diabetic tests

8/19/2019 Diabetic Tests

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3 Diabetes Tests You Must Have

Even before you notice symptoms, high blood sugar can damage parts of your body.

That's hy certain diabetes tests to chec! blood sugar control and to catch problems

early are so crucial.

"ut many patients aren't getting !ey diabetes tests at least annually, such as

the hemoglobin #$c test, a dilated eye e%am, and a foot e%am.

&f you loo! at the nationide data, it's sobering,& says Enrico (agliero, MD, a diabetes

researcher and assistant professor of medicine at Harvard Medical )chool. lot of

diabetic patients are missing essential chec!s.&

&*eople ith diabetes should !no that complications aren't inevitable,& (agliero says.&+nfortunately, e still see a lot of complications, and a lot of those could have been

prevented. t's absolutely essential to get into this preventive mode as soon as possible.

t definitely pays don the road.&

Don't miss these diabetes tests.

Diabetes Test $- Hemoglobin #$c

This diabetes bloodtest, also called Hb#$c, tells you and your doctor ho ell diabetes

is managed over time. t measures your average blood sugar in the previous threemonths to see if it has stayed ithin a target range.

Here's ho this test or!s. Your red blood cells contain hemoglobin, hich allos cells

to transport o%ygen to tissues. #s a cell ages, the hemoglobin becomes increasingly

&glycated,& meaning that more glucose molecules stic! to it. Higher glucose levels in the

blood mean higher glycated hemoglobin, hich translates into a greater Hb#$c reading.

• ormal Hb#$c is /0 or less.

• #n Hb#$c value above 10 means diabetes is poorly controlled. *eople ith

diabetes should aim for an Hb#$c value belo 10.

You don't need to fast or prepare for an Hb#$c test. #s! your doctor ho often you need

to be tested. Doctors usually recommend every 3 to 2 months.

eeping blood sugar under control has been proven to reduce ris! of complications. n

the landmar!, $45year Diabetes (ontrol and (omplications Trial 6D((T7, researchers

http://www.webmd.com/diabetes/blood-glucosehttp://www.webmd.com/diabetes/default.htmhttp://www.webmd.com/diabetes/ss/slideshow-blood-sugar-swingshttp://www.webmd.com/diabetes/diabetes-health-check/default.htmhttp://www.webmd.com/diabetes/diabetes-health-check/default.htmhttp://www.webmd.com/diabetes/guide/glycated-hemoglobin-test-hba1chttp://www.webmd.com/eye-health/eye-tests-examshttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/rm-quiz-blood-basicshttp://www.webmd.com/heart/anatomy-picture-of-bloodhttp://www.webmd.com/diabetes/default.htmhttp://www.webmd.com/diabetes/ss/slideshow-blood-sugar-swingshttp://www.webmd.com/diabetes/diabetes-health-check/default.htmhttp://www.webmd.com/diabetes/guide/glycated-hemoglobin-test-hba1chttp://www.webmd.com/eye-health/eye-tests-examshttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/rm-quiz-blood-basicshttp://www.webmd.com/heart/anatomy-picture-of-bloodhttp://www.webmd.com/diabetes/blood-glucose


2/13

studied ho careful blood sugar control affected the rate of complications from type $

diabetes. #mong $,88$ sub9ects, those ho received intensive treatment to achieve

tight blood sugar control had an average Hb#$c of about 10, hile those on standard

therapy averaged about :0. The group ith tight control had much loer ris! of

complications-

• 120 reduced ris! of eye disease

• /40 reduced ris! of !idney disease

• 240 reduced ris! of nerve disease

Diabetes Test ;- Dilated Eye E%am

f you have diabetes, your ophthalmologist or optometrist should perform a dilated eye

e%am, in hich the pupils are idened ith drops, to chec! for signs of diabetic

retinopathy.


