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Digital Photogrammetric Technologies PHOTOMOD system: Current State

and Future Development

Proceedings

Jurmala, September 13-16, 2005

C o n t e n t s

Goldbergs G.S., Technical assistance from Republic of Latvia offered to Iraq in

the field of architectural/archaeological sites’ documentation by

photogrammetrical methods .................................................................................. 3

Valdis Vanags, Development of photogrammetry in State Land Service of

Latvia..................................................................................................................... 8

Petr Navrátil, Photomod from a point of view of an Intergraph user ............... 17

I. Strashko, V. Kalenda, Photogrammetric works for demarcation of

Byelorussian-Lithuanian state border ................................................................. 18

Vasco Luis Palmeirim, How Geobit uses PhotoMod in Map Production ........ 23

Michailov A.P., Chibunichev A.G., Kurkov V.M., Bakirova T.V., Razumov

V.M., Razumova Y.V., Aerial survey system on the basis of Hasselblad H1

digital camera ...................................................................................................... 35

Medvedev E.M., Lihobabin А.А., Ibragimov M.B., Mutual Photogrammetric

Processing of Lidar and Airborne-Topographic Data......................................... 39

Nizhegorodtsev I. V., Experience on the creation of digital orthophotoplans and

revision of digital topographic plans using remote sensing data of the Earth .... 44

A.P. Makarov, L. V. Bykov, Automated digital aerial survey system ............. 46

Kharitonov V.G., Raikh V.I., Gromov М.О., Geoinformational support of

Novij Urengoj municipal area using remotely sensed data (abstract) ................ 47

Babeeva Y.R., Belova, T.V., Application for participation in contest of

photogrammetric production projects performed using PHOTOMOD software48 © 2005 1

L. V. Bykov, T. V. Osintseva, Orthophotomapping procedure in 1:2,000 scale

on settlements territories using digital airborne data .......................................... 49

Panteleeva N. A., 3D terrain model production technique ................................ 50

Timofeeva O.A., Using PHOTOMOD software in specific airborne survey

conditions and non-standard location of geodetic network ................................ 53

Lubimtseva S.V., Kolesnikova O.N., Use of the remote sensing data, for the

wide range of practical applications, available with SOVZOND....................... 55

AdrovV.N., Karionov Y.I., Titarov P.S., Kharitonov V.G., Gromov М.О.,

Measurements of QuickBird Imagery Accuracy (abstract) ................................ 57

Elizarov A.B., Naumov D.A., Sechin A. Y., Processing of aerial survey data

from Applanix DSS digital camera in Photomod 4.0 ......................................... 59

Novoselov V.G., Function and main features of PHOTOMOD GeoMosaic

module ................................................................................................................. 60

Drakin М.А., Zelenskij А.V., Elizarov А.B., Sechin A.Y., Automatic tie

points measurement algorithms in PHOTOMOD 4.0......................................... 62

2 © 2005

Technical assistance from Republic of Latvia offered to Iraq in the field of architectural /archaeological sites’ documentation by photogrammetrical

methods

Goldbergs G.S., Head of spatial data processing division, State Land service of the Republic of Latvia, Riga, Latvia

Introduction

In architecture and archaeology, the conservation specialists, architects, architectural

historians need high quality documentation. This is a main task for scientific

foundation and high quality work on historic monuments. The geodesy,

photogrammetry and laser scanning could provide this data. In Egypt and Iraq

documentation of cultural heritage is very important, because the country place the

different kinds of historical objects. The close range photogrammetry using non-metric

digital cameras is very fast and low cost method for documentations. The orthoimage

and its appertaining digital surface model (DSM) provide most of the geometric and

radiometric information required for the documentation of facades. The main task of

the training programme for Iraqi people was to show and to learn in practice the

combination a modern total station and a non-metric digital camera to derive digital

orthoimages of architectural objects. The experimental objects for the training

programme were: archaeological site of al-Fustat and at the Mosque of Ahmed Ibn

Tulun (Fig.1), Cairo, Egypt. The report presents results of the work in the mosque of

Ibn Tulun, one of the important monuments of Islamic architecture to have survived to

the present day.

Fig.1 Mosque of Ahmed Ibn Tulun, Cairo, Egypt

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Camera calibration

Camera Calibration is the process of determining the characteristics of a camera such

as focal length and lens distortion so it can be used as a measurement device.

Determining camera interior orientation parameters was done using 2D dimensions

calibration grid (Fig.2) particular software PhotoModeler Pro 5.0 for non-metric

4Mpix digital camera Olympus C-765Z.

Fig.2 2D calibration grid and results of calibration

Geodetic network and control marks field

The geodetic network is very important to measure the control marks of the objects

and connect all measurements together for 3D modeling. The final accuracy

geometrical result of image triangulation depends on the precision of the geodetic

network and measuring methods of the control marks. The special reflecting sheets on

the white background are the best high precision technical material for putting the

control marks. To measure the control marks use the electronically tacheometry with

minimum 5“ angle and 2 mm distance measuring precisions. In Cairo were used the

special SOKKIA reflector sheets and electronic tacheometer SET 310.

Image triangulation

This report describes the post processing results using Photomod 3.7 software. As it

was training, we signalized the control points only for small part one of the walls

4 © 2005

included six signalized control points in four stereo models (Fig.3). The results of

triangulation presented in table 1.

Fig.3 Part of the wall with 6 signalized points (Photomod)

Table.1: The results of the image triangulation for four models (meters)(weights=1)

Point Nr. Xv – X Zv –Z Yv – Y EXY 1 2 3 4 5 6

0.003 -0.003 0.003 -0.001 - 0.001 0.000

0.003 -0.006 0.002 -0.002 -0.007 0.005

0.009 0.013 -0.012 -0.006 0.014 0.012

0.004 0.007 0.004 0.002 0.007 0.005

RMS 0.002 0.005 0.011 0.005 Max error 0.003 0.007 0.014 0.007

During experiments such high results of triangulation was achieved only for

this part with signalized points. For whole wall the results was much higher about the

RMS ~ 2 – 4 cm

Digital Surface model (DSM) and orthoimage creation.

The DSM (Fig.4) for project was created using vectors and breaklines vectorized

manually. In architectural photogrammetry the relation of height differences to image

acquisition distance is much bigger than in aerial photogrammetry. Therefore the

© 2005 5

errors in the digital surface models have an enormous influence on the accuracy of the

produced orthoimages. Errors in the planimetric position of discontinuities of the

object's surface lead to unacceptable results. Therefore it is necessary to mention break

lines or acquire the data with a very high density. The main problem in the generation

of digital orthoimages (Fig.5) of facades is the delivery of a sufficient DSM.

Fig.4 Elevation matrix for part of the wall

Fig.5 Final orthophoto of part of the wall

Conclusions

Amateur digital non-metric cameras under certain limited accuracy requirements can

be used for wide low-accuracy photogrammetric purposes eg. buildings documentation

etc.

6 © 2005

The amateur digital cameras with number of pixels equal or more than 5 Mpix are well

suited for photogrammetric purposes.

The orthoimages and its appertaining digital surface models (DSM) are fastest way to

provide most of the geometric and radiometric information required for the

documentation of architectural /archaeological sites.

Defining and signalizing of control points and knowing coordinates of image

projective centers could improve the accuracy of image triangulation.

The image overlapping should be more than 60%

References

1. Maris Kalinka, 2005. Using the digital cameras in architectural photogrammetry in Egypt

2. Albert Weidemann, Technical University of Berlin, Digital orthoimages in architectural photogrammetry using digital surface models.

3. Birute Ruzgiene, Vilnius Technical University. Performance evaluation of non-metric digital camera for photogrammetric application.

Grigorijs Goldbergs, M.Sc.ing. Geodesy and Cartography State Land service of the Republic of Latvia, Head of spatial data processing division Adress: 43 O.Vacieša street, Rīga, LV-1004, Latvia E-mail: grigorijs.goldbergs@vzd.gov.lv

© 2005 7

Development of photogrammetry in State Land Service of Latvia

Valdis Vanags, the head of the department of air photography, Large Scale mapping

board, State Land Service of the Republic of Latvia, Riga, Latvia

1. Introduction

The aim of the Article is to give a short introduction to the development of

photogrammetry in the State Land Service of the Republic of Latvia (SLS) from its

foundation until nowadays. The development of photogrammetry in SLS started in

1993. Since then it may be characterized by some milestones. The structure of this

Article is mainly based on the chronological description and analysis of these

milestones.

