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Urinvejsinfektioner Niels Frimodt-Møller Professor, overlæge dr.med. Klinisk Mikrobiologisk Afdeling, Hvidovre Hospital

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Page 1: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

Urinvejsinfektioner

Niels Frimodt-Møller Professor, overlæge dr.med.

Klinisk Mikrobiologisk Afdeling, Hvidovre Hospital

Page 2: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

Urinvejsinfektioner

• Ætiologi og patogenese • Overførsel fra dyr? • Epidemiologi (børn,voksne,ældre) • Diagnostik • Behandling (resistens)

Page 3: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

Urinvejsinfektion (UVI) • Urinvejene sterile indtil meatus urethrae

externa • Def. Af UVI: Mikroorganismer i urin

Page 4: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

Urinvejsinfektion

• En af de hyppigste infektioner i almen praksis (3-400.000/år i DK)

• Forekommer 6 x hyppigere hos kvinder • 20% af kvinder med UVI recidiverer • Årsag til stor del af antibiotikaforbruget • UVI årsag til ½ af E.coli bakteriæmier • E.coli udgør 80%; kommer fra pts egen

tarmflora

Page 5: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

Urinvejsinfektion: Smitteveje

• Via blod: S. aureus, Salmonella, Candida • Ascenderende: Rectum -> Perinæum -> (vagina) -> meatus urin. ext. ->

urethra -> blære -> ureter -> nyrepelvis -> nyre E. coli, andre Enterobacteriaceae, enterokokker mm

Page 6: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

J. Urol 1997 157: 1127-1129

Urine Faeces

PFGE of E. coli isolates

UTI route of infection • Faecal-perineal-urethral route

• Origin of E. coli in the normal flora unknown: is it influenced by food?

Page 7: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

• Possess pathogenic traits: virulence genes • Virulence is a result of a cumulative effect • Definition of ExPEC pathotypes

– Molecular definition proposed (JID 2005 191: 1040-49)

– No distinct virulence profile

ExPEC

Host tissue

Adv

Inte

rn M

ed 1

988

33: 2

31-5

2

7

E. coli

Iron uptake systems

Toxins

Adhesins

Virulence gene functions

Page 8: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

80-90% af UVI forårsages af E. coli: • Extra-intestinale patogene E. coli (ExPEC) • Fylogruppe B2 (og D)

3

J Lab Clin Med 2002 139: 155

ECOR fylogruppe-fordeling

Urinvejsinfektioner (UVI)

Page 9: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

Structure and genetics of type 1 pili Schilling, Mulvey, and Hultgren

JID 2001;183:S36-S40

Page 10: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated FimH-FimC (A) or rabbit antibodies to total uroplakins (B), and then with FITC-conjugated streptoavidin or goat anti-rabbit IgG. Nuclei were counterstained with a blue Hoechst dye. Note the similar staining of urothelial umbrella cells by FimH-FimC and antibodies to uroplakins.

Schilling, Mulvey, and Hultgren

JID 2001;183:S36-S40

Page 11: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

(Rosen et al. 2007)

Intracellular Bacterial Communities (IBCs) Transient intracellular niche Have biofilm-like properties (Anderson et al. 2003)

Pathogenesis of UTI and RUTI with E. coli

UPEC can be an intracellular pathogen (Anderson et al. 2003, Justice et al 2004, Mulvey et al 2001)

Quiescent Intracellular Reservoirs (QIRs) Bacterial replication limited May persist for weeks to months No antimicrobial effective against QIRs May revert to be active=>RUTI (Blango et al. 2010 Eto et al. 2006, Kern et al. 2004 Mulvey et al. 2001; Mysorekar et al. 2006, Rosen et al. 2007, Schilling et al. 2002) Quiescent Intracellular

Reservoirs (QIRs)

IBC pathogenic pathway

Page 12: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

UVI model i mus med E. coli: Histologi på blære udtaget 28 t efter infektion: Blæreepithel x 600

Intracellulære bakterier

Græm N, Frimodt-Møller N

2010, upubl.

Page 13: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

Hvidberg, Struve, Krogfelt, Christensen, Rasmussen, Frimodt-Møller

Development of a Long-Term Ascending Urinary Tract Infection Mouse Model for Antibiotic Treatment Studies Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2000 44: 156-163.

Anesthetized mice were inoculated transurethrally with the bacterial suspension by use of plastic catheters. The catheters were made from tubing (autoclavable; inner diameter, 0.50 mm). Pieces of tubing were placed on hypodermic needles (25 gauge by 5/8 in.) and autoclaved. The catheter was carefully pushed into the urethra until it reached the top of the bladder, and 0.05 ml of bacterial suspension was injected in the bladder over 5 s in order to avoid vesicoureteral reflux. The catheter was removed immediately after inoculation.

Page 14: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated
Page 15: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

Urinary tract infection model in mice: EM-of bladder epithelium during treatment with mecillinam

Kerrn et al 2003.

