ipil ipil leaf meal as supplements to soybean and fish meal

8/14/2019 Ipil ipil leaf meal as supplements to soybean and fish meal

1/6

Digital re-print - March | April 2009Feature: Ipil ipil

Feature title: Functional aquaeeds: Ipil ipil lea meal as supplements to soybean and fsh meal

International Aquafeed is published five times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies,

the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis ofinformation published.Copyright 2009 Perendale Publishers L td. All rights reserved. No par t of this publication may be reproduced in any formor by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE FOR THE AQUACULTURE FEED INDUSTRYNEXT PAGE
http://www.aquafeed.co.uk/http://www.aquafeed.co.uk/


2/6

NEXT PAGEPREVIOUS PAGE

Among plant protein ingre-

dients, ipil ipil (Leucaena

leucocephala) leafmeal

(ILLM) is considered

the most nutritive plant protein

source after soybean meal in aquatic

feeds. That was proven in a 21-day

experiment conducted to assess the

response of juvenile Monosex Nile

tilapia Oreochromis niloticus with four

iso-nitrogenous formulated di ets: One

control diet was formulated based on

fishmeal, one on soybean meal and

one on rice bran, ipil ipil leafmeal was

also included in experimental diets.

Use of 15 percent ILLM in fish feed led

to a significant improvement from the view

of growth performance and cost benefit. The

results indicated that weight and length gain,

absolute growth, specific growth rate, feed

conversion efficiency, protein efficiency ratio

and average daily growth rates were recorded

significantly highest in the fourth diet (which

contained 15 percent IILM) compared to

the other three. The lowest feed conversion

ratio and cost-per-unit production were also

recorded to be lowest in the fourth diet.

On the other hand, the higher cost-

per-unit fish production was recorded fordiet-1, where ipil ipil leaf meal was absent.

This study also showed that profit was

maximised using diet-4, reducing feed costs

by 24.04 percent.

The findings in the study demonstrate

that ipil ipil leafmeal could be used as pro-

tein substitute at up to 25 percent - opti-

mumally at 15 percent - in diet of growing

juvenile monosex tilapia.

Tilapias are endemic to

Africa, but interest in their

aquaculture potential has led

to their almost worldwide

distribution over the past 50

years. Initial enthusiasm was

based on characteristics that

made tilapia appropriate for

subsistence fish farming in

developing countries: several

species are herbivorous, readily

reproduce in small ponds and

are highly tolerant of poor water quality.

Interest in commercial production of tila-

pia was initially dampened by a small harvest

size resulting from excessive reproduction

and stunting (Thomas and Leonard, 1995).

In order to reduce the cost of a balanced

diet, locally available ingredients, such as

agricultural by-products and plant proteins,

should be included in the diet or substituted

for expensive animal plant protein s ources.

Legumes such as Ipil ipil are potentially a

valuable feed resource for aquaculture in the

tropics because of their widespread distribu-tion in those areas. Most varieties have not

been evaluated as feed for fish. Leucaena leu-

cocephala compares favourably with lucerne

in terms of crude protein (CP), calcium (Ca)

and phosphorus (P), and it is also a good

source of b-carotene. (NAP 1984).

By production volume, tilapia culture is

the second largest aquaculture system in

use worldwide in sweet-water and is mostly

carried out using semi-intensive systems

in developing countries (FAO, 2000). Nile

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was introduced

first in Bangladesh in 1954 from Thailand

(Ahmed, 1956).

In populations of tilapia, males grow faster

and are more uniform in size than females.

For this reason, the farming of monosex

populations of tilapias, which is achieved

either by manual sexing, direct hormonal sex

reversal, hybridisation or genetic manipula-

tion, has been reported as solutions to theproblem of early sexual maturation and

unwanted reproduction.

As in most fish culture systems, balanced

feed is one the most significant inputs in tilapia

culture and accounts for

between 30-60 percent of

production costs (El-Sayed,

1990; Goddard, 1996; Tudor

et al 1996). Substitution of

fishmeal in balanced feed has

been vital to reducing feed

costs and overall tilapia pro-

duction costs. Efforts have

been made to reduce this

by Dr Hossain Zamal, Prabal Barua, Belal Uddin

Table 1: Ingredient composition of experimental diet

Ingredients Diet-1(%)Diet-2

(%)Diet-3

(%)Diet-4

(%)

Fish meal 33 30 30 35

Soybean meal 35 33 30 25

Rice bran 32 17 15 25

Ipil ipil leaf meal(leucaena leaf)

---- 20 25 15

Estimation of growth and financial analysis through the application of Ipil ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) leaf

meal as supplements to soybean and fish meal in the diet of juvenile monosex tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Ipil ipil leaf meal as supplementsto soybean and fish meal

Figure 1: Ipil Ipil leafmeal preparation process

36 | InternatIonalAquAFeed | Mch-api 09 - i

Ipil ipil

input cost by substituting

fishmeal with a wide vari-

ety of vegetables and meats

(Olvera-Novoa et al 1990;

Olvera-Novoa et al 1997;

El-Saidy and Gaber, 2003).

