PowerFactoryUsers ManualDIgSILENT PowerFactory

Version 14.0

DIgSILENT GmbH

Gomaringen, Germany

July 2010

Publisher:

DIgSILENT GmbH

Heinrich-Hertz-Strae 9

72810 Gomaringen / Germany

Tel.: +49 (0) 7072 - 9168-0

Fax: +49 (0) 7072 - 9168-88

Please visit our homepage at:

http://www.digsilent.de

Copyright DIgSILENT GmbH.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without per-mission of the publisher

July 2010

DIgSILENT PowerFactory Users ManualContents

General InformationWelcome 1-1

DIgSILENT Contact and Support 2-1

About this Guide 3-13.1 The PowerFactory Users Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-13.2 Used Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-23.3 The PowerFactory Help System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-3

PowerFactory Overview 4-14.1 General Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-14.2 PowerFactory Simulation Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-24.3 General Design of PowerFactory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-34.4 Data Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-44.5 User Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-6

4.5.1 Menu Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-94.5.2 Main Toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-94.5.3 The Output Window. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-13

4.6 Getting Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-18

Program Setting, Logging on and User Accounts 5-15.1 Program Configurations and Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-15.2 The Log-on Dialogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-1

5.2.1 Log On Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-25.2.2 License Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-35.2.3 Network Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-45.2.4 Database Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-55.2.5 Advanced Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-55.2.6 Appearance Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-5

5.3 User Accounts and User Groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-55.3.1 PowerFactory Database Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-65.3.2 The Database Administrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-65.3.3 Creating and Managing User Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-75.3.4 Creating User Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-85.3.5 The Demo Account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-8i

DIgSILENT PowerFactory Users ManualUser Settings 6-16.1 General Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-16.2 Graphic Windows Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-26.3 Data Manager Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-46.4 Output Window Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-56.5 Functions Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-56.6 Directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-66.7 Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-66.8 Station Ware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7

The PowerFactory Data Model 7-17.1 Database, Objects and Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-17.2 PowerFactory Project Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2

7.2.1 The Library. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-37.2.2 The Network Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-57.2.3 Operation Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-57.2.4 Study Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-67.2.5 Changed Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6

7.3 The Network Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-77.3.1 Network Diagrams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-87.3.2 Network Topology Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-107.3.3 Network Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-127.3.4 Variations and Expansion Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-17

7.4 The Equipment Type Library. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-197.5 The Operational Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-20

7.5.1 Circuit Breaker Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-217.5.2 Demand Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-227.5.3 Faults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-237.5.4 Capability Curves for Generators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-277.5.5 Outages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-277.5.6 Running Arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-297.5.7 Thermal Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-30

7.6 The Templates Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-317.7 Parameter Characteristics and Parametric Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-317.8 DIgSILENT Programming Language (DPL) Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-32

General Information about Analyses in PowerFactory 8-18.1 Calculation Commands in PowerFactory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-18.2 Edit relevant Objects for Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-28.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-38.4 Comparisons Between Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3

8.4.1 Editing a Set Of Comparison Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-48.4.2 Update Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5ii

DIgSILENT PowerFactory Users ManualHandlingBasic Project Definition 9-19.1 Defining and Configuring a Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-1

9.1.1 The Project Edit Dialogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-39.1.2 Project Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-49.1.3 Activating and Deactivating Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-59.1.4 Exporting and Importing of Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-6

9.2 Creating New Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-6

The Graphics Editor 10-110.1 Defining Network Models with the Graphical Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-1

10.1.1 Adding New Power System Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-110.1.2 Drawing Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-310.1.3 Drawing Branch Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-410.1.4 Marking and Editing Power System Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-510.1.5 Interconnecting Power Subsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-610.1.6 Working with Substations in the Graphical Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-910.1.7 Working with Branches in the Graphical Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1010.1.8 Working with Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1110.1.9 Defining and Working with Transmission Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1310.1.10 Working with Single Phase Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-15

10.2 Graphic Windows and Database Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1510.2.1 Network Diagrams and Graphical Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1610.2.2 Active Graphics, Graphics Board and Study Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1710.2.3 Single Line Graphics and Data Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1810.2.4 Editing and Selecting Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1910.2.5 Creating New Graphic Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-21

10.3 Basic Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2210.3.1 The Page Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2210.3.2 The Drawing Toolboxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2310.3.3 The Active Grid Folder (Target Folder) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-23

10.4 Drawing Diagrams with already existing Network Elements . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2410.4.1 Drawing Existing Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2410.4.2 Drawing Existing Lines, Switch Gears and Transformers. . . . . . . . . 10-2510.4.3 Building Single line Diagram from Imported Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2510.4.4 Creating a new substation in an Overview Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2810.4.5 Show Detailed Substation Graphic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-29

10.5 Drawing of Network Components from Templates or Predefined Objects . . 10-2910.6 Graphic Commands, Options and Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-30

10.6.1 General Commands and Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3010.6.2 Commands and Settings for Block Diagrams and Single Line Graphics10-3710.6.3 Commands and Settings for Single Line Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3810.6.4 Graphic Layers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4110.6.5 Color Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4510.6.6 The Title Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4610.6.7 The Legend Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4610.6.8 Editing and Changing Symbols of Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-46

10.7 Result Boxes-Text Boxes and Labels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4710.7.1 General Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4710.7.2 Editing Result Boxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-48iii

DIgSILENT PowerFactory Users Manual10.7.3 Formatting Result Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-5110.7.4 Text Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-5110.7.5 Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-51

The Data Manager 11-111.1 Using the Data Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1

11.1.1 Moving Around in the Database Tree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-311.1.2 Adding New Items. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-411.1.3 Deleting an Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-611.1.4 Cut, Copy, Paste and Move Objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-611.1.5 The Data Manager Message Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-711.1.6 Additional Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-7