3/13

#ll people ith type $ or type ; diabetes should have a dilated eye e%am at least once a

year as part of a complete eye e%am. Early retinopathy may cause no noticeable

symptoms, so regular eye e%amsare crucial for detecting emerging problems.

lot of patients tell me, ' see fine. oot E%am

Diabetes can cause nerve damage and numbness, as ell as decreased circulation that

ma!es it harder for your body to fight infection. *atients ith numbness problems may

not notice if they in9ure a foot. # resulting infection may not heal ell, and s!in and other

tissue may die. n a small minority of cases, the problem progresses into a complication

that re?uires amputation.

Diabetes Test 3- >oot E%am continued...

@emove your soc!s and shoes each time you visit your doctor as a reminder for him or

her to chec! your feet for sores and infections.

Ance or tice a year, your doctor should do a more thorough foot e%am. #s! him or herto ma!e sure your foot nerves and blood circulation are all right.

"eteen doctor's visits, follo a daily routine of caring for your feet and inspecting them.

(arefully chec! the top and bottom of your feet and beteen your toes. Boo! for sores

or ulcers, brea!s in the s!in,blisters, redness that suggests an infection,

ingron toenails, or any other changes that orry you. @eport any problems to your

doctor right aay.

Ather preventive tips-

• *rotect your feet ith comfortable shoes that fit ell. "efore you put on shoes,

alays chec! to ma!e sure there are no pebbles or other ob9ects inside.

• Test ater temperature before you put your feet in to prevent burns.

•


4/13

• #fter bathing, moisturiCe dry s!in on your feet ith lotion, petroleum 9elly, lanolin,

or oil to prevent s!in from crac!ing, hich can lead to infection. Don't put lotion beteen

your toes.

• #s! your doctor to sho you ho to trim toenails. )oa! your feet in lu!earm

ater to soften nails and trim them straight across to avoid ingron toenails.

• f you have corns or calluses, have them chec!ed and removed by a podiatrist,

a health care professional ho specialiCes in managing foot diseases.

• E%ercise regularly and avoid smo!ing to promote good circulation.

• Don't al! around barefoot.

Ather Diabetes Tests

n addition to these three diabetes tests, the ational nstitute of Diabetes and Digestive

and idney Diseases 6DD7 recommends that you also get these tests-

• Blood lipids tests. This test chec!s your BDB 6bad cholesterol7 and HDB

6good cholesterol7 and triglyceride levels. Bipid profilescreening should be done at least

once a year.

• Kidney function tests. et an annual urine test to chec! for the presence of

protein, as ell as a blood test at least once a year to chec! for creatinine. These tests

indicate ho ell your !idneys are or!ing.

• Blood pressure check. Have blood pressure chec!ed at every medical

appointment. The goal for people ith diabetes is less than $34F4 if they have nocomplications from the disease. f complications are present, the goal is loer- $;/1/

Diabetes - tests and checkups

Routine diabetes tests

Description

People who take control of their own diabetes care by eating healthy foods and living an

active lifestyle often have good control of their blood sugar levels. Still, regular health

checkups and tests are needed. These visits give you a chance to:

http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/dry-skinhttp://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-64888/lanolin+(bulk)+topical/detailshttp://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/ss/slideshow-nails-and-healthhttp://www.webmd.com/beauty/nails/rm-quiz-nail-problemshttp://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/guide/understanding-corns-calluses-basicshttp://www.webmd.com/health-insurance/default.htmhttp://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/default.htmhttp://www.webmd.com/smoking-cessation/default.htmhttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/rm-quiz-kidneyshttp://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/ldl-cholesterol-the-bad-cholesterolhttp://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/default.htmhttp://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/cholesterol-assessment/default.htmhttp://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/lowering-triglyceride-levelshttp://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/cholesterol-and-triglycerides-testshttp://www.webmd.com/diabetes/microalbumin-urine-testhttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/creatinine-and-creatinine-clearance-blood-testshttp://www.webmd.com/urinary-incontinence-oab/picture-of-the-kidneyshttp://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/guide/diastolic-and-systolic-blood-pressure-know-your-numbershttp://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/dry-skinhttp://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-64888/lanolin+(bulk)+topical/detailshttp://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/ss/slideshow-nails-and-healthhttp://www.webmd.com/beauty/nails/rm-quiz-nail-problemshttp://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/guide/understanding-corns-calluses-basicshttp://www.webmd.com/health-insurance/default.htmhttp://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/default.htmhttp://www.webmd.com/smoking-cessation/default.htmhttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/rm-quiz-kidneyshttp://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/ldl-cholesterol-the-bad-cholesterolhttp://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/default.htmhttp://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/cholesterol-assessment/default.htmhttp://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/lowering-triglyceride-levelshttp://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/cholesterol-and-triglycerides-testshttp://www.webmd.com/diabetes/microalbumin-urine-testhttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/creatinine-and-creatinine-clearance-blood-testshttp://www.webmd.com/urinary-incontinence-oab/picture-of-the-kidneyshttp://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/guide/diastolic-and-systolic-blood-pressure-know-your-numbers


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• Ask your doctor or nurse uestions

• !earn "ore about your diabetes and what you can do to keep your blood sugar in

your target range

•

#ake sure you are taking your "edicines the right way

See your doctor

See your diabetes doctor for an e$a" every % to & "onths. During this e$a", your

doctor should check your:

• 'lood pressure

• (eight

• )eet

See your dentist every & "onths, also.

*ye e$a"s

An eye doctor should check your eyes every year. +f the e$a" shows no proble"s

developing, you can have your eyes checked every years. See an eye doctor who

takes care of people with diabetes.

+f you have eye proble"s because of diabetes, you will probably see your eye doctor

"ore often.

)oot e$a"s

-our doctor should check the pulses in your feet and your ree$es at least once a year.

-our doctor should also look for:

• /alluses

•+nfections

• Sores

• !oss of feeling anywhere in your feet 0peripheral neuropathy1

+f you have had foot ulcers before, see your doctor every % to & "onths. +t is always a

good idea to ask your doctor to check your feet.

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000078.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000593.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000081.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000081.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000078.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000593.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000081.htm


6/13

2e"oglobin A3c tests

An A3c lab test shows how well you are controlling your blood sugar levels over a three4

"onth period.

The nor"al level is less than &5. #ost people with diabetes should ai" for an A3c of

less than 65. So"e people have a higher target. -our doctor will help decide what your

target should be.

2igher A3c nu"bers "ean that your blood sugar is higher and that you "ay be "ore

likely to have co"plications fro" your diabetes.

/holesterol

A cholesterol test "easures cholesterol and triglycerides in your blood. -ou should have

this kind of test in the "orning, after not eating since the night before.

Adults with type diabetes should have this test every year. People with high

cholesterol "ay have this test "ore often.

7idney tests

8nce a year, you should have a urine test that looks for a protein called albu"in.

-ou will have "ore of this protein in your blood if you have early kidney da"age due to

diabetes. 'ut the level of this protein in urine can also be higher for other reasons.

-our doctor will also have you take a blood test every year that "easures how well your

kidneys work.

DIABETIC FOOT PAIN by Kenneth B. Rehm, DPM

Includes photo of Dr. Kenneth B. Rehm, DPM

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003591.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000494.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000494.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000494.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003435.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003591.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000494.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000494.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003435.htm


7/13

Diabetes is one of the most common reasons people seek relief for painful feet.

With diabetes, four types of foot problems may arise in the feet.

Nerve Problems due to Diabetes

The most common contributor to diabetic foot pain is a nerve problem called

Peripheral europathy. This is !here the nerves are directly affected by the disease

process. There are basically three types of peripheral neuropathy" sensory, motor,

and autonomic neuropathy.