The larvae of monosex

tilapia are habitat to feed

at surface. So, experimental

diets were prepared ingranulated form for the purpose of achieving

better floating characteristics.

Methodology:

A: Experimental locationThe experiment was performed for a

period of 21 days at a nursery pond of

Allahwalla Hatchery and Fisheries Project,

Coxs Bazar, Bangladesh.

B: Collection & preparationIpil ipil leaf (IIL) collection and prepara-

tion: The ipil ipil tree was cultivated in the

dyke and roadside of the research station.

The green, soft and fleshy leaves were col-

lected from the tree and Figure-1 shows theprocedure of Ipil ipil leafmeal preparation.

C: Diet preparationC.1: Ingredient selection: Four ingredi-

ents - fishmeal, soybean meal (SBM), Ipil ipil

Leafmeal and rice bran - were selected for

experimental diet preparation. The fishmeal

and soybean meal were used as protein

source. The ipil ipil leafmeal was partially

incorporated with fishmeal and soybean as

protein sources. Rice bran was selected as

a carbohydrate and energy source. All the

ingredients were sieved to remove larger

particles. The fishmeal and soybean meal

were imported from Thailand by Allahwala

Hatchery and Fisheries Project for nursery

feed as reliable protein sources. Rice bran was

collected from a local market.

C.2: Diet Formulation: Four isonitrog-

enous diets, which contained a crude protein

value 30 percent, were formulated as shown

in Table 1. The protein requirement was

balanced using the square method (Pearson,

1976). The blended feeds were used as

experimental diets and stored in an airtight

polythene bag for longer term use. Four

different ingredients: fishmeal, soybean meal

(SBM), Ipil-Ipil Leafmeal and rice bran were

selected for experimental diet preparation

based on their composition. The control diet

(Diet-1) was formulated without mixing of

Ipi ipil leafmeal. Table-2 shows the proximate

composition of the four ingredients.

D: Experimental designThe experiment was conducted in four

'hapa' each 3 1.5 0.45 m (L W

H). Each 'hapa' contained three similar

chambers for replication in order to study

the growth of monosex tilapia fry with

different experimental diets. Diet-1 (was

denoted as control); Diet-2, Diet-3 and

Diet-4 were respectively applied in 'hapa-1',

'hapa-2', 'hapa-3' and 'hapa-4' for comparative

study of their effect on growth.

E: Larvae collection & stockingThe juvenile monosex tilapias were col-

lected from nursery pond of the research

station with an average weight of 0.634g

and length of 3.52cm. A numerous fry

were stocked in cemented tank without

Table 2: Proximate composition of feed ingredients

IngredientsCrudeProtein

(%)

CrudeFat(%)

CrudeFibre(%)

Ash(%)

Moisture(%)

NitrogenFree

Extract(NFE)

Ipil-Ipil leaf meal - (IILM) 23 8 16 10 14 29

Fish meal 55 6 8 8 15 8Soybean meal 38 7 13 9 12 21

Rice bran 11 10 30 11 13 25

Ipil- Ipil

Ipil-ipil, (Leucaena leucocephala) is a small Mimosoid tropical tree native to Mexico, one

of the most versatile species of all tropical trees because of its exceptionally high rate

of growth, ability to fix nitrogen and high nutritional value as feed for livestock (Hughes,

Colin E., 1998 ). It has been conside red for biomass production , as its reported yield of foliage

corresponds to a dried mass of 2000-20000 kg/ha/year, and that of wood 30-40 m/ha/year,

with up to twice those amounts in favourable climates.

High rates of nitrogen fixation (100-500 kg N/ha/yr), which contribute to high foliar N

content (4.3% dry wt.), and rapid decomposition of its foliage make ipil-ipil an excellent mulch

(surface application) or green manure (incorporated) crop. In addition to inorganic nutrients,

ipil-ipil mulch/green manure can increase soil organic matter (Duke 1983). During the 1970s

and 1980s it was promoted as a "miracle tree" for its multiple uses It has also been described

as a "conflict tree" in that it is both promoted for forage production and spreads like a weed in

some places ( Gutteridge and Shelton, 1998).

