dimensions of social cohesion wout ultee radboud university nijmegen, the netherlands equalsoc...
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DIMENSIONS OF SOCIAL COHESION
Wout UlteeRADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN,
THE NETHERLANDS
EQUALSOC SUMMER SCHOOL TRENTO, ITALY
04/09/06 – 09/09/06
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DIMENSIONS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IS A
LONGSTANDING TOPIC
DIMENSIONS OF SOCIAL COHESION IS A NICE INVENTION
EARLY REQUEST: THE DEFINITION AND
CONCEPTUALIZATION OF SOCIAL COHESION
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I DO NOT LIKE CONCEPTS AT ALL, PROPOSITIONS ARE THE IMPORTANT
THING
MAKING DEFINITIONS IS A WASTE OF TIME, PROGRESS IS MADE BY STRETCHING DEFINITIONS INTO NEW QUESTIONS
OF COURSE, CLASSES, STATUS GROUPS AND POLITICAL PARTIES ARE PHENOMENA OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF POWER WITHIN A
SOCIETY (Weber 1921),
BUT THE IMPORTANT THING IS THAT POWER MAKES FOR PRIVILEGE (Lenski 1966)
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ONCE MORE ABOUT CONCEPTS:
SURE, THERE ARE NO PROPOSITIONS WITHOUT CONCEPTS
BUT CHARACTERISTIC FOR THEORETICAL SOCIOLOGY UNTIL NOW ARE SYSTEMS OF
CONCEPTS WITHOUT PROPOSITIONS
THE BEST, OR RATHER WORST, EXAMPLE OF THIS ARE PARSONS’ CONCEPTUAL
SCHEMES
WHAT GOOD CONCEPTS DO, IS MAKE LONG PROPOSITIONS SHORTER (SEE LATER,
DURKHEIM ON ANOMIE)
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THE TERM COHESION IN THE NETHERLANDAS DID NOT COME FROM POLITICS TO SOCIOLOGY
SOCIOLOGISTS INTRODUCED IT INTO THE POLITICAL DEBATE IN THE 1980S
I WAS ONE OF THEM
I NEEDED THE TERM TO DESCRIBE WHAT WAS HAPPENING TO THE SOCIAL FABRIC IN TIMES
OF VERY HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE NETHERLANDS
THE UNEMPLOYED DID NOT REBEL, BUT THEY BECAME ISOLATED FROM THE EMPLOYED AND
BEGAN TO REJECT CORE SOCIETAL VALUES
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SOCIOLOGISTS STUDY SOCIETIES
COHESION, LIKE INEQUALITY, IS A CHARACTERISTIC OF SOCIETIES SOCIOLOGISTS
SEEK TO EXPLAIN
COHESION IS A DISPOSITIONAL CONCEPT (LIKE ‘GLASS IS BREAKABLE’)
THAT IS WHY THE COHESION OF A SOCIETY MAY BE DIFFICULT TO STUDY
IT IS A PHENOMENON WHICH COMES OUT UNDER INFREQUENT CIRCUMSTANCES
THAT IS WHY I STUDIED THE FATE OF DUTCH JEWS WHEN GERMANY OCCUPIED THE
NETHERLANDS:
DUTCH COHESION WAS ON TRIAL
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LECTURES ABOUT CONCEPTUALIZATION MIX UP QUESTIONS AND PROPOSITIONS
THE PROGRAMME FOR THIS MORNING:
THE STRUCTURE OF QUESTIONS ABOUT SOCIETAL COHESION
AND A GENERAL THEORY EXPLAINING VARIOUS
PHENOMENA INDICATIVE OF A SOCIETY’S DEGREE OF
COHESION
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THE STRUCTURE OF QUESTIONS ABOUT THE INEQUALITIES BETWEEN THE INHABITANTS
OF A SOCIETY:
WHO GETS WHAT AND WHY?
OR:
HOW MUCH INEQUALITY BETWEEN WHO AND WHO
IN WHAT RESPECT?
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WHAT DOES THE STRUCTURE OF QUESTIONS OF THIS SOCIOLOGIST LOOK LIKE?
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THAT IS HOW THAT SOCIOLOGIST LOOKED WHEN HE WAS RECUPERATING FROM A NERVOUS BREAKDOWN
IN ITALY AND HIS WIFE HAD TO PUT UP WITH HIM
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WEBER’S PROBLEM OF RATIONALIZATION
RATIONALIZATION AS WESTERN UNIQUENESS
RISE OF SCIENCE
TECHNICAL ARTS
FORMAL STATE
RISE OF CAPITALISM
BANK CAPITALISM
ENTERPRENEURIAL CAPITALISM
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THE EMERGENCE OF THE PROBLEM OF COHESION
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THE EMERGENCE OF THE PROBLEM OF COHESION
WHY DO PEOPLE LIVE TOGETHER PEACEFULLY?
