Paper Log House INDIA-(BHUJ) 2001

DISASTER MANAGEMENT:INDIASTUDY OF PROJECT CONSTRUCTED IN INDIA AS A PART OF DISASTER RELIEF

1.AUM HOUSE2.PAPER LOG HOUSE3.TIBETIAN RESETTLEMENT PROJECTAim is to study some of the types of temporary structures in india along with their construction technique and material application , response to geo-climatic considerations and others if taken in account during the construction process.

OBJECTIVETo study the different regional structures prepared in india which are even changing as per season and context To study the issues faced in temporary structures in indiaTo study the construction process and technique of the same structuresTo study the possibility of reuse, conservation , and recycle of temporary structures.To analyze the construction methods and concept of the temporary structure and their construction methodsTo examine the structure as per the materials and context of different regions in india

AIMPURPOSE India being a country with all different climates and seasons even with different class of people which even include labourers there are these structures which are required for only a brief period of time, or to enable a clearly defined function to have been performed, and then they are dismantled or relocated. Their existence and function is temporary.

Project: Aum HouseLocation: Narangrah, Orrissa, IndiaYear of construction:2000Reason of construction: Cyclone 05B orParadip cyclone and Flood disaster of 1999Built by: Auroville Earth instituteClimate: Tropical climateArea:23 sq.m.Sponsor By: HUDCO

Conceptual ApproachThe initial idea was to create a disaster resistant and cost effective house, which could be precast anywhere and transported by lorry to the place where the disaster occurred. The technical concept satisfied this requirement. The house was cost effective, even with the provision for disaster resistance, but the transportation cost wasMOREthan the house cost. Therefore, such a project was not economically viable.The house was prefabricated at Auroville and transported in a single lorry

Lorry for transportationInternal view of kitchen& CSEB tile for flooring

FoundationsStabilised rammed earth with 5% cementPlinthCSEB interlocking,5% cement + composite plinth beamFlooringCSEB tiles, 2.5 cm thick with screed CS 1:12WallsCSEB interlocking hollow 295(5%) with reinforcementsColumnComposite(Round hollow CSEB 290 with RCC)Beams and lintelsComposite(RCC in U interlocking CSEB)RoofInterlocking ferrocement channels 1:2DoorsFerrocement 1:12, 12 mmthickWindow grillRods of 10 dia TSWindow shuttersFerrocement 1:2, 12 mm thickSmokeless chimneyTerracotta and CEB, chimney with asbestos pipesMaterials:

14 hours Building the second course of the plinth16 hours Plinth beam completed

Plinth beamCSEBPlinth beam constructionConstruction Process

17 hours Filling the basement and starting the walls25 hours Sill ring beam completed soil fillingPlinth beamSill ring beamMasonary of wall with CSEB

30 hours Building the sills and visitors from the village35 hours- Lintel ring beam completedSill beam Wall masonaryLintel ring beam

43 hours Roof ring beam completed

46 hours Laying ferrocement channelsRoof ring beamFerrocement channels

48 hours Laying ferrocement channels completed and starting the finishesAum house completed in 62 hours by a 20-man teamInterlocking ferrocement channels in roof Door of ferrocement

The technology using Hollow Interlocking Compressed Stabilised Earth Blocks (HI CSEB) is based on the same principle: to reinforce horizontally and vertically the masonry with Reinforce Cement Concrete (RCC) membersCompressed stabilised earth blocks have another advantage: they are in most cases cheaper and they are always more eco-friendly than concrete blocks.Hollow Interlocking block 295 6 blocks done by 1 mouldThis block 295 can be used for single storey buildings only. The block is laid with a stabilised earth mortar of 5 mm. A concrete grout is cast later on into the holes. The module of the block (dimension including the mortar thickness) is 30 x 15 x 10 cm. Hollow Interlocking block 295 (295 x 145 x 95 mm) Running block

CSEB- Compressed Stabilised Earth Blocks

Trench Foundations and plinthAny appropriate material can be used for the foundations. Stabilised rammed earth will be a very appropriate solution if the natural ground is suitable. Stabilised rammed earth foundations normally have a square section: i.e. 50 x 50 cm for a ground floor structure. Note that isolated foundations, like footings of columns, are not adapted.On coastal areas, which are tsunami prone, buildings should have deeper foundations. Its minimum depth should be double the width: i.e. 50 cm wide x 100 cm deep

Ring beamsRoof ring beamsLintel ring beamsSill ring beamsPlinth ring beamsThey should be regularly placed to tie horizontally the building. It must have 5 ring beams: The maximum vertical spacing between them should be 120 cmBLOCK 295Long wallsMaximum every 150 cmOpenings1 bar on either side, in the first hole, (At 15cm)L Corner walls1 bar on either side, in the first hole from the inside corner (At 15 cm)T Cross walls1 bar on 3 sides, in the first hole from the inside corner(2 bars at 30 cm, on the length and 1 bar at 15cm on the T)X Cross walls1 bar on 4 sides, in the first hole from the inside corner (At 30 cm)Vertical ties

Large openingIn case of a large opening in a facade (i.e. veranda), it must have a shear wall at least on one side, or several smaller shear wallsThe total length of these small shear walls will not be less than the half of the front facade. This (these) shear wall(s) will be more reinforced:

Wall MasonaryPaper Log HouseINDIA-(BHUJ)2001INTRODUCTION:The Paper Log House is a structure designed and developed in 1995 by a Japanese architecture firm, Shigeru Ban Architects, His intent for the Paper Log Houses was to create a structure to house those people still being affected by the earthquake in Kobe, Japan. Paper Log Houses have since been built for earthquake survivors in India and Turkey.