Classification of Ipil- Ipil

Kingdom : Plantae Division : Magnoliophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Fabales Family : Fabaceae Subfamily: Mimosoideae Genus: Leucaena Species: L. leucocephala,

(Lam.). de Wit

- i Mch-api 09 | InternatIonalAquAFeed | 37

Ipil ipil


3/6


(percent) was recorded for Diet-3. The

higher fat 7.63 (percent) was recorded

for Died-1 and lower fat 7.4 (percent)

was recorded for Diet-3. The huger

Ash 9.24 (percent) was recorded for

Diet-1 and lower Ash 9.24 (percent) was

recorded for Diet-2. The higher NFE

19.7 (percent) was recorded for Diet-

2 and lower NFE 18.0 (percent) was

recorded for Diet-1 (see Table-1).

Table-3 represents the growth and

nutrient utilisation of juvenile

monosex tilapia on the test

diets. There were significant dif-

ferences (P 0.05).

Highest MWG, MLG, SGR, AG, ADG, FCE

and PER were found in fish fed Diet-4. The

least MWG, MLG, SGR, AG, ADG wereobserved in fish fed Diet-1, while the least

I: Bio-Chemical EvaluationMoisture, ash, lipid and protein content

of the ingredients were determined by

standard AOAC methods (AOAC, 1995).

J: Feed EconomicsThe economical feasibility of the experi-

mental diets was studied by analysed unit

cost and total costs

of all ingredientswere used in the

experiments.

Results

The nutrient ele-

ments, such as crude

protein, crude fat,

crude fibre, ash con-

tents, moisture con-

tents and NFE were

evaluated for each of

the isonitrogenous

diets for the suitabil-

ity of their finished

product for mono-

sex tilapia fry. The

four experimentaldiets were contained 35 percent crude

protein. The higher moisture content

13.6 (percent) was recorded for Diet-

4 and lowest moisture content 13.31

(percent) was recorded for Diet-1. The

higher crude fibre 16.79 (percent) wasrecorded for Diet-1 and lower value 14.8

feed for one day. Total 2400 uniform size

fry were taken into 12 polythene bags.

The fry within polythene bags were accli-

matised with water temperature of the

'hapa' for three-to-five minutes. Just after

acclimatised the fry were finally stocked

into 'hapa'. Each 'hapa' contained 600 fry

and each experimental chamber contained

200 fry.

F: Feed managementDue to the feeding behaviour of

tilapia, granulated experimental diets

were spread on centre of each chamber

by a small plate arrangement to avoid

feeding competition between exterior

fish. The amount of feed supplied to the

reared fry was 25 percent of the total

biomass per day for the first 10 days and

20 percent of total biomass per day for

second 11 days.

G: Periodical observationThe growth and survival of the reared

specimen in each 'hapa' with three

replicates were recorded at seven days

interval. Ten percent of the estimated fry

were sampled and collected samples were

placed on the well-marked stillness scale

and recorded the total length from the

extreme mouth to the tip of tail. 20 spe-

cies were taken from each chamber for

measuring total length. The mean weightof the sample was then determined by

dividing the total weight by the num-

bers of animals.

H: Biological evaluationMean weight gain (MWG), mean

length gain (MLG), absolute growth

(AG) and specific growth rate (SGR)

were determined as advocated by

Sedgwick (1979). Feed conversion ratio

(FCR), feed conversion efficiency (FCE),

protein efficiency ratio (PER) were

calculated as described by Castell and

Tiews (1980).

Table 3: Growth performance of juvenile tilapia in experimentaldiets

parameter Diet-1 Diet-2 Diet-3 Diet-4

Abso lu te Growth (g) 919.26 929.2 979.26 1119.26

Specific Growth Rate(SGR)

5.86% 5.90% 6.05% 6.52%

Feed ConversionRatio (FCR)

2.74 2.73 2.78 2.42

Feed ConversionEfficiency (%)

36.43 36.67 35.99 41.23

Protein EfficiencyRatio

1.04 1.047 1.028 1.178

Survival Rate ( %)) 100 100 100 100

Table 4: Feed formulation cost (1 kg fish) and cost per unit production ( Tk/kg)

Diets

Feedformulatingcost (Tk /

kg)

Totalfeedused(kg)

Totalfeedcost(Tk)

Total fishproduction

at the end ofexp.(kg)

Costper unit

production(Tk/kg)

Diet-1 20.82 2.523 52.53 1.152 45.6

Diet-2 18.33 2.534 46.45 1.31 35.46

Diet-3 17.85 2.721 48.57 1.36 35.71

Diet-4 19.15 2.714 51.97 1.5 34.65

38 | InternatIonalAquAFeed | Mch-api 09 - i

Ipil ipil

Discussion:

Ingredients selection is one of the most

important factors for formulation and com-

mercial production for supplemental quality

feed of aquatic species. In the present study

ingredient were selected to consider their

nutritional quality and cost effectiveness.