Without

treatment

After 3 d treatment with mecillinam

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Ejrnæs et al. 2010

Relaps forårsaget af samme E.coli som 1. dyrkning før behandling:

80/100 (80%) stammer

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Importance of phylogenetic groups of E. coli in relapse of UTI

Relapse/ Persistence

Reinfection/cure

Relapse/ Persistence

Reinfection/cure

n= 78b n=78 P a n= 51 n=30 P a

Phylogenetic group A 7 (9) 19 (24) 0,01 6 (12) 4 (13) -

B1 2 (3) 3 (4) -c 3 (6) 1 (3) -B2 61 (78) 40 (51) <0.001 32 (63) 19 (63) -D 8 (10) 16 (21) - 10 (20) 6 (20) -

Placebo groupMecillinam group

Prevalence of phylogenetic group [no. (%)] or biofilm score [median (range)]

Ejrnæs et al. 2011

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Prospective Cohort Study of Microbial and Inflammatory Events Immediately Preceding Escherichia coli Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection in Women

Czaja et al. J I D, 2009; 200:528–36

Events (E.coli periurethrally or in urine, pyuria or symptoms) preceding <14 days prior to rUTI

Page 19: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

Prospective Cohort Study of Microbial and Inflammatory Events Immediately Preceding Escherichia coli Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection in Women

Czaja et al. JID, 2009; 200:528–36

Page 20: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

• Kyllinger (n=138)

• Dansk kyllingekød (n=197)

• Importeret kyllingekød (n=86)

• Svin (n=145)

• Dansk svinekød (n=177)

• Importeret svinekød (n=10)

• Raske mennesker (n=109)

• Patienter med urinvejsinfektion (n=102)

Lægepraksis syd for Kbh 2005-06 N=964

E. coli isolater (n=964)

Page 21: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

Fordeling af fylogrupper (n=964)

Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010 7:537

Page 22: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

Isolater fra dyr, fødevarer og mennesker (n = 964) Undersøgt for: • Fænotypisk resistens [AMP, CHL, CIP, GEN, STR, SUL, TET, TRI] • Virulensgenprofil [8 ExPEC-relaterede gener: kpsm II, papA,

papC, iutA, sfaS, focG, afa, hlyD]

Clusteranalyse:

UVI isolater grupperer ofte med isolater fra dyr og fødevarer

Int J Food Microbiol 2010 142:264

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• Microarray-detektion: - 315 virulensgener - 82 resistensgener

Clusteranalyse: UVI isolater grupperer sammen med isolater fra fødevarer og dyr, dvs stor lighed mellem isolaterne

Genprofilering af B2 isolater (n=161)

DNA Hybridisering Scanning

Mærket DNA Vask

J Med Microbiol 2011 60:1502

Page 24: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

PFGE typning

Urine

Bladder

Kidneys

Urine

Bladder

Kidneys

100101102103104105106107108109

CFU

per m

l urin

e,bl

adde

r or 2

kid

neys

Murine UTI model

• Genprofil 1 (42 virulensgener) : • 2 isolater fra dansk kyllingekød (pfge 1-2) • 1 isolat fra en UVI patient (pfge 3) • 1 isolat fra et rask menneske (pfge 4)

1 2 3 4 2 4

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011, Epub 28 Okt

Klonal sammenhæng

Page 25: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

Ligner isolater fra dyr og fødevarer isolater fra mennesker? [fylogrupper, virulensgener, resistens]

Findes kendte uropatogene E. coli typer blandt isolater fra dyr, fødevarer og mennesker? [clonal group A isolater]

n = 964

n = 161 B2

n = 158 D

n = 13 B2/9 D

n = 22 B2/ 25 D

Kan isolater fra dyr og fødevarer give infektion i urin, blære og nyre hos mus? [murin urinvejsmodel]

Er der klonal sammenhæng mellem isolater fra kød og dyr med isolater fra mennesker? [pulsed-field gel elektroforese]

Er E. coli UVI en zoonose? Stammekollektion (n=964): (DANMAP 2004, Køge praksis 2005-6)

√ √

→ Ja

Page 26: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

Urinvejsinfektion (UVI)

• Bakterier i urinen

• Leukocytter i urinen

• Kliniske symptomer – Dysuri syndrom: stranguri, pollakisuri, smerter

over symfysen, lette lændesmerter, evt. feber

Page 27: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

Klassifikation

• Asymptomatisk / symptomatisk

• Nedre / øvre

• Ukompliceret / kompliceret

• Akut / recidiverende / kronisk

Page 28: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

Klassifikation • Akut ukompliceret

– Cystitis: Kvinder mellem 14 og 60 år med symptomer på UVI (dysuri, pollakisuri), men som ikke har feber og som ikke har haft UVI indenfor 4 uger

– Pyelonefrit: Feber, lændesmerter, Kvinder mellem 14 og 60 år, ingen urologiske abnormiteter

• Kompliceret – Alle andre!!

• Drenge, piger, mænd • Patologiske urinveje • Asymptomatisk bakteruri • Recidiverende (x 3/12 mdr)

Page 29: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

Symptomatology and presence of significant bacteriuria

Although none of the patients developed acute pyelonephritis, a substantial number of the women had such complaints as feeling feverish (33% in culture-positive group, 38% in culture-negative group), back pains (44% vs. 56%), and feeling weak and tired (71% vs. 65%). Differences between the culture-positive and culture-negative groups were not statistically significant except for the duration of symptoms, which was shorter in the culture-positive group (4 vs. 6 days).

