KHAMMAM DISASTER MITIGATION AND PREPAREDNESS PROJECT

EVALUATION REPORT

APRIL 2008

CONTENTS

ACCRONYMNS .................................................................................................................. 5

EXECUTIVE SUMMERY ................................................................................................... 6

1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 6

2. OBJECTIVES OF THE EVALUATION ....................................................................... 8

3. METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 8

4. GODAVARI RIVER AND FLOODS............................................................................ 9

5. DMPP PROCESS ........................................................................................................ 11

5.1 Selection of Project area: ..................................................................................... 11

5.2 Base line Survey .................................................................................................. 11

5.3 Participatory Analysis of Disaster Risk ................................................................ 11

5.4 Formation and strengthening of DMC and DMS .................................................. 11

5.5 Formation and strengthening of the Task Force .................................................... 14

5.6 Appropriate Disaster Mitigation Structures .......................................................... 14

5.7 Village Disaster Contingency Plan ....................................................................... 14

5.8 Formation of Vulnerability Reduction Fund ......................................................... 14

5.9 Sustainability ....................................................................................................... 14

6. DATA ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................... 22

7. FACTORS AND IMPACTS........................................................................................ 28

8. POLICY AND PROGRAMME ................................................................................... 34

9. CASE STUDIES ......................................................................................................... 35

10. CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................... 40

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Rev. Dino L. Touthang Executive Director, EFICOR Mr. Sanjeev Kumar Bhanja Director - Programmes Department, EFICOR Mr. Ramesh Babu Officiating Manager - Direct Projects, EFICOR Community and all the other stakeholders EVALUATION TEAM 1. Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy

Team leader, External Evaluator - CEO, GEO http://e-geo.org 2. Mr. Harshan K.Y

Team Member, Program Coordinator- HIV project EFICOR 3. Mr. Eshwar Rao

Team Member, Partner organization, IEM 4. Mr. Daich K. Madhvi

Team Member, Project Incharge- Koya IDP, EFICOR 5. Kunja Tirupathi Rao, D. Praveen Kumar, Gaddam Adaamu

Disaster management Society representing the Community 6. Mr. Ramesh Babu

Facilitator, Manager- Direct Projects, EFICOR

ACCRONYMNS AP - Andhra Pradesh CBDP – Community Based Disaster Preparedness. CBO - Community-based Organization DMC – Disaster Management Committee DMPP - Disaster Mitigation and Preparedness Project DMS - Disaster Management Society EFICOR – Evangelical Fellowship of the Indian Commission on Relief www.eficor.org GoAP - Government of Andhra Pradesh GP - Gram Panchayat ITDA - Integrated Tribal Development Agency NGO - Non-Governmental Organization NTFP - Non-Timber Forest Product PADR - Participatory Analysis of Disaster Risk: PRA - Participatory Rural Appraisal SC/ST - Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe SHG - Self-help Group VDC - Village Development Committee VRF – Vulnerability Reduction Fund.

EXECUTIVE SUMMERY

Evaluating helps to assess how well the DMPP was implemented and areas for improvement. It is about asking what has happened and why - what is and what is not working. It is about using evaluation to learn more about an organisation's activities, and then using what has been learnt. Using evaluation to learn more about an organisation's activities, and then using what has been learnt to demonstrate achievements.

DMPP Goal is to reduce vulnerability among the communities in Khammam district of Andhra Pradesh. EFICOR has established a Disaster Management Committee (DMC), and has trained 20 young people as an emergency response task force, responsible for rescue and evacuation. Vulnerability assessment and contingency planning have been conducted in each village, and women’s self-help groups and farmers’ groups have been established. EFICOR has also initiated a number of physical measures. It has installed raised hand pumps in seven of the habitations, and made provision for repairs by training mechanics and issuing toolkits. EFICOR has also been involved in testing alternative cropping in the habitations to help with food security. Each village selected two farmers, who have received hybrid seeds that are stronger varieties and more resistant to pests (which are more common during flood periods and heavy rains). They have also provided diesel powered irrigation pumps to two habitations, benefiting approximately 35 farmers. These are intended to extend the duration of the cultivation period. EFICOR has also facilitated tree planting. Formation of Disaster contingency plans in the 9 habitations (authorized by the local Panchayats), Capacity building of 30 members of the partner agency, IEM in dealing with natural disasters The project purpose is to ensure that the Disaster Mitigation Project implemented for the past five years in the Khammam district of Andhra Pradesh is sustained through the ownership and continued efforts of the community. The following are the major outputs of the project; DMC in each project habitation is formed and strengthened to address the vulnerability of the community to disasters; The 9 DMCs networked into DMS; All the DMS members understand the purpose, roles, responsibility and management of the DMS. For post project sustainability the DMS is linked with the local partner agency IEM, who will monitor and offer consultancy to the DMC and the DMS; The DMS after the project exit period, has an active network with the government for tapping available resources (training, finance, etc.) related to disaster management. The successful implementation of DMPP and the learning’s need to be well documented and the experience should be scaled up to facilitate other disaster prone areas in India and else where.

