development reasons within tanzania
TRANSCRIPT
NATURAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS
THAT CREATE DIFFERENCES WITHIN TANZANIA
Factors
FACTORS are things that MAKE the DIFFERENCE.
Eg – Better soil makes crops grow better so they can be sold. Poor soil makes crops fail so therefore money is lost. This means one area has a low GDP and the other has a higher GDP. Rural= $250 Urban= $1200
The Soil is the factor that MAKES the difference happen
RURAL AND URBAN TANZANIA
Vs.
75% of the population 25% of the population
REMEMBER THE differences BETWEEN RURAL AND URBAN?
NATURAL FACTORS: differences BETWEEN RURAL AND URBAN
Drought
Soil erosion
DROUGHT Much of Tanzania is experiencing a drought right now!
Average rainfall of just 250mm compared to the normal 750mm per annum in central regions such as Shinyanga and Kigoma.
Central Tanzania – very barren, river beds dry and little chance of rain soon. These newspaper
headlines show the problems of drought.
Why does drought cause differences between rural and urban areas?
IN RURAL AREAS
No or little rain means crops fail… (e.g. Shinyanga 90% of crops failed in 2012).
95% rely on crops for income and food for the family (subsistence farmers) – they can’t afford to buy imported food stuffs.
People become malnourished and have health problems.
IN URBAN AREAS THEY BUY IMPORTED FOOD STUFFS AND THEIR LIVELIHOOD NOT AFFECTED.
SOIL EROSION
Source: bbc.co.uk
Source: bbc.co.uk
Wide scale erosion washes the fertile top soil away into rivers and lakes during the wet seasons
Soil erosion has increased 20 fold in the last 30 years.
Why does soil erosion cause differences between rural and urban areas?
IN RURAL AREAS
Cattle disturb the top soil (pugging), there are over 600,000 cattle in Shinyanga = increase in erosion.
Deforestation means no root systems to hold the top soil in place.
THIS LEADS TO.. Little fertile land to get high yields from crops and they
can’t afford fertilisers. Poor crop production creating further poverty for rural
areas (malnutrition, low incomes etc).
URBAN AREAS ARE NOT RELIANT ON SOIL FERTILITY TO PROVIDE THEM WITH AN ADEQUATE INCOME.
Summary of key ideas…
LOSS OF FOREST COVER– means no source of energy. It also increases the rate of soil erosion and reduces
water in the atmosphere leading to drought.
DROUGHT –means rural people
have no food or income as crops
die.
SOIL EROSION –
means fertile top soil
is removed and decreases
productivity of crops.
All these features create differences between those in urban centres and in rural regions. Rural populations are affected by the conditions of the natural environment to a greater extent.
Climate
Coastal Rainfall
The Coast region receives 2000mm of rain per year
This allows crops to be grown and Income to be made
Inland Drought
Inland areas like Kigoma and Shinyaga are in drought and receive 250mm of rain
Crops die and thus no income can be made
Access to the Coast
Dar es Salaam has easy access to the coast
This allows import and export of goods
This provides a source of employment
Kigoma has no access to the coast
Goods are hard to access and to get to market
No additional employment can be found
CULTURAL FACTORS: differences BETWEEN RURAL AND URBAN
Colonisation
Political policies
Employment opportunities
Infrastructure
Access to health and education
COLONISATION…TANZANIA WAS COLONISED BY
GERMANY (1891) AND BRITIAN (1919).
As a British Colony..
Large urban areas had infrastructure built in the capital (at the time Dar Es
Salaam). Paved roads, power, water, ports etc - all provided for British citizens and government officials.
Factories were set up (e.g. brewery)
Education and health services set up in urban areas where British lived.
Evidence of British rule can be seen in the architecture in
Dar Es Salaam
POLITICAL POLICIES… In 1962 after independence everyone was ‘encouraged’ to move
into rural villages with two different programmes:- Village Settlement Scheme.- Ujamaa Rural Development Strategy.