11.2 Defining Network Models with the Data Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-811.2.1 Defining New Network Components in the Data Manager . . . . . . . . 11-911.2.2 Connecting Network Components in the Data Manager . . . . . . . . . . 11-911.2.3 Defining Substations in the Data Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-911.2.4 Defining Branches in the Data Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1011.2.5 Defining Sites in the Data Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1111.2.6 Editing Network Components using the Data Manager . . . . . . . . . 11-11

11.3 Searching for Objects in the Data Manager. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1211.3.1 Sorting Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1211.3.2 Searching by Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1311.3.3 Using Filters for Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-13

11.4 Editing Data Objects in the Data Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1611.4.1 Editing in Object Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1711.4.2 Editing in "Detail'' Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1711.4.3 Copy and Paste while Editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-19

11.5 The Flexible Data Page Tab in the Data Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2011.5.1 Customizing the Flexible Data Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-21

11.6 The Input Window in the Data Manager. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2211.6.1 Input Window Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-22

11.7 Save and Restore Parts of the Database. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2311.7.1 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-24

11.8 Spreadsheet Format Data Import/Export . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2511.8.1 Export to Spreadsheet Programs (e. g. MS EXCEL) . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2511.8.2 Import from Spreadsheet Programs (e. g. MS EXCEL) . . . . . . . . . . 11-26

Grouping Objects 12-112.1 Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-112.2 Virtual Power Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1

12.2.1 Defining and Editing a New Virtual Power Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-212.2.2 Applying a Virtual Power Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-312.2.3 Inserting a Generator into a Virtual Power Plant and Defining its Virtual Power

Plant Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-312.3 Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-412.4 Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-612.5 Feeders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-612.6 Network Operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-812.7 Network Owners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-812.8 Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-9iv

DIgSILENT PowerFactory Users Manual12.9 Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12-9

Study Cases 13-113.1 Creating and Using Study Cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-213.2 Summary Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-313.3 Study Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-313.4 The Study Case Edit Dialogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-413.5 Variation Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-613.6 Operation Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-613.7 Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-613.8 Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-7

13.8.1 Switching Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-813.8.2 Set Parameter Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-813.8.3 Short-Circuit Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-813.8.4 Intercircuit Fault Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-813.8.5 Events of Synchronous Machines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-813.8.6 Events of Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-913.8.7 Outage of Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-913.8.8 Save Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-9

13.9 Results Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-913.10 Variable Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1113.11 Triggers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1213.12 Graphic Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-12

The Equipment Type Library 14-1

The Operational Library 15-115.1 Circuit Breaker Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-115.2 Demand Transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-215.3 Fault Cases and Fault Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-315.4 Capability Curves (MVAr Limit Curves) for Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-4

15.4.1 Creating a New Capability Curve Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-415.4.2 Applying a Capability Curve from the Operational Library . . . . . . . . .15-515.4.3 Defining an MVAr Limits Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-515.4.4 Editing a Capability Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-515.4.5 Defining a Variation of an MVAr Limits Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-615.4.6 Activating a Variation of an MVAr Limits Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-6

15.5 Element Outages and Generator Deratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-615.6 Running Arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-8

15.6.1 Creating a Running Arrangement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-815.6.2 Selecting a Running Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-915.6.3 Applying and Resetting a Running Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1015.6.4 Assigning a Running Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-11

15.7 Thermal Ratings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-11v

DIgSILENT PowerFactory Users ManualOperation Scenarios 16-116.1 Operation Scenario Subsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-216.2 Storage of Operational Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-816.3 Creating a New Operation Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-816.4 Activating Operation Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-1016.5 Saving Operation Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-1116.6 Deactivating Operation Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-1316.7 Performing Actions on Operation Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-1316.8 Applying Operational Data from Operation Scenarios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-1416.9 Reporting Information about Operation Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-1516.10 Copying a Subset of an Operation Scenario to Another Operation Scenario16-1516.11 Comparing Two Operation Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-16

Network Variations and Expansion Stages 17-117.1 Basic Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-117.2 Creating New Variations and Expansion Stages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-217.3 Activating Variations and Expansion Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-317.4 Conflicts During Activation of Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-417.5 Deleting an Expansion Stage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-517.6 Displaying the Activation Times of Expansion Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-517.7 Editing the Activation Times of Expansion Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-517.8 The Recording Expansion Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-517.9 Setting a Expansion Stage as the Recording Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-617.10 Displaying the Recording Expansion Stage in the Status Bar. . . . . . . . . . . 17-617.11 Checking/Editing the Study Time (Date/Time of the Calculation Case). . . . 17-617.12 The Variation Scheduler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-617.13 Comparing Variations and Expansion Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-817.14 Splitting Expansion Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-917.15 Applying Expansion Stages Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-1017.16 Consolidation of Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-1017.17 Coloring Variations and their Changes from within the Single Line Graphic17-10

Parameter Characteristics 18-118.1 Defining Scalar Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-118.2 Defining Discrete Time Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-218.3 Defining Discrete Parameter Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-318.4 Defining Continuous Parameter Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-518.5 Defining Frequency Parameter Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-718.6 Defining Time Parameter Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-718.7 Defining Two-dimensional Parameter Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-818.8 Importing Parameter Characteristics from Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-1018.9 Handling Scales and Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-11

Defining Variable Sets 19-119.1 The Variable Set Monitor Dialogue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-119.2 Searching the Variables to Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-319.3 Examples of Variable Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-419.4 Selecting the Bus to be Monitored . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-10vi

DIgSILENT PowerFactory Users ManualReporting Results in PowerFactory 20-120.1 Virtual Instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20-1

20.1.1 Virtual Instrument Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20-320.1.2 Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20-920.1.3 The Vector Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-1920.1.4 The Voltage Profile Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-2220.1.5 Schematic Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-2420.1.6 The Waveform Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-2520.1.7 The Curve-Input Command. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-2720.1.8 Embedded Graphic Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-3020.1.9 Tools for Virtual Instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-3120.1.10 User-Defined Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-41

20.2 Results, Graphs and Documentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-4520.2.1 Result Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-4520.2.2 The Form Editor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-4820.2.3 The DIgSILENT Output Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-5020.2.4 The Output of Device Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-5720.2.5 Output of Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-60