1. INTRODUCTION Disaster Response, Preparedness and Mitigation Programme In EFICOR is for alleviating people affected by disaster from pain and loss, giving them a hope for the future and assist them in rebuilding their lives is the focus of disaster intervention programmes. EFICOR was involved in major disasters of the country and in about 10 – 15 minor disasters each year. Community based disaster preparedness programmes are organized in selected

disaster prone areas, to train the people to respond immediately and appropriately so as to minimize the damage when a disaster strikes. Khammam Disaster Mitigation and Preparedness Project is an innovative project of EFICOR. Khammam DMPP was implemented to help the vulnerable communities in 9 flood prone habitations covering 5600 people living along Godavari River, located in Bhadrachalam, Dummegudem and Kunavaram Mandals, Khammam District, Andhra Pradesh State, in developing a Comprehensive Flood Management Plan to enable them to respond effectively at disaster situations.

MAP 1 Khammam DMPP implementation area

The purpose of the evaluation is to assess the impact of EFICOR’s intervention from January 2003 to March 2008 and documentation of various learning’s from the past intervention for future reference and replication.

2. OBJECTIVES OF THE EVALUATION

• To identify, from a broad cross section of beneficiaries, how DMPP activities have contributed to lasting improvement in a communities ability to prepare for, respond to and recover from natural hazards focusing on Floods.

• To analyze what changes have occurred in the community towards their livelihood after implementing various activities like early crops etc. and

• To find out the capacity of DMS (Disaster Management Society) which was formed by EFICOR to networking among the DMC’s and with the government

3. METHODOLOGY For the evaluation the information collected is quantitative, qualitative and descriptive for covering the following broad aspects:

1. Study of the processes and achievements during implementation 2. Experiences of the people at various levels involved in the DMPP. 3. Learning’s from the studies conducted earlier. 4. A sample of 6 habitations (5 DMPP habitations and 1 control village) were visited for

primary data.

Preparation for evaluation study: Desk Research, literature review, preparation of questionnaires Primary Data: Information is collected from primary stakeholders using structured formats, Focused group discussions, Interviews with all stakeholders, case studies collected from primary stakeholders, Meeting with the staff. Secondary data analysis: Baseline information, existing reports, DMC records, SHG registers, financial statement and proposal.

Table 1 Source of information on the aspects

S.No Aspects of study Source of information

1 Institutions Key persons in the village Small group (mixed) Verification in larger group

2 Community Participation Small group (mixed)

3 DMC Watershed committee members / WDT/ other members

Small group (mixed) Watershed records

4 Women Representation from SHGs Samakhya (village level)

5 Health and Education Representation from SHGs

Anganwadi worker ANM

6 Poverty Representation from SHGs Identified poor

7 Water Resources Mixed group (men, women, landless, aged etc

8 Agriculture Same as above 9 CPR Same as above

10 Timeline Same as above 11 Social Capital Larger group

4. GODAVARI RIVER AND FLOODS

The river is about 1,450 km (900 miles) long. It rises at Trimbakeshwar, near Nasik and Mumbai in Maharashtra around 380 km distance from the Arabian Sea, flows southeast across south-central India into Andhra Pradesh, and empties into the Bay of Bengal.

Photo 1 Godavari river at Bhadrachalam

It is a seasonal river, approximately 80% of its discharge flows into the Bay of Bengal during the monsoons between July and October. After Bhadrachalam the river enters a gorge in the Eastern Ghats, a mountain range and becomes very narrow.