# lar$e percenta$e of pain diabetic patients complain of is due to sensory

neuropathy. This can sho! up as %sensitive pain,% !here the amount of pain is not

proportional to the amount of insult that is causin$ it. &or instance, 'ust touchin$

the skin or puttin$ a sheet over your feet in bed could be painful. This can be

present at the same time as numbness in the feet. (ensory neuropathy symptomscan include burnin$, tin$lin$ or a stabbin$ pain.

Relief is foremost on someone)s mind !hen painful neuropathy has raised its u$ly

head. The first thin$ to do is to check your blood su$ar for the past several !eeks

to see if there has been a trend to!ard hi$h blood su$ar *+ditor)s ote" The #c

test is traditionally employed to determine this, and should be repeated about every

three months.- Persistent hi$h blood su$ar can contribute to this type of pain.

Massa$in$ your feet !ith a diabetic foot cream, or usin$ a foot roller, often takes

the ed$e off the pain. itamin B preparations are often recommended/ and there area variety of prescription medications that do !ork. 0sin$ cushioned, supportive

shoes and foot support inserts is al!ays needed to protect the feet from the

poundin$, rubbin$ and irritatin$ pressures that contribute to neuropathic pain.

Motor neuropathy can contribute to another painful diabetic condition. The nerves

to the muscles become affected by the disease process. This makes the muscles feel

!eak and achy. (ome of the first muscles to become affected are those in the thi$h/

other common muscles include the shin muscle and the small muscles of the feet.

When motor neuropathy is present, !alkin$ imbalances can result. These can cause

increased rubbin$ of the foot in the shoe, inflammation of the skin, increased

callous formation, and pain.

1elpin$ yourself a$ainst the rava$es of motor neuropathy involves correctin$ those

!alkin$ imbalances !ith supportive shoes and foot support inserts. &oot e2ercises,

massa$e and usin$ foot rollin$ devices are e2cellent !ays to help keep those

muscles and 'oints from becomin$ stiff.


8/13

Keep the muscles !orkin$ and the 'oints movin$3

#utonomic neuropathy affects the nerves to areas that are not under our conscious

control. The s!eatin$ mechanism is altered 44 so the person !ho suffers !ith this

condition may have thickened, dry cuticles and nails/ as !ell as dry, stiff, cracked

skin 44 !hich is sub'ect to a buildup of thicker calluses !ith more pain. Bacterial

and fun$al infection could be more likely/ an additional source of pain and

concern.

Daily use of toenail oil and conditionin$ foot cream made specifically for diabetic

foot care can play an essential role in preventin$ these problems.

Circulation Problems

5irculation problems in the feet may cause intense pain, even thou$h the feet mayfeel numb to the touch. This is due to the effect of hi$h blood su$ars on the

arteries, capillaries and veins. #rteries feed fresh blood a!ay from the heart. This

fresh blood nourishes and provides o2y$en to the tissues. The blood enters and

leaves the tissues throu$h capillaries and $oes back up to the heart to $et refreshed

!ith o2y$en and nourishment by !ay of the veins.

The arteries most commonly affected are those behind the knee and the calf. These

arteries are sub'ect to the same fatty deposits that most people have, ho!ever, the

process can be accelerated in diabetes. These fatty deposits thicken the !alls of the

arteries, and may develop calcium deposits. Blood flo! to the feet could then be partially or totally blocked. Because the tissues are starvin$ for o2y$en, this can be

an e2tremely painful process. (uch pain is often described as thou$h the feet are in

a vise, and are bein$ stran$led.

The capillaries are kno!n to $et thickened and stiff from diabetes 44 thus not as

efficient in deliverin$ o2y$en and nutrients to and from the tissues.

The veins can $et s!ollen and painful. This happens !hen the arteries cannot

handle the blood flo!, and little channels are created to direct the blood over to the

veins instead of tryin$ to push the blood throu$h closed arteries. (ometimes thereis more blood than the veins can handle. They become so full that the valves

become broken. Blood then pools in the feet and le$s and can leak out into the

skin, creatin$ ulcerations, !hich can be very painful.