Data Management 21-121.1 Project Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-1

21.1.1 Creating a New Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21-221.1.2 Rollback Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21-321.1.3 Checking Dependencies of a Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21-321.1.4 Deleting a Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21-3

21.2 Derived Projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21-421.3 Comparing and Merging Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21-721.4 Project Baselining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21-921.5 Sharing Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-10

Power System Analysis FunctionsLoad Flow Analysis 22-122.1 Technical Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22-2

22.1.1 Network Representation and Calculation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22-222.1.2 Active and Reactive Power Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22-522.1.3 Load Flow Analysis of Low Voltage Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22-6

22.2 Executing Load Flow Calculations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22-622.3 Load Flow Calculation Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22-7

22.3.1 Basic Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22-722.3.2 Active Power Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22-922.3.3 Advanced Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-1022.3.4 Iteration Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-1222.3.5 Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-1322.3.6 Low Voltage Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-1422.3.7 Advanced Simulation Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-15

22.4 Troubleshooting Load Flow Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-16vii

DIgSILENT PowerFactory Users Manual22.5 Load Flow Sensitivities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-1722.5.1 Load Flow Sensitivities Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-1822.5.2 Load Flow Sensitivities Execution and Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-1922.5.3 Technical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-20

Short-Circuit Analysis 23-123.1 Technical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-1

23.1.1 The Complete Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-323.1.2 The IEC 60909/VDE 0102 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-5

23.2 Executing Short-Circuit Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-723.2.1 Toolbar/Main Menu Execution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-723.2.2 Context-Sensitive Menu Execution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-823.2.3 Faults on Busbars/Terminals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-823.2.4 Faults on Lines and Branches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-923.2.5 Multiple Faults Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-10

23.3 Short-Circuit Calculation Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-1223.3.1 Basic Options (All Methods) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-1223.3.2 Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-1523.3.3 Basic Options (IEC 60909/VDE 0102 Method). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-1623.3.4 Advanced Options (IEC 60909/VDE 0102 Method) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-1723.3.5 Basic Options (ANSI C37 Method) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-2023.3.6 Advanced Options (ANSI C37 Method). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-2223.3.7 Basic Options (Complete Method) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-2323.3.8 Advanced Options (Complete Method). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-2523.3.9 Basic Options / Advanced Options (IEC 61363) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-26

Harmonics Analysis 24-124.1 Harmonic Load Flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-2

24.1.1 Basic Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-224.1.2 Advanced Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-4

24.2 Frequency Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-424.2.1 Basic Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-524.2.2 Advanced Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-6

24.3 Filter Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-624.4 Modelling Harmonic Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-8

24.4.1 Harmonic Distortion Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-924.4.2 Magnitudes and Phase values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-1124.4.3 Frequency Dependent Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-1224.4.4 Waveform Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-14

24.5 Definition of Result Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-15

Stability and EMT Simulations 25-125.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-225.2 Calculation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-3

25.2.1 Balanced RMS Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-325.2.2 Three-Phase RMS Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-325.2.3 Three-Phase EMT Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-4

25.3 Setting Up a Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-425.3.1 Basic Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-625.3.2 Step Sizes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-7viii

DIgSILENT PowerFactory Users Manual25.3.3 Step Size Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25-825.3.4 Advanced Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25-925.3.5 Noise Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-1125.3.6 Advanced Simulation Options - Load Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-12

25.4 Result Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-1325.4.1 Saving Results from Previous Simulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-14

25.5 Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-1525.5.1 Switch Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-1825.5.2 Parameter Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-1825.5.3 Short-Circuit Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-1825.5.4 Intercircuit Fault Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-1925.5.5 Events of Synchronous Machines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-1925.5.6 Events of Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-1925.5.7 Outage of Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-1925.5.8 Save Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-2025.5.9 Set Integration Step Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-2025.5.10 Tap Event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-20

25.6 Running a Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-2025.7 Models for Stability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-21

25.7.1 System Modelling Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-2125.7.2 The Composite Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-2625.7.3 The Composite Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-2925.7.4 The Common Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-3225.7.5 The Composite Block Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-3625.7.6 Drawing Composite Block Diagrams and Composite Frames . . . . . . 25-37

25.8 User Defined (DSL) Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-4325.8.1 Modeling and Simulation Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-4525.8.2 DSL Implementation: an Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-4625.8.3 Defining DSL Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-50

25.9 The DIgSILENT Simulation Language (DSL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-5425.9.1 Terms and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-5425.9.2 General DSL Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-5525.9.3 DSL Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-5525.9.4 DSL Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-5625.9.5 Definition Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-5625.9.6 Initial Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-5725.9.7 Equation Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-6025.9.8 Equation Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-6025.9.9 DSL Macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-6125.9.10 Events and Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-6225.9.11 Example of a Complete DSL Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-63

25.10 Matlab Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-6425.10.1 Implementation of Voltage Controller - Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-6425.10.2 Implementation with Built-In Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-6525.10.3 Implementation with Matlab Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-6625.10.4 The Matlab File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-6925.10.5 Additional notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-70ix

DIgSILENT PowerFactory Users ManualModal Analysis / Eigenvalue Calculation 26-126.1 Theory of Modal Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-126.2 Performing an Eigenvalue Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-426.3 Visualization of Modal Analysis Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-5

26.3.1 Output Window. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-526.3.2 Modal Analysis Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-726.3.3 Data Browser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-10

Model Parameter Identification 27-127.1 Target Functions and Composite Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-2

27.1.1 The Measurement File Slot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-327.1.2 Power System Element Slot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-327.1.3 Comparison Slot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-4

27.2 Creating The Composite Identification Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-427.2.1 The Comparison Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-5

27.3 Performing a Parameter Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-627.4 Identifying Primary Appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-8

Contingency Analysis 28-128.1 Single Time Phase Contingency Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-128.2 The Single Time Phase Contingency Analysis Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-3

