distribution, above-ground biomass and carbon...

THE MALAYSIAN FORESTER 2017, 80 (1): 73-84

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DISTRIBUTION, ABOVE-GROUND BIOMASS AND CARBON STOCK OF THE VEGETATION IN

TAMAN BERINGIN URBAN FOREST, MEDAN CITY, NORTH SUMATRA, INDONESIA

RAHMAWATY 1*, NOVITA ARIANI SITORUS1

AND ABDUL RAUF2

1Forestry Study Program, Faculty of Forestry, University of Sumatera Utara, Jl. Tri Dharma

Ujung No. 1 Kampus USU, Medan 20155, Indonesia 2Agroecotechnology Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara, Jl.

A. Sofyan No. 3 Kampus USU, Medan 20155, Indonesia

*Corresponding author:

Email: [email protected]

Abstract: One type of green open space located in Medan City is the Taman

Beringin Urban Forest. This study aimed to map the distribution of vegetation

and to calculate carbon stocks of vegetation and above-ground biomass (AGB)

at the Taman Beringin Urban Forest. A tree inventory was conducted using a

census method to determine the types and number of tree species and to measure

the diameter and height of the trees. A non-destructive sampling method was

conducted to estimate the biomass, using an allometric formula. The

calculation of biomass and carbon stocks or carbon was conducted for above

ground level—that is, only for living vegetation. The types of flora in the urban

forest include trees (34 species), ornamental plants (five species) and bamboo

(two species). Overall, 676 trees were found. The total biomass was 218.82

ton/ha and the carbon stock was 100.68 ton/ha.

Key words: AGB, allometric model, carbon stock, Urban Forest

INTRODUCTION

The Indonesian Government’s (2002) Regulation No. 63 on urban forests explains

that the urban forest is an expanse of land where compact and dense trees grow in

urban areas on both state and public land that has been designated as urban forest by

the government for the purposes of sustainability, harmony and balancing the urban

ecosystem; the urban forest yields environmental, social and cultural benefits. Further,

the Regulation of the Ministry of Forestry (2009) No. 71 stipulating guidelines for the

implementation of urban forest mentions that urban forest should cover at least 0.25

ha of each compact area. The urban forest is a very important element for maintaining

balance in the city (Zmelik et al. 2011). The urban forest is the main element in the

form of natural vegetation that absorbs pollutants in the form of gas and dust particles

through the leaves (Rawat & Banerjee 1996; Dahlan 2011).

mailto:[email protected]

THE MALAYSIAN FORESTER

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Green open space is an absorber of carbon (carbon sink) and are effective in

reducing carbon emissions in the atmosphere (Shannigrahi et al. 2003; Basri 2009).

According to Dahlan (2011), one of the efforts to reduce emissions and air pollution

in urban areas is the presence of green open space. Based on data provided by the

Environment Agency of North Sumatra Province (2015), the amount of green open

space in Medan City is not currently sufficient. Green open space in Medan City

encompasses 2,120.8 ha or 8% of the total area of Medan City (26.510 ha).

The provision of green open space is regulated by the Law on Spatial

Planning No. 26 (2007). Further, the provision of the supply and use of green open

space is contained in the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works No. 5 (2008), a

guideline for the provision and use of green open space in urban area, and the Regional

Regulation of Medan City (Perda Kota Medan) No. 13 (2011). Under the regulation,

the proportion of green open space in the urban area should be at least 30% and

composed of 20% of public green open space and 10% of private green open space.

This policy on the minimum proportions of green open space is intended to support

the balancing of urban ecological systems and to ensure the requisite availability of

clean air for the community; it can also provide aesthetic value to the spatial structure

of the city.

Taman Beringin Urban Forest is a green open space located in the centre of

Medan City (Jalan Sudirman). As it is clean, airy, easily accessible and does not

require an entrance fee, the park is frequented by the public. The existence of urban

forests is very important for creating a comfortable urban terrain, especially in terms

of the absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) and the provision of oxygen (O2): the green

belt of Medan City serves as a CO2 sink. Given the lack of information regarding the

distribution, the above-ground biomass (AGB) and the carbon stock of the vegetation

at Taman Beringin Urban Forest in Medan City, North Sumatra, Indonesia, a study is

essential for providing information about the current state of the forest and planning

future development. This study aimed to map the distribution of vegetation in Taman

