disclaimer: the views expressed are those of paul gipe and ... · disclaimer: the views expressed...

Disclaimer: The views expressed are those of Paul Gipe and are not necessarily those of the sponsor.

Disclosure: Paul Gipe has worked with Aerovironment, ANZSES, An Environmental Trust, APROMA, ASES, AusWEA, AWEA, David Blittersdorf, Jan & David Blittersdorf Foundation, BWEA, BWE, CanWEA, Canadian Co-operative Assoc., CAW, CEERT, Deutsche Bank, DGW, DSF, EECA, ES&T, GEO, GPI Atlantic, IREQ, KWEA, MADE, Microsoft, ManSEA, MSU, NRCan, NRG Systems, NASA, NREL, NZWEA, ORWWG, OSEA, Pembina, PG&E, SeaWest, SEI, TREC, USDOE, WAWWG, WE Energies, the Folkecenter, the Izaak Walton League, the Minnesota Project, the Sierra Club, World Future Council, and ZondSystems, and written for magazines in the USA, Canada, France, Denmark, and Germany.

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org

St. Olaf College V82, Northfield, Minnesota

Distributed Wind Turbines


forCommercial & Agricultural Applications

byPaul Gipe

Thy, Denmark

Distributed Wind: What is It?


Buffalo Ridge, MN

Not a Wind Farm

• Not a Large Number of Units• Limited Geographically


Alberta, Canada

Montana, USA

Single Turbines

• Connected to Load• Small or Large

Wind Turbines

Schauinsland, Badem-Württemberg, GermanyPaul Gipe, wind-works.org

Small Groups or Clusters• Not Necessarily Connected to Load• Small or Large Wind Turbines

Distributed Wind

• Not Wind Farms• Single or Multiple Turbines

Limited in Number—Not Limited in Size

• Often Serving a Specific LoadSchools, Factories, Parks, Farms, BusinessesTypically at Distribution Voltage

• Until 1981 All Wind was DistributedDenmark = Distributed Wind


Distributed Wind—Not Well Known in California

• Diverse Topography• Varied Wind Resource• Lots of People• Few SMEs

Small to Medium-Size Enterprises


2004 Palmdale Water District


Scheid Vineyards, Greenfield, CA


© Scheid Vineyards

Taylor Farms Gonzales, CA


© Blue Sky Cinematography

Salinas Valley


What’s It Take?• Got Wind?

Well Exposed Site

• LoadOffsetting Purchased Power

• WillTakes an Iron Will to Do Wind

• Wind TurbineMany are Called but Few are Chosen


Solar Instead?• Cheaper?

Solar is the Price Leader

• More Reliable?Nearly Foolproof

• Easier?Simpler Permitting

• Get’s the Job DoneWith the Least Fuss


Solar--However• Isn’t as Exciting• Doesn’t Stand Out• Far More Commonplace


Hinesburg, Vermont

Yorkshire, England

Wind Turbines Rise Above Solar•• More Prominent StatementMore Prominent Statement•• Essential Part of SustainabilityEssential Part of Sustainability

Not a PanaceaNot a Panacea——Part of the SolutionPart of the Solution


Format

• What Works• What Doesn’t—a Very Long List• How to Use the Wind• The Silent Revolution• Distributed Wind Examples• NPS 100, Subsidies & Leases• Wrap Up


Overview of Wind Energy

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Wörstadt, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany

Wind Energy Has Come of Age


Noordoostpolder, The Netherlands


Montefalcone, Italy



Galicia, Spain


Whitelee, Glasgow, Scotland

Large Wind Turbines


Medium-Size Wind Turbines

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org 2012, Girvan Community Hospital, Scotland

