Discuss and Take Notes:

Each of the following seven images tells us something about New France. Try to tell the story of New France by looking at these pictures.

Samuel de Champlain

Coureurs de Bois OR Voyageurs

Jesuits

Louis XIV – Absolutism

Les Filles du Roi

Grey Nuns

Seigneurial System

Find the key terms about New France in the textbook. Discover one new fact about each.

Samuel de Champlain

Coureurs de Bois/Voyageurs

Jesuits

Louis XIV

Les Filles de Roi

Grey Nuns

Seignuerial System

A form of government in which sovereignty is

actually or nominally embodied in one individual reigning until death (or abdication). Rule is usually hereditary. Often considered divinely ordained.

An absolute monarchy does not limit the power of the monarch, whereas a constitutional monarchy has laws that restrain the monarch‟s power.

Historically, loyalty to the monarch is established through wealth and gifts, military power, etc.

Monarchism

Refers to the Christianity that is in communion with

the pope and the Church in Rome, led by a hierarchy of bishops and priests, with an emphasis on the sacraments.

Catholic priests/orders were granted land and financial support by the monarch in New France. Maintained their leadership role after British conquest, and so supported British rule.

Seen as a conservative force in Quebec until the present.

Catholicism

A system in which most people farmed land owned by lords or nobles. Peasants pay rent in exchange for the right to farm communal land or their own plot of land.

This system can help maintain loyalty/order even in a decentralized government (i.e. Medieval Europe‟s feudal system, or even Seigneurial System), but can also support capitalism (i.e. 18th century Britain‟s landed aristocracy).

Peasant Farming

New France

Established in 1604, with the first permanent settlement in 1608

Centred around the St. Lawrence River; included Quebec and Montreal

An agrarian colony of France, driven by the fur trade and dominated by the Catholic church

Conquered by the British in 1759 as part of the Seven Years’ War; handed over in the Treaty of Paris in 1763

Acadia

Established in 1605 in current day Nova Scotia

A colony of France, but not technically part of Nouvelle France; also Catholic and agrarian, with fishing as the major industry

Was often at war with the nearby British colonies throughout the 17th century

Handed over to Britain in the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, which ended a war being fought in Europe

Early 1700s

How did conquest go for Acadia?

Acadia was still primarily occupied by French-speaking Catholics and M’ikmaq

After 1713, all Acadian residents had to swear an oath of allegiance to Britain, but with the condition that they didn’t have to fight against the French.

In 1754, the governor of Nova Scotia demanded they take a new oath without the condition – they refused.

Acadian expulsion:

After refusing the oath, Acadians were ordered out of their land. Homes and crops were destroyed.

The French-speaking Acadians were dispersed among the British Thirteen Colonies.

Some found other French communities, like Louisiana, and became known as Cajuns.

Many eventually returned to the Maritimes, especially New Brunswick, and were typically poorer than the British well into the 20th century.

How did conquest go for

New France?

After 1759, Nouvelle France no longer existed on paper, but the people living in the British colony of Quebec were still French-speaking Catholics.

British businesses settled in Montreal, and assumed economic control over the colony.

1763: The Royal Proclamation

Established the Province of Quebec.

Established British laws instead of the French laws to encourage new British immigration.

Required all government officials to swear an oath to the Anglican Church.

Restricted Quebec’s boundaries to the St. Lawrence Valley.

The result: few British immigrants arrived; the French-speaking Canadiens resented the British, and the laws were never fully implemented.

After 1763

1774: The Quebec Act

Enlarged Quebec’s territory.

Guaranteed French language rights and allowed some Roman Catholics to take roles in government.

Reinstated French property (seigneurial system) and civil laws (role of the Church), but kept British criminal laws.

The result:

British gain support of the seigneurs and the clergy.

Two years later, when rebels from the Thirteen Colonies invaded Quebec, most Canadiens decided to stay on the side of the British.