28.2.1 Basic Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-428.2.2 Effectiveness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-828.2.3 Advanced Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-828.2.4 Representing Contingency Situations - Contingency Cases. . . . . . . . 28-9

28.3 Multiple Time Phase Contingency Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-1228.4 The Multiple Time Phase Contingency Analysis Command . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-13

28.4.1 Basic Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-1428.4.2 Effectiveness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-1528.4.3 Advanced Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-1628.4.4 Defining Time Phases for Contingency Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-1628.4.5 Representing Contingency Situations with Post-Fault Actions . . . . . 28-17

28.5 Creating Contingency Cases Using Fault Cases and Groups . . . . . . . . . . . 28-1928.5.1 Browsing Fault Cases and Fault Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-2028.5.2 Defining a Fault Case. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-2128.5.3 Defining a Fault Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-21

28.6 Creating Contingency Cases Using the Contingency Definition Command . 28-22

Reliability Assessment 29-129.1 Network Reliability Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-1

29.1.1 Probabilistic Reliability Assessment - Technical Background . . . . . . . 29-229.1.2 The Reliability Assessment Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-629.1.3 Calculated Results for Reliability Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-1329.1.4 Failure Models for Reliability Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-1729.1.5 Load Modeling for Reliability Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-2529.1.6 System State Enumeration in Reliability Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . 29-3029.1.7 Failure Effect Analysis in Reliability Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-33

29.2 Voltage Sag Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-39x

DIgSILENT PowerFactory Users Manual29.2.1 Calculation Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-3929.2.2 Performing a Voltage Sag Table Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-42

29.3 Compact Reliability Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-45

Optimal Power Flow 30-130.1 AC Optimization (Interior Point Method) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-1

30.1.1 Basic Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-130.1.2 Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-1530.1.3 Advanced Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-1630.1.4 Iteration Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-1630.1.5 Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-18

30.2 DC Optimization (Linear Programming). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-2030.2.1 Basic Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-2130.2.2 Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-2530.2.3 Advanced Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-2630.2.4 Iteration Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-27

30.3 Contingency Constrained DC Optimization (LP Method) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-2830.3.1 Basic Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-2930.3.2 Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-3530.3.3 Advanced Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-3530.3.4 Iteration Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-3530.3.5 Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-35

Optimization Tools for Distribution Networks 31-131.1 Optimal Capacitor Placement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31-1

31.1.1 Objective Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31-131.1.2 Optimization Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31-431.1.3 Basic Options Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31-531.1.4 Advanced Options Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31-731.1.5 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31-10

31.2 Open Tie Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31-1031.2.1 Optimization Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31-1031.2.2 Options Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31-11

31.3 Cable Size Optimization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31-1231.3.1 Objective Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31-1331.3.2 Optimization Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31-1331.3.3 Basic Options Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31-1331.3.4 Advanced Options Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31-15

Protection 32-132.1 Creating a Protection Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32-1

32.1.1 Example: a Time-Overcurrent Relay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32-232.1.2 Editing the Relay Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32-7

32.2 Basic Protection Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-1032.2.1 The Current Transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-1032.2.2 The Voltage Transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-1232.2.3 The Relay Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-1632.2.4 Directional Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-1732.2.5 The Frequency Measurement Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-1932.2.6 The Frequency Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-19xi

DIgSILENT PowerFactory Users Manual32.2.7 The Fuse Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-2032.2.8 The Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-2132.2.9 The Logic Unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-2232.2.10 The Measurement Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-2332.2.11 The Time Overcurrent Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-2432.2.12 Under-/Overvoltage Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-26

32.3 Path Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-2632.4 Protection Analysis Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-27

32.4.1 Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-2732.4.2 Results in Single Line Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-2732.4.3 Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-27

32.5 Short-Circuit Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-2832.5.1 Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-2832.5.2 Advanced Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-29

32.6 Time-Overcurrent Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-3032.6.1 Changing Tripping Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-31

32.7 The Time-Distance Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-3832.7.1 The Path Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-4032.7.2 Methods for calculation of tripping times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-4032.7.3 Short-Circuit Calculation Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-4132.7.4 The x-Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-4232.7.5 The Reference Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-4232.7.6 Double-Click Positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-4232.7.7 The Context Sensitive Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-4332.7.8 Set Relays Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-43

32.8 Relay Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-4332.8.1 Modifying the Relay Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-45

32.9 The Protection Coordination Wizard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-4732.9.1 Starting the Protection Coordination Wizard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-4732.9.2 The Protection Coordination Wizard Dialogue Window. . . . . . . . . . 32-49

Network Reduction 33-133.1 Network Reduction Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33-133.2 Executing the Reduction Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33-333.3 Network Reduction Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33-5

33.3.1 Basic Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33-533.3.2 Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33-733.3.3 Advanced Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33-833.3.4 Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33-9

33.4 Technical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33-1033.4.1 Network Reduction for Load Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33-1033.4.2 Network Reduction for Short-Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33-1033.4.3 Handling of Slack Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33-10

State Estimation 34-134.1 Objective Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34-234.2 Components of the PowerFactory State Estimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34-2

34.2.1 Plausibility Check. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34-434.2.2 Observability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34-434.2.3 State Estimation (Non-Linear Optimization) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34-5xii

DIgSILENT PowerFactory Users Manual34.3 State Estimator Data Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34-534.3.1 Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34-634.3.2 Activating the State Estimator Display Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34-1134.3.3 Editing the Element Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34-12

34.4 Running SE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34-1434.4.1 Basic Setup Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34-1434.4.2 Advanced Setup Options for the Plausibility Check . . . . . . . . . . . . 34-1834.4.3 Advanced Setup Options for the Observability Check . . . . . . . . . . . 34-1834.4.4 Advanced Setup Options for Bad Data Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34-1834.4.5 Advanced Setup Options for Iteration Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34-19

34.5 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34-2134.5.1 Output Window Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34-2134.5.2 External Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34-2234.5.3 Estimated States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34-2334.5.4 Color Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34-25