2. First steps

In 1992 the State Land Service of the Republic of Latvia was founded. Some of the

principal tasks of the SLS were to develop, introduce and maintain the state cadastre of

land and other real estate, state cadastral mapping, as well as state topographic

surveying and mapping. To fulfill these tasks a decision was taken to develop

photogrammetric production. To make sure that the photogrammetric methods are

efficient, a pilot project in co-operation with Danish company “Kampsax Geoplan”

was made. Within this project an aerial photography at the scale of 1:5000 of Ventspils

city and its vicinity as well as part of Kandava parish was carried out. For part of

photographed areas the orthophotos and topographic plans (technical maps) at the

scale of 1:2000 were produced by “Kampsax Geoplan”. This project may be regarded

as a beginning of the development of photogrammetry in Latvia after renewal of

independency.

The development of photogrammetry in SLS started from scratch. At a time when the

project described above was implemented, the SLS had almost no photogrammetric

equipment and qualified staff. That was a reason to create a new structure and to hire

new employees. This new structure was created at the Land Cadastre Centre of Latvia

(LCC) which was a part of SLS. Two specialists were hired, one of them the author of

this article. They were educated at Riga Technical University and Latvian Agricultural

8 © 2005

University. The LCC possessed one soviet time optical rectifier which was out of order

at that time. One of the main tasks was to fix this instrument. Another task was to

choose ground control points on the images acquired by “Kampsax Geoplan” in

Targale parish of Ventspils region. It must be admitted that none of these tasks was

fully completed due to the fact that the organization and its specialists just graduated

still did not clearly recognized the aims and tasks to be solved by photogrammetry.

3. Latvian national cadastre mapping program

Next stage with considerable input in development of photogrammetry was co-

operation with Swedish company “Swedesurvey” financially supported by Swedish

international development agency (SIDA). This program was started in 1994 with

official name “Latvian national cadastral mapping program”. Although in its essence it

was an aerial photography project because the aerial photography was the main task of

this program. It was planned to carry out a black and white aerial photography of the

whole territory of Latvia at a scale of 1:30 000 within 5 years. The aim was to produce

orthophotos at the scale of 1:10 000.

At the beginning as a pilot project a north-west part of Latvia was photographed at a

scale of 1:30 000 as well as Riga city at scale of 1:11 200 acquiring black and white

images. Orthophotos at a scale of 1:10 000 and 1:2000 respectively was produced by

“Swedesurvey”. The images of Riga city were used also for topographic mapping at

the scale of 1:2000 on two second hand analog stereoplotters “Wild A8” with encoders

and software SOS-Map which were received from “Swedesurvey” as a technical

assistance. This was the first photogrammetric job performed by SLS since its

foundation. To cope with this task the photogrammetric division was enlarged by more

stereooperators. Certain time was needed to master the equipment and software, to

develop the specifications of the topographic map, as well as to develop export/import

capabilities between SOS-Map and “Microstation” which was establish as a main

CAD software for cadastral and large scale surveying and mapping in SLS at that time.

Architects of Riga city were among first users expressing interest for new data. It must

be admitted however that the data capture was not performed in sufficiently fast

production rate and large amount, so there was a lack of interest for these data when

© 2005 9

time passed. This work could be regarded more like a training project for

stereooperators.

Within a scope of the Latvian national cadastral mapping program also on the job

training was organized – in 1994 two specialists for two weeks were trained in

planning of the aerial photography in company ”Swedesurvey”.

Aerial photography project was carried out from 1994 until 1999, each year (except

1996) covering some part of the territory of Latvia.

Orthophoto mapping from the aerial photography carried out by “Swedesurvey” in

1995 was done by “Swedesurvey”. Since the end of 1996 the orthophoto production

was started by SLS, first by processing the images of Daugavpils region obtained by

“Kampsax” in 1995 (it was the only area photographed by “Kampsax” and not by

“Swedesurvey”). The aerial triangulation in Daugavpils region was done by

“Kampsax”, first experience in that type of work SLS got in 1997.

4. Cartography development concept

In 1995 the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia adopted a Cartography

development concept. It was planned there to develop a system of photogrammetry. To

develop such a system it was planned to create a unit of aerial photography in Latvian

Air forces, a division of topography in National armed forces, as well as to improve

the Photogrammetry division of the LCC of SLS and Cartography division of SLS. It

was planned to purchase aerial camera, photo laboratory, analytical stereoplotters,

digital photogrammetric work stations, some other auxiliary photogrammetric devices,

geodetic instruments, computer equipment and cars. It was planned to develop a

structure with 100-200 employees. The photogrammetry system described in the

Cartography development concept has not been fully created though. However many

things from this concept have been implemented in the further development.

5. The acquisition of first modern photogrammetric equipment and its

application

In 1996 SLS has purchased some photogrammetric equipment from company “LH

Systems” (now – “Leica Geosystems GIS and Mapping”) – one analytical stereoplotter

10 © 2005

SD2000 and digital photogrammetric workstations – one DPW770 and two DVPs. The

planned area of application was:

▪

▪

▪

SD2000 with software Microstation and PRO600 – stereoplotting at the scale

1:2000;

DVP – stereoplotting at the scale 1:10 000;

DPW770 with software SOCET SET – orthophoto production.

The acquisition of this equipment may be regarded as an implementation of the part of

the Cartography development concept.

SD2000 initially was used to continue stereoplotting of Riga city. Besides Riga some

other projects were carried out on this instrument, also at the scale of 1:10 000, for

example Gauja national park project. The end of 1996 may be regarded as a beginning

of the mass production of orthophotos in SLS when the first orthophoto was produced

on DPW770. Since then the SLS provides the production of orthophotos for its needs.

DVPs were used for stereoplotting at the scale of 1:10 000. However two such

instruments were not sufficient to cover the whole area of Latvia with topographic

maps in a short time. As it was relatively expensive to purchase these instruments in a

large quantity it was decided to carry out the topographic mapping at the scale of 1:10

000 by monoplotting method based on orthophotos and CAD software “Microstation”.

As the map production was started at regional offices of SLS which already had

licenses of “Microstation” and where the cartographers were more familiar with that

software, it was another reason for choice in favour of “Microstation”. The use of DVP

would require more skills from the operators. Besides “Microstation” offered more

CAD capabilities then DVP did, thus raising the production rate.

6. Phare project “Technical assistance for land registration and privatization in

Latvia”

As a significant event in development of photogrammetry a Phare project “Technical

assistance for land registration and privatization in Latvia” implemented in 1997

should be mentioned. Within a scope of the project a training was carried out – both

for stereooperators of SLS and specialists of regional divisions of SLS. A number of

specialists of SLS had an opportunity to learn some European organizations dealing

with photogrammetric research and production, for example, Danish technical

© 2005 11

university, Cartographic Institute of Catalonia in Barcelona, Ordnance Survey of Great

Britain in Southhempton etc. Two employees of SLS, also the author of this article,

participated in summer courses of digital photogrammetry in Lausanne Politechnic.

Many foreign experts consulted in development of product specifications,

stereoplotting, orthophoto production and production monitoring. Besides within a

scope of the project one more digital photogrammetric workstation DPW770 was

purchased.

7. Riga mapping project

In 1999. a decision was taken to carry out a new aerial photography of Riga city and a

maping at the scale of 1:2000. The scale was 1:6200, black and white film and narrow

angle camera was used. To speed up the processing of data SLS purchased two

analytical stereoplotters SD3000 as well as photogrammetric scanner DSW300.

DPW770 was used for orthophoto production. SD2000 and SD3000 were used for

stereoplotting. The map of Riga is finished now. It should be noted that at the same

time when SLS started its work at Riga map creation, the Riga municipality has

ordered the production of Riga map to company “Blom” which made another aerial

photography. As a result Riga map is based on the data of both these aerial

photography and mapping projects.

8. Second coverage of the aerial photography and orthophoto production of the

territory of Latvia

In 2001 a second coverage of the aerial photography of Latvia at the scale of 1:30000

was started and it continues until nowadays. It was decided to use a color film this

time. In 2001 and 2003 the aerial photography was done by “Swedesurvey” but in

2004 and 2005 within a scope of the Phare project “Provision of the operation of the

land parcel system” – by Finnish company “FM-Kartta”. The aerial photography of the

whole territory of Latvia is planned to finish this year if the weather permits. At the

moment of writing this article about 10% of the Latvian area still needs to be

photographed.

