differential equations
DESCRIPTION
Differential Equations . Objective: To solve a separable differential equation. Differential Equations. We will now consider another way of looking at integration. Suppose that f(x) is a known function and we are interested in finding a function F(x) such that y = F(x) satisfies the equation. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Differential Equations
Objective: To solve a separable differential equation.
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Differential Equations• We will now consider another way of looking at
integration. Suppose that f(x) is a known function and we are interested in finding a function F(x) such that y = F(x) satisfies the equation )(xf
dxdy
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Differential Equations• We will now consider another way of looking at
integration. Suppose that f(x) is a known function and we are interested in finding a function F(x) such that y = F(x) satisfies the equation
• The solutions of this equation are the antiderivatives of f(x), and we know that these can be obtained by integrating f(x). For example, the solutions of the equation are
)(xfdxdy
2xdxdy
Cxdxxy 3
32
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Differential Equations• An equation of the form is called a
differential equation because it involves a derivative of an unknown function. Differential equations are different from kinds of equations we have encountered so far in that the unknown is a function and not a number.
)(xfdxdy
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Differential Equations• Sometimes we will not be interested in finding all of
the solutions of the equation, but rather we will want only the solution whose integral curve passes through a specified point.
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Differential Equations• Sometimes we will not be interested in finding all of
the solutions of the equation, but rather we will want only the solution whose integral curve passes through a specified point.
• For simplicity, it is common in the study of differential equations to denote a solution of as y(x) rather than F(x), as earlier. With this notation, the problem of finding a function y(x) whose derivative is f(x) and whose integral curve passes through the point (x0, y0) is expressed as
)(xfdxdy
00 )(),( yxyxfdxdy
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Differential Equations• Equations of the form are known as
initial value problems, and is called the initial condition for the problem.
00 )(),( yxyxfdxdy
00 )( yxy
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Differential Equations• Equations of the form are known as
initial value problems, and is called the initial condition for the problem.
• To solve an equation of this type, first we will separate the variables, integrate, and solve for C.
00 )(),( yxyxfdxdy
00 )( yxy
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Example • Solve the initial-value problem 1)0(,cos yx
dxdy
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Example • Solve the initial-value problem
• Separate the variables
1)0(,cos yxdxdy
xdxdy cos
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Example • Solve the initial-value problem
• Separate the variables
• Integrate
1)0(,cos yxdxdy
xdxdy cos
xdxdy cos Cxy sin
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Example • Solve the initial-value problem
• Separate the variables
• Integrate
• Solve for C
1)0(,cos yxdxdy
xdxdy cos
xdxdy cos Cxy sin
1)0sin(1
CC 1sin xy
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Example 1• Solve the initial-value problem 1)0(,4 2 yxy
dxdy
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Example 1• Solve the initial-value problem
• Separate the variables
1)0(,4 2 yxydxdy
xdxydy 42
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Example 1• Solve the initial-value problem
• Separate the variables
• Integrate
1)0(,4 2 yxydxdy
xdxydy 42
xdxdyy 42 Cxy
221
Cxy
22
1
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Example 1• Solve the initial-value problem
• Separate the variables
• Integrate
• Solve for C
1)0(,4 2 yxydxdy
xdxydy 42
xdxdyy 42 Cxy
221
1011
CC
Cxy
22
1
1212
x
y
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Example 1• Solve the initial-value problem
• Separate the variables
• Integrate
• Solve for C
1)0(,4 2 yxydxdy
xdxydy 42
xdxdyy 42 Cxy
221
1011
CC
Cxy
22
1
1212
x
y
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Example 2• Solve the initial-value problem 0)0(,03)cos4( 2 yx
dxdyyy
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Example 2• Solve the initial-value problem
• Separate the variables
0)0(,03)cos4( 2 yxdxdyyy
dxxdyyy 23)cos4(
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Example 2• Solve the initial-value problem
• Separate the variables
• Integrate
0)0(,03)cos4( 2 yxdxdyyy
dxxdyyy 23)cos4(
dxxdyyy 23)cos4(
Cxyy 32 sin2
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Example 2• Solve the initial-value problem
• Separate the variables
• Integrate
• Solve for C
0)0(,03)cos4( 2 yxdxdyyy
dxxdyyy 23)cos4(
dxxdyyy 23)cos4(
Cxyy 32 sin2
0)0sin()0(2 3
)0(2 3
CC 3 2 sin2 yyx
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Example 3• Find a curve in the xy-plane that passes through (0,3)
and whose tangent line at a point has slope .22yx
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Example 3• Find a curve in the xy-plane that passes through (0,3)
and whose tangent line at a point has slope .
• Since the slope of the tangent line is dy/dx, we have
22yx
2
2yx
dxdy
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Example 3• Find a curve in the xy-plane that passes through (0,3)
and whose tangent line at a point has slope .
• Since the slope of the tangent line is dy/dx, we have
22yx
2
2yx
dxdy
90
2
233
23
2
3
3
CC
Cx
xdxdyyy
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Example 3• Find a curve in the xy-plane that passes through (0,3)
and whose tangent line at a point has slope .
