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Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx Filip Moerman. Infectiologist December 8th, 2015

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Page 1: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Diseases possibly encountered  through Migrational Influx

Filip Moerman.Infectiologist

December 8th, 2015

Page 2: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,
Page 3: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Overview of this presentation

• Multi‐drug‐Resistant Tuberculosis• “MERS”• High level Antibiotic Resistance: “CPE”• Non‐falciparum malaria• Chagas’

disease

• Infection with Strongyloides stercoralis

Page 4: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Definitions

Page 5: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

What is resistant tuberculosis? 

Page 6: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Treatment (no standard yet!!!)

Page 7: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

In summary

Page 8: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Where do they come from?

Page 9: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,
Page 10: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Belta‐TBnet

High cure rate in Belgium•67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010)•independent of •citizenship,•treatment history •and/or drug resistance pattern.•Multi‐disciplinaryapproach•Easy access is provided to second‐line drugs•Full MDR‐TB treatment is available at no cost to the patient•A network of field workers ensures home‐based management•Coordination of the information flow•OneregistrationsystemWHO Regional Office for Europehttp://www.belta.be/index.php?lang=french

Page 11: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,
Page 12: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Possible schemes. Duration: from 6,  via 9‐12 to 20 months!

Page 13: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

The Narcistic Doctor

Page 14: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

New treatments

Page 15: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Sirturo®. Long half‐life!! Won a price recently: “best new drug”

Page 16: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Delamanid (Deltyba©)

Page 17: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Back in the picture: SURGERY

Advantages• Rapid bacterial conversion• Removal of mycobact load• Increased chance of cure: 

up to 90% if followed by  adequate therapy in MDR‐

TB; more than 50% cure  rate with XDR‐TB.

Pomerantz, et al.J Thor cardiovasc surg  2007.

Risks • Increased if BMI < 18.5• Morbidity and mortality 

exist: fistulas, resp failure,  empyema, wound infection

• Long term functional deficit• Transfer in HC settings• Cost

Page 18: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Facts and figures

• There is no treatment for MERS• First case in 2012• September 2015: 1591 cases, 571 died• South‐Korean outbreak 4 May 2015: country with 

the largest number: 186 cases in July 2015 of  which 36 died (CFR 19%) (Lim, et al. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2015)

• Interhuman transmissibility exists, but no  pandemic potential yet (Breban et al. Lancet 2013)

Page 19: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,
Page 20: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Transmission paths

Page 21: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Emeergency dpt: be prepared!

Page 22: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Case definitions (!) (Belgian gvt)

Page 23: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Malaria

Disease caused by  :

• Plasmodium

falciparum• Plasmodium vivax• Plasmodium ovale• Plasmodium malariae

• Rarely infection with zoonotic parasites

Page 24: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Malaria

cycle

Page 25: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Liver schizont

Hypnozoit

Within 30’

:  Penetration of liver 

cells. 

Asexual   multiplication 

in liver cell

1. Nuclear division 

2. Cytoplasm division

Page 26: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Life cycle

• P. vivax

and P. ovale

: some liver parasites become dormant 

• Hypnozoites : responsible for late relapse

Page 27: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,
Page 28: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Malaria : geographical distribution

• P. falciparum

: mainly tropical – most frequent species in sub Saharan Afrika (95%)– South East Asia  – Latin America (Central Am 1%, South Am ± 40%)– Oceania

• P. vivax

: biggest area (to polar circle)

• P. ovale

: mainly West‐Africa (only in Duffy blood group neg)

• P. malariae

: widely spread but rare infections

• Zoonotic malaria is rare

Page 29: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Malaria : Physiopathology

• Hemolysis– Fever– Flue‐like myalgia (GBP)– Pale – Anemia – Dark urine– Splenomegaly– Reticulocytosis– Thrombocytopenia

Page 30: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Treatment of P. vivax/ovale

Chloroquine, except Indonesia and Papoea New  Guinea: Atovaquone + Proguanil HCl, followed 

by Primaquine (twice 15 mg q14/7), to eradicate  the Hypnozoites.

Page 31: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Vienna dec 2013: Prof David Livermore• Dramatic call to stop prescribing antibiotics 

empirically

(exc the septic pt)• Are we heading back to the pre‐war era?• Big threat from India (1/3 of the world’s pop)• General rule: decolonisation/eradication only 

works in 50% and its usefulness hasn’t been  proven.

