difference between human and computer...computer • computer computers perform complex computation,...

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Copyright © 2010, IT Gatekeeper Project – Ohiwa Lab. All rights reserved.

Difference between Human and Computer

•  Computer ▪  Computers perform complex computation, process a

large amount of data, control devices and communicate instantly with high precision

•  Human

▪  Humans are capable of performing computation without any instruction, and act according to circumstances

▪  From the experience on solving various problems, humans are able to come up with better methods

▪  Humans can process non-numeric data

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Computer’s components

•  Components ▪  Hardware

•  Physical parts that contain electrical circuits

▪  Software (Program) •  A written program for hardware

•  Hardware alone does not work but together with software, they can be used for various purposes

ICT Foundation

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Copyright © 2010, IT Gatekeeper Project – Ohiwa Lab. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010, IT Gatekeeper Project – Ohiwa Lab. All rights reserved.

Hardware

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Function and Structure of Hardware

•  5 major functions of computers: Store, Calculate, Control, Input, Output

Central processing Unit（CPU)

Input device Processing unit

Control unit

Ouput device

Main memory External memory

Control data

Control data Control data

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General view and function of Hardware CPU 1

•  Central Processing Unit ▪  Control Unit: Manages the instructions and operation of devices in

the computer ▪  Arithmetic Logic Unit：Executes operations accordingly

1.  Data is transferred into CPU from memory

2.  Calculation is carried out on the data inside the CPU

3.  Data is transferred back to memory from the CPU

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General view and function of Hardware CPU 2

•  Clock ▪  A signal generated at a fixed interval to synchronize the

operation timing of every part in CPU

▪  A shorter clock interval means faster CPU

•  Clock frequency(Hz) ▪  The rate of cycles per second of clock signal (How

many times clock signal is generated in one second) ▪  Generally, the higher the frequency, the faster the CPU

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General view and function of Hardware Storage devices

•  2 main types of Storage device

•  Primary storage (main memory) ▪  Read and write speed is fast ▪  Data stored in primary memory will be lost when

the power is turned off •  Secondary storage (external memory)

▪  Read and write speed is slow ▪  Data being stored here will NOT be lost when

the power is turned off

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General view and function of Hardware Main memory

•  Data will be stored by trapping a charge inside the semiconductor

•  Data being stored here will be lost when the power is turned off

Memory slot Main memory

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General view and function of Hardware Secondary storage 1

•  Hard disk ▪  Stores data using the alignment of magnet field of particles on the

platter’s surface

▪  Data is stored on tracks, which is the circular path on the disk surface ▪  The head (the silver triangle) is used to read and write from a specific

track

Hard disk outside

Hard disk inside

画像出展：Impress PC Watch Intel Core搭載iMacハードウェアレポートhttp://pc.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/2006/0117/imac01.htm http://pc.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/2006/0119/imac02.htm

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General view and function of Hardware Secondary storage 2

•  Other secondary storages ▪  Floppy disk ▪  USB flash disk

▪  CD-ROM / CD-R / CD-RW ▪  DVD

DVD Drive

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General view and function of Hardware Performance of Storage Device

•  Capacity ▪  How many bytes of data can be stored?

•  Access Speed ▪  How many bits of data can be read/written in 1

second? ▪  The access speed to main memory is usually

several hundreds of thousands times faster than accessing secondary storages.

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Main memory and external memory’s role

Main memory

CPU

「Fukuzawa-sensei

is a Capricorn」

Secondary storage

「Fukuzawa-sensei

is a Capricorn」

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Main memory and external memory’s role

Main memory

Secondary storage

CPU

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is a Capricorn」「Fukuzawa-sensei

is a Capricorn」

Saved as a file

「Fukuzawa-sensei

is a Capricorn」

Fukuzawa-sensei

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General view and function of Hardware Input device

•  To deliver user’s intention into computer •  To insert data into computer

•  Keyboard •  Pointing devices

▪  Mouse ▪  Touchpad ▪  Pen tablet

•  Scanner •  Microphone

画像出展　The Apple Store http://store.apple.com/0120-APPLE-1/WebObjects/japanstore.woa/wa/RSLID?nnmm=main&mco=EC571521

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General view and function of Hardware Output device

•  To display process results graphically

•  Display ▪  LCD ▪  CRT

•  Printer •  Speaker

画像出展　The Apple Store http://store.apple.com/0120-APPLE-1/WebObjects/japanstore.woa/wa/RSLID?nnmm=main&mco=EC571521

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【Exercise】 Check your PC specification

•  Check the specification of your PC and fill out the form ▪  Manufacturer, Model name ▪  HDD or SSD（capacity），CPU(type, frequency），

memory(capacity)，OS ▪  Weight，display（size, resolution），External

drive（type, format），battery lifetime ▪  Dimension (width x height x depth)

•  Compare with others’

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Software (Program)

•  Hardware can not operate themselves (computer is just a box if there is no software installed)

•  A sequence of instructions that a computer can interpret and execute is called program

•  Different programs can process different data with different methods

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What is the different between a computer and a calculator?

•  Calculator ▪  Procedures and data are in user’s mind ▪  Users input data accordingly ▪  Input speed is slow

•  Computer (= calculator + memory) ▪  Program and data are stored inside (aka Neumann architecture) ▪  CPU executes the calculation according to the program ▪  High speed computation

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Execution of SoftwareInvoking Application

Secondary storage Main memory

CPU

Instruction１

Instruction ２

・・・

Execution

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Execution of SoftwareInput/Output of Data

Secondary storage Main memory

CPU

instruction

Execution

HTML data

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Basic Software and Application Software

•  Application software ▪  Also called “application” ▪  Used for a specific purpose and task ▪  Word processor Software，Spreadsheet Software，Mail

Software

•  Basic Software ▪  Operating System (OS)

•  Helps applications to run smoothly by controlling the computer

▪  Language Processor（Compiler） •  Converts a high level language to machine language

difference between human and computer...computer • computer computers perform complex computation,...

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