• Since the slope of the tangent line is dy/dx, we have
22yx
2
2yx
dxdy
90
2
233
23
2
3
3
CC
Cx
xdxdyyy
3 2
23
273
93
xy
orxy
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Example • Solve the differential equation xy
dxdy
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Example • Solve the differential equation
• Separate the variables
xydxdy
xdxydy
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Example • Solve the differential equation
• Separate the variables
• Integrate
xydxdy
xdxydy
xdxydy
Cxy 2
||ln2
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Example • Solve the differential equation
• Separate the variables
• Integrate
• Solve for y
xydxdy
xdxydy
xdxydy
Cxy 2
||ln2
Cx
ey
2
2
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Example • Solve the differential equation
• Separate the variables
• Integrate
• Solve for y
xydxdy
xdxydy
xdxydy
Cxy 2
||ln2
Cx
ey
2
2
22
22 xC
x
Ceeey
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Exponential Growth and Decay• Population growth is an example of a general class of
models called exponential models. In general, exponential models arise in situations where a quantity increases or decreases at a rate that is proportional to the amount of the quantity present. This leads to the following definition:
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Exponential Growth and Decay
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Exponential Growth and Decay• Equations 10 and 11 are separable since they have
the right form, but with t rather than x as the independent variable. To illustrate how these equations can be solved, suppose that a positive quantity y = y(t) has an exponential growth model and that we know the amount of the quantity at some point in time, say y = y0 when t = 0. Thus, a formula for y(t) can be obtained by solving the initial-value problem
0)0(, yykydtdy
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Exponential Growth and Decay• Equations 10 and 11 are separable since they have
the right form, but with t rather than x as the independent variable. To illustrate how these equations can be solved, suppose that a positive quantity y = y(t) has an exponential growth model and that we know the amount of the quantity at some point in time, say y = y0 when t = 0. Thus, a formula for y(t) can be obtained by solving the initial-value problem
0)0(, yykydtdy
kdtdyy1 Ckty ln
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Exponential Growth and Decay
• The initial condition implies that y = y0 when t =0. Solving for C, we get
0
0
ln)0(ln
ln
yCCky
Ckyy
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Exponential Growth and Decay
• The initial condition implies that y = y0 when t =0. Solving for C, we get
kt
ykt
ykt
eyy
eey
ey
ykty
0
ln
ln
0
0
0
lnln
0
0
ln)0(ln
ln
yCCky
Ckyy
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Exponential Growth and Decay• The significance of the constant k in the formulas can
be understood by reexamining the differential equations that gave rise to these formulas. For example, in the case of the exponential growth model, we can rewrite the equation as
which states that the growth rate as a fraction of the entire population remains constant over time, and this constant is k. For this reason, k is called the relative growth rate.
yk dt
dy
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Example 4• According to United Nations data, the world
population in 1998 was approximately 5.9 billion and growing at a rate of about 1.33% per year. Assuming an exponential growth model, estimate the world population at the beginning of the year 2023.
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Example 4• According to United Nations data, the world
population in 1998 was approximately 5.9 billion and growing at a rate of about 1.33% per year. Assuming an exponential growth model, estimate the world population at the beginning of the year 2023.
billionyey
eyy kt
2.89.5 )25)(0133(.
0
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Doubling and Half-Life
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Doubling Time and Half-Life• If a quantity has an exponential growth model, then
the time required for the original size to double is called the doubling time, and the time required to reduce by half is called the half-life. As it turns out, doubling time and half-life depend only on the growth or decay rate and not on the amount present initially.
2ln2ln
2
2
1
00
k
kT
kT
TkT
e
eyy
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Example 5• It follows that form the equation that with a
continued growth rate of 1.33% per year, the doubling time for the world population will be
116.522ln
2ln
0133.1
1
TTT k
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Radioactive Decay• It is a fact of physics that radioactive elements
disintegrate spontaneously in a process called radioactive decay. Experimentation has shown that the rate of disintegration is proportional to the amount of the element present, which implies that the amount y = y(t) of a radioactive element present as a function of time has an exponential decay model.
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Radioactive Decay• It is a fact of physics that radioactive elements
disintegrate spontaneously in a process called radioactive decay. Experimentation has shown that the rate of disintegration is proportional to the amount of the element present, which implies that the amount y = y(t) of a radioactive element present as a function of time has an exponential decay model. The half life of carbon-14 is 5730 years. The rate of decay is:
000121.
2ln
57302ln
2ln
1
kkT
T
k
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Example 6• If 100 grams of radioactive carbon-14 are stored in a
cave for 1000 years, how many grams will be left at that time?
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Example 6• If 100 grams of radioactive carbon-14 are stored in a
cave for 1000 years, how many grams will be left at that time?
gramsyey
eyy kt
6.88100 )1000)(000121(.
0
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Carbon Dating• When the nitrogen in the Earth’s upper atmosphere is
bombarded by cosmic radiation, the radioactive element carbon-14 is produced. This carbon-14 combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, which is ingested by plants, which in turn are eaten by animals. In this way all living plants and animals absorb quantities of radioactive carbon-14. In 1947 the American nuclear scientist W. F. Libby proposed that
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Carbon Dating• In 1947 the American nuclear scientist W. F. Libby
proposed the theory that the percentage of carbon-14 in the atmosphere and in living tissues of plants is the same. When a plant of animal dies, the carbon-14 in the tissue begins to decay. Thus, the age of an artifact that contains plant or animal material can be estimated by determining what percentage of its original carbon-14 remains. This is called carbon-dating or carbon-14 dating.
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Example 7• In 1988 the Vatican authorized the British Museum to date a cloth relic know as the Shroud of Turin, possibly the burial shroud of Jesus of Nazareth. This cloth, which first surfaced in 1356, contains the negative image of a human body that was widely believed to be that of Jesus.
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Example 7• The report of the British Museum showed that the
fibers in the cloth contained approximately 92% of the original carbon-14. Use this information to estimate the age of the shroud.
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Example 7• The report of the British Museum showed that the
fibers in the cloth contained approximately 92% of the original carbon-14. Use this information to estimate the age of the shroud.
tk
kt
e
eyy
yy
yy
ktyy
kt
0
0
0
ln
ln
0
689000121.92.ln
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Homework
• Page 575• 1, 3, 11, 13