Within a scope of the mentioned Phare project some additional licenses of Photomod

was obtained, as well as license of ERDAS Imagine. Besides DPW770 and software

12 © 2005

SOCET SET was changed to LPS that is not used much in production yet. Also

satellite images on Latvian-Russian border were obtained and the satellite images on

Latvian – Belarus border will be obtained in 2006.

9. Aerial photography for needs of the orthophoto and topographic mapping at

the scale of 1:2000

In 2001 in co-operation with “Swedesurvey” four cities have been photographed in

color at the scale of 1:6200. The data were processed by producing orthophotos and

topographic maps at the scale of 1:2000. In 2002 company “J.Vītiņš un kompanjoni”

offered to make an aerial photography using small format calibrated digital camera.

The aerial photography of one populated place was evaluated. A conclusion was that

the satisfactory results may be achieved. In 2002 the aerial photography of many

towns and settlements was carried out obtaining digital images with 20 cm pixel size.

After processing of obtained data a conclusion was drawn that unfortunately the

processing was time consuming due to small footprint of the image on the ground and

that the location of image centers was irregular and with large yaw angle. As a result

sometimes some “holes” in a coverage were present. Also the accuracy was not high

enough as initially planned. Unfortunately there was no opportunity to correct this and

to improve data collection due to some accident – the photographer and company

manager of “J.Vītiņš un kompanjoni” died in an airplane crash in 2004.

The processing of obtained data was carried out both in Large Scale Mapping Board

of SLS and in some regional divisions which purchased some licenses of Photomod

StereoDraw for that purpose. A rather ambitious plan was initiated originally aiming to

cover all cities and settlements of Latvia with maps at the scale of 1:2000 within a

short time period. Unfortunately due to lack of financing this plan has not been

implemented.

In 2004 and 2005 some municipalities ordered the aerial photography of some cities

and settlements at the scale of 1:6200 and it was done in co-operation with “Scankort”.

The aim of the aerial photography was orthophoto production and topographic

mapping at the scale of 1:2000 for the needs of physical planning. Now the data is

being processed.

© 2005 13

10. Other projects

Besides the orthophoto and topographic mapping projects at the scales of 1:10000 and

1:2000 for state and municipal needs SLS has participated in some other projects

mainly connected to mapping of some engineering line objects, for example, projects

of road and railroad mapping for needs of Latvian road directorate and company

“Latvijas dzelzceļš” (Latvian Railroad). Some experience is obtained also in aerial

triangulation of infrared imagery.

11. Selection of employees and improving of qualification

As stereooperators mainly graduates or students of last courses of three Latvian higher

educational establishments have been accepted – from the Faculty of Civil

Engineering of the Riga Technical University, the Faculty of Rural Engineers of the

Latvian Agricultural University and the Faculty of Geography of the University of

Latvia. One of the characteristic feature in the selection of the employees is that many

have started to work in the field of photogrammetry, mainly as stereooperators, already

at a time when studying at the last courses in the University. On one hand especially

from the point of view of stereooperators it is an advantage because they have an

opportunity to learn some practical skills already during their studies. From the point

of view of employer on the other hand it may be a disadvantage because these new

specialists one must teach for the work on certain equipment and software.

Unfortunately such a situation has been a reality in a labor market in Latvia where in

the field of photogrammetry there was almost impossible to find specialists with

adequate qualification. However there are some examples where the employees have

certain qualification and experience obtained before Latvia became independent, by

studying in different higher and middle educational establishments in previous USSR

and afterwards by working in soviet cartographic factories. There have been also

completely contrary examples where employees have been hired without any special

education. On one hand there is a point of view that the stereooperator does not need

any special knowledge, there is enough if she has a good stereoscopic vision and

knows some standard functions which should be done on the instrument. On the other

hand sometimes it is a big disadvantage because in the case of some non standard

14 © 2005

situation the problem is difficult to solve without special knowledge. It means extra

work for work supervisor.

At the moment there is about 20 people active in the field of photogrammetry in SLS.

The employees of SLS have had an opportunity to participate in different conferences

related to photogrammetry and cartography, for example, congresses of ICA and

ISPRS, photogrammetric weeks in Stuttgart and also Photomod user conferences.

Some specialists have got some working experience in foreign companies.

12. Future development perspectives

Future development perspectives may be related to the following directions:

▪

▪

▪

▪

Use of GPS/IMU data. The SLS has GPS/IMU data for one settlement provided

by “Scankort”. As a first task could be use of these data in image orientation

and check of obtained results. There are a lot of similar projects carried out in

the world, however in this case SLS could check the efficiency of use of these

data drawing some conclusions by itself.

Use of large format digital cameras. In 2006 within a Phare project a digital

aerial photography of neighborhood of Riga will be carried out. As a result the

first experience in processing data obtained by large format digital camera will

be gained.

Use of laser scanning data and DTMs obtained from them. Within a scope of

the Phare project in 2005 or 2006 a laser scanning is planned. The first

experience of the use of such data will be gained.

Use of satellite imagery. It is related to the mapping of border areas between

Latvia and Russia, and Latvia and Belarus, where the aerial photography is

difficult due to restrictions in getting the flight permits.

13. Conclusions

At the end it may be concluded that nowadays during ten years SLS has gained an

experience permitting to carry out most of the photogrammetric jobs. One of the big

disadvantage is a lack of own aerial cameras because it may cause problems to fulfill

some projects within a set time limit. At the moment aerial photography is contracted

based on lengthy procurement procedures.

© 2005 15

Another problem is fluidity of stereooperators. During ten years a lot of

stereooperators have left their job at SLS and they had to be replaced by other new

specialists which had to be trained.

The reorganization of SLS is taking place these days. It could make some influence on

the future development. However it seams that the tasks of the new organizational

structure of geodesy and cartography will be similar to the existing ones, i.e.,

orthophoto and topographic mapping as well as creation of digital terrain models thus

providing data for the creation of the geographic information infrastructure in Latvia.

16 © 2005

Photomod from a point of view of an Intergraph user

Petr Navrátil, Sales and technical manager, GEODIS, Brno, Czech Republic

The presentation will try to look at the Photomod from a different angle. The pros and

cons how they would be viewed by an user accustomed to the Intergraph software will

be higlighted. The development of the Photomod software runs very fast in the recent

time and behind the prompt solutions of some requests raised by Geodis in the period

of the last year can be seen a lot of effort to continue in this forwarding.

A new Photomod user must first get used to the fact that Photomod is different from

the Intergraph software he/she had been working with. The system of storages is brand

new and so are the block forming of project images (which can be by the way only

highly appreciated) or the possibility of using correlator while depicting features on

images. The Photomod handles recording vector data in DTM and StereoDraw

modules differently which is connected with the speed of drawing and the operator's

comfort. An Intergraph user would also miss some functions incorporated in american

modules - here could be at hand the support for the drawing platform, the equivalent of

MDLs in MicroStation. The contribution presented at the conference will deal

furthermore with adjusting different types of mice in Photomod as we do use Stealth

and Immersion Software Mouse as well while plotting.

© 2005 17

Photogrammetric works for demarcation of Byelorussian-Lithuanian state border

I. Strashko, Belgeodesia enterprise, Minsk, Republic of Belarus

V. Kalenda, Aerogeodetic Institute, Kaunas, Republic of Lithuania

Demarcation of the state border between Republic of Belarus and Lithuanian Republic

(hereinafter – border) is almost completed by now. The length of the border is more

then 650 km, from junction on Marykha river, where the borders of Belarus, Lithuania

and Poland are joined and up to Ludvinovo junction, where the borders of Belarus,

Lithuania and Latvia are joined.

The works on border demarcation are organized and managed by Intergovernmental

Demarcation Commission (hereinafter – IDC).

Demarcation works include design and survey works, building works, geodetic,

cartographic and other kinds of works.

Geodetic and cartographic works are carried out by the following organizations:

from Byelorussian side – State topographic-geodetic enterprise Belgeodesia (Minsk);

from Lithuanian side – joint-stock company Aerogeodetic Institute (Kaunas).

Introduction

Demarcation map is one of the final documents on the state border demarcation.

IDC made a decision to publish demarcation map in two coordinate systems – SC-42,

used in Belarus and LKS-94, used in Lithuania.

In order to prepare the map, airborne survey, photogrammetric and cartographic works

have been performed.

Aerial survey

To prepare demarcation map the airborne survey was executed in 2003 along

Byelorussian-Lithuanian state border. Aerial photo camera RC-30 with focal length –

153,11 mm and gyro-stabilized platform РАV-30 were used for the survey. Survey

scale is 1:20,000, film type – black-and-white Aviphot Pan 200 S PE 1.

