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An Illustrative Example : Students Placement Cell System of University/ InstituteRequirement NumberRequirementsReq1001Placement cell system keeps a list of the students.Req1002Placement cell system provides and maintains the students account for placement.Req1003A students must provide details like registration number, marks, and year of studying, academic background, social background, other activities etc to students information provider.Req1004The company representative must provide company packages for students of B. Tech., M. Tech and MCA, MBA and eligibility criteria for each company.Req1005Students information provider provides Students details to Company representative.Req1006Company representative provides the date of the group discussion, interviews and written exam to the notifier.Req1007Notifier notifies the date of the group discussion, interviews and written exam to students.Req1008A students can view the previous placement details for previous registered companies.Req1009Database manager provide system specific requirements such as security, access control, performance, priorities etc.Req1010Interface is user friendly and operations is reliable.An Illustrative Example : Students Placement Cell System of University/ InstituteRequirement NumberRequirementsReq1011Placement manager provide the details regarding course offer by the institute, duration of the course, grading/ division scheme, admission scheme etc to the company manager.Req1012Placement manager provide Institute rule regarding the number of job has offered to students i.e. expiry of students eligibility when he has offered two jobs.Req1013Placement manager sends the details of recruitment to database manager.Req1014Database manager verifies the recruitment result and provides this detail to students information provider about selected students.Req1015Students information provider inform the students and updates the students details like students job count and student status.Req1016Placement manager is responsible for starting the application.Req1017A student interacts with the students information provider, to know where he has chance of being recruited.Req1018Database manager provides the details to forecaster about previous year selected students and companies criteria.Req1019Students information provider provides the details of students to forecaster.Req1020Forecaster sends the forecast for eligible student list to the students information provider.An Illustrative Example : Students Placement Cell System of University/ InstituteRequirement NumberRequirementsReq1021Students information provider informs this information to students.Req1022Placement manager provides the details about institute rules regarding placement and student to database manager.Req1023Students provides his/her details like registration number, how many jobs he/she has, year of joining, marks (semester-wise) to database manager.Req1024Company manager provides the details about date, time of test, time of interview, and eligibility criteria to database manager.Req1025Company manager provides the shortlisted students to placement manager.Req1026Notifier accesses the information regarding the companies from database manager and provides the notification date, time of test, time of interview to the displayer. Req1027Database manager gathers the companies details and sends the information to notifier.Req1028A students interact with the Forecaster, to know where he has more chance of being recruited.Req1029Company manager shortlist the eligible students and informs to placement manager.Req1030Students information provider gets the data of selected students and updates the students job count and student status.Req1031Database manager updates the selected students information regarding their recruitment details like which companies he got selected etc.Req1032For new user, first instruction about what are the various required data entries and in what format they should be given are displayed and after that actual processing of information is done.Req1033The proper ordering of database is required.Req1034For forecasting the reports about previous year-wise recruitment details are needed.Req1035For students, it will be helpful if companys information is provided in detail.An Illustrative Example : Students Placement Cell System of University/ InstituteIdentification of Actor/Role

The total number of Actor/Role in the Placement Cell system is Rn = 7.i.e. Rn ={ R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6,R7}where,R1 = Placement_ManagerR2 = Displayer / NotifierR3 = Database_ManagerR4 = Company_ Representative R5 = Forecaster R6 = Students information provider R7 = Students

Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs) are a graphical/representation of systems and systems components.

An Example

Draw the DFD for a distance education university. The enrolment process works as follows:

Students send in an application form containing their personal details, and their desired course.

The university checks that the course is available and that the student has necessary academic qualifications.

If the course is available the student is enrolled in the course, and the university confirms the enrolment by sending a confirmation letter to the student.OR4. If the course is unavailable the student is sent a rejection letter.Steps for DFDpeople/organisations/things that supply information to or use information from the system external entities (EE)

Actions/doing words/verbs => Processes (P)

Movement/exchange of information/data between external entities to processes, and processes to processes => data flows (DF)

store/record information/data => data stores(DS)In Example A student (EE) sends in an application form (DF) containing their personal details, and their desired course.

The university checks (P) that the course is available.