AppendixGlossary A-1

Hotkeys References B-1B.1 Graphic Windows Hotkeys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-2B.2 Data Manager Hotkeys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-4B.3 Dialogue Hotkeys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-6B.4 Output Window Hotkeys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-7

Elements Reference C-1C.1 2-Winding Transformers (ElmTr2/ElmTr2n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1C.2 3-Winding Transformer (ElmTr3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-7C.3 Asynchronous Machine (ElmAsm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-11C.4 Booster Transformer (ElmTrb). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-13C.5 Cable System (ElmCabsys) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-14C.6 Common Impedance (ElmZpu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-16C.7 DC/DC Converter (ElmDcdc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-18C.8 Doubly Fed Induction Machine (ElmAsmsc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-18C.9 External Network (ElmXnet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-20C.10 Line (ElmLne) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-23C.11 Line Sub-Section (ElmLnesec) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-26C.12 Load General (ElmLod) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-27C.13 Load Low Voltage (ElmLodlv) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-30C.14 Load Partial (ElmLodlvp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-31C.15 Motor Driven Machine (ElmMdm__X ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-33C.16 Neutral Earthing Element (ElmNec) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-36C.17 PWM AC/DC Converter - 1 DC Connection (ElmVscmono). . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-38C.18 PWM AC/DC Converter - 2 DC Connections (ElmVsc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-40C.19 Rectifier/Inverter 1-DC Connection (ElmRecmono) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-42C.20 Rectifier/Inverter 2-DC Connection (ElmRec) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-44C.21 Series Capacitances (ElmScap) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-46xiii

DIgSILENT PowerFactory Users ManualC.22 Series Reactance (ElmSind) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-47C.23 Shunt/Filter Element (ElmShnt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-49C.24 Soft Starter (ElmVar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-52C.25 Static Generator (ElmGenstat) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-54

C.25.1 Basic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-54C.25.2 Load Flow Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-55C.25.3 VDE/IEC Short-Circuit Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-56C.25.4 Full Short-Circuit Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-56C.25.5 Optimization Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-56C.25.6 RMS- / EMT-Simulation Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-56

C.26 Static Var System (ElmSvs). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-57C.27 Station Controller (ElmStactrl). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-59C.28 Synchronous Machine (ElmSym) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-59C.29 Tower Line Coupling (ElmTow) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-62C.30 AC Voltage Source (ElmVac) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-64C.31 DC Voltage Source (ElmVdc). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-65C.32 Current Measurement (StaImea) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-66C.33 Power Measurement (StaPqmea) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-66C.34 Voltage Measurement (StaVmea) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-66C.35 Digital Clock (ElmClock) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-66C.36 Fast Fourier Transform (ElmFft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-67C.37 File Object (ElmFile). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-68C.38 Fourier Source (ElmFsrc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-69C.39 Phase Measurement Device (Phase Locked Loop, ElmPhi__pll). . . . . . . . . . C-71C.40 Digital Register (ElmReg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-71C.41 Sample and Hold Model (ElmSamp). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-72C.42 Trigger Model (ElmTrigger). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-73

Types Reference D-1D.1 2-Winding Transformer Type (TypTr2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-1D.2 3-Winding Transformer Type (TypTr3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-4D.3 Asynchronous Machine (TypAsmo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-8D.4 Booster Transformer Type (TypTrb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-11D.5 Cable Type (TypCab). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-13D.6 Conductor Type (TypCon) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-14D.7 General Load (TypLod) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-16D.8 Line Type (TypLne) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-17D.9 Rectifier Type (TypRec) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-21D.10 Synchronous Machine Type (TypSym) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-22D.11 Tower Types (TypTow/TypGeo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-25

Reference to the use of Symbols in PowerFactory E-1E.1 The Symbol General Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1E.2 Geometrical Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-2

E.2.1 Geometrical Primitives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-2E.2.2 Showing self defined pictures in symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-4xiv

DIgSILENT PowerFactory Users ManualInterfaces with Other Programs F-1F.1 DGS Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-1F.2 Converting PSS/E Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-1

F.2.1 Importing PSS/E Steady-State Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-1F.2.2 Import of PSS/E file (Dynamic Data) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-5F.2.3 Exporting a project to a PSS/E file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-7

F.3 StationWare Interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-9F.3.1 About StationWare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-9F.3.2 Component Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-10F.3.3 Fundamental Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-11F.3.4 Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-17F.3.5 Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-17F.3.6 Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-25F.3.7 Technical Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-32

The DIgSILENT Programming Language - DPL G-1G.1 The Principle Structure of a DPL Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-1G.2 The DPL Command Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-2

G.2.1 Creating a new DPL Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-3G.2.2 Defining a DPL Commands Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-3G.2.3 Executing a DPL Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-4G.2.4 DPL Advanced Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-4G.2.5 DPL Script Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-5

G.3 The DPL Script Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-5G.4 The DPL Script Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-6

G.4.1 Variable Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-6G.4.2 Constant parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-7G.4.3 Assignments and Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-7G.4.4 Standard Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-7G.4.5 Program Flow Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-9G.4.6 Input and Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-10

G.5 Access to Other Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-11G.5.1 Object Variables and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-12

G.6 Access to Locally Stored Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-12G.7 Accessing the General Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-13G.8 Accessing External Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-14G.9 Remote Scripts and DPL Command Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-15

G.9.1 Subroutines and Calling Conventions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-16G.10 DPL Functions and Subroutines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-17

DPL Reference H-1H.1 General Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-1H.2 Input / Output Functions and Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-5

H.2.1 Writing into the Output Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-5H.2.2 Additional Functions related to input/output. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-9H.2.3 Writing to Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-11H.2.4 SetDesktop Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-15

H.3 String Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-20H.4 Project Functions and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-27xv

DIgSILENT PowerFactory Users ManualH.5 Study Case Functions and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H-29H.5.1 General Functions and Methods related to Study Cases . . . . . . . . . .H-29H.5.2 SetTime Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H-31