Beringin Urban Forest and to calculate its carbon stocks and its AGB. It is anticipated

that this research will provide information that can be used to determine management

plans for the environmental development of Medan City.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was conducted in Taman Beringin Urban Forest, Medan City, which is

located in the Medan Maimun Subdistrict and comprises an area of 1.304 ha. Data

analysis was performed in the Laboratory of Integrated Forest Management in the

Faculty of Forestry at the University of Sumatra Utara. Census methods were used to

determine the type and number of species, as well as to measure the diameters and

heights of the vegetation in Taman Beringin Urban Forest. Thirty plots with areas of

20 m square were created and all trees in these plots were recorded. A global

positioning system (GPS) was used to record the coordinates of the trees and a

geographic information system (GIS) was used to map the distribution of trees. A non-

destructive sampling method that did not cause harm to vegetation during the

estimation of biomass was employed; it entailed the use of an allometric formula that

was either general or specific to a certain type of vegetation. The calculation of

biomass and carbon stocks or carbon was conducted solely above ground on the

AGB—that is, only on living vegetation.


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The primary data taken from Taman Beringin Urban Forest included the

types, numbers, diameters and heights of the vegetation. Secondary data used as

supportive data in this study comprised an administrative map of Medan and several

existing allometric models (Table 1). The diameters of trees were measured to

ascertain the growth-rate of vegetation (Manuri et al. 2016; Manuri et al. 2014;

Krisnawati et al. 2012). Measurements were obtained at a fixed diameter breast height

(DBH) or at 1.3 m from the ground’s surface (Hairiah et al. 2011; Krisnawati et al.

2012; Manuri et al. 2014). The parameters used for estimating the biomass of bamboo,

palms and bananas were height and diameter—or DBH—according to the allometric

formula used (Table 1). All trees were measured in the standing position. The

calculation of the value of biomass and carbon stocks or carbon stored is achieved

using allometric models.

Table 1. The allometric formula used in this study

Flora Allometric equation model Reference

Swietenia

macrophylla Y=0,048 D2,68 Adinugroho &

Sidiyasa, 2006

Swietenia mahagony Bt=0,9029(D2.H)0,6840 Mugiono, 2009

Acacia auriculiformis Bt = 0,0775(D2.H )0,9018 Mugiono, 2009

Palm (AGB)est = 4.5 + 7.7 x H Frangi & Lugo, 1985

Musa ornata (AGB)est = 0.030 D2.13 Arifin, 2001

Elaeis guineensis (AGB)est = 0,0976 H + 0,0706 Hairiah et al. 2011

Bamboo Y= -3225,8 + 1703,4 DBH Kumar et al. 2005

Tree in Sumatera B = 0,066D2,59 Ketterings et al. 2001

Branching Tree Y=0,11 ρ D2,62 Kettering et al. 2001 Note: Y = tree biomass (kg/ind); Bt = total biomass (kg/ind); (AGB) est = above ground biomass

(kg/ind); B = total biomass (kg/ind); H = total height of vegetation (m); D = diameter at breast height

(cm) at 1.3 m; ρ = wood density (gr/cm3).

The composition of tree species was determined by the important value index

(IVI). The IVI consisted of the sum of the relative frequency, the relative density and

the relative dominance (Mawazin & Subiakto 2013). The mastery level of each

species in the community was indicated by the IVI (Kusmana 2017). The diversity of

species was also calculated using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (Kent & Paddy

1992).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Taman Beringin Urban Forest is planted with various types of vegetation (Figure 1).

The types of flora in the urban forest include trees (34 species), ornamental plants

(five species) and bamboo (two species). Overall, 676 species were found. Swietenia

macrophylla was the dominant tree found in the Taman Beringin Urban Forest (there

were 71 individual trees), followed by Pterocarpus indicus (comprising 27 individual

trees; see Table 2). The Poaceae family was the most prevalent, followed by the

Meliaceae and Fabaceae families.

As can be seen in Table 2, for tree, Swietenia macrophylla has the highest

IVI (43.03%), followed by Pterocarpus indicus (26.43%). The value of the diversity

index for the study sites was 2.72 (classified as moderate), meaning that the that

environmental conditions were still relatively stable.


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(d) (e) (f)

Figure 1. Vegetation at the Taman Beringin Urban Forest: a. Ficus benjamina,

b. Syzygium malaccense, c. Baccaurea angulata Merr.,

d. Sandoricum koetjape Merr., e. Bambusa pulgaris Sehara,

f. Alstonia scholaris R. Br.