Ipil leafmeal. The

higher formulating

cost was 20.82tk/

kg for Diet-1 and lower formulating cost

was 17.85tk/kg for Diet-3. The estimated

higher cost for production of 100kg juve-

nile monosex tilapia was four, 560taka*

for Diet-1 and lower cost for production

of 100kg juvenile monosex tilapia was

3465taka for Diet-4. The higher benefit

was 24.01 percent (taka) was estimated

for Diet-4 and lower benefit 21.69 per-

cent (taka) was estimated for Diet-3

when compared with Diet-1.

FCR, FCE and PER were observed in Diet-

4, Diet-3 and Diet-2 respectively.

In the present experiment, feed prepa-

ration cost (Tk/kg) and proportional ben -

efit analysis among different experimental

diets (Tk/kg) were observed in the Table

4 and Table 5; The lowest production c ost

indicating economic viability of the feed.

The higher price of feed ingredients was

37.00tk/kg for fishmeal and lower price

for ingredients was 3.00tk/kg for Ipil-

Table 5: Comparative Benefit Analysis among differentexperimental diet

Diet

Cost per unitproductionof fish ( taka

/ kg)

TotalBenefit(taka)

% ofBenefit

Diet-1 45.6 ------- -----

Diet-2 35.46 10.14 22.24

Diet-3 35.71 9.89 21.69

Diet- 4 34.65 10.95 24.01

Contact us today for more information.

fortifeed.com

800-522-4682

200 9 9 utrition 9 9 9 9 2 2

F o r t o d a y s

Naturally Healthy AnimalsFortiFeed is a natural soluble prebiotic fiber comprisedof pure short-chain fr uctooligosaccharides (scFOS) thatselectively stimulates the growth of b eneficial microflorain the intestines of animals. FortiFeed adds value tofoods and feeds by supporting:

immunity digestive function nutrient utilization

T HE FA C E of HEALTH

T f F : :

* This article refers to Bangladesh Currency (Taka)

1 Bangladeshi Taka (BDT) = 0.01424 US Dollar (USD)

1 Bangladeshi Taka (BDT) = 0.009804 British Pound (GBP)

1 Bangladeshi Taka (BDT) = 0.01109 Euro (EUR)

(exchange rate correct at time of printing)

Your Reliable Supply Chain Manager

Email: [email protected]: www.palmviewtrade.com

Products we produce and Export:

B an an a Me al

B an an a Powd er

CrudeTunaFishOil

CrudeSardineFishOil

TunaFishMeal

SardineFishMeal

. 1 :


Ipil ipil
http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.palmviewtrade.com/http://www.palmviewtrade.com/http://www.palmviewtrade.com/http://www.palmviewtrade.com/http://www.palmviewtrade.com/http://www.palmviewtrade.com/http://www.palmviewtrade.com/http://www.palmviewtrade.com/http://www.palmviewtrade.com/http://www.palmviewtrade.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.palmviewtrade.com/


4/6


tion cost of experimental diets were found

highest 20.82tk/kg for Diet-1 and lowest

17.85tk/kg for Diet-3 and also the amount

of cost per unit production was highest

45.6tk/kg for Diet-1 and lowest 34.65tk/

kg for Diet-3. The lowest production cost

indicating economic viability of the feed

(Table 3 and 4). Partial replacement of

fishmeal or marine animal protein and

soybean meal by ipil ipil leafmeal resultedin better growth performance, indicating an

economical profit for juvenile tilapia.

In commercial aquaculture, feed cost is

the major part of overall production cost.

Benefit of aquaculture is calculated with

per unit production and cost of feed for it.

The achievement of the present study was

that 24 percent feed cost were reduced by

using experimental Diet-4 which contained

15 percent IILM (non conventional feed

ingredients) in the diet.

ConclusionsTilapia culture in rural area of developing

countries requires strategies for better

performance.

From the overall discussion of the

present experimental results it has estab-

lished that better growth and minimum feed

cost of reared species may also be obtained

using the feed with mixed protein of plant

and animal origin.

Supplementation of artificial diets to the

natural food may further increase the growth

and survival and decrease the feed conversion

of the rearing species. To achieve a balance

nutritional composition in fish feed, a more

diverse choice should be made in selecting feed

ingredients. A mixture of feed ingredients will

provide more balance nutrients than only use

limited feed ingredients to formulate fish feed.

Products derived from ipil ipil have been

shown to be important ingredients for prac-

tical feeds for tilapia. This is primarily because

of the high level of protein, its low price andthe case of incorporation into feeds and the

low level of anti-nutritional elements. The

findings in the present study shown that ipil

ipil leafmeal could be used as protein sub-

stitute up to 25 percent and optimum level

15 percent in diet of growing tilapia. IILM at

15 percent level used in the diets have good

nutritive values and have a significant role on

the growth, FCR, FCE and all of the perform-

ance measure of O. niloticus.