Small Wind Turbines


Tehachapi, California

Why Wind?• Reduces Use of

Fossil & Nuclear Fuels

• Most Cost-Effective of New Renewables

• Relatively Benign


Why Now?• Wind Works

Greater Reliability

• Productivity ImprovedMore EfficientTaller Towers

• Costs DeclinedEconomies-of-Scale

84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97Year

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500Sales Price in US$/kW

0

200

400

600

800

1000 Yield in kWh/m2/yr

Sales PriceYield


40 m, 500 kW

80 m, 1.8 MW

Kincardine, Ontario

Northern Ireland


We Know What Works . . .and What Doesn’t

Eole, Cap Chat

© Vortec


Wind is Modular

• Quickly Installed• When Needed• As Needed• Where Needed• By Anyone

Tehachapi, CaliforniaPaul Gipe, wind-works.org

Wind is Flexible• Scale

Large or Small Projects

• LocationNear or Far

• TimeShort Lead Times

• OwnershipLocal or Absentee


Wind Can Scale Quickly

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Whitelee, Glasgow, Scotland

High Penetration is Possible

Multiple Sources; 2012Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Cowley Ridge, Alberta

Percent Wind TWh

California 4.5% 13.5

Germany 18% 107.0

Iowa 37% 20.1

Denmark 39% 12.8

Wind Energy’s Benefits• Clean & Green (Mostly)

No SOx, NOx, or CO2

• RenewableNet Positive Energy Balance (4-6 months)

• Domestic: Not Subject to Embargo• Does Not Consume Water• Modular = Flexible• . . . and Can Be Removed


Wind Energy’s Impacts• Aesthetics or Intrusiveness• Erosion & Scarring from Roads

Length, Width, Number and Slope• Shadow Flicker & Disco Effect• Climate?• Noise--They are Audible• Wildlife

Habitat DisruptionBird & Bat Kills: Collisions, Electrocutions


Birds & Bats• Before & After Studies

of Big Projects• Studies Necessary

for Small Projects?

Cros de Gerand, France


Birds & Bats• Serious Problem

Tarifa?Altamont Pass (900-1,300 Raptors/yr)

• A Concern Elsewhere• No Quick Fixes--No Panaceas

Stripes & Whistles Don’t Work

Altamont Pass, Calif.Paul Gipe, wind-works.org

• Eliminate Horizontal Perches & Roosts

No Lattice Towers with Horizontal Members

• Avoid Heavy Concentrations of Birds

• Mortality Rate Function of Swept Area,Not Rotor RPM!

Birds & Bats: Swept Area


Property Value & Preference

Paul Gipe, wind-works.orgUniversity of Connecticut, LBNL

Greenhouse Gas Emissions IPCC


Not a Surprise!

Hydropower

Ocean Energy

Wind

Nuclear

CSP

Geothermal

Solar PV

Natual Gas

Oil

Coal

g CO2/kWh

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Years to Energy Payback IPCC


Wind

Coal New

Nuclear

Hydro

Coal Old

Gas CC

Geothermal

Brown coal

Gas

PV

Years

0 2 4 6 8 10

Mortality Rate

• 85 Deaths in 40 years• Most in Construction• Highest Mortality Rate

USA & NL

• 3 with Small Turbines


Mortality Rate• One Child• One Pilot• One Suicide• One Prank Death• One Heart Attack• 5 in One Accident

(2012 China)


1979 WTSU, Canyon, TX

Occupational Mortalityin Power Generation


Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

Hydro

Wind

Deaths/TWh

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Deaths/TWhLow High

From Multiple Sources

Wind’s Mortality Rate• Including Latent Mortality• 2 Orders of Magnitude < Coal• 1 Order of Magnitude < Oil• 1/3 that of Gas• Comparable to Hydro


Three Mile Island, PA

Public Safety• No Passerby

Killed or Injured• Ice Throw

Max. 100 m1.5 X HeightPost Warnings

• Blade Throw• Suicides

Attractive Nuisance



Back In the Mists of Time

The Beginning130 Years of Wind Generation

Brush Dynamo

• Upwind• Self-Regulating• DC w/ Batteries


1888, Charles Brush, Cleveland, Ohio

© Western Reserve Historical Society

Poul La Cour• Active Yaw• Upwind• Self-Regulating• DC w/ Batteries• Later Hydrogen


1891, Askov, Denmark

© Poul la Cour Fonden

FL Smidth Aeromotor

• 3-Blades• Upwind• Active Yaw• AC• Interconnected

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org© Danmarks Vindkrafthistoriske Samling