Flooding is a prevalent problem along Godavari, and affects the area most years during the rainy season (June to August). Normal floods last three to four days, but the most severe recorded flood, in 1986, lasted for 20 days. Water enters the low lying areas at the first warning level itself. Hence a flood bank was constructed along the bank to prevent flooding

of the town. One of the reasons for occurrence of floods in this part of the river is attributed to heavy rainfall that occurs in the southwestern sector of the monsoon depressions due to strong convergence in that sector. By examining the rainfall distribution associated with the monsoon disturbances (lows and depressions) in Godavari river basin. When the disturbance-centre is away from the basin, heavy rainfall may also occur in the basin area close to the confluence line and cause severe floods in the river. The confluence line is the zone of convergence between the northeasterlies to the west of the disturbance centre and the monsoon westerlies. (G. Nageswara Rao, 2001)

5. DMPP PROCESS

Selection of Project area: A vulnerability assessment has been conducted in the target habitations. Finally 9 habitations were selected for the project, covering parts of 3 Mandals, in Khammam District. The habitations have been selected considering its vulnerability to disaster and economical backwardness.

Base line Survey A disaster loss survey format was prepared in the local language and survey was conducted in 9 habitations to collect the basic information for the implementation of DMPP. A master sheet was prepared for incorporating detailed information in contingency planning. PADR tool was developed and used to get the details on capacity building and vulnerability in the areas of social, human, natural, physical, environmental and spiritual aspects of the community, and to design the program in an holistic approach. Also developed and tested standardized tools for need assessment with assistance of external experts. The following PRA techniques were adopted to find out the vulnerability and capacity of the community.

Participatory Analysis of Disaster Risk As a part of situational analysis, Participatory Rural Appraisal conducted in all project habitations and findings were cross checked with the community for the preparation of village contingency plan and syllabus for Task Force training. EFICOR team members organized this exercise. Following PRA Exercise was conducted for situational analysis.

• Social Mapping

• Resource Mapping

• Seasonal Analysis • Transect Walk

• Venn Diagram(institutional mapping)

• Time Line

Formation and strengthening of DMC and DMS

Disaster Management Committee (DMC): A 7 member committee was selected by the community in 9 habitations. The committee consists of 3 female and 4 male members. For the monitoring, motivation and implementation of the program, these committee members were given the first phase training on the following topics.

• Introduction to EFICOR

• Purpose and process of Disaster Preparedness

• Committee and its Role • Role of Disaster Management Committee

• Purpose of PADR activities

• Committee members as a leader

• Task Force and its functions

• Future Plan • Working with the government

Teaching Method – Participation and Group Discussion

Role of DMC: EFICOR formed the Disaster Management Committee (DMC) in each target habitation. The DMC has takenup the ownership of community assets (raised borewells, pump sets, etc.). The Village level DMC's were attached to a single management structure, called Disaster Management Society. Core members of the Federation were provided necessary training and exposure for managing the future disasters. This federation is also tapping government resources and managing their own programmes. Each DMC in consultation with DMS is mobilizing the available resources from the Govt. and other sources during the time of disaster occurrence. In each DMC at least 2 to 3 women members were nominated. DMC also ensures the consistency of Task force s, periodic mock drill exercises that are to be performed in the habitations in every quarter. DMC also makes sure that there is a review and updation of Task Force and DMC in every 3 years, for active participation from all levels in the habitations.

TASK FORCE TEAMS

FIRST AID

SHELTER MANAGEMENT

RELIEF RESCUE WARNING

DM COMMITTEE

CBOs – RYTHU MITHRA GROUPS, SELF-HELP

GROUPS, ETC.

GRAM PANCHAYAT

DM SOCIETY

DM DM DM DM

DM DM DM DM

DMCs of each village in the area

HEALTH

ENGINEER

LAW AND ORDER

MRO / MDO AGRICULTURE

DISTRICT COLLECTOR /

JOINT COLLECTOR

MPTC / ZPTC

IEM

DISTRICT DISASTER

MANAGEMENT CELL / TASK

FORCE / RELIEF AND

MP / MLA ZP CHAIRPERSON

ITDA RDO / SUB-

COLLECTOR

SC / ST CORPOR

ATION

The Disaster Management Bill, 2005 Disaster Management Act, 2005 The National Disaster Management Authority National Disaster Response Force

State Disaster Management Authority

District Disaster Management Authority

DMC / DMS Organisational Structure

Formation and strengthening of the Task Force

Disaster Task Force Selection: 20 volunteers were chosen from the 9 habitations, as Task Force leaders and they are playing a key role in disaster relief operations. They were given Training of Trainers (TOT) in the following areas and they have trained the village taskforce members for Warning, Rescue and Evacuation, First Aid, Shelter Management, Relief and Rehabilitation, etc. Role of Task Force: There are five Task force teams formed in each habitation to respond to any disaster occurance 1) Warning group: Provides early warning to the community through provided instruments 2) Rescue Group : To ensure all the vulnerable groups of people evacuated to the safer places based on the warning they receive.3) First Aid Group: First Aid group will provide emergency first aid to the affected people and further they will take the victim to the hospital for proper treatment. 4) Shelter management: group will be responsible for settling all the affected and homeless people in temporary sheds and 5) relief management team will take the responsibility of accessing relief materials from various sources and govt. departments. Each group consists of at least 5 to 7 members and detailed role responsibility has been entrusted to them in order to respond during the time of any natural calamity.

