distribution of microflora, meiofauna, and macrofauna assemblages in the hypersaline environment of...

Distribution of Microflora, Meiofauna, and MacrofaunaAssemblages in the Hypersaline Environment ofNortheastern Aegean Sea Coasts

Barbara Bassler-Veit†, Ipek F. Barut‡*, Engin Meric§, Niyazi Avsar††, Atike Nazik††‡‡,Sevinc Kapan-Yes�ilyurt‡‡, and Aysegul Yildiz§§

†Department of Geo- andUmweltwissenschaften, Palaontologie

Ludwig Maximilians Universitat Munchen80333 Munchen, Germany

‡Institute of Marine Sciences andManagement

Istanbul University34116 Vefa-Istanbul, [email protected]

§Moda Huseyin Bey Sokak, 15/434710 Kadıkoy,

Istanbul, Turkey

††Department of Geological EngineeringCukurova University01330 Balcalı-Adana, Turkey

‡‡Department of Geological EngineeringCanakkale Onsekiz Mart UniversityTerzioglu Kampusu17100 Canakkale, Turkey

§§Department of GeologicalEngineering

Engineering FacultyAksaray University68100 Aksaray, Turkey

ABSTRACT

Bassler-Veit, B.; Barut, I.F.; Meric, E.; Avsar, N.; Nazik, A.; Kapan-Yes�ilyurt, S., and Yildiz, A., 2013. Distribution ofmicroflora, meiofauna, and macrofauna assemblages in the hypersaline environment of northeastern Aegean Sea coasts.Journal of Coastal Research, 29(4), 883–898. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

In this study, the morphology and taxonomy of microflora (charophytes and diatoms), meiofauna (benthic foraminiferaand ostracoda), and macrofauna (mollusk) assemblages of the recent surface sediments from saltpans, hypersalinelagoons, and salt lakes of the Gulf of Saros (NW Turkey) were investigated. In total, 44 samples were collected fromrecent surface sediments in salt pans, hypersaline lagoons, and salt lakes of the Gulf of Saros (Enez Salt Lake, Isik Lake,Kuvalak Lake, Enez Gala Lake, Dalyan Lake, and Tasaltı Lake; Karagol, Vakif, and Erikli salt pans; and UzungolLagoon), Gallipoli Peninsula (salt pan), Biga Peninsula (Diremin and Azmak Lagoons and Dalyan Salt Lake), andGokceada Island (salt lake). Surface sediments were collected, and some physical properties were measured, such astemperature, pH, and salt content. Grain size was determined and classified for each sample. In this study, foraminifera,ostracoda, and mollusca faunas in the normal marine environment were used as indicators and compared with thelagoonal environment, which has increased salt content during the summer months.

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS: Benthic foraminifera, charophyte, diatom, hypersaline lagoons, mollusca, ostracoda.

INTRODUCTIONSalt pans are often observed in river mouths, lagoons, and

marshes along the coastal areas of the northeastern Aegean

Sea. Lagoons are shallow and semi-enclosed water bodies

where sand bodies separate the land from the sea. The

distributions of river mouths and lagoons are related to the

regional characteristics of the shoreline and continental slope;

in general, river mouths are located on the narrowest

foreshores, and lagoons are located on the broadest sections

of the foreshore and continental slope. These major sedimen-

tary structures of beach facies are related to certain processes

common to many present-day environments and may be

diagnostic of specific environments. For example, the nature

of temporal changes of freshwater input, even in one day, may

be an important parameter determining the percentage of salt

in these structures (Barut et al., 2007a,b; Meric et al., 2008).

Morphological characteristics of the coastline affect the

contemporary occurrence of lagoons, depending upon the

configuration and hydrographical characteristics of rivers

and dominant physical processes. There are a series of small

lakes beginning from the mouths of the Meric River to the east

of the Gulf of Saros. These structures are formed by reworking

of depositional systems in the downstream valleys due to

changes in sea level. Fish and other fauna may move up

through channel flows into the fluvial systems, depending on

the rate of discharge and a function of the fall. Salt lakes are

located in the northern part of the area of the Gulf of Saros

(Figure 1). In the salt pan lakes, small-scale salt production is

present.

The marine fauna of the northeastern part of the Aegean Sea

has been studied in detail. In the Gulf of Saros, 163 species of

foraminifera have been identified. In addition, marine biolo-

gists have identified 104 species around Gokceada Island

DOI: 10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-12-00022.1 received 29 January 2012;accepted in revision 25 September 2012; corrected proofs received 21November 2012.* Corresponding author.Published Pre-print online 18 December 2012.� Coastal Education & Research Foundation 2013

Journal of Coastal Research 29 4 883–898 Coconut Creek, Florida July 2013

(Imbros), 58 around Bozcaada Island (Tenedos), 44 around

Midilli Island (Lesvos), 160 between the Gokceada-Bozcaada

Islands and Canakkale, and 101 in the Gulf of Edremit (Avs�ar,

2002; Meric and Avs�ar, 2001; Meric, Avs�ar, and Bergin,

2002a,b; Meric, Avs�ar, and Bergin, 2004; Meric et al.,

2003a,b, 2004a). In other studies, fewer foraminifera-ostraco-

da-mollusca species were present in the 27 samples from the

excess saline environment (45–52%) of Camalti salt pan in

Izmir, and twins and triplets and morphological distortions

among Ammonia tepida (Cushman) foraminifera were ob-

served (Meric et al., 2010).

In this study, the effects of increased salinity in lagoonal

environments during the summer season on the diversity of

foraminifera were observed and identified. Forty-four samples

were collected from various locations in the Gulf of Saros (Enez

Salt Lake, Isik Lake, Kuvalak Lake, Enez Gala Lake, Dalyan

Lake, and Tasaltı Lake; Karagol, Vakif, and Erikli salt pans;

and Uzungol Lagoon), Gallipoli Peninsula (salt lake), Biga

Peninsula (Diremin and Azmak Lagoons and Dalyan Salt

Lake), and Gokceada Island (salt lake) (Table 1 and Figure 1).