Acknowledgement:The authors are deeply indebted and

grateful to Master Abul Kashem, proprietor

be obtained using the Diet-4 mixed with

protein of plant and animal origin. The result

of the present study is in closer agreement

with the report of Djunaidah et al 1986

found the best result in growth with diets,

which were composed of fishmeal 35 per-

cent and soybean meal 30 percent.

In evaluating Leucaena leucocephala

leafmeal as a protein source in Indian major

carp, Labeo rohita, Hassan et al (1994)observed a trend of reduced performance

with the highest growth, in terms of weight

in fish fed diets with 25 percent soaked

leucaena diets.

Vogt et al (1986) found that growth and

survival of the tiger prawn was better fed

diets in which 20 percent of the soybean

was replaced with Leucaena leucocephala

leaves. Ghatnkar et al (1983) reported that

diets with 30-65 percent Leucaena leuco-

cephala had no adverse affects on growth or

reproductive behaviour of Mossabique tilapia

(S. mossambicus) and Indian major carps

(Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala and Catla catla)

although the diets did not improve their

performance over that of a standard diet.

When Rahman et al (1988) fed Nile tilapia

(T. niolotica) a diet containing Leucaena leuco-

cephala leaves; the fish grew more slowly than

those on a standard rat diet. The leaves also

caused alterations in the female gonads. In the

present study it was found that Ipil ipil leafmeal

at 15 percent level used in the diets have good

nutritive values and have a significant role on

the growth, FCR, FCE and all of the perform-

ance measure of Oreochormis niloticus.

It also found that FCR increased with

increased in ipil ipil leafmeal level in the

diet, being highest in Oreochormis niloticus

fed 25 percent ILLM and lowest in tilapia 15

percent for both optimum and high energy

diets. Tilapia showed very poor growth

when Leauceana leucocephala constituted

25 percent or more of the dietary protein.

The reduced value of FCR is very significantfor commercially and economically and also

prove the better growth performance.

Better performance in growth, nutrient

utilisation and proximate composition in O.

niloticus fed diets with leaf protein concen-

trates showed that leaf proteins made from

leucaena could be viable means of improving

fish feed specially for Oreochormis niloticus. The

proximate compassion of the feed ingredients

and ipil ipil leafmeal used in the experimental

diets in the present studies were within the

expected ranges (Ayuk et al 2002; Nas, 1977;

Mutayoba et al 2003; Adeparusi et al 2005)

In the present experiment, feed prepara-

Jackson et al (1982) reported that the

success of commercial aquaculture system

depends on proper selection of feed ingredi-

ents that should be contain optimum level of

protein and energy, necessary for the growth

of the respective culture species and the

ingredients should also be low cost.

In the present study, ingredients were

selected to considered their nutritional

quality and cost effectiveness.

Pascual (1980) reported that not only

the quantity of protein but also the quality

of protein cause the difference in weight

gain between the crude ipil ipil leafs and

soaked ipil ipil leaf. The soaked ipil ipil leaf

extracted harmful mimosine and achieved

better weight gain than crude ipil ipil leaf

which content toxic element mimosine. He

observed that fishmeal and ipil ipil leavemeal

was the best attractant followed by fish.

The present experimental result of abso-

lute growth (AG) on Oreochromis niloticus

showed the greater value of AG is more

significant for commercially economically.

Better growth of the reared tilapia may also

40 | InternatIonalAquAFeed | Mch-api 09

Ipil ipil

:


We could talk all day about our aquatic feed systems.

But wed rathertalk about yours.

SABETHA, KANSAS USA 785-284-2133

[email protected] WWW.WENGER.COM

USA BELGIUM TAIWAN BRASIL CHINA TURKEY

Superior Technology.

Unparalleled Service.

Wenger offers you more extruder, dryer, andcontrol choices, and more ways to put together the

perfect aquatic feed production system, than anyone in the

industry. Well custom design yoursystem with a wide range

of features and options uniquely configured and expertly

engineered to produce optimally for yourspecific application.

We bring unmatched technical expertise

to your process requirements,

making a Wenger aquatic feed

system yourWenger aquatic

feed system.

Talk to Wenger today,

and surround yourself

with unrivaled resources

for exceeding your

processing goals.