Appropriate Disaster Mitigation Structures The local community has identifies their most immediate needs and plans appropriate structures in their respective habitations through PADR exercise, such as availability of potable water during the flood and drought. Village level Disaster Management Committee is primarily responsible for the development of mitigation structures. The structures identified are like, raised tube wells, water harvesting structures, embankments, evacuation shelters, escape routes etc., which have been done step by step during project period.

Village Disaster Contingency Plan In all the target habitations a disaster contingency plan was developed through PADR exercise. This village contingency plan has been submitted to and linked with the Gram Panchayat, Mandal and District level Government Contingency Plans through the DMS.

Formation of Vulnerability Reduction Fund A Vulnerability reduction Fund has been opened by the DMC in order to respond during emergency situation. This is mainly to meet the immediate need of the community before getting an external aid / support. DMC with the community consent decided to utilize the fund for 1. Food aid for the initial stage of disasters, provide loan assistance for the agriculture purpose and emergency need of the individual families for wedding, medication etc. They have also fixed the nominal interest for the given amount.

Sustainability For the sustainability of DMC, DMS linked with local partner IEM . This project would be sustainable because the community participation, partner agency cooperation and government support is ensured. The other aspects for sustainability:

1. The Disaster Management Committees (DMC) are strengthened.

2. DMCs are linked to local Gram Panchayats. Local GP president or ward member are one of the DMC members and are also actively involving in all the DMC activities and decision making process.

3. IEM support to DMcs for conducting mock drills for the community, monitoring the work of volunteers and the task force.

4. DMS representing 9 habitations does overall monitoring and ensures the sustainability of the activities.

5. The maintenance of the new tube-wells is the responsibility of the DMC and each DMC is having a caretaker, trained in tube well maintenance and equipped with set of appropriate tools.

6. DMC takes the responsibility of reviewing and updating the contingency plan every year and links with the Government for support

7. Local resident Volunteers and task force member’s skills and capacities were built updated and new volunteers would be selected by the DMC.

8. Local federation has been capacitated to advocate with the government to tap the resources and strengthen the link between the government and the community.

9. DMC has taken the entire responsibility for the maintenance and repair of Irrigation pump sets, provided to the local farmers with mutually agreed criteria.

10. Networking with Government and other organizations / institutions for sustainability. 11. Provision of one time grant to the Vulnerability Reduction Fund formed by the

existing DMC's for vulnerability reduction activities of the habitations, loan for seeds of short duration/early variety crops, agricultural equipments and irrigation.

12. Orientation and Motivation of the Community and DMC on the concept of DMS. 13. Formation of DMS (The General Body of the DMS consists of all DMC members and

the 2 volunteers of the Task Force from all the 9 habitations.) 14. Trainings conducted on conceptual understanding of the purpose, roles and

responsibility of the DMS for all DMF members. 15. Trainings conducted on managing the DMS i.e. book keeping accounting, monitoring

of DMC and Task Force activities, linking and networking, understanding and working out the contingency plan for the Core Committee members within 6 months of the project.

16. Core Committee members were introduced to the relevant government departments. 17. Invited resource persons from government for information sharing on government

disaster management initiatives and resources.

DMPP PROGRAMME EVENTS TIMELINE (2003-08)

2003 • March-June - baseline survey was conducted in 10 project habitations.

• Awareness program was conducted on the concept of CBDP in 10 habitations.

• PADR Assessment in 9 habitations (Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis using PRA tools) • Training on CBDP for IEM Volunteers and missionaries (4 spell program)

1. Biblical perspective on disaster management. 2. Understanding multi hazards and response. 3. Community based disaster preparedness 4. Role and responsibilities of community based DMC and Task Force.

• Selection of DMC and Task Force teams in 9 habitations.

• Total number of DMC members 9@8 =72 including (40%-50%) women.

• Task force for 5 different groups (Warning, Rescue & Evacuation, First Aid, Shelter Management and Relief Management). Each group has 20 – 25 members, who are between 15 – 25 years of age.