Physical properties, including temperature, pH, and salt

percentage, were measured where water was available; grain

size analyses and analyses of biodiversity (foraminifera,

ostracoda, and mollusca) were carried out for all samples to

determine environmental conditions that are typical for normal

seawater in comparison with other saline environments.

Northeast from the Gulf of Saros in the Aegean Sea to the

Gulf of Edremit, in the sections separated from the sea by a

coastal promenade and salt lake/salt pan, the study area is

designated as wetland environments. In this region, the

parameters that change the degree of salinity of the water in

one day according to the amount of freshwater may vary. In the

region where river network density and the sea-opened river

shoreline in these lakes form, usually there are favorable

conditions for lagoon formation. Although the study area was

selected for the morphological characteristics of the bay, there

may be some areas where lagoon formation is negatively

influenced.

In the Meric River mouth from the Gulf of Saros to the east,

there are a series of small lakes in a row, including Lake Tuzla.

During river valley flooding, streams are connected with the

sea, and seawater and fish may enter from there. The salt

production is produced from the small size of Tuzla Lake (2

km2). Salt lakes in the area of Buyuk Kemikli Burnu in the

Gallipoli Peninsula, and to the south of and in Imbros Island

were included in the study area.

In this study, we first present our research findings on the

ecological assessment of coastal processes with the distribution

of foraminifera-ostracoda-mollusca assemblages. In the north-

eastern Aegean Sea, northwest coast of Asia Minor, environ-

mental and structural features include salt lake/salt marsh and

lagoon environments, and for these features, the timing is open

to change because of current records, which motivated this

Figure 1. Location map of sampling area (according to Table 1).

Journal of Coastal Research, Vol. 29, No. 4, 2013

884 Bassler-Veit et al.

study. We believe that future studies on coastal and marine

ecology will enlighten the unknown parts of foraminiferal

ecology. This is a developing issue, and more detailed findings

from future studies will result in the possibility of comparison

and will help to create new visions.

METHODS

Sampling of the SedimentsForty-four surface samples were collected. Sampling started

at the Gulf of Saros and proceeded in the salt lakes and saline

lakes (salt pans) along the coastline to the Gallipoli and Biga

Peninsulas (Figure 1). At all sampling locations, Temperature

(8C), Salinity (%), Electrical Condocutivity (microSiemens/cm),

and pH values were measured, and the samples of sediments

were taken in October 2004 and October 2005 (Table 2). In the

sampling, standards were taken according to Babin (1980) and

Bignot (1985). Sediment samples were obtained from 10 cm

below from the surface sediment excavated by hand with

shovels. In addition to these measurements, grain size analyses

were done, and foraminifera, ostracoda, and mollusca were

identified in order to determine the various types of sedimen-

tation.

Grain Size AnalysisTo identify the size distribution of the samples (gravel, sand,

and mud), sieve analysis methods were used. The weight

percentages of the samples were calculated using the following

formula of Galehouse (1971) and McManus (1988):

%n ¼ ðnsize sample weight=total sample weightÞ3 100

For the grain size analyses of the collected samples,

standardized laboratory techniques were used following the

methodology of Folk (1974). The grain weight of the collected

samples was calculated via Folk’s methodology (1974), using

the measured grain weight and cumulative percentages of the

grain weights obtained. The percentage values of gravel, sand,

and mud were plotted on a triangle diagram for classification of

sediments (Figure 2).

Analysis of Microflora (Charophytes), Meiofauna(Foraminifera and Ostracoda), and Macrofauna(Mollusca)

To identify microflora (charophytes), meiofauna (foraminif-

era and ostracoda), and macrofauna (mollusca), the methods

described by Loeblich and Tappan (1988) and Meric, Avs�ar, and

Bergin (2004) were used. Five grams of dry sample material

from each of the 44 collected samples were mixed with a

solution of 7% H2O2 and treated for 24 h under laboratory

conditions. The treated samples were washed with pressurized

water at the end of the 24 h period and then dried at 508C

(Bignot, 1985). Following these treatments, the samples were

sieved with meshes of 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, and 0.125 mm.

Microflora (charophytes), meiofauna (foraminifera and ostra-

coda), and macrofauna (mollusca) were picked out of the

residuum, and taxonomic determinations were done.

RESULTS

Grain Size Distribution of the Surface SedimentsGrain size characteristics of marine sediments are affected

by the nature of depositional processes, including biological,

geological, and hydrographical factors. Transportation mech-

anisms, distance of transport, source material, and energy of

the depositional environment are important determinants

defining the grain size distribution of the depositional

environments (Friedman and Johnson, 1982).

The analysis of the grain size distribution of the investigated

samples, ranging from mud to sandy gravel, is presented in

Table 3. The distribution of gravel size averaged 8.35%. The

highest percentage of gravel was 61.51%, found in the salt pan

of the Gallipoli Salt Lake. No gravel-sized material was found

in Is�ık Lake (sample 3), the Erikli salt pan (samples 20, 22, 23,

24), or the Uzungol Lagoon (samples 25–28), all situated in the

Gulf of Saros. The highest percentage of gravel and sand was

99.27%, observed in the Dalyan Lake (sample 9), and the lowest

Table 1. Coordinates of surface sediment samples.

Study Area Sample No.