(a) (b) (c)


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Vegetation which is grown in Taman Beringin Urban Forest is aesthetic.

Seedlings were planted in Taman Beringin by the Landscape Gardening Services

Agency of Medan City as an effort to improve the quality and quantity of Taman

Beringin urban forest. Plants have a very important role in absorbing CO2 emissions

from transportation activities on the motorway (Berutu 2014). The CO2 emissions can

be categorized into two, namely direct emissions (such as CO2 emissions from motor

vehicles) and indirect emissions (such as electrical energy consumption in

households) (Pradiptiyas 2011; Berutu 2014).

The distribution of the vegetation in Taman Beringin Urban Forest can be

presented on maps using GIS technology. Among their other functions, maps show

the spatial distribution of geographic phenomena, including their different positions

on the surface of the earth. Maps can help to expand the limits of the human eye,

allowing it to see the spatial characteristics of the environment. Based on its form, the

urban forest can be classified into three types:

a. Clustered or accumulated (vegetation concentrated in an area of least 100 trees

with dense and irregular spacing).

b. Spread (no particular pattern; vegetation growing in small, scattered clumps or

clusters).

c. Tracked (vegetation growing in straight or curved lines, following the formation

of rivers, roads, beaches and channels).

The distribution of plant species in the Taman Beringin Urban Forest is presented

in Figure 2. As can be seen in Figure 2, the Taman Beringin Urban Forest is

categorised as ‘spread’.

Figure 2. Distribution of plant species in Taman Beringin Urban Forest


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Table 2. Species numbers and important value index (IVI) at the Taman Beringin

Urban Forest in Medan City

No. Tree species Family Number of

trees

IVI

(%)

1 Akasia (Acacia auriculiformis) Fabaceae 2 3.72

2 Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus) Fabaceae 27 26.43

3 Babungur (Lagerstroemia speciosa) Lythraceae 1 1.89

4 Belimbing (Averrhoa carambola) Oxalidaceae 2 9.62

5 Beringin (Ficus benjamina) Moraceae 5 4.70

6 Cemara Gunung (Casuarina junghuniana) Casuarinaceae 7 18.29

7 Dahu (Dracontomelon dao Merr.) Anacardiaceae 2 3.64

8 Delima (Punica granatum) Punicaceae 2 12.54

9 Duku (Lansium domesticum) Meliaceae 2 12.54

10 Eboni (Diospiros celebica) Ebenaceae 3 4.86

11 Jambu Air (Eugenia aquea) Myrtaceae 5 8.10

12 Jambu Bol (Syzygium malaccense) Myrtaceae 9 10.46

13 Kapuk (Ceiba pentandra) Malvaceae 1 1.69

14 Kerai Payung (Filicium decipiens) Sapindaceae 1 1.89

15 Ketapang (Terminalia catappa) Combretaceae 6 6.43

16 Kokosan (Lansium aquaeum) Meliaceae 1 1.81

17 Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) Thymelaeaceae 2 10.08

18 Mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla) Meliaceae 71 43.03

19 Mahoni (Swietenia mahagoni) Meliaceae 3 3.90

20 Mangga (Mangifera indica) Anacardiaceae 6 12.51

21 Nam-Nam (Cynometra cauliflora L.) Leguminoceae 3 6.04

22 Nangka (Anthorocarpus integra Merr.) Moraceae 3 5.98

23 Pulai (Alstonia scholaris R. Br.) Apocynaceae 22 16.70

24 Rambai Hutan (Baccaurea angulata Merr.) Euphorbiaceae 14 14.30

25 Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) Sapindaceae 1 7.98

26 Rukam (Scolopia macrophylla) Flacourtiaceae 2 4.68

27 Saga (Abrus precatorius) Leguminoceae 2 2.43

28 Saga (Adenanthera pavonina) Leguminoceae 13 9.92

29 Sentul (Sandoricum koetjape Merr.) Meliaceae 5 5.07

30 Serut (Malpighia coccigera) Malpighiaceae 1 1.90

31 Srikaya (Annona squamosa) Annonaceae 1 2.80

32 Sukun (Artocarpus communis) Moraceae 3 10.04

33 Tanjung (Mimusops elengi) Sapotaceae 2 3.54

34 Trembesi (Pithecolobium saman Benth.) Fabaceae 9 10.46

35 Kelapa Kuning (Cocus nucifera L.) Arecaceae 4 22.88

36 Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis) Arecaceae 3 19.93

37 Palem Merah (Cyrtostachys lakka) Arecaceae 1 14.05

38 Palem Raja (Roystonea regia) Arecaceae 26 143.14

39 Pisang Hias (Musa ornata) Musaceae 1 200.00

40 Bambu Hijau (Bambusa sp.) Poaceae 268 141.67

41 Bambu Kuning (Bambusa pulgaris Sehara) Poaceae 134 58.33

Total 676


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The total amount of biomass in the Taman Beringin Urban Forest was 218.81 ton/ha

and 100.65 ton/ha of carbon stock was found (Table 3).