WHY? The president wanted all Tanzanians to have access to equal services and resources – Socialism.
This meant…
A society totally reliant on agriculture – Those that still remain in rural areas today (75%) find:- Only small plots of land available. - Birth rate higher (6 per women) as need for labour on
the land – can’t afford to provide health care and education for all of them. - If this policy had not existed, less people growing cropswould mean the price of product would be greater (supplyand demand rule).
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESRural areas only provide people with primary employment opportunities (91% of workforce). This causes differences because:
Involves small areas of land being farmed which = small incomes.
Unreliable incomes due to world market changes –e.g. coffee prices are at a 30 year low means only rural affected.
Earnings from crops generally decreasing over time while inflation in Tanzania is high (8%).
IN URBAN AREAS THERE IS A WIDE RANGE OF JOBS. SALARY AND WAGES MORE RELIABLE AND INCREASE WITH INFLATION.
Source: www.ifad.org
INFRASTRUCTURE In urban areas the government repairs
and invests in the infrastructure. E.g. the government has built over 2,000 apartment blocks in Dar Es Salaam, all have power & plumbing.
In rural area villagers must repair their own roads (with no funding offered) and due to isolation government can not provide people with electricity or plumbing.
In rural areas poor infrastructure means crops perish on the way to market – urban roads are sealed.
Govt invests in electricity in urban areas where use is
high and concentrated.
Transporting goods in rural areas is
difficult at the best of times
ACCESS TO HEALTH AND EDUCATION
How can isolation from hospitals and higher
education facilities create differences?
Key ideas is…
Government can not afford to provide these services for rural communities as 75% of pop is rural and birth rate is so high (twice that of urban areas).
MALE AND FEMALE differences in Development
Young girls in Arusha market Young boys in Arusha Market
REMEMBER THE differences
BETWEEN MALES AND FEMALES?
CULTURAL FACTORS: differences BETWEEN
MALE AND FEMALE
Tradition
Religion
Employment opportunities
TRADITIONAll tribes in Tanzania still follow many of the traditional ways of their ancestors.
The Chagga tribe still believe a girls first useful task is to farm. This leads to 60% of food production done by women.
It makes education for girls seem pointless – therefore low literacy rates - 57%!
Newspaper article explains that boys are valued more than girls
Painting by Charles Ndege shows the traditions of Tanzania.
Education differences between girls and boys are a focus for Govt and
NGO‘s
Newspaper articles showing the focus on girls in education
TRADITIONAL ROLES
WITHIN THE FAMILY
Male roles: Seen as the
head of the family. They make decisions, control money, etc.
Female roles: Seen as a
child bearer, completes all house work, grows the food, etc.
E.g. the husband decides
to use fertilisers, but it is the
wife who applies it.
Men control the money and therefore they use the machinery.
Women must look after the family and
grow the food.
TRADITION vs. LAW
Even though the laws
have changed: Women are rarely allowed to
inherit land. This means that
85% of land users still don’t
own the land they work on.
Female circumcision still practised.
Marriage laws do not stop
bride prices being paid.
It is legal for a husband to punish
his wife for not bearing children – by having many children women lose opportunities.
These young girls may have more opportunities as tradition slowly changes.
RELIGION
Over 50% of Tanzania is Muslim. This contributes to the male dominance in the country.
Islamic laws exist and do not favour women's rights.
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNTIES
Women lack an education, they do not have opportunities that men have in finding paid work. 90% of women's work is unpaid – their contribution to the economy is not recognised.
Some young girls now being forced into prostitution (for extra family income).
Local mosque in Dar Es Salaam.
THE MAASAI
Maasai Village near
Ngorongoro Crater
REMEMBER THE differences
BETWEEN MAASAI & OTHER TRIBES?