If the course is available the student is enrolled (P) in the course, and the university confirms (P) the enrolment by sending a confirmation letter (DF) that they are registered for the course to the student.OR4. If the course is unavailable the student is sent a rejection letter (DF).23

Context Diagram or 0 Level DFDExternal entity Student

Processes - Check available, Enrol student, Confirm Registration

Data Flows - Application Form, Course Details, Course Enrolment Details, Student Details, Confirmation/Rejection Letter

Data Stores - Courses, Students.1 Level DFD25

Creating Data Flow DiagramsCreate a list of activitiesExample

Think through the activities that take place at a lemonade stand.Customer OrderServe ProductCollect PaymentProduce ProductStore Product

Creating Data Flow DiagramsExample

Also think of the additional activities needed to support the basic activities.Customer OrderServe ProductCollect PaymentProduce ProductStore ProductOrder Raw MaterialsPay for Raw MaterialsPay for Labor

Create a list of activitiesCreating Data Flow DiagramsExample

Group these activities in some logical fashion, possibly functional areas.Customer OrderServe ProductCollect Payment

Produce ProductStore Product

Order Raw MaterialsPay for Raw Materials

Pay for Labor

Create a list of activitiesCreating Data Flow Diagrams0.0Lemonade SystemEMPLOYEECUSTOMERPayPaymentOrderContext Level DFDExample

Create a context level diagram identifying the sources and sinks (users).Customer OrderServe ProductCollect Payment

Produce ProductStore Product

Order Raw MaterialsPay for Raw Materials

Pay for Labor

VENDORPaymentPurchase OrderProduction Schedule Received GoodsTime WorkedSales ForecastConstruct Context Level DFD(identifies sources and sink)Product ServedCreating Data Flow DiagramsLevel 0 DFDExample

Create a level 0 diagram identifying the logical subsystems that may exist.Customer OrderServe ProductCollect Payment

Produce ProductStore Product

Order Raw MaterialsPay for Raw Materials

Pay for Labor

Construct Level 0 DFD (identifies manageable sub processes )2.0ProductionEMPLOYEEProduction Schedule1.0Sale3.0Procure-mentSales ForecastProduct OrderedCUSTOMERPayPaymentCustomer OrderVENDORPaymentPurchase OrderOrder DecisionsReceived GoodsTime WorkedInventoryProduct Served4.0Payroll

Creating Data Flow DiagramsLevel 1 DFDExample

Create a level 1 decomposing the processes in level 0 and identifying data stores.Construct Level 1- n DFD (identifies actual data flows and data stores )1.3Produce Sales ForecastSales ForecastPaymentCustomer OrderServe ProductCollect Payment

Produce ProductStore Product

Order Raw MaterialsPay for Raw Materials

Pay for Labor

1.1Record OrderCustomer OrderORDER1.2Receive PaymentPAYMENTSevered OrderRequest for ForecastCUSTOMER

Creating Data Flow DiagramsLevel 1 DFDExample

Create a level 1 decomposing the processes in level 0 and identifying data stores.Construct Level 1 (continued)Customer OrderServe ProductCollect Payment

Produce ProductStore Product

Order Raw MaterialsPay for Raw Materials

Pay for Labor

2.1Serve ProductProduct OrderORDER2.2Produce ProductINVENTORTYQuantity SeveredProduction ScheduleRAW MATERIALS2.3StoreProductQuantity Produced & Location StoredQuantity UsedProduction Data

Creating Data Flow DiagramsLevel 1 DFDExample

Create a level 1 decomposing the processes in level 0 and identifying data stores.Construct Level 1 (continued)Customer OrderServe ProductCollect Payment

Produce ProductStore Product

Order Raw MaterialsPay for Raw Materials

Pay for Labor

3.1Produce Purchase OrderOrder DecisionPURCHASE ORDER3.2Receive ItemsReceived GoodsRAW MATERIALS3.3Pay VendorQuantity ReceivedQuantity On-HandRECEIVED ITEMSVENDORPayment ApprovalPayment

Creating Data Flow DiagramsLevel 1 DFDExample

Create a level 1 decomposing the processes in level 0 and identifying data stores.Construct Level 1 (continued)Time WorkedCustomer OrderServe ProductCollect Payment

Produce ProductStore Product

Order Raw MaterialsPay for Raw Materials

Pay for Labor

4.1Record Time WorkedTIME CARDS4.2Calculate PayrollPayroll RequestEMPLOYEE4.3Pay EmployeeEmployee IDPAYROLLPAYMENTSPayment ApprovalPaymentUnpaid time cards

Process Decomposition

4.1Record Time Worked4.2Calculate Payroll4.3Pay Employee3.1Produce Purchase Order3.2Receive Items3.3Pay Vendor2.1Serve Product2.2Produce Product2.3StoreProduct1.1Record Order1.2Receive Payment2.0Production1.0Sale3.0Procure-ment4.0Payroll0.0Lemonade System

Level 0Level 1Context Level