Table 3. The total amount of biomass and carbon stocks in the Taman Beringin Urban

Forest

No. Species Family

Biomass

total

(ton/ha)

Carbon

stock

(ton/ha)

1 Akasia (Acacia auriculiformis) Fabaceae 0.47 0.22

2 Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus) Fabaceae 94.04 43.26

3 Babungur (Lagerstroemia speciosa) Lythraceae 0.72 0.33

4 Belimbing (Averrhoa carambola) Oxalidaceae 0.05 0.02

5 Beringin (Ficus benjamina) Moraceae 9.80 4.51

6 Cemara Gunung (Casuarina junghuniana) Casuarinaceae 0.06 0.03

7 Dahu (Dracontomelon dao Merr.) Anacardiaceae 0.34 0.16

8 Delima (Punica granatum) Punicaceae 0.02 0.01

9 Duku (Lansium domesticum) Meliaceae 0.02 0.01

10 Eboni (Diospiros celebica) Ebenaceae 0.61 0.28

11 Jambu Air (Eugenia aquea) Myrtaceae 0.18 0.08

12 Jambu Bol (Syzygium malaccense) Myrtaceae 0.61 0.28

13 Kapuk (Ceiba pentandra) Malvaceae 7.41 3.41

14 Kerai Payung (Filicium decipiens) Sapindaceae 0.95 0.44

15 Ketapang (Terminalia catappa) Combretaceae 34.88 16.04

16 Kokosan (Lansium aquaeum) Meliaceae 1.56 0.72

17 Mahkota Dewa(Phaleriamacrocarpa) Thymelaeaceae 0.03 0.01

18 Mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla) Meliaceae 3.62 1.66

19 Mahoni (Swietenia mahagoni) Meliaceae 0.31 0.14

20 Mangga (Mangifera indica) Anacardiaceae 0.14 0.07

21 Nam-Nam (Cynometra cauliflora L.) Leguminoceae 0.19 0.09

22 Nangka (Anthorocarpus integra Merr.) Moraceae 0.25 0.12

23 Pulai (Alstonia scholaris R. Br.) Apocynaceae 35.22 16.20

24 Rambai Hutan (Baccaurea angulata Merr) Euphorbiaceae 3.67 1.69

25 Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) Sapindaceae 0.02 0.01

26 Rukam (Scolopia macrophylla) Flacourtiaceae 0.12 0.05

27 Saga (Abrus precatorius) Leguminoceae 2.16 1.00

28 Saga (Adenanthera pavonina) Leguminoceae 9.84 4.53

29 Sentul (Sandoricum koetjape Merr) Meliaceae 2.60 1.20

30 Serut (Malpighia coccigera) Malpighiaceae 0.93 0.43

31 Srikaya (Annona squamosa) Annonaceae 0.13 0.06

32 Sukun (Artocarpus communis) Moraceae 0.06 0.03

33 Tanjung (Mimusops elengi) Sapotaceae 4.11 1.89

34 Trembesi (Pithecolobium saman Benth) Fabaceae 0.42 0.19

35 Kelapa Kuning (Cocus nucifera L.) Arecaceae 0.18 0.08

36 Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis) Arecaceae 0.00 0.00

37 Palem Merah (Cyrtostachys lakka) Arecaceae 0.01 0.01

38 Palem Raja (Roystonea regia) Arecaceae 0.75 0.34

39 Pisang Hias (Musa ornata) Musaceae 0.01 0.01

40 Bambu Hijau (Bambusa sp.) Poaceae 0.16 0.07

41 Bambu Kuning (Bambusa pulgaris Sehara) Poaceae 2.17 1.00

TOTAL 218.82 100.68


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There were 27 individual Pterocarpus indicus plants in the forest with an

average diameter of 31.89 cm and an average height of 5.98 m. Pterocarpus indicus

produced the greatest number of biomass and carbon stocks at 94.04 ton/ha and 43.26

ton/ha respectively. Alstonia scholaris R. Br.—of the family of Apocynaceae—

produced the second-greatest values of biomass and carbon stocks at 35.22 ton/ha and

16.20 ton/ha respectively. Factors affecting the value of biomass include richness,

vegetation type and diameter, the amount of vegetation, the vegetation density and the

area size, in accordance with the work of Manuri et al. (2016), Manuri et al. (2014)

and Krisnawati et al. (2012).