Heytens S et al., J Womans Health 2011; 20:1117-21 In women who present with 1 or more symptoms of UTI, the probability of

infection is approximately 50%. Specific combinations of symptoms (eg, dysuria and frequency without vaginal discharge or irritation) raise the probability of UTI to more than 90%, effectively ruling in the diagnosis based on history alone. In contrast, history taking, physical examination, and dipstick urinalysis are not able to reliably lower the posttest probability of disease to a level where a UTI can be ruled out when a patient presents with 1 or more symptoms

Bent S et al. JAMA 2002;287:2701-10

Page 30: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

Incidens af hjemmeerhvervet UVI i forhold til alder

Laupland et al. Infection, 2007, 35:150-3

Page 31: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

35,0

40,0

45,0

0-4 5-9 10-14

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

65-69

70-74

75-79

80-84

85-89

90-95

95+

Alderskategorier

Pro

cent

vise

and

el

begge køn kvinder mænd

Patienter i primærsektoren som i 2003 blev behandlet med enten sulfamethizol,

pivmecillinam eller nitrofurantoin fordelt på køn og alder

Page 32: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

Urinvejsinfektion Epidemiologi

• 2. hyppigste infektionssygdom hos børn • < 7 års alder : 7,8 % hos piger ; 1,6 % hos drenge

• Kun få børn har underliggende sygdom

• Kan give alvorlige sequelae

Børn

Page 33: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

Urinvejsinfektion Generel definition

• To midtstråle-uriner med vækst af samme bakterie, >10-4 cfu/ml

• Vækst af bakterier > 10-3 cfu/ml ved uretralkateter

• Enhver vækst af bakterier udtaget ved suprapubisk blærepunktur

Børn

Page 34: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

Nedre Urinvejsinfektion

• Alment upåvirket

• Temperatur < 38,5 • Alder > 1,5 år • Øget vandladningsfrekvens (> 7 / dag) • Dysuri • Urge • Inkontinens • Abdominalsmerter

Børn

Page 35: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

Øvre urinvejsinfektion Symptomer

• Børn > 1 år med høj crp + temp.> 38,5 • Børn < 1 år ….. Som:

– Ikke altid feber – Ikke altid høj crp – Gylp / opkastning / diarre – Pirrelighed – Skrigeture – Dårlig trivsel

• Tænk altid på UVI ved feber hos børn yngre end ½ år Disse behandles alle som øvre UVI og bør indlægges til

behandling og undersøgelse

Børn

Page 36: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

Common Risk Factors for UTI in the elderly

• Atrophic urethritis • Artrophic vaginitis • Benign prostatic hyperplasia • Cancer of prostate • Catheter use • Genitourinary abnormalities (e.g. vesicorectal fistula) • Genitourinary calculi • Renal and perinephric abscess formation • Urinary diversion procedure (e.g. ileal bladder diversion) • Urethral stricture

Page 37: Dias nummer 1 - Abena · Selective binding of FimH (A) and antibodies to uroplakins (B) to the umbrella cells of mouse urothelium. Sections of mouse bladder were incubated with biotinylated

Asymptomatisk bakteriuri hos ældre Population Ref.

Alder, år Antal undersøgte

Bakteriuri-hyppighed, % Mænd Kvinder

Hjemmeboende Rodhe 2006

80 642 6 15

Hjemmeboende Ahktar 1972

65 466 6 17

Plejehjem Dontas 1981

70 342 16 38

Indlagte, ortop. Klarskov 1976

70 65 - 60

Indlagte, geriatri Gladstone 1971

50 – 90 100 15 21

Indlagte, KAD kroniske lidelser, Mou 1962

- - 82 94

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Asymptomatisk bakteriuri hos ældre (>80) hjemmeboende: Risikofaktorer

OR

• Urin inkontinens > 1 x uge 3.00 • Nedsat mobilitet 2.68 • Østrogen behandling 2.20

Rodhe et al., Family Practice 2006, 23: 303-7

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Concensus criteria for surveillance, diagnosis and treatment of UTI without urine culture in the elderly

McGeer criteria For patients without catheter 3 of criteria must be met: 1) Tp > 38o C 2) New/increased burning,

frequency or urgency 3) New flank/suprapubic pain 4) Change in character of urine 5) Worsening of mental or

functional status

Loeb criteria For patients without catheter 1) Acute dysuria or Tp > 38o C plus at least one of: 2) New/worsening urgency 3) New/worsening frequency 4) Suprapubic pain 5) Gross hematuria 6) Costovertebral angle pain 7) New/increased incontinence

Am J Infect Control, 1991, 19:1-7 Inf Contr Hosp Epidemiol 2001, 22:120-4

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Sensitivity, specificity of Criteria – with positive culture as standard

Sens Spec PPV NPV McGeer 30% 82% 57% 61% Loeb 19% 89% 57% 59%

Juthani-Mehta et al, JAGS, 2007, 55: 1072-77

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Triggers causing suspicion of UTI in 100 nursing home residents

Juthani-Mehta et al, JAGS, 2007, 55: 1072-77

• Change in mental status 40 • Change in behaviour 27 • Change in character of urine 16 • Evaluation of other infection 11 • Fever or shaking chills 11 • Change in gait 8 • Change in voiding pattern 7 • Flank, abdominal, pelvic pain 6 • Dysuria 6 • Change in functional status 3

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Serial concentrations of CrP as an indicator of UTI in patients with spinal injury

Galloway et al., J Clin Pathol 1986, 39: 851-55

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Prævalens af nosokomielle infektioner i Danmark 1999 og 2003.