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THE EMERGENCE OF THE PROBLEM OF COHESION
WHY DO PEOPLE LIVE TOGETHER PEACEFULLY,
WHY IS NOT THERE A WAR OF ALL AGAINST ALL?
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THE EMERGENCE OF THE PROBLEM OF COHESION
WHY DO PEOPLE LIVE TOGETHER PEACEFULLY,
WHY IS NOT THERE A WAR OF ALL AGAINST ALL?
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THE EMERGENCE OF THE PROBLEM OF COHESION
WHY DO PEOPLE LIVE TOGETHER PEACEFULLY,
WHY IS NOT THERE A WAR OF ALL AGAINST ALL?
WHY DO PEOPLE LIVE TOGETHER PEACEFULLY?
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THE EMERGENCE OF THE PROBLEM OF COHESION
WHY DO PEOPLE LIVE TOGETHER PEACEFULLY,
WHY IS NOT THERE A WAR OF ALL AGAINST ALL?
WHY DO PEOPLE LIVE TOGETHER PEACEFULLY,
WHY IS SOCIETY NOT LIKE A HEAP OF SAND?
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THE EMERGENCE OF THE PROBLEM OF COHESION
HOBBES ON THE WAR OF ALL AGAINST ALL AND OF RULERS AGAINST RULERS
LOCKE ON THE REBELLION OF SUBJECTS AGAINST RULERS
BENTHAM ON SWIFT, SEVERE AND CERTAIN SENTENCING
COHESION
DURKHEIM ON SUICIDE
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THE YOUNG DURKHEIM HOLDING HIS MOTHER’S HAND
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WHY DO PEOPLE LIVE TOGETHER PEACEFULLY,
WHY IS SOCIETY NOT LIKE A HEAP OF SAND?
WHAT KINDS OF TIES ARE THERE BETWEEN THE
MEMBERS OF A SOCIETY, AND HOW STRONG ARE
THESE TIES?
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ONCE MORE DURKHEIM ON COHESION
COHESION
ECONOMIC TIES
THROUGH THE DIVISION
OF LABOUR
SUICIDE AS CUTTING THE LAST
TIE TO SOCIETY
PARTAKING IN
RELIGIOUS RITES
MARRIAGE AND
DIVORCE
VIOLENCE AGAINST OTHERS ISOLATION / TIES
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DURKHEIM, HIS DAUGHTER MARIE, HIS SON ANDRÉ, HIS WIFE IN BORDEAUX AROUND 1905
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DURKHEIM’S INTEGRATION HYPOTHESIS:
THE STRONGER THE INTEGRATION OF A PERSON INTO ANY OF A SOCIETY’S INTERMEDIARY GROUPS,
THE LESS LIKELY IS THIS PERSON TO COMMIT SUICIDETHIS ONE PROPOSITION EXPLAINS SEVERAL
FINDINGS ABOUT SUICIDE
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IN PROTESTANT COUNTRIES, THE SUICIDE RATE IS HIGHER THAN IN CATHOLIC COUNTRIES, AND IN THE GERMAN STATES AND SWISS CANTONS PROTESTANTS ARE MORE LIKELY TO COMMIT SUICIDE THAN CATHOLICS
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IN PROTESTANT COUNTRIES, THE SUICIDE RATE IS HIGHER THAN IN CATHOLIC COUNTRIES, AND IN THE GERMAN STATES AND SWISS CANTONS PROTESTANTS ARE MORE LIKELY TO COMMIT SUICIDE THAN CATHOLICS
THE STRONGER PERSONS ARE INTEGRATED INTO A RELIGIOUS GROUP, THE LOWER THEIR CHANCES OF SUICIDECATHOLICS ARE A MORE STRONGLY INTEGRATED GROUP THAN PROTESTANTS
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IN THE NETHERLANDS THE SUICIDE RATE FOR CATHOLICS IS LOWER IN MUNICIPALITIES WITH A HIGHER PERCENT OF CATHOLICS
VAN TUBERGEN, TE GROTENHUIS AND ULTEE,
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY 2005
THE STRONGER PERSONS ARE INTEGRATED INTO A RELIGIOUS GROUP, THE LOWER THEIR CHANCES OF SUICIDETHE HIGHER THE PERCENT OF CATHOLICS IN A MUNICIPALITY, THE MORE STRONGLY INTEGRATED THE CATHOLICS AS A GROUP ARE
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IN ALL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, ALSO AFTER CONTROLLING FOR AGE, THE SUICIDE RATE IS HIGHER FOR SINGLE PERSONS THAN FOR MARRIED PERSONS