Coordinates

Latitude (8N) Longitude (8E)

Enez Salt Lake 1 40.698543 26.056975

Isık Lake 2 40.703975 26.055568

3 40.706999 26.058163

Kuvalak Lake 4 40.713336 26.059268

Enez Gala Lake 5 40.707218 26.085233

Dalyan Lake 6 40.710672 26.074993

7 40.711400 26.081854

8 40.714125 26.052683

9 40.713529 26.049820

10 40.723376 26.059725

Tasalti Lake 11 40.719368 26.092852

12 40.719900 26.091451

Karagol 13 40.629969 26.069730

Vakif salt pan 14 40.611710 26.271450

15 40.601733 26.256725

16 40.597591 26.261108

Erikli salt pan 17 40.613967 26.477930

18 40.617570 26.480570

19 40.620040 26.477737

20 40.625580 26.482450

21 40.632216 26.483335

22 40.628320 26.474000

23 40.632650 26.480860

24 40.634129 26.483872

Kavak (Uzungol)

Lagoon

25 40.602428 26.862616

26 40.601820 26.857630

27 40.610200 26.843670

28 40.607260 26.841340

29 40.603950 26.837260

Gallipoli Salt Lake 30 40.302270 26.260090

31 40.301210 26.266840

32 40.288840 26.258860

Diremin Lagoon 33 39.585486 26.105983

Azmak Lagoon 34 39.537664 26.092076

Alexandroa Troia

Dalyan Salt Lake

35 39.757542 26.142567

36 39.756594 26.142489

37 39.758358 26.140425

38 39.757056 26.140436

Gokceada Island Salt Lake 39 40.137553 25.956494

40 40.134358 25.964825

41 40.136817 25.960578

42 40.132508 25.968476

43 40.127062 25.959071

44 40.128975 25.948288


Distribution of Microflora, Meiofauna, and Macrofauna in the Aegean Sea 885

was 2.71%, measured in the Erikli salt pan (sample 23). The

average sand percentage was 61.28%. Samples varied from

2.71% to 97.65%.

The average percentage of mud was 30.39%, and results

ranged from 0.73% in Dalyan Lake (sample 9) to 97.29%,

observed in the Erikli salt pan (sample 23). The results of the

grain size analyses are plotted on Folk’s triangle diagram

(1974) (Figure 2). Following Folk’s diagram (1974), seven

classes of sediment distribution are shown (Figure 2). The

diagrams show that most samples were composed of mud (M)

and sand (S), with sand-gravel components of mud ([g]S, sM,

and mS). Sand was found to be scarce in some of the samples

(gmS and [g]mS). Muddy sediments were restricted to the Gulf

of Saros (samples 2, 3, 5, 12, 14, 15, 20, 23, 24, 26, and 27). All

investigated samples from the Gallipoli (samples 30–32) and

Biga Peninsulas (samples 33–38) and Gokceada Island (Sam-

ples 39–44) were sandy to gravelly.

Floral Features and InterpretationsVarious types and species of charophytes and diatoms were

observed and identified as microflora in the area.

CharophytesThree different types and species were identified in samples

1, 24, 25, 39, 42, and 43. These were Lamprothamnium

papulosum (Wallr) J. Groves, Chara vulgaris Linne, and

Lychnothamnus barbatus (Meyen) von Leonhardi (Table 4

and Figure 3). The environmental indications of these

charophytes are as follows: Lamprothamnium papulosum

(Wallr) J. Groves was numerous in samples 1, 25, 39 and 43.

It was found in sandy (samples 39 and 43) or muddy-sandy

(samples 1 and 25) sediments. Lamprothamnium papulosum is

able to survive in up to 82% salt content (Soulie-Marsche,

1993).

Chara vulgaris Linne (samples 24 and 42) was documented

in a few instances, as was Lychnothamnus barbatus (sample

Table 2. Physical parameters (pH, % S, EC, T [ 8C], depth) and properties of sampling points.

Sample No. Characteristics of Sample Points Date (d/m/y) pH % S EC (lS) T (8C) Depth (cm)