• DMC training content: Concept of Disasters, Disaster management, CBDP, leadership , Community mobilization, Govt. shemes and Role of DMC in mitigating disasters etc..

• TASK Force training: Community Based Disaster preparedness, Role and responsibility of task force with various groups, organizing meetings at the village level, mock drills, community mobilization etc.

• Skills training conducted for DMC and Task Force team in 9 habitations.

• Organized Exposure visits for TASK force team to Kakinada, Rajahmundary, Chirala and Hyderabad. • Preparation of contingency plan for 9 habitations. 2004 • Village Contingency plan has been prepared and submitted to the DMC at village level and relevant officials at

Mandal and District level. • Vulnerability Reduction Fund raised by each DMC to respond in emergency.

• 7 high raised bore wells were provided in 7 habitations for drinking water purpose during and after the floods. • Disaster Management Society (networking body) has been formed represented by 9 habitations and has been

registered as an apex body of DMC. • 90 farmers were provided with seeds (Paddy-early crops, Chillies, Black gram and cotton) and fertilizers.

• 2 habitations (Sithanagaram and Vinayakapuram) were provided with Irrigation pump set @ Rs. 24000/ each. • Monthly mock drill exercises were regularly being performed in the project habitations.

• 10 days fire fighting training was provided to the Task Force and certificates were issued by the district Fire Exchange to the participants.

2005 to 2008 Regular Visits to the habitations

• Training 4 times in each year on disasters and development.

• Taskforce meetings and training programs were conducted.

• Exposure visits for the taskforce members and farmers • Government intervention or network to access various entitlements like lift irrigation, land development,

loans, agricultural related tools etc. • Capacity building training programs for DMC.

• Skills training program on tailoring for selected women from the taskforce.

• One high raised borewell in one village for safe drinking water after experiencing 2006 floods.

6. DATA ANALYSIS DMC - PARTICIPATION AND FUNCTIONING The participation and functioning in DMC is very good. The community recognizes the importance of DMC, therefore there is a good participation in all the activities of DMC.

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN DMC

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

Interest in SHGs

formtion and

participation

Importance of

DMC

Participation in

DM Committee

activities and

meetings

Participation in

Federation

activities and

meetings

Participation in

Gram Sabha

Index

Aspect Very Low Low Medium High Very High

Weightage 1 2 3 4 5

DMC FUNCTIONING

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5F

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VR

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The functioning of DMC and other related activities are going on well. Index

Aspect Very Poor Poor Average Good Very Good

Weightage 1 2 3 4 5

Table 2 Project Habitations general information

Table 3 Interventions all gist.

Aspect Total

(nos.)

1 Total field visits (52 weeks @ 3 visits x 9 habitations) 1404

2 Total trainings / workshops 15

3 Total participants - Men 36

4 Total participants - women 36

5 Total Exposure visits (no.) 6

6 Exposure visits - Total Participants (no.) 100 AGRICULTURE Main crops being cultivated currently are Paddy, Chillies and Cotton, Paddy, Jowar, Pulses, Groundnut and til were being cultivated as main crops about 5 years back. The input costs as well the yield of the respective crops increased in the last 5 years. Seasonal migrants from Chattisgarh state provide cheap agriculture labour for harvesting chillies and for all other activities. The number of households with agriculture based income source is decreasing. This is an indicator for diversification of livelihoods into non-farm sector. The qualitative aspects of agriculture extension and the farmers institutions functioning has improved. EFICOR played an important role in institution building, capacity building and convergence of extension services in the project area. This is clearly visible in the project habitations as compared to the control village. The farmers were encouraged to farm into Rythu Mithra Groups (RMGs), which are effective and are also able to save money through thrift and savings. LIVESTOCK

m.

kashinagaram krishtavaram patha

bandarigudem polipaka chellampalem Control

habitation

Sl no Village Name

No of houses

No of population

No of hand pumps working

EFICOR pumps

10th above students

School & anganvadi

Municipal water taps Acres

1 Seethanagaram 85 1000 3 no 50 2 yes 30 2 M.Kasinagaram 100 600 4 no 30 2 no 20

3 K.Kasinagaram 150 750 10 1 55 4 no 40

4 Old Bandarigudam 100 400 4 1 30 2 no 10

5 Kristavaram 120 800 8 1 50 2 no 35

6 Vinayakapuram 70 400 6 1 10 2 no 10 7 Chellampalem 101 700 11 1 35 2 yes 30

8 Polipaka 150 700 10 1 50 2 no 50

9 Gunduvarigudam 35 250 3 1 15 2 no 10 Total 911 5600 59 7 325 20 2 235

Current (2008)