After 1774

For discussion:

Jean Charest (Premier of Quebec from 2003-2012) commented on the significance of the Quebec Act:

Canadians made a decision early in their history, a choice that over time has come to define the very essence of who we are. Our ancestors decided right from the start to build a country based on the right to speak a different language, to pray in a different way, to apply a different legal system based on the French Civil Code, to belong to a different culture and to enable that culture to flourish. The Quebec Act of 1774, passed into law more than 200 years ago and almost a hundred years before Confederation, is in this respect the most fundamental document in Canadian history. It is the foundation upon which the Canadian partnership was originally built.

1. Do you agree with Charest’s view of the historical significance of the Quebec Act?

2. What other decisions might the British have made in regards to their treatment of Quebec? How would that have changed Canada’s history?

Can refer either to a society that is bicultural, or an

ideal of biculturalism.

Any legislation or program that acknowledges the two principal language groups in Canada can be said to promote biculturalism.

While the term only arose in the 1960s, the concept of a bicultural Canada has been present since at least the Quebec Act of 1774, which recognized the distinct French culture, language, and laws within British Canada. Confederation was also formally bicultural, as is the revised Constitution of 1982.

Biculturalism

After 1783

Loyalists

Listen and answer the following questions:

1. Why were they called Loyalists?

2. Why did they come to Canada?

3. When did they arrive?

Watch the video clips and answer the following questions:

4. Where did they settle?

5. Who was all part of this migration?

6. Why is this migration significant?

Trends –

Consequences –

Significance for Quebec

6. Why is the Loyalist migration significant?

Brought large numbers of British people to Canada for the first time, a trend that continues throughout the 1800s.

Many former slaves came to settle in Canada after fighting for the British, but many were not granted land. This demonstrates Eurocentrism in Canada’s history.

Large amounts of farm land claimed from First Nations.

The Iroquois Six Nations resettled in British/Canadian territory.

Led to the creation of the colonies of New Brunswick and Upper Canada (now Ontario) in 1791.

British people and Americans brought ideals of responsible government, liberalism, and republicanism. They also brought Protestanism to Canada.

After 1791

1792

York 1804

Originated in Europe in the 16th century; rejected the

authority of the church of Rome.

United by the idea that the Bible is the „direct‟ Word of God and all should be able to read it, that salvation comes from grace and not the sacraments, and that all can be priests in the church. Some see a direct link between Protestantism and the rise of literacy and democracy.

Canadian Protestants have never been unified, though early on they would have been part of the Church of England.

Protestantism

Refers to a government that is responsible to the

people rather than to a monarch. Functionally, this means the executive branch (like Cabinet) answers to an elected parliament rather than appointed leaders.

The idea comes from the British parliamentary system; the English parliament gradually grew in power since the 13th century, limiting the role of the Monarch.

Responsible Government

A republic is a state not ruled by a monarch or

dictator, but instead by a sovereign public.

Republicanism is a school of mostly British and American thought that emphasizes political participation and the benefits of a mixed constitutions in preventing corruption and establishing the rule of law.

Often accompanied by liberalism, which advocates civil liberties and political freedom.

Came to define American politics and influence Canada.

Republicanism

Advocating empire; deliberately extending a

country‟s power through colonization, military force, or other means.

Requires a strong central power (state or monarch) that justifies its reach upon more than just financial grounds; usually requires a strong national identity.

The Age of Imperialism refers to European imperialism from around 1700 to the mid 1900s.

Imperialism

The idea that an individual‟s primary loyalty is to

the nation-state (a recognized political entity like the U.S.) OR the nation (an ethnic or cultural community like the Iroquois or French-Canadian). This typically replaces loyalty to a monarch/Lord or to a religion.

Can also refer to excessive devotion to one‟s nation-state, and an emphasis on national goals vs. international ones.