9/13

With the approval of your medical doctor, support hose, e2ercise, massa$e,

physical therapy, medications and various sur$ical procedures can be used to

improve the circulation.

Muscle & Joint Problems

Muscle and 'oint problems in the diabetic patient are a fre6uent source of

discomfort and pain. The muscles are affected by diabetic neuropathy, circulation

problems and atrophy. The tendons *attachment of the muscle to the bones- may

become stiff and contracted due to the !alkin$ imbalance associated !ith

peripheral neuropathy.

This !alkin$ imbalance forces the foot and 'oints to move in !ays that are not

healthy and that Mother ature never intended. 7n addition, they may stiffen in this

bent position because of the e2cess blood su$ar combinin$ !ith the proteins in the 'oints. This is called diabetic $lycosylation of the 'oints.

This, combined !ith the normal imbalance all people, includin$ non4diabetics, are

sub'ect to, can lead to stiff hammertoes, bunions, spurs, and tiny fractures !ith

dislocation of the bones *called Diabetic 5harcot Deformity-. These problems can

be sources of pain, infection, ulceration and ma'or medical concern.

With consent from your foot healthcare provider, foot rollers, massa$e and

specially made shoes and inserts mi$ht be the best !ay to deal !ith these muscle

and 'oint problems.

Frequent Inections

Diabetic persons become more susceptible to bacterial, fun$al and yeast infections

due to medical and nutritional chan$es that takes place in the body.

Bacterial infections sho! up in areas on the foot that become irritated, ulcerated or

in'ured. The si$ns of a bacterial infection include redness, s!ellin$, !armth, pain

and tenderness as !ell as the presence of pus. *+ditor)s ote" Blind diabetics can

detect foot infections by touch, and, in some cases, by smell.- This kind of infection can either be on the skin, called cellulitis, or can spread to the bone.

When infection has spread to the bone it is called osteomyelitis. 7t is interestin$

that even thou$h a diabetic may have numbness in their foot, they could sometimes

feel pain !hen they have a bacterial infection. When a diabetic suddenly develops

pain !hile their feet are numb, it could be a si$n that an infection is present 44 and

a health care provider should be contacted !ithout delay.


10/13

&un$al or yeast infections in the foot commonly occur as athlete)s feet or fun$al

toenails. #thlete)s feet can cause the skin to become blistered, scaly, red, inflamed

and painful. # bacterial infection can occur on top of this because the irritated skin

serves as a $ood place for $erms to thrive. &un$al toenails can become very thick,

po!dery and in$ro!n. These thick nails can leave debris under the nails and cause

severe irritation to the skin surroundin$ the nails. They can even become in$ro!n

!ith callused nail $rooves. This can cause infection to the areas surroundin$ the

nail and is a source for medical concern.

7n order to ma2imi8e a person)s ability to fi$ht off infections, think stren$then the

immune system. This comes from $ood blood su$ar control, moderate e2ercise,

$ood nutrition and supplements, if recommended by your health care professional.

&un$us can make the skin ra! and fun$us toenails can become thick, irritatin$,

painful and infected !ith bacteria. (elf4inspection and daily maintenance of the

skin and nails is essential to prevention. 9nce your toenails or skin on the feet become infected !ith fun$us, it is important to treat it ri$ht a!ay to prevent

ulceration and bacterial infection. Medications prescribed by your foot healthcare

professional are recommended, but various over4the4counter and home remedies

have found success. The use of tea tree oil, sesame oil, $arlic, $rapefruit seed

e2tract, and $alberry root soaks are amon$ them.

