diploma in · ty civil sixth sem sanjay ghodawat polytechnic, atigre 1 third year diploma in civil...

TY CIVIL Sixth Sem

Sanjay Ghodawat Polytechnic, Atigre 1

Third Year

Diploma in Civil

Engineering

C h a p t e r w i s e N o t e s

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

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Subject Title : Solid Waste Management (Elective) Subject Code : 17605

Topic 1: Introduction

Content :

Definition of solid waste

Meaning of different solid waste - Domestic waste, commercial waste,

industrial waste, market waste, agricultural waste, biomedical waste, Ewaste, hazardous

waste, institutional waste, etc.

Sources of solid waste

Classification of solid waste - hazardous and non-hazardous waste.

Physical and Chemical characteristics.

Impact of solid waste on environment.

Solid waste management techniques - solid waste management Hierarchy, waste

prevention and waste reduction.

Factors affecting on solid waste generation.

Que.1 Define Solid waste.

Ans: Solid Waste:

DEFINITION

Solid waste comprises all the wastes from human and animal activities

that are normally solid and that are discarded as useless or unwanted.

Solid waste may arise from urban communities, agricultural and

industrial activities or they may be mining wastes.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

DEFINITION

Solid waste management may be defined as the discipline associated

with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and

transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in

accordance with the best principles of public health, economics,

engineering, conservations , and that is also responsive to public

attitudes.

Que.2 What are the sources of solid waste.

Ans: State sources of solid waste and types of solid waste

Sources of solid waste:

Residential

Commercial

Institutional

Construction and Demolition

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Municipal Services

Treatment Plant Sites

Industrial

Agricultural

Que.3 Classify the solid waste?

Ans: Solid Waste is categorized as below:

a) Based on the Source

b) Based on Type

a) Based on the Source

i) Residential: This refers to wastes from dwellings, apartments, etc.,

and consists of leftover food, vegetable peels, plastic, clothes,

ashes, etc.

(ii) Commercial: This refers to wastes consisting of leftover food,

glasses, metals, ashes, etc., generated from stores, restaurants,

markets, hotels, motels, auto-repair shops, medical facilities, etc.

(iii) Institutional: This mainly consists of paper, plastic, glasses, etc.,

generated from educational, administrative and public buildings

such as schools, colleges, offices, prisons, etc.

(iv) Municipal: This includes dust, leafy matter, building debris,

treatment plant residual sludge, etc., generated from various

municipal activities like construction and demolition, street

cleaning, landscaping, etc.

(v) Industrial: This mainly consists of process wastes, ashes,

demolition and construction wastes, hazardous wastes, etc., due to

industrial activities.

(vi) Agricultural: This mainly consists of spoiled food grains and

vegetables, agricultural remains, litter, etc., generated from fields,

orchards, vineyards, farms, etc.

(vii) Open areas: This includes wastes from areas such as Streets,

alleys, parks, vacant lots, play grounds, beaches, highways,

recreational areas, etc.

b) Based on the Source

(i) Garbage: This refers to animal and vegetable wastes resulting

from the handling, sale, storage, preparation, cooking and serving

of food.

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(ii) Ashes and residues: These are substances remaining from the

burning of wood, coal, charcoal, coke and other combustible

materials for cooking and heating in houses, institutions and small

industrial establishment

(iii)Combustible and non-combustible wastes: These consist of

wastes generated from households, institutions, commercial

activities, etc., excluding food wastes.

(iv)Bulky wastes: These include large household appliances such as

refrigerators, washing machines, furniture, cranes, vehicle parts,

tyres, wood, trees and branches.

(v) Street wastes: These refer to wastes that are collected from

streets, walkways, alleys, parks and vacant plots, and include

paper, cardboard, plastics, dirt, leaves and other vegetable

matter.

vi) Biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes: Biodegradable

wastes mainly refer to substances consisting of organic matter such

as leftover food, vegetable and fruit peels, paper, textile, wood,

etc.,

Non-biodegradable wastes consist of inorganic and recyclable

materials such as plastic, glass, cans, metals, etc.

vii) Dead animals: With regard to municipal wastes, dead animals

are those that die naturally or are accidentally killed on the road.

Note that this category does not include carcasses and animal

parts from slaughter-houses, which are regarded as industrial

wastes.

(viii) Abandoned vehicles: This category includes automobiles,

trucks and trailers that are abandoned on streets and other public

places.

(ix)Construction and demolition wastes: These are wastes

generated as a result of construction, refurbishment, repair and

demolition of houses, commercial buildings and other structures.

(x) Farm wastes: These wastes result from diverse agricultural

activities such as planting, harvesting, production of milk, rearing of

animals for slaughter and the operation of feedlots.

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(xi) Hazardous wastes: Hazardous wastes are those defined as

wastes of industrial, institutional or consumer origin that are

potentially dangerous either immediately or over a period of time

to human beings and the environment.