Aerial survey had to be done with the following special requirements:

18 © 2005

▪

▪

▪

▪

▪

Airborne survey should have the same direction as a border line on the terrain;

Airborne survey should be done in 2 km corridor along the border line (1 km on

both sides of the border)

Survey strips deviation from pre-defined location should not exceed 1,0 cm on

the images

Images overlapping - 60 %, strips overlapping - 40%

At one-strip survey the strips should have overlap not less than 2 photograph

basis.

Fig.1 Fragment of images block scheme

Airborne survey strips length is 681 km. Total area of survey - 2697 sq.km.

Photogrammetric works

In Belgeodesia enterprise ORIMA and Photomod software were used for

photogrammetric processing, and Aerogeodetic Institute used LEICA-HELAVA DPW

770 along with SOCET SET-HATS software.

There were defined two zones of responsibility for photogrammetric works:

Lithuanian – from junction of the borders of Lithuania, Belarus and Poland to the

© 2005 19

middle point of the border; and Byelorussian – from the middle point of the border to

the junction of the borders of Belarus, Lithuania and Latvia.

Heights data on existing topographic maps correspond to the seventies of the XX

century, which is why digital elevation model for Byelorussian responsibility zone was

created using stereoscopic data, and in Lithuanian zone – using height data from

existing maps.

Fig.2 DEM creation

Orthophotoplans were created in map sheets system defined by IDC and

corresponding to future demarcation map.

Sides exchanged orthophotoplans in digital form in *.TIFF format with *.TWF

georeference file.

Cartographic works

20 © 2005

Demarcation map was created by stereoscopic method and in accordance with

requirements to digital maps in Belarus, with further field control. And in Lithuania

recently created digital map was updated with field control afterwards.

Responsibility zones were changed for cartographic works: Byelorussian zone was

defined from the border deep into the Byelorussian territory, and Lithuanian zone –

from the border deep into the Lithuanian territory. Digital mapping was executed

entirely within each zone, i.e. Byelorussian side created its map in its own

responsibility zone, and so did Lithuanian side.

Exchange format was *.SHP.

Digital topographic map was created using stereo processing of the terrain.

Fig.3 Stereo vectorization of terrain objects

All changes made after field control as well as sheets matching was executed in

Panorama software.

© 2005 21

Fig.4 Digital map fragment

Output format of digital demarcation map was *.SXF.

Maps included to the album were created using digital demarcation map according to

the map symbols. Map symbols system was coordinated by the experts from both sides

and approved by IDC. It is based on current map symbols of each state.

Exchange format was *.EPS.

Fig.5 Demarcation map fragment

22 © 2005

How Geobit uses PhotoMod in Map Production

Vasco Luis Palmeirim, Geobit, Lisbon, Portugal

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Because nothing is better than a practical example, we have chosen to speak about an

order from a client who explores a quarry near Lisbon, with an area circa 30 hectares.

This means that every day, big volumes of earth and stone is moved.

Three situations usually happen:

Earth is removed from one place,

Part is deposit in another place,

Part is transported by trucks to a factory.

Volume control was being done by a topographer, but this client was not happy with

the results.

We were contracted for the following tasks:

These are the technical conditions given by our client:

CLIENT ORDER:

1.1 Aerial Photographs • Maximum 1/4000 photo scale • Raster maximum of 15 micron • File format: TIFF, 24 bit color pixel • 60% overlap

1.2 Global 3D Vector file

• Scale 1:1.000 • File format: AutoCAD 2000 binary DWG • Planimetric Precision: 0.1 m • Map size of the whole area • Planimetric Details: Buildings, Road, Walls, Slopes, Water lines,

Vegetation… • Contour lines every 1 meter

1.3 Orthophotomap sheet

• Scale 1:1.000 • File format: TIFF, 24 bit color pixel • Pixel size: 0,20 m • Planimetric Precision: 0,20 m

© 2005 23

1.4 Volume calculations

• Earth movements between: • January 1st, 2004 and April 1st 2004 • April 1st 2004 and July 1st 2004 • July 1st 2004 and October 1st 2004 • October 1st 2004 and January 1st, 2005

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• Volume Precision: Better than 1% PROJECT PLANING

With these parameters set by the client, we planed our production line as follows.

Aerial photographs

Scanning of aerial film

Ground Control Points

Aerotriangulation

Stereo vector data acquisition of all details

Stereo tin data acquisition

Orthophotomap production

Creation of one drawing with all planimetric data

DEM creation

Volume calculation

Aerial photographs

The aerial photographs had the following specifications:

Average scale 1:3,500

Focal length of 153 mm

Color

Nearly East/West

5 different flights had to be made, according to the client order

This last condition was very difficult to achieve, because of the following:

Weather conditions

24 © 2005

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Lisbon’s airport license, because this quarry is located directly in line from the

main run-away of Lisbon’s airport, at a distance of 12 Km.

The last problem was the Euro 2004 Soccer Games, that were held in Lisbon

between June and July, jamming completely Lisbon Airport.

Scanning

For this phase, we used a VEXCEL ULTRASCAN photogrammetric 2 micron

precision scanner, using 15 micron pixel size.

We used 24 bit color per pixel and TIFF uncompressed raster format files.

Ground Control Points Field work was specially planned, so that the Ground Control Points observed in the

first aerial photographs could be also used in the photographs that had to be made

every 3 months.

The area was covered with only 3 stereo-models and we decided to observe a

minimum of 8 GC Points, (4 GCP per model).

Because ground detail made it difficult to choose good GCPs, many of these points

were subdivided in 2 or 3 neighboring points.

Points that were going to be difficult to be recognized in newer aerial photos, such as

stones, were painted white in the field with Special All-weather Paint. This decision

was very useful in all the new photos that were done every 3 months.

In fieldwork, we used SOKKIA GPS GSS1 2 band receivers (static mode) recording

satellite data every 5 seconds during a minimum of 10 minutes.

Coordinates were calculated with post-processing software by Sokkia, thus achieving

1 cm precision.

GCP distribution can be seen on this example:

© 2005 25

Aerotriangulation

Aerotriangulation followed the sequence in PhotoMod AT module:

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Importing images

Introducing GCP data files (X Y and Z)

Introducing data from aerial camera calibration certificate

Fiducial measurements for internal orientation

Correlation points for relative orientation

GCP image measurements

Aerotriangulation computation

Computation results were RMS 0.023 m for XY and 0.031 m for Z

Stereo vector data acquisition

For this phase, we used StereoDraw module, with a complete code table to classify all

objects during data acquisition.

In this phase, we vectorized the following details:

Borders of water regions, such as lakes and rivers;

Top and Bottom slope Break lines, in ridges, tall walls, bridges, viaducts, etc.

26 © 2005

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Roads.

Buildings, posts, and all details

This work was done mainly with the first aerial photographs taken on January 3rd,

2004.

When we got the second aerial photographs, taken on April 7th, 2004, we had only to

import the ‘old’ data and make the needed adjustment.

Checking old contours in the new photographs, were the best tools we had to locate the

areas where earth had been changed.

Every 3 months, with the new photos, we only needed to scan the new images, create a

new project, make aerotriangulation and create new epipolar images.

This means, that updating 3D vector data was simple and easy inside StereoDraw

module.

Stereo tin data acquisition

From StereoDraw data, we extracted 3D data that has Z value that correctly define the

earth surface, such as:

Water lines, such as lakes and rivers;

Break lines

Roads.

Starting DTM module, we:

Imported VEC files

Created TIN with objects

Built the break lines into the TIN

Viewing TIN triangles, that we edited if necessary

Generated contour lines

Introduced extra height points and break lines if needed; usually for bridges and

tall walls.

© 2005 27

This work was done mainly with the first aerial photographs taken on January 3rd,

2004.

When we got the second aerial photographs, taken on April 7th, 2004, we used the

corrected contours for TIN generation, only for DEM creation and orthophoto

production.

Next is an example of generated contours:

Orthophotomap production

With the final TIN, we started MOSAIC module, and defined the parameters of the

Orthophoto

Next is an example of generated orthophoto:

28 © 2005

Creation of a one drawing with all planimetric data

All planimetric data created until now, was joined in one drawing.

Using special tools, Map cleanup was made, as to guarantee that:

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all buildings were closed

continuity of road lines

there were no duplicate objects

Next image is an example of the global vector file.

© 2005 29

DEM creation

This phase was done only in the areas where earth was modified.

The identification was done when comparing ‘old’ contours (3 months old) with the

new photos in StereoDraw module.