The Paper Log House has several essential factors that address people who are the victims of the disaster. First of all, it is inexpensive is able to heavily rely upon the convenience of the commonly found material. Because of this abundant material, those victims or the city government can easily find the material to build the structures immediately therefore the people do not need to wait for the material to be delivered from another area. Secondly, as the structure is very simple in design and construction, therefore it can be built by anybody who does not have to have a specialized knowledge of architecture. Also, the process of building this house is very quick with no machines even needed.Paper Log HouseINDIA-(BHUJ)2001WORK: Emergency relief project for India Earthquake 2001AUTHOR: Shigeru BanLATITUDE (CLIMATE): Altitude: 257 m Latitude: 23 Length: 16N: 069 40ELOCATION: India, BhujCOMPANY/ORGANIZATION: Private

DESCRIPTION: After losing their homes because of Gujrat earthquake in 2001, it was decided to build Paper Log Houses, with which it was possible to get to know the local circumstances. They are dwellings of reduced height, one-story, crowned by a vaulted roof and raised over land (they do not rest directly on land). Ban transferred the emergency shelter building method to a series of big permanent public buildings which are aesthetically surprising

CONCEPT APPROCH THE ARCHITECT SHIGERU BAN HAD BEEN INVESTIGATING THE PROPERTIES OF THIS TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION WHEN THE EARTHQUAKE OCCURRED IN INDIA. BANS WORK IS A BRILLIANT EXAMPLE OF THE INNOVATIVE POSSIBILITIES THAT ARE ABLE TO SPRING FORTH DURING TIMES OF GREAT NEED BY IMPLEMENTING SIMPLE CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND USING LOCAL MATERIALS TO CREATE A STRUCTURE INTEGRAL TO THE REBUILDING OF THE DEVASTATED AREA. SHIGERU BAN CONSTRUCTION, INNOVATIVE WORK MADE WITH PAPER AND CARDBOARD, RECYCLABLE MATERIALS. THESE BUILDINGS ARE A REMINISCENCE OF JAPANS TRADITIONAL BAMBOO STRUCTURES. ONE OF THE STRATEGIES FOLLOWED WAS USING A LATTICE FOR THE SEMICIRCULAR GABLES IN ORDER TO OBTAIN VENTILATION INSIDE THE DWELLING.HIS PAPER LOG HOUSE CONSTRUCTIONS EXEMPLIFIED THE ART OF COMBINING SUCH A SOLID TEMPORARY BUILDING WITH THE ABILITY TO REUNITE THE COMMUNITY BY EMPLOYING BASIC CONSTRUCTION STRATEGIES THAT MOST EVERYONE WAS ABLE TO IMPLEMENT.CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

planSCALE: Dwellings of small scale: Indoor Space = 3,05x4,80 Semi Open Space = 3,27x1,80 with a rough height= 3m

MATERIALS: Debris of demolished buildings is used for the construction. The floor is made of mud mixed with manure, and the roof is made of bamboo. Two kinds of bamboo have been used: ribCONSTRUCTION PROCESSlog house unique is the foundation and the roof. Rubble from destroyed building was used for the foundation . It was coated with a traditional mud floor. For the roof, split bamboo was applied to the rib vaults and whole bamboo to the ridge beams. A locally woven cane mat was placed over the bamboo ribs, followed by a clear plastic tarpaulin to protect against rain, then another cane mat. Ventilation was provided through the gables, where small holes in the mats allowed air to circulate. This ventilation also allowed cooking to be done inside, with the added benefit of repelling mosquitoes. For the roof, split bamboo was applied to the rib vaults and whole bamboo to the ridge beams. A locally woven cane mat was placed over the bamboo ribs, followed by a clear plastic tarpaulin to protect against rain, then another cane mat. Ventilation was provided through the gables, where small holes in the mats allowed air to circulate. This ventilation also allowed cooking to be done inside, with the added benefit of repelling mosquitoes.