before 2003

Current (2008)

before 2003

Current (2008)

before 2003

Current (2008)

before 2003

Current (2008)

before 2003

Current (2008)

before 2003

No. of Cows

35 150 150 390 230 450 300 1000 200 300 200 500

No. of Bullocks

600 1300 140 210 100 300 200 300 180 200

No. of Buffaloes

15 50 70 40 40 80 4

No. of Sheep

100 0 20 58 0 0

No. of Goat

50 1000 52 0 100 100 300 0 30

No. of chickens / ducks

400 600 1500 2300 2000 1200 500 1000 300 300 800 500

The above table shows that there is overall decrease in livestock as compared to the situation about 5 years back. FISHERIES In some habitations non-traditional households have adapted to fishing, this trend is more prevalent in M. Kashinagarm where from 4 households in 2003 increased to 15 households in 2008. DRINKING WATER AND GROUNDWATER Adequate drinking water is created and being shared judiciously, this kind of cooperation is very much important especially during occurrence of floods. The groundwater levels are depleting in some habitations. COMMON POOL RESOURCES The availability of grazing lands are coming down. SUPPORT / FACILITATION INSTITUTIONS The functional village level support / facilitation institutions are increasing in number like;

1. Rural Infrastructure Development Fund(RIDF) 2. JFM / CFM programmes by Forest Department 3. Agriculture Department / Rythu Mithra Groups, Seed, Vermicomposting, fertilizers,

saplings, etc. 4. Horticulture Dept 5. Comprehensive Land Development Programme / Indira Prabha 6. Animal Husbandry 7. Fisheries 8. Irrigation Dept (Minor / Medium / Major) 9. Dist. Rural Dev. Agency (DRDA) / District Poverty Initiatives Programme (DPIP) /

Indira Kranthi Patham 10. DPEP / Education 11. Medical and Health

12. SC Corporation 13. ST Welfare/Tribal Welfare 14. BC Welfare / BC Corporation 15. Tribal welfare / ITDA 16. ICDS / Child Development Programme 17. Anganwadi / Women and Children Welfare 18. Housing Department 19. Road 20. Civil supplies / Public Distribution system 21. Rural water supply (Panchayat Raj Department.) 22. Electricity 23. Telecommunications / BSNL / mobile / WLL / WIRELESS access.

MIGRATION As the literacy rate is increasing, the educated youth are migrating to other places for higher education or employment . ENERGY People were found using traditional inefficient biomass stoves for cooking and hot water requirements. The concern for fuel wood is growing as the Common Pool Resources are depleting or becoming inaccessible. They face difficulty in cooking during the rainy season and floods. There is a possibility of facilitating portable efficient stoves as “relief stoves” in these flood prone areas. EDUCATION The percentage of girls and boys not enrolled and the percentage of children working as wage labors is one of the main concerns in all the habitations. SHGs There is an increase in number of SHGs formed in the project habitations, EFICOR has actively encouraged women to form into SHGs. These SHGs have also formed into federations at village level. The corpus of SHGs and federation has improved. ROLE OF WOMEN IN DMC Women also attend the DMC meetings in all habitations and actively participate in decision making process in some habitations. INFRASTRUCTURE The infrastructure available to the people in the project habitations to cope with floods (before, during and after) is like: Panchayat Office Building, Primary / Secondary School Buildings, Church / temple / Community halls, Noon-meal center building, Anganwadi building, Between and within the

habitations road link, Milk collection center and Communication Facility (telephone / mar / wireless / mobile). HEALTH The most common health problems faced by community during and after floods are: vomiting, cholera, Malaria, Diarrhea and fever. Note: No significant differences are found in the Control Village in the above aspects. RESPONSE OF COMMUNITY BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER OCCURANCE OF FLOODS Pre flood activities 1. Conducting meeting in the village regarding the possible extent of flood and actions to be

taken. 2. Checking of all rescue material. i.e.- bottles, coconut, ropes, thermocoal boats, etc 3. Early warning group preparation 4. Identification of old people, pregnant ladies, kids 5. Identification of high raised place 6. 4) Rice collected from all households 7. First aid material made ready 8. 5) Kept ear on Radio news by warning groups During flood activities 1 Announcement in the village 2 Evacuation to safer place to old age people, ladies, kids, sick people & live stock 3 Moved people to safer place (i.e. aged people, pregnant women, children, sick people

etc…) 4 Arrangement for temporary shelter 5 Approached Govt. for emergency relief 6 Availed rice and dal from Government for camp. 7 Used EFICOR high raised bore well for drinking water 8 Monitored the Water levels and receding status. Post flood activities 1. Flood Area survey 2. House damage survey 3. Water logging sites survey 4. Call to govt. medical team for medication 5. Cleaning of Debris and cleaning whole Village. 6. Bleaching powder spreading in water and logging areas 7. House damage assessment 8. Crop damage assessment (both the reports were given to the govt officials, they were so

amazed to see that how accurately it has been done. Further the compensation and new houses were sectioned according to this assessment.