• Example: Gonorrhea (1930 Sulpha, 50‐60  Peni, 70 Peni+, FQ 90, now C3 (ev + Azithro), 

later Solithromycine?

Page 32: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Resistance 

• Definition• Detection: phenotypic (MIC), disc diff (+ breakpoints)• Currently via genetic testing (eg PCR)• Mechanisms: mutations of genetic bact material. 

Vertical transmission may occur• Or: via plasmids (vert + horiz transm): quicker 

dissemination. • Causes of resistance: multiple & complex

Page 33: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,
Page 34: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,
Page 35: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,
Page 36: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,
Page 37: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

37

Page 38: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Bloodstream infections due to Oxa‐48‐ like Carbapenemase Prod Enterob,

• Very important paper (Balkan et al. Int J of  Infect Dis 2014). CPE is the big threat!!

• The optimal treatment remains undefined• But for sure: Colistin‐based dual combinations• Importance of rectal screening  (early 

recognition and prompt treatment)• Isolation if screening positive!! (All pts coming 

from…..???)• High [excess] mortality rates (!)

Page 39: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Carbapenemases (non exhaustive)

Page 40: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

What about the future?

• Not looking well; Livermore speaks of an  impending catastrophe!

• AB‐pressure MUST decrease, Quit Empiric!!• Screen as pre‐test‐probability (origin, geography, 

underlying illnesses ;..) on multi‐R is high• Concerted action required.• Awareness of the population: no AB ≠

slower 

healing (viral, bacterial); lower immunity then  lower threshold for AB (as for sepsis) 

• “10‐by‐20‐initiative”, but will it be true = ?

Page 41: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Instituut Tropische Geneeskunde 41

Chagas’ disease

– Only in South‐America

– Transmission via faeces of  ‘blattes’

(Kakkerlak, Beetle)

– Congenital transmission

– Transmission via blood  transfusion

Page 42: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Instituut Tropische Geneeskunde 42

Chagas’ diseaseTrypanosoma  cruzi

Oswaldo Cruz        &        Carlos Chagas

Page 43: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Instituut Tropische Geneeskunde 43

Vectors

• big (2‐3 cm)

• lives 2‐5 j

• night biters (±10‐25’)

• painless

• Defaecation during bite

• liquid faeces

Page 44: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Instituut Tropische Geneeskunde 44

Symptoms: chronic

• Oesophagus

:– Dysphagia because of mega‐oesophagus 

• Heart lesions

: – apical aneurysm, arythmia, conduction disorders– Heart failure– No coronaropathy– Embolic disease   : CVA, leg, bowel infarctus, kidney infarctus,

• Colon :

– Constipation because of mega‐colon 

Page 45: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Instituut Tropische Geneeskunde 45

Charles Darwin

megacolon

Page 46: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Nematodes:

Strongyloides stercoralis• In humans : parthenogenesis• In nature : sexual replication• Auto‐infection: transcut. or transmucosal

• Larva currens : pathognomonic• Chronic “Loeffler”• Protein‐loosing enteropathy (S. fuelleborni)• HTLV‐1 en Steroiden : hyperinfection : skin, brainIntestines, lungs, ….

• Diagnosis

: copro, Baerman, sputum, serology(positive ONLY after 1 year!), eosinophilia not always• R/ iveremctine, albendazole (niet mebendazole)

Ei van Strongyloides stercoralis

Extremely dangerous in immunosuppression:  AIDS, Chemo, Krohn/Colitis, Steroids, …

Page 47: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Areas with high incidence rates of Strongyloides stercoralis

infection

Page 48: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

MicroscopyRhabditoid first‐stage (L1) larvaeThe first‐stage rhabditoid larvae (L1) of Strongyloides stercoralis

are 180‐380 µm long, with a short buccal canal, a 

rhabditoid esophagus and a prominent genital primordium.

These L1 larvae are usually found in stool, as the eggs 

embryonate and hatch in the mucosa of the small intestine of the

host.

They may also be found in soil and cultured feces

Page 49: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,

Infective, third‐stage filariform larvae (L3) of Strongyloides stercoralis

are  up to 600 µm long. The tail is notched and the esophagus to intestine 

ratio is 1:1. Infective L3 larvae are found in soil and invade the human  host by direct penetration of the skin. They may be found in respiratory 

specimens during cases of autoinfection.

Page 50: Diseases possibly encountered through Migrational Influx · Belta‐TBnet. High cure rate in Belgium •67.2% (2001‐2004) to 84.4% (2005‐2010) •independent of •citizenship,