Example of old contours with new photographs:

30 © 2005

Example of corrected contours with new photographs:

Example of DEM parameter: Cell size 1m, adjusted coordinates to 1 meter in South

and West limits:

© 2005 31

Example of DEM export as CSV file:

Volume calculations

32 © 2005

With the DEM data exported as CSV files, we used CADian software, to work in a

CAD platform. We used LISP program to read the CSV file and create 3D Points.

All Points outside the area in study were erased, and with another Lisp program we

calculate the volume of that area.

For volume calculation, we repeat the same steps with the same area but with the CSV

created with the older DEM.

Example of an area with 3D points in CAD:

Detailed image: Each point has exact meter coordinates, and the boundary has a 50 cm

shift in X and Y in relation with the points.

© 2005 33

FINAL NOTES: The 3.7 and 3.8 versions we used are very powerful tools for the

production of the products our client requested, and this paper does not refer many

other aspects of the possibilities that Photomod modules can do.

Geobit wants to use this opportunity to congratulate Racurs and all their workers for

the excellent software development that have been doing during these last years.

For academic purposes only, we list in annex the Lisp routines that were used.

(defun C:VOLUME() (gc) (prompt "Select the POINTS that you want to calculate ") (ssget) (setq ssl(ssget "p")) (if (= ssl nil) (exit)) (setq volume 0.0 count 0 number_points 0 number_entities (sslength ssl)) (if (= 0 (sslength ssl)) (exit)) (while (< count number_entities ) (setq v1(entget(ssname ssl count))) (if (= "POINT" (dxf 0 v1)) (progn (setq volume (+ volume (caddr (dxf 10 v1)))) (setq number_points (+ 1 number_points)) );if (setq count (+ count 1)) );while (promt (strcat "\n The Volume = " (rtos volume 2 0) " , from " (itoa number_points) " Points !)) );defun (defun dxf (code elist) (cdr (assoc code elist)) ) (defun C:READ_CSV () (setq FICH (getstring "Write the file name ( TXT extension ) that must be in the Folder C:\SWR ")) (setq FICH (strcat "c:\\swr\\" FICH ".txt")) (setq f (open FICH "r")) ( ommand "clayer" "0") (setq grid_point "1") (while grid_point (setq grid_point (read-line f)) (Command "POINT" grid_point) );while (close f) );defun

34 © 2005

Aerial survey system on the basis of Hasselblad H1 digital camera

Michailov A.P., Chibunichev A.G., Kurkov V.M., Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography (MIIGAiK), Moscow, Russia

Bakirova T.V., Razumov V.M., Razumova Y.V., SurgutNIPIneft, Surgut, Russia The tendency of gradual substitution of film cameras by digital surveying systems in

photogrammetric industry becomes evident now.

Digital airborne systems of some well-known brands as ZI, Vexcel and Rollei metric

have been used successfully in many countries. However, high price of these systems

does not allow their involvement in the photogrammetric production in the majority of

enterprises especially small-sized.

Aerial survey systems created using professional digital cameras would be a good

alternative.

Researchers of Photogrammetry Department of Moscow State University of Geodesy

and Cartography developed aerial survey system based on digital camera Hasselblad

H1 (Fig.1) for Surgutneftegaz enterprise.

Fig.1

© 2005 35

Aside from the digital camera this system includes special device providing vibration

control and camera’s azimuth turn to compensate the angle of drift, laptop and also

specially developed software to handle the system in flight (Fig.2).

Fig.2

In the system created the camera with 16 Mpixel digital back Р-20 was used. However

now 22 and 39 Mpixel digital backs are available too.

Camera has central mechanical shutter allowing minimal exposure 1/800, relative

aperture could be setup in interval from 1/3.5 to 1/22. Digital back “Phase One” has

CCD size 4080X4080 pixels with physical size of pixel 9 mkm, maximal matrix

photosensitivity is 400 ISO, that corresponds to 350 units of Russian standard (GOST).

Minimal photographing interval is 2 seconds.

Prior to flying and surveying test of the whole system, Hasselblad H1 camera was

calibrated in Photogrammetry Department and also interior orientation and

36 © 2005

photogrammetric distortion parameters were acquired, see an appropriate certificate on

Fig.3.

Fig.3

Experimental flying and surveying testing of aerial surveying system were performed

in Surgut city.

© 2005 37

Fig.4

After mounting of the system on board of hydroplane ChE-22 (Fig.4), the areal and

route survey at altitude of 1000 and 500 meters had been performed (Fig.5.).

Fig.5

Our testing proved operational capability of developed system and its ability to

perform aerial survey.

Visual analysis of aerial survey showed sufficient photographic quality of images

obtained.

Airborne images acquired in Surgut were processed using digital photogrammetric

software system PHOTOMOD 3.8 to analyze image’s geometric features. The results

of the processing showed that the accuracy of measuring points coordinates on images

was about 1-2mkm, and relative error in point’s heights defining on the terrain was

mz/Z=:10000.

38 © 2005

Mutual Photogrammetric Processing of Lidar and Airborne-Topographic Data

Medvedev E.M., Lihobabin А.А., Ibragimov M.B., GeoLIDAR, Moscow, Russia

11 lidars for airborne survey are used now in Russia while there have been produced

about 120 lidars all over the world. Active application of laser-location technologies in

different industries such as geodesy, landuse, power industry, transportation, forestry,

ecology, etc. Classic airborne survey with film cameras dominated in these industries

until recent time. Now we can see some divergence of lidar and classic airborne film

cameras technologies and formation of a new combined method.

When combined method is applied for execution of a large-scale survey (1:1,000 –

1:5,000 scale, survey height – less than 1000 m) the ratio between the cost of an

airborne lidar and the cost of a digital metric airborne camera is 10:1-30:1. That is why

it is reasonable to use combined survey method based on both lidars and digital

cameras (medium format camera with matrix resolution about 22 mega pixel, for

instance Rollei Metric).

Fig.1 Installation of lidar and digital camera on board of helicopter

Combined survey data has the following main advantages:

© 2005 39

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Laser data are ideal for DEM creation, and selection of morphologically well-

defined objects (buildings, power lines, etc.). Such data is suitable enough for

all kinds of plane and 3D measurements. At the same time, photographs give

more natural view of the site, i.e. are more suitable for interpretation.

During laser data acquisition carrier trajectory is calculated. Accuracy of the

measurement exceeds GPS-measurement accuracy due to mutual solution with

inertial system.

All exterior orientation elements (linear and angular) are defined for each

image. These parameters along with DEM are used for direct image

orthorectification, and also as a first approximation for images block

adjustment. Specific objects on laser-location data may be identified as

landmarks, that helps to avoid field geodetic work. At the same time such

technology allows automation of many of photogrammetric processes: images

orientation, blocks building, tie point measurements, blocks adjustment.

All kinds of data are in the same coordinate system, i.e. all measurements can

be done using both laser and image data (see Fig.2 and Fig.3).

40 © 2005

Fig.2 Simultaneous viewing of lidar data in form of “height” (right) and “intensity”

(left)

Both types of data allow stereo viewing and feature extraction. Laser data could be

presented in different forms (height, intensity, distance, class), most appropriate to a

given object.

Laser data in form of “intensity” could be considered as a quasi-orthophoto in absolute

coordinates and used for interpretation along with airborne images (or in their

absence). See Fig.3.

Fig.3 Mutual viewing of mosaic and lidar data in “intensity” form

After photogrammetric processing laser data and aerial photos represent two

independent sources of geospatial data. It allows their use in reciprocal control and for

automatic reference. Last circumstance makes it possible to considerably automate

such technological processes as selecting landmarks on laser data, spatial orientation

of single image and block, and blocks adjustment.

If several independent data types are available for surveying of an object it increases

reliability of the automated interpretation methods. The vivid example is an automated

roads interpretation, when the initial data were of three types: image in optical range

(photograph), laser data in the form of “intensity” and “height”.

© 2005 41

Fig.4 Digital camera Rollei Metric db45

Technical features of the real time mapping system are the following:

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hardware – lidar ALTM3100 and digital camera Rollei Metric db45 (Fig.4),

software – hardware supplying software and own software developed by

GEOLIDAR company.

laser impulses frequency 33 – 100 kHz,

survey height 80 – 3500 m,

accuracy: angular (ω,

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ϕ - 18 sec, κ - 29 sec), total in plane 1/6000 from flying

height, height – 15 cm (at height less then 1000m), 35 cm (at height less then

3500 m).

software for navigation and handling of lidar and camera,

camera resolution 22 Mpix (4080x5440 pix),

pixel size 9 mkm,

minimal interval between exposures 3.5 sec,

shutter type – central leaved,

minimal exposure 1/1000 sec,

sensibility 50, 100, 200, 400 ISO,

42 © 2005

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objectives Rollei System 6000: 3.5/40mm, 2.8/50mm, 2.8/80mm, 4/120mm,

4/150mm,

software for all types of acquired data processing (points cloud obtaining,

classification, DEM creating, images exterior orientation, orthorectification and

georeferencing, orthophotomapping). All procedures are automatic, only start

and control operations are manual.