Joe Kearns, Aquaculture

Process Technology Manager

_ _ _

41
http://www.inve.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.inve.com/


5/6


6/6

www.aquaeed.co.uk

LINKS

ADVERTISERS LINKS

Seethefullissue

VisittheInternationalAquafeedwebsite

ContacttheInternationalAquafeedTeam

SubscribetoInternationalAquafeedTHE INTERNATIONALMAGAZINE FOR THE AQUACULTURE FEED INDUSTRY

Memberofthe WorldAquacultureSociety,EuropeanAquaculture Society,AmericanFeedIndustry AssociationandtheInternationalAquafeed Association

V OLUME 12 IS SUE 2 2009

Ipil ipil leaf meal as supplementsto soybean and fish meal

Functional aquafeeds:Dietary supplementsin breakthrough pledge

Adding value tofeathermeal

The use of dietary acidifiers insalmonid nutrition

ExtrudersBenefitsof using Extrudersto

processaquatic feed

IAF090 .indd 1 1 /03/ 009 10:01

Thisdigitalre-printispartoftheMarch|April2009editionofInternationalAquafeedmagazine.

Contentfromthemagazineisavailabletoviewfree-of-charge,bothasafullonlinemagazine

onourwebsite,andasanarchiveofindividualfeaturesonthedocstocwebsite.

Pleaseclickheretoviewourotherpublicationsonwww.docstoc.com.

Topurchaseapapercopyofthemagazine,ortosubscribetothepapereditionpleasecontact

ourCirculationandSubscriptionsManageronthelinkabove.

INFORMATIONFORADVERTISERS-CLICKHERE

The solution behind the solution.

BhlerAG,Feed &Biomass,CH-9240 Uzwil,Switzerland, T+41 71 955 11 11,F+41 71 955 28 96

u.buz@buhlergro up.com,www.buhler group.com

Its the mix that makes the dierence. Feed manuacturers desire high

durability, reliability and sanitation. Quality eed with minimum operating costs is

a must. Your needs are Buhlers fr st priority. That is why we commit our-

selves to delivering seamless solutions meeting your highest requirements. Get

in touch with one o our spe cialists worldwide and we will deliver a complete

process design package, equipment, automation and customer ser vice. You and

Buhler the perect mix.

A qua_Feed-09.indd 1 03.0 .009 15:51:05IAF090 .indd 4 1 /03/ 009 10:04

PREVIOUS PAGE

i cu i n:I n r i n t l c t i n i n f th m t

i m r t n t f c t r f r f r mu l t i n n c m -

m r c i l r u c ti n f r u l m n t l u l i t

f f u t ic c i . In t h r n t t u

i n r i n t r l ct t c n i r t h ir

n ut r it i n l u l i t n c t f f ct i n .

I i l l f m l . Th

h i h r f r m ul t i n

c t 2 . 2 tk

k f r i t -1 n l r f rm ul t in c t

1 7 . t k k f r i t - 3 . T h t i m t

h i h r c t f r r u ct i n f 1 k j u -

ni l m n ti l i f ur, t k *

f r i t - 1 n l r c t f r r u c ti n

f 1 k j u n i l m n t il i

3 4 t k f r i t - 4 . Th h i h r n f it

2 4 . 1 r c n t ( t k ) t i m t

f r i t - 4 n l r n f i t 2 1 . r -

c n t ( t k ) t im t f r i t - 3

h n c m r i t h i t - 1 .

F C , F CE n E r r i n i t -

4 , i t - 3 n i t - 2 r c ti l .

I n t h r n t r im n t, f r -

r t i n c t ( T k k ) n r r ti n l n-

f it n l i m n i f f r n t r im n t l

i t (T k k ) r r i n t h T l

4 n T l ; T h l t r u ct i n c t

i n i c t in c n m i c i i l i t f t h f .

T h hi h r r i c f f i n r i n t

3 7. t kk f r fi h m l n l r r ic

f r i n r i n t 3 . t k k f r I i l -

Table5: ComparativeBenefit nalysisamongdifferentexperimentaldiet

it

C t r u ni t r u c ti ni h ( t k/k

Tt ln it

(tk

n it

iet-1 45. ------- -----

iet-2 35.4 1 .14 22.24

iet-3 35. 1 .8 21.

iet- 4 34. 5 1 . 5 24. 1

C n t c t us t f r m r e in f r m t i n .r t i . c m

- -

00 9 9 9 utrition 9 9 9 9 9

F t s

t r t iF r t i Fe e i s n t u r l s l u l e r e i t i c f i e r c m r i s ef u re s h r t - ch i n f r uc t l i s c ch r i e s ( s c F ) t h t

se l ec tie l stimu l te s ther th f ene fic i lm ic r f l r in the in te stine s fn im l s.F r tiFee s l ue tf s n f ee s s u r ti n :

immunit i e s t i e f u n ct i n nutrient util iz ti n

T H E F C E H E L T H

967 _GTC_Aquafeed_FebAd_009_4:Layout 1 /3/09 10: AMPage 1

*Thisarticlerefersto angladeshCurrency(Taka)

1 a n g la d es h i Ta k a ( T ) = . 1 2 S o l la r ( S )