1 Enez Salt Lake, wet, within 10 m from marine coast 08.10.2004 8,9 57.9 831 27.7 �10

2 Isık Lake, dry 08.10.2004 – – – – �10

3 Isık Lake, dry 08.10.2004 – – – – �10

4 In shore of Kuvalak Lake, wet 08.10.2004 8.7 17.8 28 25 �10

5 In shore of Enez Gala Lake, wet 08.10.2004 8.9 0.8 1671 19.3 �10

6 Dalyan Lake wet, 20 m at northern from marine coast 08.10.2004 8.7 24.4 201 23 �100

7 Coast of Dalyan Lake, wet 08.10.2004 8.4 18.2 209 19.5 �10

8 Dalyan Lake, wet/disconnected with sea 08.10.2004 8.4 7.5 1312 18.1 �20

9 Outlet of pass, marine coast, wet 08.10.2004 7.8 38.7 585 19.8 �10

10 Dalyan Lake, wet 08.10.2004 8.2 19 257 18 �20

11 Tasalti Lake, wet/outlet of drainage 08.10.2004 7.9 19.7 317 20.3 �10

12 Tasalti Lake, wet 08.10.2004 8.1 20.7 335 20.4 �10

13 Karagol, wet, connected with marine water but had been closed 10.10.2004 7.9 38.9 579 22 �10

14 Vakıf salt pan, dry, at the inside 10.10.2004 – – – – �10

15 Vakıf salt pan, mud, at the inside 11.10.2004 8.4 49.3 724 23.4 �10

16 Vakıf salt pan, mud, at the inside 11.10.2004 8.5 48.1 700 23.4 �10

17 Erikli saltpan, wet, salt pan connected with sea 11.10.2004 7.9 41.6 610 25.1 �10

18 Erikli salt pan, dry, in part of saltpan near bridge 11.10.2004 – – – – �10

19 Erikli salt pan, wet 09.10.2004 8.0 42.5 625 23.7 �80

20 Erikli salt pan, wet inside of salt pan 09.10.2004 8.7 49.2 727 19.3 �80

21 Erikli salt pan, wet 09.10.2004 8.3 45.3 694 21 �20

22 Erikli salt pan, dry, in shore of salt pan 09.10.2004 – – – – �10

23 Approximately 1 m from stream bed inside of salt pan, dry 09.10.2004 – – – – �10

24 Erikli salt pan, dry, stream bed inside of salt pan 09.10.2004 – – – – �10

25 Uzungol (Kavak) Lagoon, dry, inside the stream 24.10.2005 – – – – �10

26 Uzungol (Kavak) Lagoon, dry, inside the stream 24.10.2005 – – – – �10

27 Uzungol (Kavak) Lagoon, wet, inside the stream 24.10.2005 8.9 33.5 512 24.7 �10

28 Uzungol (Kavak) Lagoon, wet, inside the lagoon 24.10.2005 7.5 60.3 398 24.9 �10

29 Uzungol (Kavak) Lagoon, wet, connected with sea 24.10.2005 7.9 58.5 828 25.2 �10

30 Gallipoli Salt Lake, wet, inside of salt lake 24.10.2005 7.8 45.9 673 24.8 �20

31 Stream that enters Gallipoli Salt Lake, wet 24.10.2005 7.7 66.2 924 24.6 �10

32 Gallipoli Salt Lake, dry, inside of lake 24.10.2005 – – – – �10

33 Diremin Lagoon, wet 25.10.2005 7.3 3.2 610 25 �30

34 Azmak Lagoon, wet 25.10.2005 7.8 4.3 490 38 �20

35 Alexandroa Troia Dalyan Salt Lake, wet, inside of salt lake 25.10.2005 7.9 38.5 578 25 �20

36 Alexandroa Troia Dalyan Salt Lake, dry, inside of salt lake 25.10.2005 – – – – �10

37 Alexandroa Troia Dalyan Salt Lake, mud, inside of salt lake 25.10.2005 7.6 43 510 19.5 �10

38 Alexandroa Troia Dalyan Salt Lake, dry, inside of salt lake 25.10.2005 – – – – �10

39 Gokceada Island Salt Lake, mud, inside of salt lake 25.10.2005 8.1 45 6900 21 �20

40 Gokceada Island Salt Lake, dry, loam 27.10.2005 – – – – �10

41 Gokceada Island Salt Lake, wet 27.10.2005 8.0 36 5500 19 �20

42 Gokceada Island Salt Lake, mud 27.10.2005 – – – – �10

43 Gokceada Island Salt Lake, mud 27.10.2005 7.9 31.2 4700 25.1 �10

44 Gokceada Island Salt Lake, dry 27.10.2005 – – – – �10



24). Chara vulgaris Linne develops well in hard, alkaline water

with a high content of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and

bicarbonate. Chara vulgaris usually grows in freshwater

conditions with a high content of CaCO3. It may develop in

lakes and slowly flowing rivers and prefers environments with

3–20% salt (Soulie-Marsche, 1993). It occurs naturally in

shallow waters, and has been reported to survive at a depth of

10 m in other studies (Blazencic and Blazencic, 2003; Zalat,

1996). These authors studied C. vulgaris in lake, pond, and

canal environments, and they usually have a crusty appear-

ance and a brittle shell due to CaCO3. Lychnothamnus

barbatus (Meyen) V. Leonh survives in freshwater environ-

ments at 0.5–5 m to a maximum of 14 m depth, generally with a

very low salt content of 0–3% (Casanova, Garcia, and Feist,

2003).

DiatomsDiatoms were observed and identified systematically on the

shells of Loxoconcha elliptica Brady in sample 33 (Diremin

Lagoon). Four types of diatoms were distinguished using the

classification of Round, Crowford, and Mann (1991) (Figure 4):

(1) Cocconeis placentula var. euglypta (Ehrenberg) Grunow;

(2) C. placentula var. klinoraphis Geitler;

(3) C. placentula var. lineata (Ehrenberg) Van Heurck; and

(4) C. placentula var. placentula Ehrenberg.

Cocconeis placentula are atrophic, epilithic, and littoral, and

prefer oligotrophic environments (such as the cool and clear

bottom water of lakes with high content of oxygen and a limited

amount of salt). To a lesser extent, they are adaptable to

mesotrophic (such as the cool and clear bottom water of lakes

with medium content of elements and food supply) or

oligoalobous (salt content below 500 mg/L) environments. They

prefer alkaline freshwater environments with pH values of

about 7 and ,2% salt content. The length of C. placentula is

7.5–89 lm, while its width is 8–40 lm (Krammer and Lange-

Bertalot, 1991).

Faunal Features and InterpretationsIn this study, meiofauna benthic foraminifera and ostracoda ,

and macrofauna pelecypoda and gastropoda were found. Some

species of charophytes and diatoms were found as microflora,

and these were identified.

Benthic Foraminiferal AssemblagesLoeblich and Tappan (1988), Cimerman and Langer (1991),

Hottinger, Halicz, and Reissi (1993), Sgarella and Monchar-

mont-Zei (1993), Avs�ar (2002), Avs�ar and Ergin (2001), Meric

and Avs�ar (2001), Hatta and Ujııe (1992), Yassini and Jones

(1995), Meric, Avs�ar, and Kılıncaslan (2001), Hayward et al.

(1999), and Meric, Avs�ar, and Bergin, 2002b, 2004; Meric,

Avs�ar, and Nazik (2002), Meric et al. (2003a,b, 2004a,b) were

used to identify the foraminifera species.