(xii) Sewage wastes: The solid by-products of sewage treatment are

classified as sewage wastes. They are mostly organic and derived

from the treatment of organic sludge separated from both raw and

treated sewages.

Que.4 What are the constituents of solid waste?

Ans: The composition and characteristics of municipal solid wastes

vary throughout the world because they are determined by

social customs and living standards. A typical solid waste

does not exist. Municipal wastes are heterogeneous, that is,

they comprise an enormous variety of materials derived from

the diverse activities which produce them. Nevertheless it is

possible to make some general observations about their

composition that make the picture somewhat less confusing:

• The major constituents are paper and putrescible organic matter

• Metal, glass, ceramics, plastics, textiles, dirt and wood are

generally present although not always so, the relative proportions

depending on local factors

Que.5 Explain sorting at source and (MSW) Municipal Solid Waste.

Ans:

Sorting at Source:

It is the most efficient technique that reduces the mixing of various

biodegradable and non biodegradable wastes together. In this

process different types of wastes are stored in different containers

like plastic waste, biodegradable waste, Ewaste, Glass, Paper, etc.

Based on the nature of waste collected ppropriate treatment is

given, which automatically reduces the time and cost of treatment.

Municipal Solid Waste:

It is the waste collected from various sources like household,

institutions, commercial centers, etc. and then taken to the nearest

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transfer stations, which after transferred to Municipal Solid Waste

Plants by hauling vehicles for further treatment.

Que.6 How hazardous waste are differ from non hazardous waste?

Ans: Hazardous wastes

Substances unsafe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally,

or economically and have any of the following properties-

ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity & toxicity.

Non-hazardous

Substances safe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or

economically and do not have any of those properties mentioned

above. These substances usually create disposal problems.

Que.7 List various types of hazardous waste.

Ans: The waste which can

Contribute to increase in mortality

Can cause irreversible illness

Can pose potential hazard to human health is called

hazardous waste.

Hazardous waste can be classified as

Radioactive substances

Chemicals

Biological Wastes

Flammable waste

Explosives

There are four characteristics which make the waste hazardous

category

Ignitability

Corrosivity if pH 2 or ≥ 12.5

Toxicity:

Reactivity:- A waste exhibits the characteristics of reactivity if

a representative sample of the waste has the following

properties

Reacts violently with water

Forms explosive mixture with water

When mixed with water, generates toxic gases,

fumes or vapours

Reacts at a standard temperature or pressure

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Que.8 What are the physical properties of SW?

Ans: Physical characteristics of solid waste:

1. Specific weight or weight of waste per unit volume.

2. Particle size and size distribution

3. Field capacity/percentage of moisture in wet solid.

Field capacity: It is defined as total amount of moisture held

in a waste matter under gravity. It is important as it controls

the rate of leachate generation and permeability.

Que.9 List the chemical properties of solid waste and their

constituents.

Ans: 1. Lipids:

This class of compounds includes fats, oils and grease, and the

principal sources of lipids are garbage, cooking oils and fats.

Lipids have high heating values, about 38,000 kJ/kg (kilojoules per

kilogram), which makes waste with high lipid content suitable for

energy recovery.

Since lipids become liquid at temperatures slightly above ambient,

they add to the liquid content during waste decomposition.

Though they are biodegradable, the rate of biodegradation is

relatively slow because lipids have a low solubility in water.

2. Carbohydrates

These are found primarily in food and yard wastes, which

encompass sugar and polymer of sugars (e.g., starch, cellulose,

etc.) with general formula (CH2O)x.

Carbohydrates are readily biodegraded to products such as

carbon dioxide, water and methane. Decomposing carbohydrates

attract flies and rats, and therefore, should not be left exposed for

long duration.

3. Proteins

These are compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and

nitrogen, and consist of an organic acid with a substituted amine

group (NH2).

They are mainly found in food and garden wastes. The partial

decomposition of these compounds can result in the production of

amines that have unpleasant odours.

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4. Natural fibres

These are found in paper products, food and yard wastes and

include the natural compounds, cellulose and lignin, that are

resistant to biodegradation. (Note that paper is almost 100%

cellulose, cotton over 95% and wood products over 40%.)

5. Synthetic organic material (Plastics)

Accounting for 1 – 10%, plastics have become a significant

component of solid waste in recent years.

They are highly resistant to biodegradation and, therefore, are

objectionable and of special concern in WM.

Hence the increasing attention being paid to the recycling of

plastics to reduce the proportion of this waste component at

disposal sites.

6. Non-combustibles

This class includes glass, ceramics, metals, dust and ashes, and

accounts for 12 – 25% of dry solids.

7. Heating value

An evaluation of the potential of waste material for use as fuel for

incineration requires a determination of its heating value, expressed

as kilojoules per kilogram (kJ/kg).