7t is important to note that not all diabetics can detect the pain of these problems 44

and therefore should have their feet visually and manually inspected every day. Be

Prudent, Be 5autious and &ollo! the Rules of :ood 1ealth3

&rom the +ditor" Dr. Kenneth B. Rehm, DPM, is a podiatrist !hose practice is

limited to the diabetic foot. 1e is the medical director of the Diabetic &oot and

Wound 5are 5enter, in (an Marcos, 5alifornia/ telephone *;>4


11/13

Diabetic erve *ain- $4 >oot (are Tips to

*rotect Yourself

In this article• $. (hec! both feet daily.

• ;. i% bunions, corns, and hammertoes.

• :. (onsider fitted orthotics.

• $4. (ontrol your blood sugar.

• *rotect Your >eet

Diabetes can mean double trouble for your feet. >irst, diabetes can reduce blood flo to

your feet, depriving your feet of o%ygen andnutrients. This ma!es it more difficult

for blisters, sores, and cuts to heal. #nd second, the diabetic nerve

damage called peripheral neuropathy can cause numbness in your feet.


12/13

Three blood tests are available to diagnose prediabetes and diabetes-• /asual plas"a 0blood1 glucose

• )asting plas"a glucose 0)P91

• 8ral glucose tolerance test.

To ma!e a diagnosis, the results of each test must be confirmed by repeat testing on

a different day, unless you have obvious symptoms of elevated blood glucose6hyperglycemia7. f diabetes is diagnosed, you'll need periodic hemoglobin #$c

6Hb#$c7 tests to monitor your blood glucose control.5 )ee more at- http-.healthcommunities.comunderstanding5diabeteslab5tests5fasting5plasma5glucose5oral5

glucose5tolerance5a$c.shtmlsthash.+Fs131:.dpuf

(asual plasma 6blood7 glucose test

This test measures blood glucose levels at any time of day, no matter hen you had

your last meal. t is most often used in people ho have classic diabetes symptomssuch as e%cessive thirst, fre?uent urination, and une%plained eight loss. The

criteria for a diagnosis of diabetes ith this test is the presence of diabetes symptoms

and a blood glucose level of 200 mg/dL or higher.

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) testhe fasting plasma glucose test is the preferred method for diagnosing diabetes in

children, men, and nonpregnant omen. The test measures blood glucose levels

after an overnight fast 6no food inta!e for at least eight hours7. # diagnosis ofdiabetes is made hen the fasting blood glucose level is 126 mg/dL or higher on at

least to tests. Galues of $44$;/ mgdB indicate prediabetes. # normal fasting

blood glucose level is less than $44 mgdB.

Aral glucose tolerance test

This test is done hen diabetes is suspected, but you have normal results on a

fasting plasma glucose test. >or the test, you'll have to fast overnight and then drink

a very seet solution containing 1/ g of glucose. # sample of your blood ill be

dran to hours later. ormal glucose levels are less than $84 mgdB at to hours.

The criterion for a diagnosis of diabetes ith this test is a to-hour blood glucose

level of 200 mg/dL or higher. *rediabetes is diagnosed if the to5hour blood glucose

level is $84$:: mgdB.

http://www.healthcommunities.com/understanding-diabetes/lab-tests-fasting-plasma-glucose-oral-glucose-tolerance-a1c.shtml#sthash.U8s73N79.dpufhttp://www.healthcommunities.com/understanding-diabetes/lab-tests-fasting-plasma-glucose-oral-glucose-tolerance-a1c.shtml#sthash.U8s73N79.dpufhttp://www.healthcommunities.com/understanding-diabetes/lab-tests-fasting-plasma-glucose-oral-glucose-tolerance-a1c.shtml#sthash.U8s73N79.dpufhttp://www.healthcommunities.com/understanding-diabetes/lab-tests-fasting-plasma-glucose-oral-glucose-tolerance-a1c.shtml#sthash.U8s73N79.dpufhttp://www.healthcommunities.com/understanding-diabetes/lab-tests-fasting-plasma-glucose-oral-glucose-tolerance-a1c.shtml#sthash.U8s73N79.dpuf


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diabetic tests

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