1 an g l adesh i Taka ( T )= . 8 ri t i sh o u n d (G )

1 a n g la d es h i Ta k a ( T ) = . 1 1 E u ro ( E )

(echangeratecorrectattimeof rinting)

Your Reliable Supply Chain Manager

Email:[email protected]:www.palmviewtrade.com

Products weproduceand Export:

BananaMea l

BananaPowder

CrudeTunaFishOil

CrudeSardineFishOil

TunaFishMeal

SardineFishMeal

Pal view QP.indd 1 7/0 / 009 09: 9

c h -p i 0 9 | InterntIn l uF e e | 39

IAF090 .indd 39 1 /03/ 009 10:03

i c u i n :I n r i n t l c ti n i n f th m t

i m r t n t f c t r f r f r mu l t i n n c m -

m r c i l r u c ti n f r u l m n t l u l i t

f f u t ic c i . In t h r n t t u

i n r i nt r l ct t c n i r th i r

n ut ri t i n l u l it n c t f f c t i n .

I i l l f m l . Th

h i h r f r m u l t i n

c t 2 . 2 tk

k f r i t -1 n l r f rm ul t in c t

1 7 . t k k f r i t - 3 . T h t i m t

h i h r c t f r r u ct i n f 1 k j u -

nil m n t il i f ur, t k *

f r i t - 1 n l r c t f r r u c ti n

f 1 k j u ni l m n t il i

3 4 t k f r i t - 4 . Th h i h r n f it

2 4 . 1 r c n t ( t k ) t i m t

f r i t - 4 n l r n f i t 2 1 . r -

c n t ( t k ) t im t f r i t - 3

h n c m r i t h i t - 1 .

F C , F CE n E r r i n i t -

4 , i t - 3 n i t -2 r c ti l .

I n t h r n t r im n t, f r -

r t i n c t ( Tk k ) n r r ti n l n-

f it n l i m n i f f r n t r im n t l

i t (T k k ) r r i n t h T l

4 n T l ; Th l t r u ct i n c t

i n i c t in c n m i c i i l i t f th f .

T h hi h r r i c f f i n r i n t

3 7. t kk f r fi h m l n l r r ic

f r i n r i n t 3 . t k k f r I i l -

Table5: ComparativeBenefit nalysisamongdifferentexperimentaldiet

it

C t r un it r u ct i ni h ( t k/k

Tt ln it

(tk

n it

iet-1 45. ------- -----

iet-2 35.4 1 .14 22.24

iet-3 35. 1 .8 21.

iet- 4 34. 5 1 .5 24. 1

Contact us today formoreinformation.fortifeed.com

800-522-4682

200 9 9 9 utrition 9 9 9 9 2 2

F o r t o d a y s

Naturally Healthy AnimalsFortiFeed is anaturalsolubleprebiotic fibercomprisedofpureshort-chainfructooligosaccharides (scFOS) thatselectively stimulates the growthofbeneficialmicrofloraintheintestines ofanimals.FortiFeed adds valuetofoods and feeds by supporting:

immunity digestivefunction nutrient utilization

T H E F A C E of HEALTH

967 _GTC_Aquafeed_FebAd_009_4:Layout 1 /3/09 10: AMPage 1

*Thisarticlerefersto angladeshCurrency(Taka)

1 a n g la d es h i Ta k a ( T ) = . 1 2 S o l l a r ( S )

1 an g l adesh i Taka ( T )= . 8 ri t i sh o u n d (G )

1 a n g la d es h i Ta k a ( T ) = . 1 1 E u ro ( E )

(echangeratecorrectattimeof rinting)

ur i u y h in n r

Em il: lm i l t l .n tit : . l mi tr .c m

r uct r uc an E rt:

a na na a l

anana r

r u Tu na F i h i l

r u a r in F i h i l

Tu na F i h a l

a r i n Fi h a l

Pal viewQP.indd 1 7/0 / 009 09: 9

3 8 | I n t er n t I n l uF e e | c h -p i 0 9 c h -p i 0 9 | InterntIn l uF e e | 39

IAF090 .indd 39 1 /03/ 009 10:03

4 | I n t e r n t I n l uFee | ch- pi 09 Mch-api 0 9 | Inte rn tI nl uFee | 5

ecouldtalkalldayabout ouraquaticfeedsystems.

ut r t h rt l u t ur .

S B E T H , K S S U S 7 8 5 -2 8 - 2 1 33I F O E G E R .C O . E G E R. C O

U S B E L G I U T I B R S I L C H I T U R K E Y

SuperiorTechnolog y.