Nationalism

1. Red River Resistance (1869) & The Manitoba Act (1870)

2. The Dominion Lands Act (1872)

3. The Northwest Resistance (1885) & The Execution of Louis Riel (1885)

4. Manitoba Schools Question (1890-1896)

5. Sifton’s Immigration Campaign (1896- )

What is it? How did it impact Canada? What does it teach us about the relationship

between French, English, and other settlers in Canada?

The Execution of Thomas Scott

Can refer either to a society that is multicultural, or an

ideal of multiculturalism.

Any legislation or program that acknowledges the cultural diversity of Canada can be said to promote multiculturalism.

Canada has been multicultural through most of its history, based on its own First Nations groups and immigration from around the world. But multiculturalism was not widely considered a positive thing until the immigration policy changes of the 1960s and the formal multicultural policy of 1971.

The national interest in multiculturalism grew directly out of the conversation about biculturalism.

Multiculturalism

Notebook 6: /10

The Act of Union took place 50 years after the Constitution Act and 25 years before Confederation. It’s just one event in a big chain, but it’s connected the others in our list. Explain why the Act of Union is significant, referring to a range of other events.

“The Act of Union of 1841 is significant because: It led to significant changes, such as….

It demonstrate an idea or trend, which is…

the inhabitants of Upper and Lower Canada would have experienced it as…”

Notebook 7: /10

Summarize Canada’s first 30+ years (1867-1910) based on the events we studied. Your summary must:

Mention of all 5 events.

Find trends or connections between events.

Use at least 3 of our key terms, including multiculturalism

and biculturalism, and another of your choosing.

Clifford Sifton was Minister of the Interior from 1896-1905 and his immigration campaign contributed to a population boom and a new level of cultural diversity in Canada.

Sifton’s Immigrants

Sifton’s Population Growth

More than a million immigrants came to Canada between 1896 and 1905. 60% settled in rural areas.

Watch the story of Petros Svarich and other immigrants to the prairies. Take notes on his

experience in Canada.

Chinese Immigration

Chinese Immigration

The first Chinese immigrants arrived in a British ship on the West coast of Canada in 1788.

In 1872, British Columbia passed a law to prohibit Chinese Canadians from voting. They did not gain the right to vote until 1947.

This also meant they were banned from many professional societies, and prevented from becoming lawyers, doctors, etc. in BC and several other provinces.

Workers of Chinese origin built nearly all of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Hundreds died in the process.

After the railway was completed, the Canadian gov’t imposed a head tax on every Chinese person coming to Canada. This head tax was in place until 1922, and it was raised 3 times, until it was $500.

From 1922-1947, Chinese immigration was stopped altogether, meaning families were separated for decades.

The Chinese people already in Canada were not given land – they lived mostly in poor Chinatowns in Canada’s major cities.

Chinese Canadians in BC were forcibly segregated – given different shopping hours in the same stores, restricted from sitting in the front rows of theatres, etc.

In 1912, an act was passed that prohibited Chinese business owners from employing white women.

In 1947 these discriminatory laws were ended.

Watch the stories of Chinese immigrants to Canada. Take notes on their experiences in

Canada.

http://www.sfu.ca/fromctoc/timeline/

1872 and 1896 – Karin Lee

1881 – Gordon Lee

1931-1945 – Stories of Women

Canadian Immigration Act of 1910 Sifton’s successor, Frank Oliver, tightened regulations based on nationality. In 1910 Canada created a comprehensive immigration act with the following categories:

No special category for refugees.

Preferred: American, British, Western European.

Accepted: Eastern European, Southern European.

Many in this category were only allowed as agricultural or domestic workers, or as sponsored immigrants.

Non-preferred and Not acceptable: Visible minorities.

Chinese Head Tax.

Blacks excluded through health regulations; some immigration officers received bonuses for denying entry.

“Continuous journey” regulation meant Indians were unable to legally immigrate to Canada.

According to the Immigration Act of 1910, the following may be excluded from immigrating to Canada:

"Those physically, mentally or morally unfit whose exclusion was provided for by Act of Parliament last session".