H.6 General Object Functions and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H-33H.6.1 Functions related to Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H-33H.6.2 General Object Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H-35

H.7 Set Functions and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H-49H.7.1 Functions related to Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H-50H.7.2 General Set Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H-51H.7.3 SetFilt Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H-58H.7.4 SetSelect Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H-59H.7.5 Feeder (SetFeeder) Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H-67H.7.6 Path (SetPath) Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H-68

H.8 Analysis Command Functions and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H-72H.8.1 General Analysis Command Functions and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . .H-72H.8.2 Load Flow Simulation (ComLdf) Functions and Methods . . . . . . . . . .H-75H.8.3 Short-Circuit Calculation (ComShc) Functions and Methods . . . . . . . .H-76H.8.4 Time-Domain Simulation Functions and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H-77H.8.5 Result Export (ComRes) Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H-78H.8.6 Contingency Case (ComOutage) Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H-79H.8.7 Contingency Analysis (ComSimoutage) Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H-81H.8.8 Contingency Definition (ComNmink) Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H-84H.8.9 Reliability Assessment (ComRel3) Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H-85H.8.10 DPL Command (ComDpl) Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H-88H.8.11 ComEcho Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H-88

H.9 Specialized Methods for Elements and Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H-89H.9.1 Grid (ElmNet) Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H-90H.9.2 Induction Machine Type (TypAsm) Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H-90H.9.3 Induction Machine Type (TypAsmo) Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H-91H.9.4 Feeder (ElmFeeder) Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H-91H.9.5 Composite Model (ElmComp) Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H-94H.9.6 Breaker/Switch (ElmCoup) Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H-95H.9.7 Line (ElmLne) Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H-97H.9.8 Line Route (ElmLneroute) Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-101H.9.9 Line Type (TypLne) Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-102H.9.10 Result Object (ElmRes) Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-103H.9.11 Zone (ElmZone) Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-110H.9.12 Switch (StaSwitch) Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-113

H.10 Methods for Virtual Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-115H.10.1 SetVipage Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-115H.10.2 VisPlot/VisPlot2 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-124H.10.3 VisFft Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-143H.10.4 IntPlot Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-144

H.11 Methods for Additional Objects (Int*) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-147H.11.1 IntVariant Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-148H.11.2 IntMon Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-148H.11.3 IntMat Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-151H.11.4 IntVec Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-155H.11.5 IntForm Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-157

H.12 DDE Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-159xvi

DIgSILENT PowerFactory Users ManualDSL Reference I-1I.1 DSL Standard Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1I.2 DSL Special Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-2

Index J-1xvii

DIgSILENT PowerFactory Users Manualxviii

DIgSILENT PowerFactory

General Information

DIgSILENT PowerFactory WelcomeChapter 1Welcome

The calculation program PowerFactory, as written by DIgSILENT, is a computer aided engineering tool for the analysis of industrial, utility, and commercial electrical power sys-tems. It has been designed as an advanced integrated and interactive software package dedicated to electrical power system and control analysis in order to achieve the main ob-jectives of planning and operation optimization.

The name DIgSILENT stands for "DIgital SImuLation and Electrical NeTwork calcula-tion program''. DIgSILENT Version 7 was the world's first power system analysis soft-ware with an integrated graphical one-line interface. That interactive one-line diagram included drawing functions, editing capabilities and all relevant static and dynamic calcu-lation features.

The PowerFactory package was designed and developed by qualified engineers and programmers with many years of experience in both electrical power system analysis and programming fields. The accuracy and validity of the results obtained with this package has been confirmed in a large number of implementations, by organizations involved in planning and operation of power systems.

In order to meet today's power system analysis requirements, the DIgSILENT power system calculation package was designed as an integrated engineering tool which pro-vides a complete 'walk-around' technique through all available functions, rather than a collection of different software modules. The following key-features are provided within one single executable program:

1 PowerFactory core functions: definition, modification and organization of cases; core numerical routines; output and documentation functions

2 Integrated interactive single line graphic and data case handling

3 Power system element and base case database

4 Integrated calculation functions (e.g. line and machine parameter calculation based on geometrical or nameplate information)

5 Power system network configuration with interactive or on-line access to the SCADA system

6 Generic interface for computer-based mapping systems

By using just a single database, containing all the required data for all equipment within a power system (e.g. line data, generator data, protection data, harmonic data, controller data), PowerFactory can easily execute any or all available functions, all within the same program environment. Some of these functions are load-flow, short-circuit calcula-tion, harmonic analysis, protection coordination, stability calculation and modal analysis.

DIgSILENT PowerFactory has originally been designed as a complete package for the high-end user. Consequently, there are no special 'lightweight' versions, no cut-outs of a 'heavy' version. This does not, however, mean that non high end users will find them-1 - 1

DIgSILENT PowerFactory Welcomeselves at sea when using PowerFactory. The program is also friendly to the basic user. Users who are learning about power systems are able to easily and quickly perform load-flows and short-circuit calculations, without needing to immediately master the mathe-matical intricacies of the calculations.

The program is shipped with all of the engines and algorithms that are required for high-end use. The functionality that has been bought by a user is configured in a matrix, where the licensed calculation functions, together with the maximum number of busses, are list-ed as coordinates. In addition, there are options available which will allow the configura-tion and fine-tuning of the software according to the user's needs, for some of the functions.