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IN ALL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, ALSO AFTER CONTROLLING FOR AGE, THE SUICIDE RATE IS HIGHER FOR SINGLE PERSONS THAN FOR MARRIED PERSONS
THE STRONGER PERSONS ARE INTEGRATED INTO A FAMILY GROUP, THE LOWER THEIR CHANCES OF SUICIDEMARRIED PERSONS ARE MORE STRONGLY INTEGATED INTO FAMILY GROUPS THAN SINGLE PERSONS
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IN NORWAY FOR MARRIED WOMEN BELOW THE AGE OF 40 IN 1970, WITH EVERY ADDITIONAL CHILD, THE LATER SUICIDE RATE WAS LOWER
HOYER AND LUND, ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY 1993
THE STRONGER PERSONS ARE INTEGRATED INTO A FAMILY GROUP, THE LOWER THEIR CHANCES OF SUICIDEMARRIED WOMEN WITH MORE CHILDREN ARE ARE MORE STRONGLY INTEGATED INTO FAMILY GROUPS MARIED WOMEN WITH LESS CHILDREN
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THAT WAS DURKHEIM’S THEORY OF EGOISTIC OR INDIVIDUALISTIC SUICIDE
NOW HIS THEORY OF ALTRUISTIC SUICIDE
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THE MORE STRONGLY PERSONS ARE INTEGRATED INTO ANY GROUP WHATSOEVER, THE LESS LIKELY THEY COMMIT SUICIDE
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THE MORE STRONGLY PERSONS ARE INTEGRATED INTO ANY GROUP WHATSOEVER, THE MORE LIKELY THEY ARE TO LIVE UP TO ITS NORM FORBIDDING SUICIDE
THE MORE STRONGLY PERSONS ARE INTEGRATED INTO ANY GROUP WHATSOEVER, THE LESS LIKELY THEY COMMIT SUICIDE
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THE MORE STRONGLY PERSONS ARE INTEGRATED INTO ANY GROUP WHATSOEVER, THE MORE LIKELY THEY ARE TO LIVE UP TO THIS GROUP’S NORM ABOUT SUICIDE
MOST GROUPS FORBID SUICIDE, BUT IN THE ARMY SUICIDE IS ACCEPTED UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS
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THE MORE STRONGLY PERSONS ARE INTEGRATED INTO ANY GROUP WHATSOEVER, THE MORE LIKELY THEY ARE TO LIVE UP TO ITS NORM FORBIDDING SUICIDE
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THE MORE STRONGLY PERSONS ARE INTEGRATED INTO ANY GROUP WHATSOEVER, THE MORE LIKELY THEY ARE TO LIVE UP TO THIS GROUP’S NORM ABOUT SUICIDE
MOST GROUPS FORBID SUICIDE, BUT IN THE ARMY SUICIDE IS ACCEPTED UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS
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IN THE AUSTRIAN ARMY OFFICERS ARE MORE LIKELY TO COMMIT SUICIDE THAN PETTY OFFICERS, AND THE LATTER MORE LIKELY THAN ENLISTED SOLDIERS
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HOW ABOUT DURKHEIM’S CONCEPT OF
ANOMIE?
OR RATHER HOW IS HIS THEORY OF ANOMIC SUICIDE RELATED TO HIS PROPOSITIONS OF
INDIVIDUALISTIC AND ALTRUISITIC SUICIDE?
FOR DURKHEIM A FREE MARKET SOCIETY IS A SOCIETY WITHOUT NORMS THAT ATTUNE THE MATERIAL GOALS OF PERSONS TO THE MEANS
AVAILABLE TO THEM
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IN A SOCIETY WITHOUT NORMS ADJUSTING THE GOALS OF PERSONS TO THEIR MEANS, THE PERSONS WHOSE GOALS SURPASS MOST THEIR MEANNS ARE MOST LIKELY TO COMMIT SUICIDE
IN FRANCE DURING THE 19TH CENTURY, FREE MARKETS (ECONOMIC DEREGULATION) MORE AND MORE PENETRATED ECONOMIC LIFE, MAKING GOALS SURPASS MEANS
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IN FRANCE DURING THE 19TH CENTURY THE SUICIDE RATE ROSE
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NOTE THAT THE TERM ANOMIE IS INTRODUCED TO MAKE A LONG SENTENCE SHORTER: A SOCIETY WITHOUT NORMS ADJUSTING THE GOALS OF PERSONS TO THEIR MEANS IS CALLED ANOMIC
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DURKHEIM IS DEAD,
BUT IS DURKHEIM’S THEORY DEAD?