In total, 44 samples were collected in this study, and 24 types

and 29 species of foraminifera were identified, including

Adelosina carinata-striata Wiesner, Spiroloculina ornata

d’Orbigny, Massilina gualtieriana (d’Orbigny), Quinqueloculi-

na lamarckiana d’Orbigny, Quinqueloculina laevigata d’Or-

bigny, Quinqueloculina seminula (Linne), Quinqueloculina

sp., Triloculina marioni Schlumberger, Triloculina sp., Pener-

oplis pertusus (Forskal), Gavelinopsis praegeri (Heron-Allen

and Earland), Rosalina bradyi Cushman, Lobatula lobatula

(Walker and Jacob), Planorbulina mediterranensis d’Orbigny,

Asterigerinata mamilla (Williamson), Nonion depressulum

(Walker and Jacob), Ammonia compacta Hofker, Ammonia

parkinsoniana parkinsoniana (d’Orbigny), Ammonia tepida

Cushman, Ammonia sp., Challengerella bradyi Billman,

Hottinger, and Oesterle, Cribroelphidium poeyanum (d’Or-

bigny), Cribroelphidium sp., Porosononion subgronosum (Eg-

ger), Elphidium complanatum (d’Orbigny), E. crispum (Linne),

E. depressulum Cushman, E. macellum (Fichtel and Moll), and

Elphidium sp. (Table 5 and Figures 5 and 6).

Benthic foraminifera were used for interpreting character-

istics of the recent sediments transported to salt lakes/salt pans

from the gulf. Most benthic foraminifera are of oceanic origin,

with the exception of N. depressulum and A. tepida, which are

adapted to brine water environments. The investigated benthic

foraminifers also show morphological anomalies (Figure 6).

Ostracoda AssemblagesThe nomenclature of various species and genera of ostracoda

in this study is based on the following references: Van

Morkhoven (1963), Hartman and Puri (1974), and Bronstein

(1988).

Seven samples from Erikli salt pan, five samples from

Gokceada Salt Lake, three samples from Vakıf salt pan, two

samples each from Is�ik Lake, Dalyan Lake, and Tas�altı Lake,

and one sample each from Enez Salt Lake, Kuvalak Lake,

Uzungol Lagoon, Gallipoli Salt Lake, Diremin Lagoon, and

Azmak Lagoon had ostracodes.

Twelve different genera and 11 species were specified in the

samples: Cyprideis torosa (Jones), Eucypris virens (G.W.

Muller), Cypridopsis vidua (O.F. Muller), Loxoconcha elliptica

Brady, Ilyocypris biplicata (Koch), Ilyocypris gibba (Ramdhor),

Figure 2. Folk’s sediment classification system of sampling points.



Caudites sp., Heterocypris salina (Brady), Candona (Candona)

parallela pannonica (Zalanyi), Carinocythereis carinata

(Roemer), Pontocythere elongata (Brady), Neocytherideis sub-

ulata, and Leptocythere lacertosa (Hirschmann) (Table 6 and

Figure 7).

Among the types of ostracoda, eurythermal and euryhaline

C. torosa (Jones) individuals were observed in all sample

locations, with the exceptions of Gallipoli Salt Lake and

Diremin and Azmak Lagoons. One of the species, Caudites

sp., found in Erikli salt pan, is an epineritic and warm seawater

ostracod. Therefore, in the recent past, it has been thought that

Caudites sp. reached this area via a connection established

with the sea. No morphological anomalies of the ostracodes

were observed.

Mollusca AssemblagesThe habitats for these pelecypoda were inferred from the

work of Poppe and Goto (1991, 1993). In the study area, three

types and three species of mollusca were identified among the

14 gastropoda samples, including Gibbula sp., Hydrobia ulvae

(Pennant), Hydrobia sp., Alvania cimex (Linne), Bittium

latreilli (Payraudeau), and Bittium sp., as four genera and

three species, and among the pelecypoda, Cerastoderma

glaucum (Poiret), Spisula subtruncata (da Costa), Spisula

Table 3. The grain size percentages in sediment sampling.

Sample No. % Gravel % Sand % Mud % Gravel þ Sand Folk Class

1 4.72 49.7 45.58 54.42 Slightly gravelly muddy sand

2 31.19 66.56 2.25 97.75 Sandy gravel

3 0 3.82 96.18 3.82 Silt

4 17.19 77.97 4.84 95.16 Gravelly sand

5 1.34 22.38 76.28 23.72 Slightly gravelly sandy mud

6 14.41 64.92 20.67 79.33 Gravelly muddy sand


8 4.98 93.04 1.98 98.02 Slightly gravelly sand

9 36.32 62.95 0.73 99.27 Sandy gravel

10 9.55 84.38 6.07 93.93 Gravelly sand


12 1.62 6.85 91.53 8.47 Slightly gravelly mud





17 0 79.84 20.16 79.84 Silty sand

18 12.35 85.3 2.35 97.65 Gravelly sand

19 9.71 82.85 7.44 92.56 Gravelly sand

20 0 6.41 93.59 6.41 Silt


22 0 14.5 85.5 14.50 Sandy silt

23 0 2.71 97.29 2.71 Silt

24 0 8.28 91.72 8.28 Silt

25 0 57.59 42.41 57.59 Silty sand

26 0 38.09 61.91 38.09 Sandy silt

27 0 15.13 84.87 15.13 Sandy silt

28 0 91.77 8.23 91.77 Sand



31 61.51 37.2 1.29 98.71 Sandy gravel


33 10.33 86.6 3.07 96.93 Gravelly sand


35 5.99 90.18 3.83 96.17 Gravelly sand






41 25.64 71.22 3.14 96.86 Gravelly sand




Table 4. Distributions of genera and species of charophyte from sampling

points.

Charophyte

Sample No.

1 24 25 39 42 43

Lamprothamnium papulosum * * * *

Chara vulgaris * *

Lychnothamnus barbatus *



sp., and Scrobicularia plana (da Costa) were identified (Table 7

and Figure 8).

There are environmental indications of the types and species

of these mollusca: For example, Hydrobia ulvae (Pennant),

which is a Mediterranean species, is the only species that

survives in an environment with greater than 33% salt.