© 2005 43

Experience on the creation of digital orthophotoplans and revision of digital topographic plans using

remote sensing data of the Earth

Nizhegorodtsev I. V., Head of the photogrammetry division, East-Siberian branch of FGUP “Goszemkadastrs’emka”, Irkutsk, Russia

At the present time the necessity arises to dynamically obtain cartographic information

for solution of different state land cadastre tasks. The most perspective method to

obtain information of this kind is to use remote sensing data of the Earth acquired

during aerial or space survey.

In the year 2004 we approbated new technique of the digital orthophotoplans creation

at 1:5,000 scale based on the use of cartographic information of a larger scale

(1:2,000) and space survey data on the territory of Chitinsk Region.

To carry out the work space imagery with 0.6 m resolution with ortho ready

processing level was purchased. In addition, topographic survey data from the past

years was collected.

In the preparatory stage existing topographic plans were scanned with 300 dpi

resolution. Contour lines were digitized in EasyTrace software in semiautomatic mode.

DEM was built in “Karta 2000” software package using the data from vectorization

which was together with space imagery imported into Photomod software system. The

obtained DEM was used to orthorectify space imagery.

Orthophotoplan exterior orientation was performed by distinctive feature points in

topographic plan and points identified in the space imagery.

Obtained orthophotoplans’ accuracy was in line with requirements of current

normative documents. They were used to create digital topographic plans which

considerably reduced time to finish work.

Space survey data was as well used by VSF FGUP “Goszemkadastrs’emka” to plot

digital topographic maps in 1:10,000 scale on the central part of Kovytinsky gas-

condensate field.

For work technique was applied resulting in significant decrease in time to create

digital topographic maps.

44 © 2005

As a rule, field classification for digital topographic maps’ creation is done using aerial

survey data after its photogrammetric processing and creation of orthophotoplans,

photographic sketches or enlarged images. We adopted technique of field

classification by photographic sketches close to 1:10,000 scale created from high

resolution space imagery.

1 m resolution space imagery acquired by Ikonos satellite was processed using existing

cartographic data in 1:25,000-1:100,000 scales.

Use of this production technology of digital topographic map creation made it possible

to combine field work to do compilation survey for aerial images and field

classification of terrain objects.

© 2005 45

Automated digital aerial survey system

A.P. Makarov, Director L. V. Bykov, Chief engineer

West-Siberian Land Mapping Enterprise “Goszemkadastrsyemka”, Omsk, Russia

In modern mapping which is based on airborne data, the digital equipment of medium-

size format and light aircrafts are used.

The cost of systems such as DSS and similar is quite high, and at the same time their

productivity and application area are essentially limited.

In West-Siberian branch of Goszemkadastrsyemka enterprise the medium-size format

digital aerial survey system with SINAR camera has been developed.

This system includes 16-megapixel camera, operating computer, gyro-stabilized

platform, GPS-receiver, navigational system, on-board computer.

The system allows photographs to be taken with a minimal interval of 1.5 seconds and

minimal exposure equal to 1:500 second. Gyro platform coupled with GPS-receiver

provides the accuracy of exterior orientation elements determination of each image

necessary for creation of orthophotomaps in 1:1,000 scale. There are removable

objectives with focal length from 40 to 90 mm. Navigational system allows the

execution of aerial survey in automatic mode for pre-defined project.

The system application area is survey of: country settlements, industrial sites, and

linear objects.

Presentation contains illustrations of components of the system and the examples of

the output created during experimental works.

46 © 2005

Geoinformational support of Novij Urengoj municipal area using remotely sensed data (abstract)

Kharitonov V.G., Raikh V.I., Gromov М.О., ZAO NPK GEO, Omsk, Russia

Traditional on-ground methods of large scale mapping for cadastre and landuse

purposes on fairly big urban areas are very expensive. Most optimal way of mapping

such territories and GIS creation is using airborne and spaceborne data that allows

cutting down the expenses in several times.

Our company applied such methodology to Novij Urengoj urban area consisting of

three settlements and connecting motorway. The distance between settlements is about

80 km and total terrain area to be processed is more than 500 sq.km.

Urban area and cadastral parcels boundaries were defined using space imagery

acquired by Quick Bird and SPOT satellites. Two software companies (ZAO Racurs,

ZAO Geonadir) were contracted to investigate orthophotomaps accuracy parameters.

The research was supplied by the initial space borne data (Quick Bird images). DEMs

with different accuracies were compared and the investigation results prove that it is

possible to create orthophotos with 1:2,000 scale accuracy using these data.

Photogrammetric processing was done for three blocks in common coordinate system.

After airborne data processing in PHOTOMOD system orthophotomaps were created

with 1:1,000 scale accuracy. Terrain vectorization in stereomode was done to create

digital orthophotomaps in 1:1,000 scale.

Final product – digital topographic map in 1:1,000 scale created using terrain relief

features extracted in stereo mode along with topographic interpretation data and

designed according to the standard cartographic symbols, it is the basis for

accomplishment of different tasks related to the urban areas management.

© 2005 47

Application for participation in contest of photogrammetric production projects performed using PHOTOMOD software

Babeeva Y.R., Belova, T.V., Aerogeophot, Novosibirsk, Russia

AEROGEOPHOT enterprise, executes the whole range of photogrammetric,

topographic and landuse works, would like to participate in the Geographic

Information system (GIS) development contest for the oil-gas condensate field.

Digital topographic plans and orthophoto plans, which are the frame for creation of

graphic component of the GIS, have been built using all powerful features of

PHOTOMOD software. Resulting digital topographic plans are the basis for modeling

of gas-field objects and their graphic representation with topographic background in

the context of fully functional GIS.

Geoinformation system created is targeted at work in monitoring, management and

maintenance of gas-field objects in real-time mode. It uses graphic and semantic

information about terrain objects.

Land use objects located in the gas-field area, property objects, transportation network

(pipelines) and also work support systems (roads, electrical supply network) were

included into the GIS as well. Feature sets included into GIS, their functional relations,

frequency and priority of tasks and queries execution are determined by conditions

established in the oil-gas industry. They also depend on new performance capabilities

in combination with graphic functions and work with semantic information of

considerable volume using database.

PHOTOMOD software allows the achievement of required efficiency of work

execution. Photogrammetric work quality was confirmed by field control.

48 © 2005

Orthophotomapping procedure in 1:2,000 scale on settlements territories using digital airborne data

L. V. Bykov, Chief engineer

T. V. Osintseva, Head of Photogrammetric Department West-Siberian Land Mapping Enterprise “Goszemkadastrsyemka”, Omsk, Russia

Goszemkadastrsyemka enterprise is working in the area of mapping and supplies

necessary data for land cadastre purposes and for documentation on land parcels

property rights.

Since 2003 the enterprise executes airborne survey using RC-30 aerial camera.

In 2004 digital aerial survey system based on the Sinar camera to map objects in Omsk

oblast was developed. The system was used in experimental and production work.

Office processing of field data was performed using PHOTOMOD software, 3.6

version.

Presentation includes description of a project on orthophotomaps production in

1:2,000 scale using digital airborne data on the example of real project executed by

Photogrammetric Department of West-Siberian branch of Goszemkadastrsyemka

enterprise in 2005. In the presentation the accuracy results obtained during processing

will be shown. Advantages and disadvantages of the used method of digital airborne

data processing will also be discussed.

© 2005 49

3D terrain model production technique

Panteleeva N. A., ZAO “KB Panorama”, Moscow, Russia

KB Panorama is a developer of the set of software products intended for processing of

variety of terrain digital data, informational system creation, integrated data analysis,

maps and atlases publishing, and GIS-applications development.

Main software products of our company are the following:

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Professional GIS “Map 2005” (Panorama 9) with geodetic calculations block;

Automated informational system of land cadastre “Earth and Law”;

Programming tools for GIS-applications for OS Windows, Pocket PC, Linux with

different processor types and for the Internet environment using ASP.NET and С#

language.