Type af infektion Prævalens (relativ fordeling i %)

2003 1999 Urinvejsinfektion 2,9 (27,6) 2,1 (26,6) Postop. sårinfekt. 1,8 (17,1) 2,0 (25,0)

Nedre luftvejsinf. 1,7 (15,6) 1,4 (17,4) Hudinfektioner 1,4 (13,6) 0,4 (4,8) Andre 2,8 (26,1) 2,1 (27,1) I alt 10,6 (100) 8,0 (100)

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• Længerevarende kateterisation med KAD (>6-7 dage) • Kvinde • Alder • Inkontinens • Pt. med anden form for infektion • Diabetes • Immunkompromitterede/ supprimerede • Fejlernæring • Nyreinsufficiens • Suprapubisk kateterisation • Intermitterende kateterisation • Kateterisation udenfor operationsrum • Andre urindrænagehjælpemidler (uridom og ble)

Ætiologi, patogenese og risikofaktorer Risikofaktorer for No-UVI

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Kateter A Demeure

• Bakteriuri: 25% efter 1 uge, 100% efter 4 uger

• Infektionsrisiko: RIK/SIK < Kondom (Ble?)< KAD

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

6,0

Syge huse Plejehjem Hjemmepleje

% i

ndiv

ider

med

No-

UV

I

Mænd

Kvinder

Nosok. UVI i DK, Præv.us.,1993 Forbrug af katetre, bleer mm

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

KAD Engangskat. Uridom BleUrindrænagehjælpemidler

Proc

ent

SygehusePlejehjemHjemmepleje

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Criteria for catheterized elderly patients

To meet the criteria for a suspected UTTI with an indwelling catheter, two of the following must be met:

• Fever (>38 degree C) or chills • New flank or suprapubic pain or

tenderness • Changes in character of urine • Worsening mental function

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KAD • KAD og andre katetre er fremmedlegemer

– Inokulum mindre – Biofilm

• Vanskeligere at behandle – Kolonisering

• ”alle” pt med KAD får bakteriuri – Ved brug af lukkede systemer med tømningshane

» Kolonisering udskydes til i gemmensnit 6 døgn » Halvering af risikoen for egentlig infektion i forhold til

halvåbne systemer – Vævsvenlige materialer – Antibiotika imprægnerede

• Undgå KAD hvis muligt!

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Routes of entry of uropathogens to catheterized urinary tract

DG Maki & PA Tambyah, Emerg Infect Dis, 2001

12/18 women and 5/17 men with catheter bacteria colonizing urethra same as found in rectum Daifuku JAMA 1984

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Routes of entry of uropathogens to catheterized urinary tract

DG Maki & PA Tambyah, Emerg Infect Dis, 2001

40 – 60%

20 – 30%

20 – 30%

Proportion (%) of entry routes

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KAD: Komplikationer

• Ascendering – pyelonefritis – pyonefrose

• Spredning lokalt – Prostatitis

• Spredning til blodbanen – Dansk studie af 3500 bakteriæmier

• 2/3 var nosokomielle – 40 % udgik fra UVI – 90 % som følge af instrumentering inkl. KAD!

Arpi, SJID, 1995, 27, 245

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Autopsi hos 75 ældre plejehjemsptt. Warren et al. JID 1988; 158: 1341

KAD ved Mors + -

Akut nyreinfektion

21 (38%) 1 (5%)

Akut cystitis 14 0

Bakteriæmi før mors

92 %

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KAD og infektion Risikofaktorer - 1 • Køn % inficerede

– Kvinder 13 % – Mænd 5 %

• Indikation for KAD – Timediurese, operation 8 % – Andre 24 %

• S-creatinin – Normal 9 % – Høj 22 %

Platt, Am J Epid, 124, 977, 1986

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KAD og infektion Risikofaktorer - 2 • Tid med KAD % inficerede

– 1 døgn 3 % – 3-4 døgn 10 % – 4-5 døgn 12 % – >6 døgn 27 %

• DM – Ja 18 % – Nej 8 %

• Urinpose koloniseret – Ja 43 % – Nej 8 %

Platt, Am J Epid, 124, 977, 1986

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UNOMEDICAL/CONVATEC

In vitro test of ascending infection in Urimeters ”in situ”

Inoculation with Ps. aeruginosa at day 0

1 – 7: Sites of sampling for culture at different days up to 7 days.

”Bladder”

”Catheter”

Urimeter

Urine bag

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CURITY BARD

Urimeters with emptying by tilting

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APOLLO 450 APOLLO 500

Kendall Urimeters with emptying by backwards tilting

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Urimetre: In vitro test med inokulation af Ps. aeruginosa i urinpose Dag 0

Tømning via hane i bunden af urimeter

Tømning ved at hælde fra urimeter over i posen

Tømning ved at vippe urimeter bagover

Frimodt-Møller et al. Br J Infect Control, 2005, 6: 14-17.

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Urimetre: In vitro test Dag 4

Tømning via hane i bunden af urimeter

Tømning ved at hælde fra urimeter over i posen

Tømning ved at vippe urimeter bagover

Frimodt-Møller et al. Br J Infect Control, 2005, 6: 14-17.

