major carps) were undertaken

• Growth performance, nutrient utilisation efficiency ensured• Integrative tools (metabolic, molecular) developed & applied• Health & Welfare of fish, Nutritional quality of flesh ensured• Sensory value and consumer response assessed• Possible genetic determinism analysed

• Global environmental impacts & sustainability of feeds assessed ….

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Salmon - Nifes Salmon -UoS

RBT-INRA RBT-VdF

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GSB Carp

Bream and Common CarpAtlantic salmon & Rainbow trout

Studies were undertaken with juveniles to market size

Status and targets fixed on fishmeal & fish oil levels in feeds as part of the “Aquamax” project

Species 2005 levels Target levels Achieved

FM FO FM FO

Atlantic Salmon 35-47 25-33 12-16 8-12

Rainbow trout 30-35 20-25 5 5

Gilthead

seabream

40-45 15-20 15 10

Carp 20-25 5-10 0 0

Significant reduction in the “FIFO” ratio

Sustainability : exampleLife Cycle Analysis (LCA) of farmed fish

Feeds and Feed Utilisation Efficiency are the major factors

0%

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150%Acidification

EutrophicationPotential

Global warming

Terrestrialecotoxicity

Net primaryproduction use

Water use

Landcompetition

Total cumulativeenergy demand

Standard Low Marine

Example :Compared to a feed with FM & FO, use of plant proteins & oils in the feedsreduces NPPU, does not much affect the GWP, has other impacts such as increased land & water use…

Studies on five major species of fish with different biological cycles over the full life cycle

Grant number: FP7-288925Jan 2012 → Dec 2016

A consortium of 10 RTD & 11 industry / SMEs

A stakeholder advisory board

Improved knowledge on nutrient requirementsNovel nutrient delivery vectorsLong-term trials with low FM/FO feedsEnsure growth, physiological well-being, health of fishEnsure nutritional value, quality and food safetyPrepare fish for the future ?

Grant number: FP7-288925Jan 2012 → Dec 2016

Micronutrient requirements

Novel delivery forms

Novel methodologies

Nutritional programming

Biomarkers

Larvae & Alevins

Nutritional requirements

Novel methodologies

Biomarkers

Long-term effects

JuvenilesNutritional requirements

Long-term effects

• Metabolism & Growth

• Food Quality & Safety

• Health & Disease

• Environmental loads

Biomarkers

Grow-out stage

Biomarkers

Nutritional programming

Broodstock

Biomarkers

Novel delivery vectors

Nutritional programming

Eggs & Milt

Under scenaios of low FM / FO feeds though the whole life cycle …

Improved knowledge on nutrient requirements of fishFeed Ingredients for use in AquacultureConfer flexibility in the choice of feedstuffs for the aquafeed IndustryDevelop micronutrient mix adapted for low FM/FO feedsDevelop feeds with improved nutrient availability

What was Done / Achieved ?

www.arraina.eu

Long-term trials five fish species fed low FM/FO feeds in link with producers

Technical Booklets

Rainbow trout: Low or No FM / FO feeds on reproductive performance and possible trans-generational effects

• Rainbow trout can grow and reproduce when fed a no FM FO diet

• Even in the total absence of a dietary supply of EPA+DHA , Ova have EPA + DHA,

• Possible bioconversion of dietary 18:3 n-3 into EPA + DHA, & deposition of neosynthesized n-3 LC-PUFA into the eggs

• Before 1st feeding: no effects of broodstock nutritional history on fry transcriptome

• Analyses of fry – alevin growth, metabolic level : data on gene expression…

Lazzarotto, V. 2016. PhD Thesis, Univ Pauhttp://www.theses.fr/2016PAUU3002

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0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400days

Weight (g)

COM MAR VEG

Trout fed a 0/0 diet did not have any adverse reproductive performance

Growth of gilthead seabream fed low FM/FO diets over long periods

Bod

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D1 (FM25/FO15)D2 (FM5/FO6)D3 (FM5/FO2.5)D4 (FM5/FO2.5/BUT)

B

May Jan JanMay SepSep May Sep2013 2014 2015

Jan2016

FE = 0.81

SGR = 0.51

SGR = 1.4

FE = 0.99BW = 300 g

BW = 1000 gSGR = 0.70

BW = 1600 gFE = 0.72

FGR FE15-300g 1.00-1.05 0.95 - 1.01300-900g 1.25-1.33 0.75 - 0.80900-1700g 1.41-1.61 0.62 - 0.71Overall 1.33-1.43 0.70 – 0.75

Tools / biomarkers for assessing physiological statushttp://nutrigroup-iats.org/arraina-biomarkers/

wastEst – a modeling tool to compare the

environmental impact of different fish

feed formulations

Web-based tool to assess environmental impacts of feeds

Novel Feeds Validated through a “Proof of Concept” challenge

What was Done / Achieved ?

Reduced reliance on capture fishery derived feedstuffs(fish meal & fish oil) in fish feeds is a reality

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% Fishmeal in the feed

Bream &

BassSalmon

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1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

% Fish oil in the feed

Bream &

BassSalmon

(Recalculated by Sachi Kaushik from Tacon & Metian, 2008, 2015; FAO, 2014)

Reduced reliance on capture fishery derived feedstuffs(fish meal & fish oil) in fish feeds is a reality

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1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

% Fishmeal in the feed

Bream &

BassSalmon

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1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

% Fish oil in the feed

Bream &

BassSalmon

(Recalculated by Sachi Kaushik from Tacon & Metian, 2008, 2015; FAO, 2014)

Ytrestøyl et al. 2015. Aquaculture 448: 365-374.

Sprague et al. 2016. Scientific Reports | 6:21892 | DOI: 10.1038/srep21892

LC-PUFA levels in the fleshEvolution of salmon feeds over the past25 years

Finishing feeds to tailor FA profiles: there is science behind. Practice ??Reduction in PAHs….

Reduced reliance on capture fishery derived feedstuffs(fish meal & fish oil) in fish feeds is a realityNot without consequences, but solutions are there

Farmed fish are efficient convertors of feed protein / energy?

Waite et al. 2014

But not all aquaculture systems perform equally wellThere is still room for improvement in terms of resource use and efficiency

Go beyond the current sustainabilitybandwagon

EU fish farming has been pro-active Risk management, Social responsibility ?Organic aquaculture, Circular economy, Slow Food, Food miles… Competition for resources, space, water… with other sectors

Need for a Holistic “Ecosystem Approach”

EAS- EATIP Meeting at San Sebastian, AE 2014

Feed x Breed Interactions

Different farming systems, Continuously changing feed composition, Economics, least-cost to least risk, optimal diet formulation - a moving target; benchmarking of options against “Reference” diets is needed