Although, in general, it lives in tidal planes, it may tolerate

below a sea depth of 20 m. It is also abundant in estuarine

environments and environments with low salt percentages. All

the types and species of the samples identified in this study are

of Mediterranean origin. Among these, three of them have also

been observed in the Black Sea (Table 8).

The environmental indications of mollusca are as follows: A.

cimex (Linne) is abundant in the shallow water of the

Mediterranean Sea. Bittium latreilli (Payraudeau) is observed

abundantly in the warm, shallow, and salty water of the

Mediterranean Sea, northern Spain, the Canary Islands, and

the Azor Islands. Cerastoderma glaucum (Poiret) is observed

abundantly from western Africa through the Mediterranean

and Black Sea areas. It lives at the bottom of sandy and muddy

shallow water. It prefers estuarine environments. Spisula

subtruncata (da Costa) is abundant in western Africa through

the Mediterranean and Black Sea environments. It may

survive in a variety of locales from tidal plains to muddy and

sandy bottom conditions at depths of 200 m. Scrobicularia

plana (da Costa) is found from Norway and the Baltic Sea to the

south of Senegal and western Africa. It is also abundant in the

Mediterranean Sea. It has a burrowing habit and survives in

muddy and clay-lined bottom conditions at depths of 30 m. It

prefers estuarine conditions.

DISCUSSIONLargely evaluated by bathymetry, the former process

involves the consideration of environmental analysis of marine

sediments. For this purpose, parameters that are used are

sediment lithology, structure of sediment, texture, meiofauna

tests, macrofauna shells, etc. These parameters are widely

used in some general applications. For example, often benthic

macrofauna ostrea are indicators of freshwater inflows to

brackish environments and are considered to represent a

shallow marine environment. However, environmental inter-

pretations of the sediment is as well-sorted sands in the coastal

environment dominated by waves. The grain size analyses

show that the average size of the sediments was 8.35% grain

size units, and sample 32 had the highest value of 61.51%,

observed in the salt lake of Gallipoli. The data were applied in

Folk’s triangle diagrams (1974) and seven different distribu-

tions of grain size.

The distribution shows that the majority of sediment entered

the gulf as lithogenic input and also usually is dominated by

cohesive material . However, the high-energy regions of the

coastal marine area in general contain clastic and cohesionless

material. The combination of cohesionless, mostly coarse-

grained clastic material and the collection of high-energy

coastal areas, results in fine-grained and cohesive material

deposited in deep-sea regions. The study area is mostly gravelly

sand and slightly gravelly sand samples.

Figure 3. Charophyte genera and species.1. Lamprothamnium papulosum (Wallr) J. Groves, lateral view, sample 39.2. Lamprothamnium papulosum (Wallr) J.

Groves, apical view, sample 43.3. Lamprothamnium papulosum (Wallr) J. Groves, basal view, sample 43.



Previous studies of the region (Avsar, 2002; Meric and Avsar,

2001; Meric, Avs�ar, and Bergin, 2002, 2004; Meric, Avs�ar, and

Nazik, 2002; Meric et al., 2003a,b, 2004a) were examined in

detail in the northeast Aegean Sea, and altogether 163 benthic

foraminifera species were identified from the Gulf of Saros. In

this study, nine species of benthic foraminifera were identified

in salt pans/salt lakes in the Gulf of Saros. Nonion depressulum

(Walker and Jacob) and Ammonia tepida (Cushman) were

Figure 4. Diatom genera and species found to stick on Loxoconcha elliptica Brady shell’s, sample 10a. Cocconeis placentula var. euglypta (Ehrenberg) Grunow.b.

Cocconeis placentula var. klinoraphis Geitler.c. Cocconeis placentula var. lineata (Ehrenberg) Van Heurck.d. Cocconeis placentula var. placentula Ehrenberg.



Table

5.

Dis

trib

uti

onof

ben

thic

fora

min

ifer

al

gen

era

an

dsp

ecie

sfr

omsa

mp

lin

gp

oin

ts.

For

am

inif

era

Sam

ple

No.

En

ez

Salt

Lak

e

Isik

Lak

e

Ku

vala

k

Lak

e

En

ez

Gala

Lak

e

Daly

an

Lak

e

Tasa

lti

Lak

e

Vakıf

Salt

Pan

Eri

kli

Salt

Pan

Uzu

ngol

(Kavak

)

Lagoo

n

Gall

ipol

i

Salt

Lak

e

Dir

emin

Lagoo

n

Azm

ak

Lagoo

n

Daly

an

Salt

Lak

e

Gok

cead

a

Isla

nd

Salt

Lak

e

12

34

56

710

11

12

14

15

17

18

20

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

31

32

33

34

38

39

40

41

43

44

Ad

elos

ina

cari

na

tast

ria

ta4

4

Sp

irol

ocu

lin

aor

na

ta2

2

Ma

ssil

ina

gu

alt

ieri

an

a1

1

Qu

inqu

eloc

uli

na

lam

arc

kia

na

11

Qu

inqu

eloc

uli

na

laev

iga

ta1

1

Qu

inqu

eloc

uli

na

sem

inu

la1

28

1

Qu

inqu

eloc

uli

na

sp.

1

Tri

locu

lin

am

ari

oni

21

Tri

locu

lin

asp

.1

Pen

erop

lis

per

tusu

s1

11

Ga

vel

inop

sis

pra

eger

i1

Ros

ali

na

bra

dyi

54

Lob

atu

lalo

ba

tula

62

5

Pla

nor

bu

lin

am

edit

erra

nen

sis

15

4

Ast

erig

erin

ata

ma

mil

la1

Non

ion

dep

ress

ulu

m27

33

629

127

61

61

838

88

82

27

1

Am

mon

iaco

mp

act

a1

1

Am

mon

iap

ark

inso

nia

na

11

Am

mon

iate

pid

a6

82

348

112

41

113

47

35

43

24

262

413

31

60

12

Am

mon

iasp

.1

Ch

all

enger

ella

bra

dyi

1

Cri

bro

elp

hid

ium

poe

yan

um

1

Cri

bro

elp

hid

ium

sp.