In this manner, not every PowerFactory license contains all functionality described in this manual, but only those actually required, thereby reducing the complexity of the out-set. As requirements dictate further functionality can be added to the license. The user thus does not have to learn a whole new interface for new functions, but merely uses new commands within the same environment. In addition, the original network data is used and only extra data, as may be required by the new calculation function, needs to be add-ed.1 - 2

DIgSILENT PowerFactory DIgSILENT Contact and SupportChapter 2DIgSILENT Contact and Support

For further information about the company DIgSILENT, our products and services please visit our web page www.digsilent.de or contact us at:

DIgSILENT GmbHHeinrich-Hertz-Strae 972810 Gomaringen / Germanywww.digsilent.de

General Information:

If you are looking for general information about DIgSILENT or your PowerFactory li-cense, please contact us via:Phone: +49-(0)7072-9168-0Fax: +49-(0)7072-9168-88E-mail: mail@digsilent.de

Technical Support:

If you need technical support concerning PowerFactory, DIgSILENT experts offer di-rect assistance to users with valid maintenance agreements via:Phone: +49-(0)7072-9168-50E-mail: support@digsilent.de

Adding your company affiliation and the build number of your PowerFactory version to your query will help us to answer your questions faster. The build number is in "Help -> About PowerFactory..." on the main menu. Here you also will find an abbreviation con-taining of three letters, which is helpful for us ("This Program is Licensed to XXX"). Addi-tionally, if you send us an *.dz or *.pfd file concerning to your query, it is often easier for us to reproduce your reported items.2 - 1

DIgSILENT PowerFactory DIgSILENT Contact and Support2 - 2

DIgSILENT PowerFactory About this GuideChapter 3About this Guide

This chapter will give you information about how to use this documentation, the used con-ventions and information about additional documentations.

3.1 The PowerFactory Users Manual

This Users Manual is intended to be a reference for users of the DIgSILENT Power-Factory software. In the first part, the PowerFactory interface and the basic program settings are discussed. Then a data model approach is used to describe how to represent power systems in PowerFactory and how to manage studies over them.Following the discussion about the program handling, comes the presentation of the avail-able calculation functions. Each chapter deals with a different calculation, presenting the most relevant theoretical aspects, the PowerFactory approach and the corresponding interface. Additional tools such as the DIgSILENT Programming Language (DPL), the reporting functions, and the communication interfaces with other programs are presented in the final part.

The online version of this manual includes a especial section dedicated to the mathemat-ical description of the models and their parameters. The section comprises a set of Tech-nical Reference Papers, each one corresponding to a specific component of a power system. To facilitate its portability, visualization, and printing, the papers are attached to the online help as PDF documents. They are downloaded by clicking on the indicated links.

References for the functions of the DIgSILENT Programming Language (DPL) and the DIgSILENT Simulation Language (DSL), are also included as appendixes of the online version.

This Reference Users Manual is written for end users involved in the analysis of electrical power systems. It is assumed that the program has been installed and the user has a ba-sic understanding of the PowerFactory work environment.Before starting with this guide, new users are recommended to read the information and complete the hands-on Tutorial from the Getting Started Manual.3 - 1

DIgSILENT PowerFactory About this Guide3.2 Used Conventions

Mouse and keyboard handling actions are abbreviated, and a 'shorthand' is also used to describe actions that the user should take. To assist the user these shorthand descriptions are specifically formatted to stand out, as follows:

Key As in "Press the left mouse key''. A key is either one of the mouse keys or a key on the keyboard. Mouse keys are sometimes called 'buttons', as in 'the mouse button.'

Button As in "Press the OK button''. The word "button'' is used for screen areas which perform some action when clicked using the mouse. In other words, a 'virtual' button.

Icons Icons are usually described by the popup name that you read when you hover the cursor over it. For example, press to open the user settings dialogue. Icons are also shown as seen on screen, as in the

press to open the user settings dialogue.

Right/Left clickingAs in "Right click the browser''. Means pointing the cursor at the object described (the browser) and pressing the right/left mouse key.

Double ClickingAs in "Double click the button''. Means pointing the cursor at the object described and pressing the left mouse key twice within about half a second (the time interval is as set in the Windows operating system).

Ctrl-B (key combination example) means that the user should press the combination of keys described. For example, "Press Ctrl-B to toggle between balanced/unbalanced case,'' means that the user should press and hold down the first keyboard key (the Control key on the keyboard in this example) and then press the second key (B) as well.

Menu sequencesWhen a user needs to select a command through cascaded menu options the sequence is shown by arrows that indicate what option to choose next, starting from the original menu button. For example, setting the drawing format can be done by pressing the Options button to access the options menu, then by choosing "Graphic" from the list offered, and finally "Drawing Format..." from the last list; this series of actions is all simply described by Options --> Graphic --> Drawing Format...

" " and ' ' 'These' quotes are used to indicate that the description is one that can be found within the program- one that is not user definable, for example, the balloon help description 'Calculate Load Flow' that you see when you hover your cursor over the Load Flow icon."These" are used to indicate data that a user has entered or should enter. "These" quotes are also used to indicate a process or series of objects that have no discernible name, but which need to be described. For example, the "drawing tools panel", which is found on the right hand side of the drawing canvas.

and [1] [2] [3], etc.Show a sequence of events that should be performed. Where they are 3 - 2

DIgSILENT PowerFactory About this Guidenumbered they will be associated with a graphic in which the numbers appear.

left-clicking, right-clicking, clicking, double-clicking, etc.Wherever the instruction clicking or double-clicking appears it should be taken to mean clicking and double-clicking using the left mouse button. When the right mouse button is to be used it will be explicitly stated.

3.3 The PowerFactory Help System

DIgSILENT PowerFactory is provided with a complete help package to support users at all levels of expertise. Documents with the basic information on the program and its functionality are combined with references to advanced simulation features, mathemati-cal descriptions of the models and of course application examples.

PowerFactory offers the following help resources: Installation Manual: PowerFactory installation guide, describes the procedures

followed to install and set the program. It is available in the PowerFactory installation CD and the DIgSILENT Support Area (PDF file). Licensed costumers receive a hard copy.

Getting Started Tutorial: Basic Information for new users and hands-on tutorial. Access via Help menu (CHM file) of PowerFactory, and the DIgSILENT Support Area (PDF file). Licensed users receive a Hard copy.