1944, Skagen, Denmark

Wind Well Known by 1920sCertainly by 1950s

• 1919 First Interconnected (DK)• Early 1920s La Cour (DK)• 1925 Darrieus (F)• 1927 Betz (DE)• 1928 Betz (in English)• 1940 Hütter (DE), Putnam (USA)• 1955 Golding (GB)• 1957 Vadot (F)


Smith-Putnam 1.25 MW, 194153 m, Downwind, ~700 hrs

Growian100 m, 3 MW,

Downwind, 1981~400 hrs


Kaiser-Wilhelm Koog, Germany

Gedser—The Godfather• 1957-67, & 1978 (US DOE)• 3-Blades• Upwind, Active Yaw• Pitchable Blade Tips

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org © Risø

Tvind54 m, ~1 MW1978-Present!

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org2012, Denmark

© Tvindkraft

Those Crazy Danes


1980, Risø Test StationRoskilde, Denmark

The Grasshopper

Crazy Danes--Vestas


1980, Lem, Denmark

Yes, That Vestas


MeanwhileIn a Land Far Away

Riding the Wind—Into an Industry


~1975-1976, Wind-King, Southeastern Montana

Don’t try this at home!

In the Beginning--There Was Salvage


~1976, Southeastern Montana

Dave Ellis, Wind Cowboy

Jacobs

Salvage Machines

• Abundant• Cheap• Worked

Especially Jacobs


Mormon Point, Grand Teton NP

Been There—Done That: VAWTs

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

HAWT VAWT

VAWT Configurations


VAWTS Omnidirectional?Sure—But So Are HAWTs


VAWTsDrag Devices (Paddles)

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org ~1930s, Texas Tech Museum

Savonius or “S” Rotors


2013, Indianapolis, Indiana

Cantilevered Darrieus


~1981, Alcoa 10 kW, Somerset Pennsylvania

VAWTs Darrieus2 Blades


~1979 Installed, DAF-IndalAtlantic Wind Test Site, PEI

VAWTs Darrieus4 Blades


~Late 1980s, Adecon, Pincher Creek, Alberta

GiromillsArticulating Straight Blade VAWT


Giromill (McDonnell Aircraft)



Giromill (McDonnell Aircraft)

• High HypeAs Good as Betz

• Complex• Costly• DOE Boondoggle

Variable Geometry VAWT (Musgrove)


© PI Specialists

Cleaning Up After Cleanfield

• Early 2000s• Student Project!• Wind Tunnel Tests• Volts—No Amps

Paul Gipe, wind-works.orgMK Ince Associates

Cleaning Up After Cleanfield• 2007 Still No Testing• 2009 A “Success” by OCE

OCE: a Dumping Ground for Tory Politicians

• After a Decade Still No Results• 2013 Defaults on $1.3 Mil Loan


VAWTs Magnetfor Hustlers & Charlatans

• Pyramidal Power• Celebrity Endorsers

Jay Leno, Ed Begley

• Globe & MailNext Alexander Graham Bell

• More Energy than in the Wind


Magwind, Whitby Ontario

VAWT-HAWT Poor Comparison


Just a little background—summary stats.

Swept Area (m2)

Tested Power (kW)

Mass (kg)

UGE VAWT 16.6 1.5 756

Bergey 6 30 5.5 350

VAWT-HAWT Poor Comparison

• HAWT 2X Effec. • HAWT ¼ Specific

Mass• HAWT Self-

Regulating


UGE VAWT

Bergey 6

Performance at Rated Power

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25%

UGE VAWT

Bergey 6

Tower Head Specific Mass

0 10 20 30 40 50kg/m2

Tested to IEC 61400-12-1

FloWind’s Generation in California


!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!!

!

!

!! ! ! !

!

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Year

0

20

40

60

80

100

120Million kWh/yr

The World’s Most Successful VAWT

Those Who Don’t Build VAWTs• Adecon• Alcoa• Bergey Windpower• Bristol Aerospace• DAF-Indal• Herman Drees• Dornier

• FloWind• Heidelberger• Sir Robert McAlpine• McDonnell Aircraft• Vestas• . . . and Many More


VAWTs• Less Power• Not Self-Regulating• More Mass• More Expensive• Why Bother?