9. Relief from Govt. & EFICOR distributed through DMC & Task force 10. Govt. Relief distributed equally in the village 11. Sick people were taken to hospital

7. FACTORS AND IMPACTS An assessment exercise was made with the stakeholders in the project for understanding the weightage of factors in the DMPP. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total Avg.

Social 40 25 25 25 20 25 25 185 26.43

Human 20 30 30 30 35 35 35 215 30.71

Physical 10 10 15 15 15 10 10 85 12.14

Natural 10 5 5 5 5 5 5 40 5.71

Financial 10 15 10 10 10 15 15 85 12.14

Environmental 10 15 15 15 15 10 10 90 12.86

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

Social Human Physical Natural Financial Environmental

Out of total 100 points for each capital the stakeholders were asked to give weightage. From the above chart, it is clear that DMPP focused more on the Human and Social aspects. Where as the Physical, Natural, Financial and Environmental capitals were prioritized under the convergence of programmes.

SIX CAPITALS Social: Community Based Organizations / Institutions (like DMC, VDC), Networks (like DMS), Demographic profile, Poverty, Employment, Education, etc. Human: Capacities, Capabilities, Skills, Knowledge, training, awareness, sensitization, etc. Physical / Infrastructure: Bore wells, roads, Boats, community buildings, communication, electricity, etc.

Natural: Agriculture, Livestock, fisheries, water resources (quality and quantity) Financial: Vulnerability Reduction Fund (VRF), Relief fund, access to Micro-finance and banks, EFICOR support, etc. Environment: Occurrence and intensity of floods and drought, meteorology information access, climate variability, etc.

These activities have had a number of impacts on the community. These impacts are organized into five categories: social, human, natural, physical, economic and environmental. SOCIAL IMPACTS As a result of the capacity-building and training inputs, villagers are better able to organize themselves and feel more confident. Young people are trained to work in teams in rescue and evacuation techniques, and show pride and strength in demonstrating their new skills. Villagers frequently mention that flooding has become less of a problem in their community, not because the levels or duration of the floods have changed, but because they feel empowered through their training to deal effectively with the flood when it comes. The establishment of farmers’ groups has helped to facilitate the exchange of information and knowledge of new cropping systems. EFICOR has also been instrumental in establishing women’s self-help groups, which have empowered women and given them a community voice. Women are also part of the DMC. EFICOR’s training and capacity-building activities have strengthened the community’s ability to cope with illness. Whilst the number of cases of illness during droughts and floods has not necessarily decreased, first-aid training has helped villagers to feel more confident about dealing with minor illnesses and injuries, and identifying and referring problems that require medical attention.

HUMAN IMPACTS Illness is the primary human impact of both the drought and the flooding. The installation of raised hand pumps has ensured clean water supplies, and villagers report substantial

SOCIAL

ACCESS TO HEALTH

SERVICES

LOCAL

INSTITUTIONS

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

COMMITTEE

TASK FORCE

ROLE OF GRAM

PANCHAYAT

VILLAGE POPULATION

AND %AGE OF VULNERABLE AGE GROUP

POVERTY OF THE

HOUSEHOLDS

reductions in diarrhea. New skills have also been imparted through the hand pump caretaker training programme and the technical support for growing alternative seed varieties.

PHYSICAL ASSETS EFICOR’s primary impact in reducing vulnerability has been the installation of raised hand pumps, which ensure a clean water supply during both drought and flooding. Previously, many villagers had to walk up to 2km to get drinking water during droughts, because government installed hand pumps dried up. During flood periods, these wells become blocked and contaminated. Because the flooding is relatively brief, and there is nearby high ground, villagers do not report effects on other assets, such as livestock and household goods.