UnparalleledServic e.

engeroffersyou ore extruder, dryer, andcontrolchoices, and more waysto puttogether the

perfectaquatic feed production system, than anyone in the

industry. e ll custom design yoursystem with a wide range

offeaturesand optionsuniquelyconfigured and expertly

engineered to produce optimallyfor yourspecific application.

e bring unmatched technical expertise

to your processrequirements,

making a enger aquatic feed

system your enger aquatic

feed system.

Talktoengertoday,

andsurroundyourself

withunrivaledresources

forexceedingyour

processinggoals.

Joe Kearns, quacultureProcessTechnology anager

ngr_Jo_Gn_92mmx267mm 12/11/08 7:51 ag 1

IAF090 .indd 5 1 /03/ 009 10:0

4 | I n t e r n t I n l uFee | ch- p i 09 ch- pi 09 | Inter n tI nalAuAFeed| 5

Wecouldtalkalldayabout ouraquaticfeedsystems.

Butwedrathertalkabout yours.

SABETHA, KANSAS USA [email protected] WWW.WENGER.COM

USA BELGIUM TAIWAN BRASIL CHINA TURKEY

SuperiorTechnology.

Unparalleled Service.

Wengeroffersyou more extruder, dryer, andcontrolchoices, and more waysto puttogetherthe

perfectaquatic feed production system, than anyone in the

industry. Well custom design yoursystem with a wide range

offeaturesand optionsuniquelyconfigured and expertly

engineered to produce optimallyfor yourspecific application.

We bring unmatched technical expertise

to yourprocessrequirements,

making a Wengeraquatic feed

system yourWengeraquatic

feed system.

TalktoWengertoday,

andsurroundyourself

withunrivaledresources

forexceedingyour

processinggoals.

Joe Kearns, AquacultureProcessTechnologyManager

ngr_Jo_Gn_92mmx267mm 12/11/08 7:51 ag 1

IAF090.indd 5 1 /03/ 009 10:0
http://www.aquafeed.co.uk/http://www.aquafeed.co.uk/magazines/IAF0902W1.htmlhttp://www.aquafeed.co.uk/http://www.aquafeed.co.uk/contact.phphttp://www.aquafeed.co.uk/subscriptions.phphttp://www.aquafeed.co.uk/magazines/IAF0902W1.htmlhttp://www.aquafeed.co.uk/magazines/IAF0902W1.htmlhttp://www.aquafeed.co.uk/magazines/IAF0902W1.htmlhttp://www.aquafeed.co.uk/magazines/IAF0902W1.htmlhttp://www.aquafeed.co.uk/magazines/IAF0902W1.htmlhttp://www.aquafeed.co.uk/magazines/IAF0902W1.htmlhttp://www.aquafeed.co.uk/magazines/IAF0902W1.htmlhttp://www.aquafeed.co.uk/magazines/IAF0902W1.htmlhttp://www.aquafeed.co.uk/magazines/IAF0902W1.htmlhttp://www.aquafeed.co.uk/magazines/IAF0902W1.htmlhttp://www.aquafeed.co.uk/magazines/IAF0902W1.htmlhttp://www.aquafeed.co.uk/magazines/IAF0902W1.htmlhttp://www.aquafeed.co.uk/magazines/IAF0902W1.htmlhttp://www.aquafeed.co.uk/magazines/IAF0902W1.htmlhttp://www.aquafeed.co.uk/magazines/IAF0902W1.htmlhttp://www.docstoc.com/profile/Perendalehttp://www.aquafeed.co.uk/advertising.phphttp://www.buhlergroup.com/http://www.buhlergroup.com/http://www.buhlergroup.com/http://www.buhlergroup.com/http://www.buhlergroup.com/http://www.buhlergroup.com/http://www.buhlergroup.com/http://www.buhlergroup.com/http://www.buhlergroup.com/http://www.buhlergroup.com/http://www.buhlergroup.com/http://www.buhlergroup.com/http://www.palmviewtrade.com/http://www.palmviewtrade.com/http://www.palmviewtrade.com/http://www.palmviewtrade.com/http://www.palmviewtrade.com/http://www.palmviewtrade.com/http://www.palmviewtrade.com/http://www.palmviewtrade.com/http://www.palmviewtrade.com/http://www.palmviewtrade.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.inve.com/http://www.fortifeed.com/http://www.palmviewtrade.com/http://www.buhlergroup.com/http://www.aquafeed.co.uk/advertising.phphttp://www.docstoc.com/profile/Perendalehttp://www.aquafeed.co.uk/magazines/IAF0902W1.htmlhttp://www.aquafeed.co.uk/subscriptions.phphttp://www.aquafeed.co.uk/contact.phphttp://www.aquafeed.co.uk/http://www.aquafeed.co.uk/magazines/IAF0902W1.htmlhttp://www.aquafeed.co.uk/

ipil ipil leaf meal as supplements to soybean and fish meal

Documents