Multipurpose GIS “Map 2005” is intended for the following tasks and purposes:

Digital maps production and update in scale from global world maps to parcel

plans and apartment floor plans;

Creation of orthophotomaps, regular and irregular elevation models, matrices of

qualitative terrain features, matrices of geological layers, thematic and special

maps;

Creation of generalized 3D terrain models and detailed models of settlements;

Plane and spatial calculations considering projections distortions, Earth

curvature, 3D coordinates, objects attributes data;

Terrain analysis using overlay operations, objects selection due to their spatial

location, attributes, size, topologic relations;

Map objects associating with database table records and their mutual

processing, interactive building of information system user interface using form

designer, queries and reports;

Import and export of vector, raster and matrix data from commonly used

formats;

Geodetic measurements processing acquired by different devices and

compilation of land use documentation;

50 © 2005

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Navigation tasks using GPS-receivers and special maps (marine, radio-

navigational, etc.);

Preparation of maps and atlases for publication;

Development of built-in applications.

GIS “Map 2005” allows representation of usual two-dimensional map as a three-

dimensional model of the real terrain.

For quick building of generalized 3D terrain model, GIS contains tools for regular

DEM and TIN creation using field measurements, terrain stereo images (along with

PHOTOMOD software system) or vector maps, containing terrain relief and objects

with absolute and relative heights.

3D model could have remotely sensed image of the terrain, image of two-dimensional

vectors or raster map. It could be also represented as hypsometric model (colored by

layers).

Apart from generalized three-dimensional models, GIS allows creation of 3D models

of different level of detail:

typical 3D models;

detailed view 3D models;

3D models of interiors;

thematic models.

Typical 3D models contain relief surface, buildings, road network objects, pipelines,

wells, road lights, vegetation, hydrography and other simple shape objects. Typical

models may be used for visual estimation of object location considering relief features

and their height, analysis of spatial location of electric cables and pipelines of different

purposes.

3D models of detailed view describe the terrain with objects created using cities plans

and which can be adjusted individually. Beside typical objects, models of detailed

view contain the objects which have three-dimensional view approximated to their real

view (architectural details of facades with entrances, pipes, towers, and other

decorative elements).

3D models of interiors allow the description of three-dimensional interior view and are

created using floor plans.

© 2005 51

Thematic models are created using thematic maps and are used to design statistic

diagrams.

3D terrain modeling procedure consists of the following steps:

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creation of initial photo materials;

creation of texture library;

creation of 3D object views library;

creation of 3D object template or model.

Object’s three-dimensional views are stored in an image library, which allows one to

create them once and use repeatedly. When creating three-dimensional image

qualitative object features, such as number of floors, building height or depth of

communications are taken into account. Besides, object attributes may contain link to a

file with the object surface texture.

3D models are valuable three-dimensional maps, which allow the selection of model

objects, query of object information, editing of object view and features (semantics).

3D terrain model also allows navigation in real time, selection of light and day time,

and creation AVI-files for presentations.

52 © 2005

Using PHOTOMOD software in specific airborne survey conditions and non-standard location of geodetic network

Timofeeva O.A., senior specialist, Geoinformacia Ltd., Kemerovo, Russia

Main activity area of Geoinformacia enterprise is creation and update of digital maps

and plans using airborne survey data. Modern high-precision Leica Geosystems

equipment in combination with informational technology allows execution of all kinds

of photogrammetric works including airborne survey and provision of ground control

points for images georeferencing.

Airborne data is processed using analytical photogrammetric devices SD-2000 and

SD-3000, Orima Pro600 and MicroStation software.

One specific type of work in the enterprise is a year-round, monthly airborne survey

for different objects of Kemerovo oblast, such as open coalmines, shaft fields

territories, industrial areas etc. As a result there are some weather-related difficulties in

detection of ground control points coordinates for images georeferencing.

Along with analytical photogrammetric equipment Orima software is delivered. It is

intended for images orientation and phototriangulation and requires classic location of

geodetic points: not less then four in stereopair corners, in the beginning and the end of

the strip. It is quite uneasy to meet such requirement in most cases. That is why it was

decided to use additional software and PHOTOMOD package was chosen as the best.

PHOTOMOD software allowed us to execute phototriangulation with sparse geodetic

network and to convert data into Orima software format which is very important when

using analytical devices.

We had a range of work which entirely proved PHOTOMOD suitability for resolving

such issues.

One work was to survey the linear object (railway) of the coalmine “Zadubrovsky”.

Main requirement was to provide 1:2,000 scale accuracy for mapping. The object

consisted of one strip with the total amount of images – 21. Three ground control

© 2005 53

points were identfied on the first stereopair and one point was measured in the strip

center. On the last stereopair area there was a DEM which was used for collecting

coordinates of easily recognized linear objects as ground control points.

Phototriangulation was executed in PHOTOMOD software. At that RMS on GCP was

0.11 m in plane and 0.08 m in height. Afterwards phototriangulation data was exported

into Orima software. Objects were vectorized using analytical devices. Created DEM

corresponds to 1:2,000 scale accuracy which was confirmed by field control.

Orthophotomap creation was another kind of work executed. Since time to deliver

work was limited and the object was located in a deep forest, it was impossible to

carry out ground control points’ recognition and measurement in the field. Thus

ground control points were taken from an existing map. Created orthophotomap

satisfies 1:5,000 scale accuracy and meets customer’s requirements.

In that way PHOTOMOD software was a good decision to perform image orientation

with insufficient amount of ground control points, and also allowed us to reduce time

for phototriangulation and hence execution time of orders.

54 © 2005

Use of the remote sensing data, for the wide range of practical applications, available with SOVZOND

Lubimtseva S.V., Kolesnikova O.N., Sovzond, Moscow, Russia

SOVZOND is an authorized official distributor of remote sensing data of different

spatial resolution, acquired from the following satellites: QUICKBIRD, IKONOS,

EROS, IRS, SPOT, LANDSAT, RADARSAT. SOVZOND also offers services on

their thematic processing and creation of customized products.

Depending on needs the comparative technical and economic analysis of the remote

sensing data, received from the satellite and aircraft platforms, is made. Since the

demand for the information of remote sensing data has been increased, it caused

significant decreasing of the prices level on the space data of high spatial resolution. It

is necessary to point to a number of advantages of these data:

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good radiometric characteristics;

high resolution (spatial and radiometric);

possibility of new imagery acquisition (revisit time of new imagery, the world

wide coverage archive);

possibility to acquire of stereo imagery;

high geometric accuracy;

easy to order, because it is not necessary to get permissions for the imagery

from state organizations;

easy to process: the customer receives the data, which are ready for use in GIS.

Comparison of cost parameters of remote sensing data of various spatial resolutions,

acquired from satellites, allows choosing proper variant depending on the customer

requirements.

Remote sensing data is used for decision making of town-planning, municipal

management and city cadastre such as:

planning of development of the city infrastructure;

monitoring of city building and tracking of changes;

management of extreme situations, and cartography and applications for GIS.

At the same time space images form a basis for creation of ecological databases, and

also for maintenance of periodic monitoring changes in environment. For the

© 2005 55

ecological analysis spatial and radiometric properties of the images received from

satellites and spectral characteristics are used which allow acquirement of additional

data during interpretation of the images due to a combination of separate spectral

channels. The information received from high resolution satellites, is applied to the

analysis of pollution degree of natural and water resources, in works according to the

damage, put to an environment as a result of acts of nature (earthquakes, forest fires,

flooding and hurricanes) and anthropogenesis activity.

Remote sensing data has received broad use for applications in the field of agricultural

and forestry services: for example, display of damages of forests massive, forecasting

of productivity and condition of agricultural crops, and also for estimation of

productivity of areas under crops.

In the oil-and-gas branch data of Remote Sensing of the Earth, received from the

satellites, is used for detection and mapping of leaks in a network of oil pipelines,

control of working oil pipelines, liquidations of breakdowns and estimation of damage,

etc.

Peculiarities of the modern development of the remote sensing data market in Russia:

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need of development and supply with information in Russia;

lack of constantly updated initial data for the decision making of economic

problems;

increasing of interest to the remote sensing data, first of all to the high

resolution data (spatial and radiometric), as in Russia, so all over the world;

weak points of Russian legislation.