The heating value is determined experimentally using the Bomb

calorimeter test, in which the heat generated, at a constant

temperature of 25C from the combustion of a dry sample is

measured.

Since the test temperature is below the boiling point of water

(1000C), the combustion water remains in the liquid state.

Que.10 Describe impact of solid waste on Health and environment

briefly.

Ans: Impacts of solid waste on health

Low birth weight

Cancer

Neurological disease

Increase in mercury level in fish due to disposal of mercury in

the rivers. This is

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Harmful for human health.

Chemical poisoning through chemical inhalation.

Nausea and vomiting

Increase in hospitalization of diabetic resident living near

waste site

Impacts of solid waste on Environment.

Waste breaks down in landfills to form methane, which

causes greenhouse gas.

Change in climate and destruction of ozone layer due to

waste biodegradable

Due to waste pollutions, illegal dumping, Leaching: is a

process by which solid waste enter soil and ground water

and contaminating them

Que.11 State the solid waste management techniques in briefly.’

Ans: A SWM system refers to a combination of various functional

elements associated with the management of solid wastes.

(i)Waste generation: Wastes are generated at the start of any

process, and thereafter, at every stage as raw materials are

converted into goods for consumption.

(ii)Waste storage: Storage is a key functional element

because collection of wastes never takes place at the

source or at the time of their generation.

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(iii) Waste collection: This includes gathering of wastes and hauling

them to the location, where the collection vehicle is emptied,

which may be a transfer station (i.e., intermediate station where

wastes from smaller vehicles are transferred to larger ones and also

segregated), a processing plant or a disposal site.

(iv) Transfer and transport: This functional element involves the

transfer of wastes from smaller collection vehicles, where necessary

to overcome the problem of narrow access lanes, to larger ones at

transfer stations; the subsequent transport of the wastes, usually

over long distances, to disposal sites.

(v) Processing: Processing is required to alter the physical and

chemical characteristics of wastes for energy and resource

recovery and recycling. The important processing techniques

include compaction, thermal volume reduction, manual separation

of waste components, incineration and composting

(Vi) Recovery and recycling: This includes various techniques,

equipment and facilities used to improve both the efficiency of

disposal system and recovery of usable material and energy.

Recovery involves the separation of valuable resources from the

mixed solid wastes, delivered at transfer stations or processing

plants.

(vii) Waste disposal: Disposal is the ultimate fate of all solid wastes,

be they residential wastes, semi-solid wastes from municipal and

industrial treatment plants, incinerator residues, composts or other

substances that have no further use to the society. Thus, land use

planning becomes a primary determinant in the selection, design

and operation of landfill operations.

Que.12 State the factors affecting solid waste generation.

Ans: Factors affecting generation of MSW:

1. Living standard

2. Rate of generation of waste

3. Population growth

4. Improper guidance

5. Lack of awareness

6. Industrialization growth etc.

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Que.13 Explain solid waste management hierarchy.

Ans: Solid waste management hierarchy

The main aim of waste hierarchy is to generate minimum

amount of waste and obtain maximum benefits from

products.

Following are the various stages in SWM Hierarchy:

1. Prevention: preventing the use of such raw material in

production which produces maximum solid waste and

selecting the alternative raw materials.

2. Minimization: if such alternative raw materials are less

possible then minimize the use of raw materials producing

more waste by implementing different techniques.

3. Reuse: it is the next desirable option in which materials

some materials are repeatedly used again and again for

same purpose.

4. Recycle: In this stage collection, sorting of recyclable

products is done and then they are manufactured into new

products.

5. Recovery: in this stage the recoverable materials are

processed which includes activities like recycling and

composting.

6. Disposal: It is the last option and should be considered

after all other possible actions to recover that waste matter. It

may includes incineration, dumping.

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Que.14 State organizational setup of Solid waste Management

(SWM) administration.

Ans: Organizational setup of Solid waste Management (SWM)

administration:

Que.15 Explain present scenario of collection of MSW.

Ans: Present scenario of collection of MSW.

No bins for storage of domestic, trade or institutional waste

are kept at source.

Very few people keep personal bins for storage of waste. The

percentage of these people is very insignificant.

Most of the situations domestic waste as well as waste from

shops, offices and establishment including hospitals, nursing homes,

hotels, restaurants, garden etc. come on the street or is disposed of

open plot or even discharge in the drains. Its result is clogging of

drains, pollution of water resources and increasing insanitary

condition in urban areas.

Hence there is no practice of storing the waste at sources in

scientifically segrated way.

Citizens have not been educated to keep domestic, trade

and institutional bins for storage of waste at source.

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For Details contact:

Mr. V.S. kumbhar

HOD

Civil Department,

Sanjay Ghodawat Polytechnic, Atigre.

Mob. No.: 7798306363

Ph. No.: 0230 -246312

Email ID: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

diploma in · ty civil sixth sem sanjay ghodawat polytechnic, atigre 1 third year diploma in civil...

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