3

Por

oson

onio

nsu

bgro

nos

um

32

18

Elp

hid

ium

com

pla

na

tum

72

9

Elp

hid

ium

cris

pu

m1

11

63

1

Elp

hid

ium

dep

ress

ulu

m1

Elp

hid

ium

ma

cell

um

1

Elp

hid

ium

sp.

2



Figure 5. 1. Adelosina carinata-striata Wiesner. External views: (a) 381 and (b) 384, sample 43.2. Adelosina carinata-striata Wiesner. Triplet individual

assemblage, 3120, sample 43.3. Quinqueloculina laevigata d’Orbigny. External views: (a) 365, sample 43, and (b) 355.5, sample 26.4. Quinqueloculina

lamarckiana d’Orbigny. External view, 3100, sample 41.5. Quinqueloculina seminula (Linne). External view, 378, sample 43.6. Peneroplis pertusus (Forskal).

External views: (a)385, sample 43, and (b)396, sample 40.7. Rosalina bradyi Cushman. External views: (a) umbilical side,386, and (b) spiral side,395, sample

43.8. Lobatula lobatula (Walker and Jacob). External views: (a) umbilical side, 3100, and (b) spiral side, 372.5, sample 43.9. Planorbulina mediterranensis

d’Orbigny. External views: (a and b) free surface, (a) 340 and (b) 347, and (c) detail view of the test surface, 3115, sample 43.



Figure 6. 1. Nonion depressulum (Walker and Jacob). External views: (a) 3100, (b) 3110, and (c) 3105, sample 43.2. Ammonia parkinsoniana (d’Orbigny).

External view, umbilical side, 3110, sample 44.3. Ammonia tepida Cushman. External views: (a) umbilical side, 398, and (b) spiral side, 390, sample 43.4.

Challengerella bradyi Billman, Hottinger and Oesterle. External view, spiral side,362.5, sample 43.5. Cribroelphidium poeyanum (d’Orbigny). External views:

(a) abnormal individual,3110, and (b)3100, sample 43.6. Elphidium complanatum (d’Orbigny). External views: (a) abnormal individual,370, and (b)370, sample

43.7. Elphidium crispum (Linne). External view, 366, sample 41.8. Elphidium depressulum Cushman. External view, abnormal individual, 3102, sample 43.9.

Elphidium macellum (Fichtel and Moll). External view, abnormal individual, 370, sample 43.



Table

6.

Dis

trib

uti

onof

ostr

aco

da

gen

era

an

dsp

ecie

sfr

omsa

mp

lin

gp

oin

ts.

Ost

raco

da

Sam

ple

No.

En

ez

Salt

Lak

e

Isik

Lak

e

Ku

vala

k

Lak

e

En

ez

Gala

Lak

e

Daly

an

Lak

e

Tasa

lti

Lak

e

Vakıf

Salt

Pan

Eri

kli

Salt

Pan

Uzu

ngol

(Kavak

)

Lagoo

n

Gall

ipol

i

Salt

Lak

e

Dir

emin

Lagoo

n

Azm

ak

Lagoo

n

Gok

cead

a

Isla

nd

Salt

Lak

e

12

34

56

11

12

14

15

16

17

18

20

21

22

23

24

25

32

33

34

39

40

41

42

43

Cyp

rid

eis

toro

sa24

248

78

1142

23

52

73

426

112

142

357

12

82

179

Eu

cyp

ris

vir

ens

13

11

310

11

Cyp

rid

opsi

svid

ua

63

14

21

77

Lox

ocon

cha

elli

pti

ca32

21

22

225

1

Ilyo

cyp

ris

bip

lica

ta12

83

Ilyo

cyp

ris

gib

ba

24

Ca

ud

ites

sp.

1

Het

eroc

ypri

ssa

lin

a1

2

Ca

nd

ona

(Ca

nd

ona

)p

ara

llel

a

pa

nn

onic

a

11

Ca

rin

ocyt

her

eis

cari

na

ta1

Pon

tocy

ther

eel

onga

ta2

Neo

cyth

erid

eis

subu

lata

1

Lep

tocy

ther

ela

cert

osa

92

Table

7.

Dis

trib

uti

ons

ofgen

era

an

dsp

ecie

sof

ga

stro

pod

aa

nd

pel

ecyp

oda

from

sam

pli

ng

poi

nts

.

Mol

lusc

a

Sam

ple

No.

Isik

Lak

e

Ku

vala

k

Lak

e

En

ez

Gala

Lak

e

Daly

an

Lak

e

Tasa

lti

Lak

e

Vakıf

Salt

Pan

Eri

kli

Salt

Pan

Gall

ipol

i

Salt

Lak

e

Dir

emin

Lagoo

n

Gok

cead

a

Isla

nd

Salt

Lak

e

24

56

711

16

17

18

19

32

33

41

43

Gast

rop

oda

Gib

bu

lasp

.*

Hyd

robia

ulv

ae

**

**

**

Hyd

robia

sp.

**

Alv

an

iaci

mex

*

Bit

tiu

mla

trei

lli

**

**

Bit

tiu

msp

.*

Pel

ecyp

oda

Cer

ast

oder

ma

gla

ucu

m*

**

*

Sp

isu

lasu

btr

un

cata

*

Sp

isu

lasp

.*

Scr

obic

ula

ria

pla

na

**

*



Figure 7 1. Cyprideis torosa (Jones). Right valve, internal view, female form, sample 15.2. Cyprideis torosa (Jones). Right valve, external view, male form, sample

15.3. Cyprideis torosa (Jones). Left valve, external view, female form, sample 15.4. Eucypris virens (G.W. Muller). Right valve, external view, sample 34.5–6.