Tables 2 and 3 further indicate that the Bambusa sp. and Bambusa pulgaris

Sehara had the highest number of individual plants but that their biomass and carbon

stocks were low as a consequence of their small diameters (2.2 cm and 8.94 cm).

Diameter and density of vegetation affect the value of biomass and carbon stocks

(Manuri et al. 2014). Moreover, the potential for carbon stock is influenced by the

composition of the diameter and the density of the trees, rather than the density of

land cover. Forest types with high-density compositions are likely to produce more

carbon stocks than forests of high density comprising tree species of lower weights

(Maulana 2009).

Carbon stock was obtained by multiplying the value of the biomass to

achieve the concentration of carbon in organic matter, which is equal to 46% (Hairiah

& Rahayu 2007). The concentration of carbon stock was affected by many different

parameters, for example: the diversity of vegetation types, the diameter and the

density of individual plants. Where the diameter of the tree was large, the number of

surrounding vegetation types was greater and, where the standing density was

increased, the value of the biomass and carbon stocks was also significant

(Adinugroho 2011). If the diameter of the tree was large, the number of types of

vegetation was high, and the standing density was large, then the value of the biomass

and carbon stocks was also great. For example: the diversity of vegetation types,

diameter, and density of individuals. Planting tree species that has a diameter and a

large canopy cover, such as Alstonia scholaris, Pterocarpus indicus, Swietenia

macrophylla, Mimusops elengi, and Filicium decipiens can increase the level of

absorption and carbon savings. According to Dahlan (2011), Switenia macrophylla

also absorbs CO2 at a rapid rate (295.73 kg CO2 /tree/yr).

The important role of Taman Beringin Urban Forest was removing CO2 from

the surrounding environment. It has a good potential for carbon storage. The addition

of vegetation, the selection of the appropriate species and growing fast species were

necessary to achieve the objectives of the green open space in Medan City, namely:

for sustainability, harmony, and balance of urban ecosystems that include elements of

environmental, social and cultural.

In general, the carbon stock found in the green open space was lower than

that of natural forests. According to Masripatin (2010), the carbon stocks of various

land-cover classes in natural forests range from 7.5 to 264.70 ton/ha, whereas the

carbon stocks of the Taman Beringin Urban Forest were 100.65 ton/ha (over a total

area of 1,304 ha). The value of the carbon stocks in the Taman Beringin Urban Forest

was found to be higher than those of other regions in Sumatra; for example, the carbon

stocks of Pekanbaru Urban forest were 56.15 ton/ha (in tracked form) and 69.47 ton/ha

(in clustered form) (Ratnaningsih & Suhesti, 2010). Further, the carbon stocks in


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agroforestry at Sei Bingai Subdistrict, Langkat, North Sumatra were 58.438 ton/ha; in

Bahorok Subdistrict, Langkat, North Sumatra, they were 63.005 ton/ha; and in

Wampu Subdistrict, Langkat, North Sumatra, they were 56.76 ton /ha (Malau 2013;

Rauf 2004). Hence, the carbon stocks in the Taman Beringin Urban Forest are capable

of absorbing CO2 from and of providing O2 to Medan City.

CONCLUSION

The Taman Beringin Urban Forest is categorized as ‘spread’. The types of flora in

the forest include trees, ornamental plants and bamboo. Overall, 676 species were

found. The value of the diversity index for the study sites was 2.72. The total amount

of biomass was 218.81 ton/ha and 100.65 ton/ha of carbon stock was found. The

Bambusa sp. and Bambusa pulgaris Sehara had the highest number of individual

plants but that their biomass and carbon stocks were low.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to the University of Sumatera Utara, the organizing committee for the

International Conference on Sustainable Forest Development in View of Climate

Change (SFDCC) 2016 and APAFRI for supporting the presentation of this work on

8-11August 2016, at the Bangi Putrajaya Hotel, Malaysia. We also thank the students

of the Faculty of Forestry at the University of Sumatera Utara who assisted with the

field work.

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