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Urimetre: In vitro test Dag 7

Tømning via hane i bunden af urimeter

Tømning ved at hælde fra urimeter over i posen

Tømning ved at vippe urimeter bagover

Frimodt-Møller et al. Br J Infect Control, 2005, 6: 14-17.

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In vitro test of Urimeters: No. Pos./No. Tested

Product (No. Tested)

Urine bag Urimeter ”Catheter/ Bladder”

Day of sampling 2 4 7 2 4 7 2 4 7

BARD (12)

4/4 4/4 4/4 2/4 4/4 4/4 0/4 0/4 4/4

Apollo (16)

4/4 4/4 8/8 0/4 1/4 8/8 0/4 0/4 1/8

Unome-dical (16)

4/4 4/4 8/8 0/4 0/4 2/8 0/4 0/4 0/8

Braun (4)

4/4 0/4 0/4

SARSTEDT (4)

4/4 1/4 0/4

Frimodt-Møller et al. Br J Infect Control, 2005, 6: 14-17.

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Urinvejsinfektion (UVI)

• Urinvejene sterile indtil meatus urethrae externa

• Def. Af UVI: Mikroorganismer i urin • Problem: Ved prøvetagning at undgå

forurening fra m.u.e. • Løsning: 1) Punktur (Suprapubisk

blærepunktur, nefrostomi); 2) MSU: kvantitering af urindyrkning

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Quantitative bacteriuria in Mid-Stream-Urine-Sample from asymptomatic women

Kass E. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1956, 69: 56-64

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 10 100

1000

1000

0

1000

000

>1000

000

Asymp As/diab As/cystoc Pyelonef.

Bact/ml urine

No. of patients

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Hidtidige kriterier for urinvejsinfektion

• Undersøgelser af midtstråleurin fra asymptomatiske kvinder sammenlignet med patienter med pyelonefritis:

>105 bakterier/ml af samme bakterie i to urinprøver diagnostisk for bakteriuri med 95% sikkerhed.

• Edward Kass 1956.

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Diagnosis of coliform infection in acutely dysuric women

Stamm et.al. NEJM 1982; 307: 463-8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

No growth 10 100 1000 10000 >=100000

Neg SP/C Pos SP/C

CFU/ml

No. of ptts.

Neg. 29% 15% 10% 4% 1%

Pos. 100% 95% 81% 70% 51%

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Studies in urinary tract infections: The diagnosis of bacteriuria in women: Urine cultures in 95 women with symptoms of UTI

Organ./ml in msu

Organisms per ml urine aspirated by suprapubic puncture

Sterile <103 103-104 104-105 105-106 >106

< 103 27 1 1 0 0 0

103-104 17 1 5 0 0 0

104-105 0 0 2 3 1 0

105-106 2 0 0 1 6 1

106 0 0 0 0 1 26

Total 46 2 8 4 8 27

Mabeck, Acta Med Scand 1969, 186: 35-38.

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Studies in urinary tract infections: The diagnosis of bacteriuria in women: Urine cultures in 95 women with symptoms of UTI

Organ./ml in msu

Organisms per ml urine aspirated by suprapubic puncture Sterile <103 103-

104 104-105 105-106 >106

< 103 27 1 1 0 0 0

103-104 17 1 5 0 0 0

104-105 0 0 2 3 1 0

105-106 2 0 0 1 6 1

106 0 0 0 0 1 26

Total 46 2 8 4 8 27 Mabeck, Acta Med Scand 1969, 186: 35-38.

Lave tal < 105: 10/47 ~ 21%

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Kriterier for urinvejsinfektion

• Med symptomer: > 103 bakterier/ml urin af urinvejspatogene

bakterier (Enterobacteriaceae, S. saprofyticus, enterokokker m.fl.)

• Asymptomatisk: > 105 bakterier/ml urin af samme bakterie i to

prøver taget med 24 timers mellemrum

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Urinvejsinfektion (UVI): Prøvetagning

• Problem: Ved prøvetagning at undgå

forurening fra m.u.e.

• Løsning: • 1) Punktur (Suprapubisk blærepunktur, nefrostomi); • 2) MSU: kvantitering af urindyrkning

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Urinvejsinfektion: Prøvetagning

Suprapubisk blærepunktur Blærekateter

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Bladder Puncture + Midstream Sex Age Midstream Puncture Crp M 2,6 mdr 10.4 Ent. - - M 9,0 mdr 10.4 E.coli - normal M 6,5 mdr 10.3 E.coli - - M 1,8 mdr 10.3 E.coli - - M 0,5 mdr 10.4 E.coli - - F 2,0 mdr 10.3 E.coli + 10.3Ent - normal M 2,0 mdr 10.5 E.coli 10.5 E.coli - M 3,5 mdr 10.3 Kleb + 10.3 Ent 10.3 Staf,k-neg - F 2,3 mdr 10.2 E.coli - - F 3,9 mdr 10.4 E.coli + 10.4 Staf aur - - M 0,5 mdr 10.3 E.coli + 10.3 Staf.k-neg - - F 0,9 mdr 10.5 Ent + 10.5 Klebs. - - F 2,0 mdr 10.1 Ent cloac. - - M 0,5 mdr 10.3 Staf - normal F 1,3 mdr negativ - - M 1,9 mdr 10.3 Ent - - M 2,6 mdr 10.5 Ent + 10.3 E.coli - - F 2,9 mdr negativ - - M 10,6 mdr 10.4 Ent - normal F 2,6 mdr 10.4 E.coli - normal F 10,6 mdr 10.5 E.coli 10.5 E.coli forhøjet F 1,0 mdr 10,3 Ent + 10,3 E.coli - - F 5,6 mdr 10.5 E.coli + 10.5 Strep-n.h - - M 0,9 mdr 10.3 E.coli - - F 2,0 mdr negativ - normal M 2,6 mdr 10.5 E.coli - - M 1,9 mdr 10.5 E.coli + 10.5 GBS - forhøjet