56 © 2005

Measurements of QuickBird Imagery Accuracy (abstract)

AdrovV.N., Karionov Y.I., Titarov P.S., RACURS, Moscow, Russia Kharitonov V.G., Gromov М.О., ZAO NPK GEO, Omsk, Russia

Accuracy features of QuickBird imagery have been investigated in Racurs company

according to the order of NPK GEO company. The main purpose of this investigation

was to measure the accuracy of orthoimages created by transforming QuickBird

images using digital elevation models (DEM) of different accuracy. The following

input data have been used for the experiment: two QuickBird images of Ortho Ready

Standard and Standard preprocessing levels, digital surface model with height

accuracy 0.15 m and DEM created by contour lines taken from 1:25,000 scale map

with contour interval 2.5 m. Spatial resolution of both images was 0.6 m. All works

were executed using digital photogrammetric software PHOTOMOD.

Maximal error in orthophotomap which was created using 0.15 m accuracy DEM and

GCP obtained on photomap of 1:1,000 scale, was 1.089 m on check points, 0.836 m on

control points, and RMS on GCP – 0.607. The same check and ground control points

were used for building orthophotomap by DEM created using 1:25,000 scale map

contour lines. Maximal error of orthophotomap in this case was 1.189 m on GCP and

2.231 m on check points.

Standard Imagery product is the most accurate of Digital Globe products which could

be supplied for any territory and does not require an additional data (GCP and DEM)

from the customer. Standard Imagery products have an average absolute geolocation

accuracy of 23-meter CE90% (RMS in plane point’s location is 14 m). During the

experiment the difference between plane ground coordinates ∆X and ∆Y, obtained on

Standard image had been measured and re-calculated into WGS84/UTM, and result is

as following:

Min ∆X = -8.564 m Min ∆Y = +3.769 m

Max ∆X = -13.360 m Max ∆Y = +8.406 m

Average ∆X = -11.058 m Average ∆Y = +6.415 m

It is obvious that coordinates obtained from the image contain systematic error. After

its exclusion the result is the following:

RMS XY =1.74 m, Max ∆XY = 2.94m

© 2005 57

Thus, after the experiment the orthoimage of maximal possible accuracy for this

resolution was created. In the project digital photogrammetric software PHOTOMOD

was used to process the QuickBird image of Standard Ortho Ready preprocessing level

with the DEM of 0.15 m accuracy and GCP measured on the photomap of 1:1,000

scale. RMS was about 1 pixel. When digital surface model obtained from a 1:25,000

scale map with height interval 2.5 m along with the same set of GCP was used

maximal deviation of plane point location was about 2.3 m, which corresponds to the

accuracy of digital orthomap in 1:5,000 scale.

Standard QuickBird images preprocessed using approximate DEM have big systematic

error. It should be considered, otherwise plane error would reach tens of meters. When

the systematic error is excluded, the plane accuracy may be increased several times

and meet the requirements of digital orthophotomapping in 1:10,000 scale.

Conducted estimation shows that Ortho Ready Standard Product costs 18 USD per

sq.km., Custom Orthorectified Product in 1:5,000 scale (which Digital Globe company

offers when DEM is available) costs 34 USD per sq.km, and by using only one

Standard QuickBird image to create an orthophotomap in 1:5,000 scale will return the

investments made to purchase digital photogrammetric software PHOTOMOD.

58 © 2005

Processing of aerial survey data from Applanix DSS digital camera in Photomod 4.0

Elizarov A.B., Naumov D.A., Sechin A. Y., RACURS, Moscow, Russia

In the recent years big interest is shown in aerial image acquisition by professional

digital photo cameras. Typical instance of such a camera of a medium-sized format is

DSS camera from Applanix. Its specifications are: frame size — 4092×4077 pixels,

pixels size — 9mcm, focal distance — 55 mm. Camera is provided with Inertial

Measurement Unit (IMU) which measures projection center coordinates and camera

attitude values at the moment of image capture. Stated accuracy of the data after post-

processing is: coordinates — 5-30 cm, angles α and ω — 0,008 degree, κ — 0,015

degree. In the “Racurs” company block of 36 images (4 strips) taken with this camera

was processed. 27 GCPs were available for this block. Flight scale — 1:23000, base

— 320 м, flight height — 1200 м, H/B=3,8, pixel value in planimetry — 20 cm, in

height — 76 см.

354 points were measured in PHOTOMOD 4.0. Block was adjusted by different

methods. Errors obtained when only exterior orientation elements were used were

evaluated as well. Adjusted accuracy by different adjustment methods amounted to

approximately 25–31 cm in planimetry and 21–67 cm in height. When only exterior

orientation elements were used an increase in vertical parallax from 1 to 6 mcm was

observed which does not hinder stereo compilation process. Test results proved the

angular exterior orientation elements measurement accuracy and feasibility of their

only use without adjustment to work with DSS images. As assumed by the authors the

camera calibration data were not accurate enough, focal distance and camera distortion

being changed slightly adjustment accuracy increased up to 23 cm in planimetry and

19 cm in height.

© 2005 59

Function and main features of PHOTOMOD GeoMosaic module

Novoselov V.G., RACURS, Moscow, Russia As of the version 3.8 Racurs company introduces its new product – PHOTOMOD

GeoMosaic. This module is analogous to the existing PHOTOMOD Mosaic module in

terms of functionality and interface but is intended for mosaicing orthorectified images

or scanned raster maps.

In the process of mosaic creation the tasks of geometric and radiometric matching of

single images, splitting continuous scene into sheets and presenting the results in a

given coordinate system are done.

PHOTOMOD GeoMosaic works with georeferenced images in most popular graphic

and GIS formats (TIFF, BMP, ERDAS Imagine, NITF, JPEG, PNG, PCIDSK, JPEG

2000, VectOr RSW).

In the report the following features of this new module are taken a closer look at.

Work outside PHOTOMOD system. GeoMosaic module does not require

transformation of original images into the internal format of PHOTOMOD, i.e. it is

able to work independently from the rest of the system.

Possibility of an automated registration of original images. This feature appeared

mainly due to the fact that input data can only be georeferenced images. When

registering imagery user can rotate original raster by an angle multiple of 90 degrees,

load ground control points from a text file or a Windows exchange buffer, look

through the measurement accuracy report for all the points.

Definition of arbitrary coordinate system both for original images and resultant

mosaic.

If georeferenced information was kept in a format with no information about the

coordinate system then the user knowing the coordinate system can define it as an

input coordinate system. Output raster can also be saved in a required coordinate

system, input and output coordinate system being different needed geometric

transformation will be performed.

60 © 2005

Background trimming and automated building of transformation regions. In the

overwhelming majority of cases original images include raster data on the background

of a constant brightness value. Obviously edges trimming procedure used in

PHOTOMOD Mosaic is ineffective in the case in question and the resultant image will

include regions with brightness from the background. To fight this effect new

procedure to automatically detect color and brightness of the background was

introduced. As a result only real raster data is included in the transformation regions.

Besides, PHOTOMOD GeoMosaic includes procedure to automatically build

transformation regions. This procedure is based on drawing seam line in the direction

of a minimal brightness change. Similarity of the analyzed image and its “neighbor” is

taken into account to reduce the occurrence of the seam line being drawn across

spatially different objects.

The report is concluded with plans on further development of PHOTOMOD

GeoMosaic.

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62 © 2005

Automatic tie points measurement algorithms in PHOTOMOD 4.0

Drakin М.А., Zelenskij А.V., Elizarov А.B., Sechin A.Y., RACURS, Moscow, Russia

One of the most time-consuming process in digital photogrammetric systems is tie

points measurement. Usually area-based cross-correlator is used to increase accuracy

and speed of this kind of work. The main issue is necessity to approximate location of

tie point on different images when using standard area correlator which is performed

by operator. Another way to find ties is automatic search for the similar features on

images – some special points, lines, and figures. Such algorithms are usually called

“feature based”. In PHOTOMOD 4.0 the following procedure containing 5 steps is

implemented:

1. Segmentation of all images – subdivision of the images into the areas with

approximately homogeneous photometric features.

2. Areas (“figures”) selected in the previous step are transformed into a vector

format – their borders become vector objects now.

3. On each pair of overlapping images some amount of figure pairs are

selected and correlation coefficients for vector borders are calculated, using

Fourier transform.

4. Correspondence of figures on each of the image pairs is finally established.

This is done using the special search algorithm based on computed

correlation as well as additional geometric characteristics of the figures’

location. This gives us approximate point correspondence formulae.

5. Previous step results are used for the hierarchical area-based correlator,

which finds the needed number of precise tie points automatically.

Potentially erroneous points are excluded using various criteria: residual vertical

parallax, triplet control, etc. In the presentation all steps of the procedure will be

illustrated. Use of the fully automated tie points search would appreciably improve and

speed up the processing of huge blocks of aerial images.