CONCLUSION

Architectural intelligence makes a difference by considering whole environments and not only single issues. Spatial organization in this situation implies the integration of temporary structures into existing social and economic contexts .There was much more coordination with the people in need than simply providing them with a short-term place to stay, but was able to provide them hope and bring order to the devastation. The people became involved in the construction process and created a place to feel safe and maintain independence by using the materials and innovations that already existed around themTibet resettlement Project -Dehradun India INTRODUCTIONMillions of Tibetans have fled their native homeland because of religious persecution. A resettlement community is designed to provide home to this refugees.PROJECTThis resettlement community is designed to provide dignified, culturally based housing for 800 to 1000 Tibetans currently homeless or living in desperate conditions as refugees in India.In addition to housing, the communitys Master Plan includes a Gompa (a Tibetan house of worship), a dispensary, a crafts and education building and plans for a future school.

30Located in the foothills of the Himalayas, just outside the city of Dehradun, India.

The site is along a mountain ridge bound by a reserve forest and an agribusiness parcel.

Flanked by natural settings on all sides, the village is a beacon on the hill for the entire Dehradun Valley.

The location is important as it carefully balances the Tibetan need for seclusion with the practical need for access to bus transportation in the community.SITE\LOCATION(Agencies Involvesd)

CONCEPTUAL APPROACHThe design, while permanent, echoes that of a tent city, symbolic of the hope that all Tibetans will one day return to their homeland.

Since this housing project is meant to distinguish the Tibetan plight, it reflects the vibrant colors and order of their culture.

And also the approach was to make this purposed project sustainable.CONSTRUCTION PROCESSTechnique/Technology:-Insitu local construction Technique, Refugees were trained to help build the dwellings. This provided the residents durable homes built with pride along with the dignity of having established economic sustainability through trade education..

Material:-

The rich hue of the walls was achieved by mixing natural dyes into the masonry parging. This ensures that the color will last without the need for painting or the introduction of VOCs.This project is integrally sustainable. The materials consist primarily of brick made on site with excavated clay, stucco plaster and insulated steel beam roofs.In Short Majorly local Material is used.

Tools:-Structural Consideration:-The major structural materials consist primarily of brick made on site with excavated clay, stucco plaster and insulated steel beam roofs.

Basic working tools such as carpenters level, tape measure, rubber mallet, rake, shovel, timber stakes, string line, broom, safety eye wear, 1 x ten foot length and 2 x lengths of one inch diameter piping.CLIMATIC CONSIDERATIONSThe village of houses, while simple, reflects subtle shifts in the planning grid to open vistas for sun, prevailing breezes and views. The sloped site allows for an appropriately dense concentration of dwellings and the terraced landscape responds to the sites microclimate and assists in water distribution.the roof volume sheds the monsoon rain and draws the hot summer air upwards to be naturally ventilated through a cupola. The masonry walls and natural ventilation keep the interior cool during the heat of the mid day sun, and reversely this stored heat radiates outward during the cool mountain evenings. Coal stoves provided for cooking also adequately warms the units on cooler days.

HOUSE UNITSThe individual units are designed to house 5 to 6 people. Each unit is oriented with its own private front door per faade. Inside there is a kitchen area, dining area and day room. The day room is used for sleeping at night and there is a sleeping loft above, within the pyramid shaped volume of the roof.Perimeter roof drains at the base of each unit collect and reuse water while preventing erosion during monsoons. All the homes are equipped with enclosed sanitary sewer drains for a healthy environment.Basic electricity is provided for simple lighting and outlets for personal use. The pinwheel floor plan evokes the sacred symbol of the Tibetan Mandala. The villages prayer flag is centrally mounted to allow the prayers and aspirations of the Tibetans to flow up and out across the world.

(Access to public transportation)The site is within walking distance to local bus service.

(Compact development)The project density is 12 units per acre.

(Passive heating and/or cooling)The roof volume draws the hot summer air upwards to be naturally ventilated through a cupola. The masonry walls and natural ventilation keep the interior cool during the heat of the mid day sun, and reversely this stored heat radiates outward during the cool mountain evenings.

(Day lighting)Each unit has light shelves and a cupola for daylight distribution.

(High performance windows) In Dehradun, India's climate, heat gain avoidance is more important than insulation. As such the windows are recycled steel frame with single pane low-e heat mirror glass.

(Storm water management)The terraced site avoids erosion during the monsoon season and distributes rainfall for increased infiltration into the soil.

SPECIAL FEATURES(Water Efficient Landscaping)All plantings are indigenous.

(Water saving appliance)The Indian style toilets are low flush.

(Local material)The brick is made from excavated clay on site.

(Low VOC material)The use of natural dyes to pigment the wall parging has no VOC's.

(Other Innovation)The residents were trained in construction trades during the building process and each resident cultivates crops to feed the village and excess is sold to generate income for the community.

ANALYSIS/CONCLUSIONIts important to be sensitive to the local climate, culture and indigenous feel of the area in which you are working. This offers the opportunity to capture the local efficiencies of a place, rather than using materials, methods and styles from another region and bending over backwards to make them work. A certain authenticity and beauty comes from designing locally that is inherently more sustainable than homogenous architecture that is distinctly placeless and oddly out of character.