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NOW WE MOVE FROM SUICIDE AS AN INDICATION OF LIMITED
SOCIETAL COHESION,
TO PETTY CRIMES BY JUVENILES AS AN INDICATION OF LIMITED
SOCIETAL COHESION.
IT IS EASY TO OBTAIN A THEORY EXPLAINING THAT PHENOMENON.
JUST GENERALIZE DURKHEIM’S MOST GENERAL PROPOSITION.
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THE MORE STRONGLY A PERSON IS INTEGRATED INTO ANY WHATSOEVER OF A SOCIETY’S GROUPS, THE MORE LIKELY IS THAT PERSON TO LIVE UP TO EVERY OF THAT GROUP’S NORMSAND SOME OF THESE NORMS FORBID SHOPLIFTING AND DESTROYING THE GLASS AT BUS STOPS
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WE HAVE ARRIVED AT HIRSCHI’S ATTACHMENT THEORY OR SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY
HIRSCHI, CAUSES OF DELINQUENCY, 1969 SORRY, NO PICTURE
HIRSCHI DOES NOT REFER TO DURKHEIM HIRSCHI IS A PUPIL OF LAZARSFELD
THREE INTERMEDIARY GROUPS
A STUDENT’S PARENTS
A STUDENT’S TEACHERS
A STUDENT’S FRIENDS
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FINDINGS:
THE MORE STUDENTS DISCUSS THEIR DAILY LIFE WITH THEIR PARENTS, THEY
LESS LIKELY THEY HAVE COMMITTED PETTY CRIMES
THE BETTER STUDENTS LIKE THEIR TEACHERS, THET LESS LIKELY THEY
HAVE COMMITTED PETTY CRIMES
HIRSCHI PREDICTED BUT DID NOT FIND:
THE MORE STUDENTS HANG OUT WITH THEIR FRIENDS, THE LESS LIKELY THEY
HAVE COMMITTED PETTY CRIMES
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WAS HIRSCHI’S SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY REFUTED?
NO, THERE WAS A MISTAKE IN HIS ADDITIONAL ASSUMPTIONS.
THE FRIENDS STUDENTS HANG OUT WITH, OFTEN ARE ‘GOOD’ FRIENDS,
BUT SOMETIMES THEY ARE ‘BAD’ FRIENDS
THE MORE STUDENTS HANG OUT WITH ‘BAD’ FRIENDS, THEY MORE
LIKELY THEY ARE TO COMMIT PETTY CRIMES
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SUICIDE AND PETTY CRIME DO NOT HAVE MUCH TO DO WITH INEQUALITY
HOW ABOUT DERIVING FROM DURKHEIM’S GENERAL INTEGRATION
HYPOTHESIS,
SPECIFIC HYPOTHESES ABOUT PHENOMENA OFTEN ASSOCIATED WTH INEQUALITY AND ITS CONSEQUENCES?
THERE ARE CLASSES IN A SOCIETY, AND VOTING IS THE PEACEFUL
EXPRESSION OF THE CLASS STRUGGLE
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THE THEORY OF OPINION CLIMATE AND VOTING
ADVANCED IN 1944 BY
LAZARSFELD, BERELSON AND GAUDETLAZARSFELD DOES NOT REFER TO DURKHEIM
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THE MORE STRONGLY A PERSON IS INTEGRATED INTO A GROUP, THE MORE LIKELY THIS PERSON IS TO LIVE UP TO ITS NORM ABOUT THE PARTY TO VOTE FOR
THE NORM AMONG MANUAL WORKERS IN THE USA IS TO VOTE FOR THE DEMOCRATS
____________________________________________
MANUAL WORKERS WHOSE FATHER WAS A MANUAL WORKER TOO, ARE MORE LIKELY TO VOTE FOR THE DEMOCRATS,
AND SO ARE MANUAL WORKERS WHO ARE A MEMBER OF A LABOUR UNION
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THE MORE STRONGLY A PERSON IS INTEGRATED INTO A GROUP, THE MORE LIKELY THIS PERSON IS TO LIVE UP TO ITS NORM ABOUT THE PARTY TO VOTE FOR
THE NORM AMONG PROTESTANTS IS TO VOTE FOR THE REPUBLICANS, AMONG CATHOLICS FOR THE DEMOCRATS
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PROTESTANTS WHO GO TO CHURCH MORE OFTEN, ARE MORE LIKELY TO VOTE FOR THE REPUBLICANS, CATHOLICS WHO GO TO CHURCH MORE OFTEN FOR THE DEMOCRATS
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SO, THE STRONGER THE INTEGRATION OF PERSONS INTO A
SOCIETY’S INTERMEDIARY GROUPS,
THE STRONGER THE POLITICAL CLEAVAGES OR DIVISIONS WITHIN
THAT SOCIETY
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HOW WOULD A PROTESTANT MANUAL WORKER VOTE?