Børn

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Urinprøvetagning:Midtstråleurin (MSU)

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MSU: Hvordan tages urinprøven bedst ? 110 raske, yngre kvinder tog op til 8 urinprøver på forskellige dage:

+/- MSU

+/- afvask af perinæum

+/- adskille labiae

(Dipslides – 76% af bakterier var CNS eller enterokokker)

Baerheim et al.

Br J Gen Pract 1992, 42: 241-3

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Fig. 1. Box-and-whisker plots of urine particles in first stream and midstream urine. Boxes show medians and quartiles; whiskers are the 10th and 90th percentiles of each type of urine particle (particle count/μl) in first stream (f) and midstream (m) urine samples. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs. that in first stream urine samples, respectively, by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

Importance of midstream clean-catch technique for urinalysis, reconfirmed by urinary flow cytometry

Morimoto et al.

Clinica Chimica Acta Volume 333, Issue 1,

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Diagnostik af UVI: Dyrkning og Res.best. URICULT (Orion)

FLEXICULT (SSI)

Standard D+R med kalibreret øjennål

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FLEXICULTTM SSI-Urinkit

• Agar plate – 6 comparrtments with enlarged sides/walls

• Control for quantitative evaluation

• Antibiotic compartments – Trimethoprim (T) – Sulfamethizole (S) – Ampicillin (A) – Nitrofurantoin (N) – Mecillinam (M)

T

S A

N

M

Proteus mirabilis

Klebsiella pneumoniae

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Procedure

1. Urine sample poured over agar in kit 2. Urine decanted after 1-2 sec 3. Agar plate placed in lid and incubated with lid downwards at 350C overnight

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FlexicultTM - quantitation of bacterial counts

E. coli

103 cfu/ml 104 cfu/ml 105 cfu/ml

106 cfu/ml 107 cfu/ml

Susceptibility test independent of inoculum

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P. mirabilis K. pneumoniae

FlexicultTM

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FlexicultTM

E.coli Klebsiella sp

E. faecalis Morganella morganii

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Mikroskopi – resultater af fasekontrastmik. (x 1.000) vs. kvantitativ dyrkning Frimodt-Møller et al. UfL

Mikroskopi

Dyrkning bakt/ml

Positiv Negativ Total

> 100.000 116 26 142

< 100.000 83 289 372

Total 199 315 514

SP-DF: 0,58; SN-DF: 0,92

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Little P, et al. Dipsticks and diagnostic algorithms in urinary tract infection: development and validation, randomised trial, economic analysis, observational cohort and qualitative study. Health Technol Assess 2009;13(19).

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Principper for stix undersøgelse af leucocytter og nitrit

Leucocytesterase: Leucocyt: - henfald ex vivo ½-1

time Leucocytesterase - stabilt - kvantitet relateret til

antal leucocytter

Nitritreaktion: Protein Bakterie Nitrat + Nitrat- reduktase Nitrit

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Nitrat-Nitrit reaktionen

organisk molekyle med NH grupper

NO NO NH N og/el. N O

3 - 2 - 3

2 2

2

nitratreduktase

nitritreduktase

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UVI hos kvinder med KAD op. for recto-cystocele. (Frimodt-Møller N: Upubliceret)

Urin-dyrkning

Stix Positiv

Stix Negativ

Total

> 100.000 bakt./ml

18 9 27

< 100.000 bakt./ml

16 73 89

Total 34 82 116

Falsk neg. 33% PPV: 53% NPV: 89%

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Diagnostik af UVI: Stix

Princip: • Leucocytter: Påvisning af

leucocytesterase = enzym fra leucocytter

• Nitrit: Nitratreduktase fra bakterier omdanner nitrat -> nitrit

• Enzymet findes ikke i Stafylokokker, Enterokokker, Pseudomonas m.fl.

Tolkning L + / N + sikker UVI L + / N - mulig UVI 50% ej inf. L - / N + bakteriuri,

mulig UVI

L - / N - 5-40% falsk negative

N. Frimodt-Møller, SSI

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Diagnostik af UVI: Resume af forskellige metoder

Detektion af > 1000 bakt/ml

Nem i praksis Bemærkning

Stix for nitrit og leucocytter

nej ja Falsk neg. 10-40 %

Mikroskopi nej ja Svært at se grampositive

Dyrkning - direkte inokulation

ja ja Flexicult: Nem at flæse/Uricult svær

Dyrkning - kalibreret øjenål

ja nej Afkølet urin Svær at aflæse

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Little P, et al. Dipsticks and diagnostic algorithms in urinary tract infection: development and validation, randomised trial, economic analysis, observational

cohort and qualitative study. Health Technol Assess 2009;13(19).