User's Manual: This document. Access via Help menu (CHM file) of PowerFactory, and the DIgSILENT Support Area (PDF file). Licensed users receive a Hard copy.

Technical References: Description of the models implemented in PowerFactory for the different power systems components. The technical reference documents are attached to the online help (Appendix C: Elements Reference, and Appendix D: Types Reference). Additionally they can be downloaded from the DIgSILENT Support Area.

Context Sensitive Online Help: Pressing the key F1 while working with PowerFactory will lead you directly to the related topic inside the User's Manual.

Examples on the Demo account: The Demo account is a special user account set with every installation of the program. It contains several application examples of PowerFactory calculation functions.

FAQs: Users with a valid maintenance agreement can access the DIgSILENT Support Area and its FAQ section, which contains interesting questions and answers regarding specific applications of PowerFactory.

Support: Users with a valid maintenance agreement will get individual support from DIgSILENT experts via:Phone: +49-(0)7072-9168-50E-mail: support@digsilent.de DIgSILENT Support Area: http://www.digsilent.de -> Support Area

All new versions and builds of the program include Release Notes documenting the imple-mented changes.3 - 3

DIgSILENT PowerFactory About this Guide3 - 4

DIgSILENT PowerFactory PowerFactory OverviewChapter 4PowerFactory Overview

4.1 General Concept

The general concept behind the program design and application can be described by means of the three basic integration characteristics that contribute to make PowerFactory a unique power system analysis tool:

Functional IntegrationDIgSILENT PowerFactory software is implemented as a single executable pro-gram, and is fully compatible with Windows 2000/XP/Vista and Windows 7. The pro-gramming method employed allows for a fast 'walk around' the execution environment, and eliminates the need to reload modules and update or transfer re-sults between different program applications. As an example, the power flow, fault analysis, and harmonic load flow analysis tools can be executed sequentially without resetting the program, enabling additional software modules and engines or reading external data files.

Vertical IntegrationA special feature of the DIgSILENT PowerFactory software is the unique verti-cally integrated model concept. This allows models to be shared for all analysis func-tions and more importantly, for categories of analysis, such as Generation, Transmission, Distribution and Industrial. No longer are separate software en-gines required to analyze separate aspects of the power system, as DIgSILENT PowerFactory can accommodate everything within one integrated frame and one integrated database.

Database IntegrationDIgSILENT PowerFactory provides optimal organization of data and definitions required to perform any type of calculation, memorization of settings or software op-eration options. There is no need in tedious organization of several files for defining the various analysis aspects. The PowerFactory database environment fully inte-grates all data required for defining cases, operation scenarios, single-line graphics, outputs, run conditions, calculation options, graphics, user-defined models, etc. There is no need to keep and organize hundreds of files on hard disc, every thing you require to model and simulate a power system is integrated in a single database!

Single Database Concepts: all data for standard and advanced functions are or-ganized in a single, integrated database. This is applied also for graphics, study case definitions, outputs, run conditions, calculation options, fault sequences, monitoring messages as well as user defined models.4 - 1

DIgSILENT PowerFactory PowerFactory OverviewProject Management: All the data that defines a power system model and allows its calculation is stored in so called 'Project' folders within the database. Inside a 'Project', folders called 'Study Cases' are used to define different studies of the sys-tem considering the complete network, only parts of it or variations on its current state. This 'project and study case' approach to define and manage power system studies is a unique application of the object-oriented software principle. Standard software packages often require the user to create a large number of similar saved cases, with multiple nested directories for large complex networks and studies. How-ever, DIgSILENT PowerFactory has taken a totally new approach, and intro-duced a structure that is both easy to use while avoiding redundancy.

Multi-User Operation: Multiple users each holding its own projects or working with data shared from other users are supported by a 'Multi-user' database opera-tion. In this case the definition of access rights, user accounting and groups for data sharing are managed by a database administrator.

4.2 PowerFactory Simulation Functions

PowerFactory incorporates a comprehensive list of simulation functions including among others:

Load Flow Analysis, allowing meshed and mixed 1-,2-, and 3-phase AC and/or DC networks (Chapter 22: Load Flow Analysis)

Low Voltage Network Analysis (Section 22.1.3: Load Flow Analysis of Low Voltage Systems)

Short-Circuit Analysis, allowing meshed and mixed 1-,2-, and 3-phase AC networks (Chapter 23: Short-Circuit Analysis)

Harmonic Analysis (Chapter 24: Harmonics Analysis)

RMS Simulation (time-domain simulation for stability analysis, Chapter 25: Stability and EMT Simulations)

EMT Simulation (time-domain simulation of electromagnetic transients, Chapter 25: Stability and EMT Simulations)

Eigenvalue Analysis (Chapter 26: Modal Analysis / Eigenvalue Calculation)

Model Parameter Identification (Chapter 27: Model Parameter Identification)

Contingency Analysis (Chapter 28: Contingency Analysis)

Reliability Analysis (Chapter 29: Reliability Assessment)

Optimal Power Flow (Chapter 30: Optimal Power Flow)

Distribution Network Optimization (Chapter 31: Optimization Tools for Distribution Networks)

Protection Analysis (Chapter 32: Protection)

Network Reduction (Chapter 33: Network Reduction)

General information about calculation commands is available in Section 8.1 (Calculation Commands in PowerFactory).4 - 2

DIgSILENT PowerFactory PowerFactory Overview4.3 General Design of PowerFactory

In order to better understand how to use a program it is useful to first get an idea of what the designers had in mind when they designed the user interface. In the next few para-graphs we will attempt to explain what this philosophy is.

PowerFactory is intended to be initially used and operated in a graphical environment. That is, data entry is accomplished by drawing the network under study and then by ed-iting the objects on the drawing canvas to assign data to them.

Figure 4.1 shows how PowerFactory looks like