ACCORDING TO THE FINDINGS OF LAZARSFELD CS THIS PERSON IS EXPOSED TO CROSS PRESSURES
AND CROSS PRESSURES MAKE FOR INDECISION AND DISINTEREST IN
POLITICS
CROSS PRESSURED PEOPLE ARE MORE LIKELY TO STAY AT HOME IN ELECTIONS
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BUTLER AND STOKES FOR BRITAIN:
MANUAL WORKERS IN A DISTRICT WITH A HIGHER PERCENT OF MANUAL WORKERS, ARE MORE LIKELY TO VOTE LABOUR THAN MANUAL WORKES IN A DISTRICT WITH A LOWER PERCENT OF MANUAL WORKERS
HEATH AND DE GRAAF FOR BRITAIN:
A WOMAN WITH A MANUAL JOB IS MORE LIKELY TO VOTE LABOUR IF HER HUSBAND HAS A MANUAL JOB TOO
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IN EVERY SOCIETY THERE ARE NORMS ABOUT LEGITIMATE INCOME DIFFERENCES
IN A COUNTRY LIKE THE NETHERLANDS THE NORM IS THAT THE HIGHEST PAID
EMPLOYEE SHOULD NOT EARN MORE THAN FIVE TIMES THE INCOME OF THE LOWEST
PAID EMPLOYEE
UNDER WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES WILL THE ACTUAL INCOME DISTRIBUTION DEVIATE
LESS FROM THIS NORM?
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THE THESIS OF A CORPORATIST STATE
THE HIGHER THE UNIONIZATION AMONG EMPLOYEES,
THE MORE EMPLOYERS BELONG TO EMPLOYER’S ORGANIZATIONS,
AND THE MORE UNIONS AND EMPLOYER’S ORGANIZATIONS MEET IN COUNCILS ADVICING THE GOVERNMENT ABOUT SOCIO-ECONOMIC POLICIES,
THE SMALLER THE DISCREPANCY BETWEEN A COUNTRY’S ACTUAL INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND THE NORM IN THIS COUNTRY ABOUT LEGITMATE INCOME DIFFERENCES
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AN UPDATED STRUCTURE FOR
COHESION QUESTIONS
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COHESION
VIOLENCE TIES
WHOCOMMITSCRIMES?
WHO ISA CRIMEVICTIM?
WHOKILLSWHO?
WHOROBSWHO?
WHO-WHO: ALL THE DIMENSIONS OF STRATIFICATION
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COHESION
VIOLENCE TIES
WHOMARRIES,
STAYSSINGLE?
WHOMARRIES
WHO?
WHOSPORTS
IN CLUBS,WHOGOES
BOWLINGALONE?
WHOSPORTS
IN CLUBS WITH WHO?
WHO-WHO: ALL THE DIMENSIONS OF STRATIFICATION
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THE PARADOX OF
INTEGRATION AND COHESION
EVEN IF EVERY MEMBER OF A SOCIETY HAS STRONG TIES
WITH A LOT OF OTHER MEMBERS, THE COHESION OF SOCIETY STILL CAN BE WEAK
THIS IS THE CASE IF PERSONS HAVE TIES WITH PERSONS OF
THEIR OWN KIND
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THE TWO NON-IDENTICAL QUESTIONS OF SOLIDARITY THROUGH TAXES AND
BENEFITS IN WELFARE STATES:
HOW HIGH IS THE PERCENT THE AVERAGE WORKING PERSON PAYS OF HER OR HIS INCOME IN TAXES FOR UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS,
DISABILITY BENEFITS AND OLD AGE BENEFITS?
HOW HIGH ARE UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS, DISABILITY BENEFITS
AND OLD AGE BENEFITS AS A PERCENT OF THE INCOME OF THE
AVERAGE WORKING PERSON?
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FROM THE PHENOMENON OF INEQUALITY TO
QUESTIONS OF COHESION
OR
FROM QUESTIONS OF COHESION TO QUESTIONS
OF INEQUALITY?
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