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Late 1980s, Windmill-Wildflower Hike

Monsieur Darrieus & His Invention

• Rotor• H-Rotor• Giromill• In Wind• In Water


Monsieur Darrieus & His Invention• Patent Filed 1926, Granted 1931• 1927: 8 m dia HAWT• 1929: 20 m dia HAWT• 1930: 10 m dia HAWT• 1944: H-Rotor Wind Tunnel Model• Darrieus Never Built a Darrieus!



VAWTs Are the Energy Source of the Future

andThey Always Will be

--Mark Mayhew

Been There—Done That: DAWTs

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org 2015, Ogin, Antelope Valley, California

DAWTs—Old as the Hillsat Least the California Hills

Just as Questionable Then as Now


1927, Dew Oliver’s Blunderbuss, San Gorgonio Pass

Diffuser Augmented Wind TurbinesDAWTs or Ducted Turbines


1997-2001, Vortec, New Zealand2005, Enflo, Germany

DAWTs: Wind Energy’s Curse


Elena: Top Dog of Hype

Mon Dieu! Elena Doubling Down

• Double Diffusers--Double Rotors• Contra-Rotating• ~2-4 Times Betz Limit• ~10 Times Rational


Maison de l’Air Poisson d’Avril?


2010, Elena 30, Paris

Diffuser Augmented Small Wind TurbinesElena 30: 2-4 X Betz Limit

Elena 30

Elena 30X2

Betz Limit

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3Performance at Rated Power


Politicians Love DAWTs & VAWTs

• Anything to Avoid Serious Decisions• Denis Baupin, Maire-adjoint (Verts)

“. . . nous ne souhaitons pas deteriorer son paysage” (We don’t wish to spoil the Paris cityscape)

• . . . with Real Wind Turbines!


Honeywell Honeywell WindtronicsWindtronics??


Honeywell Honeywell WindtronicsWindtronics??


• It’s a Bicycle Wheel!

Windtronics: An Example• Creating Strawmen--to Knock Down

• Most Small Wind Turbines Use Direct Drive--Not Gearboxes!


Windtronics: An Example• Creating Strawmen--to Knock Down

• There is No Energy in the Wind @ 2 mph• Who Cares if it Turns @ 2 mph?• If You Want a Kinetic Sculpture

“Buy a Whirligig”--They’re Much CheaperMick Sagrillo


Windtronics: An Example• Makes Claim to Big Endorsement

• But, Read the Fine Print

• Honeywell Licenses Name Only


Windtronics: An Example• No Testing, No Certification

• Misleading the UnsophisticatedUL/CSA Certifies Only the Electrical ComponentsNot the Wind Turbine as a Wind turbine


Honeywell Windtronics 2008-2013

• Hoodwinked State of Michigan• Hoodwinked Province of Ontario

$2.7 million

• Hoodwinked Ace Hardware• Need One?


SheerWind-Invelox DAWT• Nature Conservancy

“Won’t Kill Birds. . .

• Michigan National Guard3 of Them!

• Denmark “Chimney”• “Constant Wind”

Paul Gipe, wind-works.orgWikimedia Commons

Are DAWTs Dead?


2016, Ogin, Palm Springs

FloDesign-Ogin & the Big Boys• Kleiner Perkins VCs

Al Gore, Arpa (DOE), MIT . . .

• Alberta & NZ Pension Funds• $300 million?

10 Times that of Vortec

• The Walking Dead• Finally Kaput


The Problem with DAWTs• Shrouds Are Expensive• No High Wind Protection

Tower & Foundation

• Always Underperforms Projections• No Real Advantage• Yeah, Ok, It’s Different . . .


Zombie WindDAWTs from the Grave

• Honeywell Windtronics—Tam Energy• FloDesign-Ogin—Is it Really Dead?


disclaimer: the views expressed are those of paul gipe and ... · disclaimer: the views expressed...

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