• 66% of patients with symptoms of UTI had pos. culture • Antibiotic resistance or not providing antibiotics is

associated with a 50–60% longer duration of more severe symptoms and more severe frequency symptoms in the days immediately after presentation.

• Patients who delay by more than 48 hours while waiting for MSU results are likely to have much poorer symptom control. Immediate antibiotics targeted using dipsticks with a delayed prescription as backup or an empirical delayed prescription achieve similar symptom control to empirical antibiotics and help reduce antibiotic use.

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Little P, et al. Dipsticks and diagnostic algorithms in urinary tract infection: development and validation, randomised trial, economic analysis, observational cohort and qualitative study. Health Technol Assess 2009;13(19).

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Behandling af Urinvejsinfektioner

• Asymptomatisk UVI ? • Symptomatisk UVI ? • Kateter ? • Resistens ? • Valg af antibiotika • Varighed af behandling

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Asymptomatisk bakteriuri

• Definition: >100.000 bakterier/ml af samme bakterie i 2 urindyrkninger taget med 24 timers mellemrum – Gravide – Præoperativt – KAD – øvrige

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Ferry, Sven A et al. (2007)'Clinical and bacteriological outcome of different doses and duration of pivmecillinam compared with placebo therapy of uncomplicated lower urinary tractinfection in women: The LUTIW project', Scand J Primary Health Care,25:1,49 — 57

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Bakteriuri ved KAD

• Kun behandlingsindikation ved kliniske symptomer! – KAD er fremmedlegemer

• Man kan ikke sterilisere urinen med antibiotika • Man udvikler resistens hos bakterierne • Man laver floraskift til mere resistente bakterier

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Screening for UVI ?

• Kun ved symptomer på UVI • Præoperativt ?

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Behandling af UVI

• Behandling overvejes: Symptomatisk, ukompl. UVI hos kvinder • Behandling påkrævet: Kompliceret UVI (mænd,børn,ældre, øvre UVI hos kvinder) Asymptomatisk bakteriuri hos gravide Præoperativ asymptomatisk bakteuri • Skal ikke behandles: Asymptomatisk bakteriuri hos alle andre Inkl. kateterbærere

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Sulfamethizole urine concentrations after 1g to human volunteers as related to sulfa MICs vs. E.coli from UTI

Sulfamethizole

0 3 6 9 121248

163264

128256512

102420484096

20 22 24

2

2

17

24

45

10

2

45

0 10 20 30 40 50

8

16

32

64

128

256

512

1024

2048

> 2048

Number of E. coli strains

MIC90 > 2048 mg/L

MIC50 = 128 mg/L

Time (h)

Con

cent

rati

on (m

g/L

)

Kerrn et.al. CMI 10, 54-61, 2004

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Behandling af UVI: Effekt af antibiotika i relation til resistens før behandling

Sulphamethizole R S

Trimethoprim R S

Total no. of patients

77 228

53 265

Sterile urine

45 162 (58%) (71%)

40 209 (75%) (79%)

P

0.04

0.58

Mabeck & Vejlsgaard UfL 142: 1664-8, 1980

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Mecillinam urine concentrations after 400mg to human volunteers as related to mecillinam MICs vs. E.coli from UTI

Mecillinam

0 3 6 9 120.1250.250.5

1248

163264

128256512

1024

20 22 241

39

59

32

7

4

2

1

1

1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

0,125

0,25

0,5

1

2

4

8

16

32

64

MIC90 = 2 mg/L

MIC50 = 0.5 mg/L

Number of E. coli strains

Time (h)

Con

cent

rati

on (m

g/L

)

Kerrn et.al. CMI 10, 54-61, 2004

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Activity against E. coli (N=6) of Sulfamethizole (1g dose; MIC, mg/l: 128; 512; >2048) and Mecillinam (0,4g dose; MIC, mg/l: 0.5; 16; 128) in urine samples 5 h

after dosing

Ex vivo study (5 hrs)

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4-10-9-8-7-6-5-4-3-2-101

Sulfamethizole

Mecillinam

r2 = 0.27P < 0.0001

r2 = 0.66P < 0.0001

log10 urine concentration/MIC

∆ lo

g 10 C

FU/m

l

Kerrn et.al. CMI 10, 54-61, 2004

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Antibiotic resistance in E.coli from urine in primary care and in hospitals

www.danmap.org

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Resistens hos E. coli fra UVI i praksis, ukompliceret vs. kompliceret

20

0

22 10 0

Kerrn et al. JAC 1991

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Urinvejsinfektion: Valg af behandling og varighed

• Antibiotika (% res. hos E.coli/DK): • Sulfametizol (20-40) • Trimethoprim (10-25) • Nitrofurantoin (5) • Mecillinam (3-5) • Ampicillin (20-40) • Cefuroxim (0-8)

• Varighed af beh.: • Ukompliceret UVI: • kvinder ml. 14-60: (3-) 5 dage • børn, mænd, kvinder > 60: 7 dage • Kompliceret UVI: 14 dage

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Clinical Infectious Diseases 2011;52(5):e103–e120

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Ferry, Sven A et al. (2007)'Clinical and bacteriological outcome of different doses and duration of pivmecillinam compared with placebo therapy of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection in women: The LUTIW project', Scand J Primary Health Care,25:1,49 — 57

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Nedre urinvejsinfektion Behandling

Peroral behandling 3 – 7 dage: • Sulfametimazol 50mg/kg/døgn på 2-3 doser. (Max 1 g x 2)

• Mecillinam 20mg/kg/døgn på 2-3 doser. (max 400mg x 3)

• Amoxicillin 50mg/kg/døgn på 2-3 doser (max 500mg x 3)

• Nitrofurantoin 3 mg/kg/døgn på 3-4 doser (max 50mg x 4)

• Trimopan 6mg/kg/døgn på 2 doser (max 200mg x 2)

Kontrolurin 2 dage efter endt kur.