"Those belonging to nationalities unlikely to assimilate and who consequently prevent the building up of a united nation of people of similar customs and ideals".

"Those who from their mode of life and occupations are likely to crowd into urban centers and bring about a state of congestion which might result in unemployment and a lowering of the standard of our national life".

Komogata Maru

Watch Democracy Now’s program on the Komogata Maru and take notes in response to the following questions:

What happened and when?

Why did it happen?

For discussion:

Are formal government apologies helpful?

Notebook 8:

Explain early 20th century immigration policies and their reasoning in your own words to someone who knows nothing about them. /10

Paraphrase the notes, but also use information from the range of quotes provided. Try using at least one of the unit’s key terms and your prior knowledge of Confederation and British Canada.

Post WWII Immigration Changes

Canada lowered immigration barriers and discriminatory policies many times: 1947, 1952, 1960, 1967 and 1976.

Reasons:

booming economy – needed both skilled and unskilled workers in growing industries

growing awareness – finally knew what had happened during the Holocaust, saw the results of exclusion (this was also the new era of Human Rights); were more curious about the world in this era of travel and television

anti-Communism – Canada was eager to accept refugees from any Communist land; it verified the evils of communism

Ethnic origins and ability to assimilate were still used as immigration criteria until 1967.

The Point System (1967): prospective immigrants are more desirable if they are…

between 21 and 49

highly educated

fluent in English and French

have work experience or have a job offer in Canada.

Priority is also given to those who have family sponsors already in Canada.

Canada’s Refugee History

• Brief Refugee History

• Video 1

• Video 2

• Indo-Chinese Refugee Crisis

• Video 1

• Video 2

Recognized membership in a nation or state, with all

the pertaining rights (i.e. democratic participation) and duties (i.e. paying taxes).

Canadian citizenship: First had citizenship in the Commonwealth, and

Canadians were called “British subjects” based on where they were born and who their parents were.

Canadian Parliament did have control of “Naturalization and Aliens” since 1867 and created Canadian Citizenship in an act of 1947.

Loss of the vote for the Chinese and the internment of enemy aliens shows that citizenship was malleable.

Citizenship

Radical authoritarian nationalism usually associated with

right-wing politics, though some fascist leaders have arisen out of the left.

Emphasizes: State strength and stability, achieved through violence.

The superiority of the nation or race, and accompanying racism against other groups.

A cultish obedience to a leader who is thought to exemplify the nation-state.

Opposition to liberal democratic ideals and to communism, which are seen as weak.

The term arises out of Italy in the early 20th century, and since it requires a nation-state system rather than a monarchy, fascism is a 20th century form of politics.

Fascism

Complete the chart in your notes and on the board, comparing the conscription crises of WWI (p 302) and

WWII (p 387).

Complete the chart in your notes and on the board, comparing the internment of Ukrainians and Germans in WWI (p 300) to the internment of the Japanese in

WWII (p 388).

Discuss and take notes:

1. How did the Conscription Crisis of WWII (p. 387) differ from the Conscription Crisis of WWI (p. 302)? Why did those differences exist?

2. How did Japanese internment in WWII (p. 388) differ from German and Ukrainian internment in WWI (p. 300)? Why do you think these two groups were treated differently?

As a class, study the primary sources on Italian internment in WWII.

Antoinette Ciccarelli Interview

Task:

Write a textbook entry on Italian internment to accompany p. 388 in our textbook. Include a summary of what took place, with key dates and terms, but also include anecdotes and details that appeal to the emotional side of your readers.

Consider your own loyalties. Which ideals or institutions do you value most highly? Where do you overlap or really differ from early settler populations? Respond to AT LEAST the following:

Protestant/Catholic/other religious tradition; Responsible

Government/Democracy, Nationalism (Canadian or other);

Biculturalism or Multiculturalism