Cypridopsis vidua (OF Muller). Left valves, external views, sample 43.7. Loxoconcha elliptica Brady. Right valve, external view, male form, sample 33.8a.

Loxoconcha elliptica Brady. Right valve, external view, female form, sample 33.8b. Diatom8c. Diatom9. Ilyocypris biplicata (Koch). Right valve, external view,

sample 25.10. Ilyocypris gibba (Ramdhor). Right valve, external view, sample 25.11–12. Heterocypris salina (Brady). Left valves, external views, sample 24.13.

Carinocythereis carinata (Roemer). Left valve, external view, sample 43.14. Pontocythere elongata (Brady). Left valve, external view, sample 43.15. Pontocythere

elongata (Brady). Right valve, external view, sample 43.16. Neocytherideis subulata (Brady). Right valve, external view, sample 32.17a, 18a. ? Newnhamia,

juvenile form, sample 39.17b, 18b. ? Newnhamia, detail of valve, sample 39.



Figure 8. 1a-b . Gibbula sp. External views,3200, sample 20.2a-b. Hydrobia ulvae (Pennant). External view,3400, sampled 4, 5, 6, 7, 33, and 43.3a-b. Hydrobia

sp. External view,3500, sampled 17 and 18.4a-b. Alvania cimex (Linneaus). External view,3300, sample 11.5a-b. Bittium latreilli (Payraudeau). External view,

3200, samples 2, 16, 18, and 43.6a-b. Bittium sp. External view, 3300, sample 41.7a-b. Cerastoderma glaucum (Poiret). External view,3400, samples 4, 32, and

43.8a-b. Spisula subtruncata (da Costa). External view, 3300, sample 2.9a-b. Spisula sp. External view,3400, sample 18.10a-b. Scrobicularia plana (da Costa).

External view, 3150, samples 4, 17, and 43.



identified in the highest numbers at the 29 sampling points in

the investigation area. Nonion depressulum (Walker and

Jacob) and A. tepida (Cushman) were the two dominant

species. The benthic foraminifera also showed morphological

anomalies. From the foraminifer species, CaCO3 shelled

haurenid types existed abundantly in the investigation area.

Farther away, agglutinant shell textulariid forms were more

prevalent.

In the study area, the highest numbers of N. depressulum

were observed in Erikli Lake (sample 20) and the highest

numbers of A. tepida were observed in Gallipoli Salt Lake and

Gokceada Island (salt lake) (samples 31 and 43). The numerical

distribution of the dominant species was as follows: N.

depressulum, 34%; A. tepida, 46%; Porosononion subgronosum,

3%; Elphidium complanatum, 2%.

Again, in some examples, only one individual was represent-

ed: Quinqueloculina sp. (sample 17), Triloculina sp. (sample

44), Gavelinopsis praegeri (sample 41), Asterigerinata mamilla

(sample 27), Ammonia sp. (sample 18), Challengerella bradyi

(sample 31), Cribroelphidium poeyanum (sample 31), Elphi-

dium depressulum (sample 31), and E. macellum (sample 31).

These sampling points are represented by an individual, which,

according to other points, reveals of difference the ecological

conditions in the coastal areas at the Aegean Sea.

Foraminifera assemblages in the Gulf of Saros indicate the

effects of Mediterranean fauna (Meric Avs�ar, and Bergin 2004).

Our observation showed that there was an increase in the

number of foraminifera types and species, and a decrease in the

number of ostracoda types and species. No anomalies were

observed in the morphology of ostracoda in the area.

An increase in the foraminiferal genera and species is often

associated with a decrease in the number of ostracoda genera

and species (e.g., samples 31 and 41). In the study area, the

distribution of Cyprideis torosa was observed to be the highest

(82%). Other dominant ostracoda and their distribution rates

are as follows: Loxoconcha elliptica, 6%; Eucypris virens, 4%;

Cypridopsis vidua, 3%; and Ilyocypris biplicata, 2%. This

distribution ratio is understood to be similar to those in other

studies in the Mediterranean and the Aegean Seas.

However, noteworthy distributions of macrofauna that are

Mediterranean in origin have been observed, such as individ-

ual gastropoda from Hydrobia ulvae, Alvania cimex, and B.

latreilli. Also, the Mediterranean and Black Sea origin

pelecypod individuals were from Cerastoderma glaucum,

Spisula subtruncata, and Scrobicularia plana.

In samples 1, 24, 25, 39, 42, and 43, three types and species of

charophytes, including Lamprothamnium papulosum (Wallr)

J. Groves, C. vulgaris Linne, and Lychnothamnus barbatus

(Meyen) V. Leonh were identified. Diatoms were observed on

Loxoconcha elliptica Brady in sample 33. Cocconeis placentula

were found ecologically as oligotrophic planktonic species.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis research has been supported by the Research Fund of

Istanbul University (Project: BAP-179/15012004). The au-

thors wish to thank Ozkan Camurcu (Istanbul University),

Mustafa Sunnetci (president of the municipality of Enez,

2004), Durmus� Kaplan (Canakkale Province Environment

and Forestry Directorate), and Metin Guvercin (The Chief-

taincy of Forest Management in Gokceada) for their assis-

tance during sampling.

The authors would also like to express their sincere thanks

to Mr. Murat Dundar (General Director of ASSAN Ar-Ge) and

technician Husnu Ozturk for the photographs taken with Jeol

JSM electron microscope. Meral Dogan (Hacettepe Universi-

ty, Ankara) is gratefully acknowledged for revising the

article.

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Black Sea Mediterranean Sea

Gastropoda

Hydrobia ulvae *

Alvania cimex *

Bittium latreilli *

Pelecypoda

Cerastoderma glaucum * *

Spisula subtruncata * *

Scrobicularia plana * *



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