Børn

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Kontrol af behandling ?

• 10 – 30 % får recidiv fra 7 – 30 dage efter behandling afhængig af antibiotikum og varighed af behandling

• 50% af recidiver får ingen symptomer på recidiv • Konsekvens af recidiv ??

– Kureres efter nogen tid +/- antibiotika – Udvikler kronisk UVI

• Optimalt: Kontroldyrkning

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Behandling af UVI

• Behandling overvejes: Symptomatisk, ukompl. UVI hos kvinder • Behandling påkrævet: Kompliceret UVI (mænd,børn,ældre, øvre UVI hos kvinder) Asymptomatisk bakteriuri hos gravide • Skal ikke behandles: Asymptomatisk bakteriuri hos alle andre Inkl. kateterbærere

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Hjælper det at behandle asymptomatisk bakteriuri hos

patienter med kronisk inkontinens ?

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Does eradicating bacteriuria affect the severity of chronic incontinence in nursing home residents ? Ouslander et al. Ann Intern Med 1995, 122: 749-54

Bacteriuria + 7 d treatment

N = 71

Non-bacteriuric - treatment

N = 120 % ptts found wet & other signs for incont.: - before treatment

34 %

29 %

- after treatment

35 % 30 %

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Does eradicating bacteriuria affect the severity of chronic incontinence in nursing home residents ? Ouslander et al. Ann Intern Med 1995, 122: 749-54

Bacteriuria + 7 d treatment N = 71

Non-bacteriuric - treatment N = 120

% ptts found wet & other signs for incont.: - before treatment

34 %

29 %

- after treatment

35 %

30 %

”Eradicating UTI has no short-term effects on severity of chronic urinary incontinence – support the practice of not treating asyptomatic UTI in this population”

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Skal asymptomatisk bakteriuri hos patienter med diabetes

mellitus behandles ?

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Antimicrobial Treatment in Diabetic Women with Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Harding et al. NEJM 2002, 347: 1576-83

O > 16 y, DM, + asympt. bacteriuria

Antibiotic treatment

N = 55

Placebo N = 50

P

No. of UTI during 27 months follow-up

23 (42 %) 20 (40 %) NS

UTI * 0.93 1.10 NS

Pyelonephritis * 0.13 0.28 NS

Hospitalization for UTI *

0.1 0.06 NS

* Rate per 1000 days of follow-up

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Skal asymptomatisk bakteriuri hos ældre behandles ?

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Does Asymptomatic Bacteriuria predict Mortality and does Antibiotic Treatment Reduce Mortality in Elderly Ambulatory Women ? Abrutyn et al. Ann Intern Med 1994, 120: 827-33.

• 318 ptts with a.b. randomized to antibiotic treatment

(N=166) or placebo (N=192) • Mortality per 100.000 resident-days: 13,8 in antibiotic group vs. 15,1 in placebo group; relative risk = 1,1 (P > 0,2). • Conclusion: 1. UTI not an independent risk factor for mortality 2. Treatment did not lower mortality 3. Screening and treatment of a.b. in elderly not

warranted

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Nye udviklinger i UVI: Konklusion • UVI opstår ved ascenderende infektion fra kolonisation omkring

urethras åbning. • De patogene bakterier kommer oftest fra patientens egen tarmflora • E.coli i tarmen stammer fra fødeindtagelse og kan derfor stamme fra

produktionsdyr via fødevarer. • E. coli invaderer blære epithelet og opholder sig intracellulært i en

biofilm-lignende tilstand, som ikke kan behandles med antibiotika. Dette fokus er årsag til recidiverende infektion. Dette er vist på mus, men en række undersøgelser tyder på, at det samme forekommer hos mennesker.

• Antibiotikabehandling kræver tilstedeværelse af antibiotika i urinen indtil bakterierne er forsvundet fra blæreepithelet

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Nedre urinvejsinfektion Opfølgning I

Ultralyd nyrer / urinveje : • Bør foretages hos alle børn med 1. UVI (elektivt) • Kan udelades ved 1.gangs nedre UVI hos piger >3 år • Kun børn med sikker klinisk diagnose skal have foretaget

UL • Hvis der foreligger en tidligere normal UL skal den IKKE

gentages Uro-flow + residualurin måling : • Recidiverende nedre UVI • Ledsagende daginkontinens (> 5 års alderen) • Kronisk obstipation

Børn

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Nedre urinvejsinfektion Opfølgning II

Vandladningsanamnese • Inkontinens: urge, pollakisuri, dysuri • Vandladningsskema • Milepæle Afføringsanamnese • Inkontinens/obstipation Objektiv undersøgelse • Genitalia externa (phimosis, misdannelse) • Neurologi (anocutan + bulbocavernøs refleks, abnorm

lumbalcolumna)

Børn