CULTURAL FACTORS: differences BETWEEN
MAASAI AND OTHER TRIBES
Tradition
Lack of education
TRADITIONS - NOMADIC
Semi – nomadic: Move around both Tanzania and Kenya (don’t need passport). Historically moving cattle to new pasture.
Leads to little investment in village, as not permanent. Easier to transport basic items.
Kraals (cow dung houses) need to be easy to construct and will not always be a permanent home.
Therefore no infrastructure.
Basic housing materials.
No permanent crops. Maasai man with his goats.
Source:wwww.bbc.co.uk
LACK OF EDUCATION Due to semi-nomadic
culture and focus on cattle, education is considered a ‘worthless’ task.
No or few schools available for Maasai children – language is slightly different. Few teachers (such low
literacy rates).Recently changes are occurring –now focus of government and see
English as important when dealing with tourists.
Source:www.safaritours.co.tz
Maasai - reject western values
Maasai resist western technology and attachment to material goods.
Want money – but only to buy more cattle.
This means they still live traditionally
Their health and education are therefore lower than average (remember literacy rates of 20%)
These Maasai near a major national park see tourists everyday.
TOURIST AND NON TOURIST AREAS
REMEMBER THE differences BETWEEN TOURISTS AND NON-TOURIST AREAS?
NATURAL FACTORS: differences BETWEEN TOURIST AND
NON–TOURIST AREAS
Natural attractions
- Tropical beaches
- Landscapes
- Wildlife
Tourists travel to Zanzibar Island and coastal Dar Es Salaam because of this attraction…
Areas with white tropical sandy beaches attract tourists– this means tertiary jobs and
money invested into the region
Palm tree laden beaches provide a tropical paradise atmosphere
Local honeymooners enjoy the warm water.
The natural feature of Mt Kilimanjaro (near Arusha) means people benefit…
Guides are hired to carry gear ($20 US per day)
Park fees earn region money ($100US per day) which is invested into services for local people.
Tourists buy climbing gear, food and transport to the mountain –helping businesses.
Mt Kilimanjaro provides climbers with the opportunity to
climb Africa’s highest mountain.Money invested into the region.
View of Mt Kilimanjaro from Mamula Lodge.
Tourists travel to Serengeti National Park in northern Tanzania…
Attracts 350,000 visitors into the region each year.
US$50 per day park fees.
Tourist’s pay for safari (up to US$100 per day).
The Big Five – Lion, Leopard, Elephant, Buffalo, Rhino.
Areas near National Parks Benefit from the tourist
dollars spent in this region –looking for the ‘big five’.
View of Lions feeding in the park.
The key idea is…
Areas with natural attractions mean a better standard of living for those involved in the industry.
SO
Without the natural attractions those benefits would not exist.
CULTURAL FACTORS: differences BETWEEN
TOURIST AND NON–TOURIST AREAS
Investment of infrastructure
Tertiary employment opportunities
INVESTMENT IN INFRASTRUCUTURE
Government invests in roads, power, piped water etc to ensure tourists enjoy visit. Local people can benefit from these.
For e.g. in 1999 Govt. spent US$600,000 to improve roads in the Arusha region.
Roads are being upgraded for tourist buses.
Notice the power line next to the Arusha National Park sign –even these more isolated areas have access to electricity.
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
Jobs that pay a higher wage and are more reliable than rural farming include:
Tour guides. Tour operator business
(there are over 60 in Arusha).
Hotel industry. Restaurant industry.
Transport industry.
Souvenir business.
A popular westernised restaurant for budget travellers
These 4x4’s all have tourist guides and a cook to take visitors on a 3 – 10 day safari.
Can you think of specificexamples in these industries?
As you can see, there are many reasons for these differences, both natural and cultural.
differences within Tanzania are not unique to just this country.
As time goes on new differences will emerge. Rural people will move into the cities and slums may appear.
At present the rural urban migration rate is low… but as more seek the better life of urban areas, more will struggle to make a new life for themselves in the cities….. We’ll just have to wait and see!