INSTITUTIONAL BUILDING

HUMAN

TRAINING

AWARENESS

COMMUNICATION

LOCAL SPECIFIC INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE

NETWORKING

SENSITIZATION

KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS

KNOWLEDGE / UNDERSTANDING

NATURAL RESOURCES Khammam District is rich in natural resources and soils are fertile. Flooding and drought primarily affect crops, and EFICOR has responded with its programme of hybrid seeds. It is an important step in the long-term mitigation of the effects of these hazards on natural resources and food security.

PHYSICAL

ROADS AND COMMUNICATION AND WARNING SYSTEMS INFORMATION

RELIEF CENTERS: HIGH REACH AREAS AND SHELTERS (SCHOOLS / COMMUNITY CENTERS / RELIGIOUS PLACES,

FOOD / COOKING NEEDS, LIGHTING

AND OTHER ESSENTIALS

LIFE SAVING EQUIPMENT BOATS / LIFE

JACKETS / ETC.

INFLUENCE OF SCHEMES

AND PROGRAMME / GRANTS OR SUBSIDIES

ACCESS TO PUCCA HOUSES / RAISED BOREWELLS

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS In the event of climate variability the occurance of floods and drought is unpredicatable. Whilst flooding can cause displacement and destruction, it also brings many benefits; fishing increases, teak wood carried by the flood waters is collected and sold or used in the village, and fields receive important nutrients from the flood waters.

FINANCIAL IMPACTS EFICOR’s pilot cropping programme is helping villagers to experiment with alternative seeds and cropping patterns that are suited to flood and drought conditions, thereby reducing crop losses. Diesel-powered water pumps help to irrigate agricultural land with river water.

FISHERIES, MICRO-

ENTERPRISES,

ETC.

ACCESS TO CPR AND

MANAGEMENT

NATURAL

AGRICULTURE

CHOICE OF CROP AND

SHORT DURATION

LIVESTOCK

LAND DEVELOPMENT AND ACCESS

TO IRRIGATION

INPUT, PRACTICES AND OUTPUT

SUPPORT

ENVIRONMENTAL

FLOODS OCCURANCE

AND INTENSITY

DROUGHT OCCURANCE

AND INTENSITY

CLIMATE VARIABILITY FACTORS

FINANCIAL

DMC VULNERABILITY

REDUCTION FUND (VRF)

SHGs

MICRO-FINANCE

SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF COMMUNITY

ACCESS TO LOANS FROM

BANKS

SUPPORT ORGANISATIONS

PROJECTS / PROGRAMMES /

RELIEF

COMPENSATION / GRANT / RELIEF AND

REHABILITATION SUPPORT FROM GOVT. AND OTHER AGENCIES

8. POLICY AND PROGRAMME The Government of India, initiated the following measures related to disasters management: The Disaster Management Bill, was passed in 2005 Disaster Management Act, came into existence in 2005 The National Disaster Management Authority was formed National Disaster Response Force is also formed Provided facilities for formation of State Disaster Management Authority, District Disaster Management Authority and local authorities. The Disaster Management Unit of Andhra Pradesh under the Ministry of Finance, initially would be involved in the following activities:

• formation of a long-term mitigation policy

• undertaking key hazard studies

• restoring and strengthening infrastructure with improved design • use of innovative methods such as the setting up of the Vulnerability Reduction Fund

Trust

• improved methods of capacity building through innovative training and orientation programmes and community participation

• extensive use of mass media and multimedia.

Typical relief package of the Government supplied during the 2006 floods includes: Rice, Dal, Oil, Salt, Potato, Onion, Chilly powder packet, Turmeric powder, Sambar powder, Garam masala, Washing soap, Bath soap, Dettol bottle and Biscuit packet

Short term and long term measures by Govt., Institutions, organizations and community at different levels anticipated as such.

District level

Sr. No

Long term Sr. No Short term

01 Infrastructure 01 District task force Relief and Rescue operations

02 Embankments 02 Compensation 03 Communication 04 Relief funds 05 Road 06 Housing MANDAL/ FEDERATION LEVEL

Sr. No

Long term Sr. No Short term

01 Hostel 01 Seeds Provision 02 Education 02 Land reclamation 03 School provision 03 Fertilized Provision 04 SC/ST Welfare hostel 04 Evacuation relief and rehab.

centres 05 Vocational training center 06 Loan access to bank and institutions

07 Marketing centers 08 Early warning systems & Awareness VILLAGE / HABITATION LEVEL

Sr. No

Long term Sr. No Short term

01 PHC 01 First aid / health care camp 02 Asha Workers 02 Relief- rice, pulses, clothing,

vegetables, kerosene, blankets, buckets, plates, mugs, mats

03 Boat 03 Temporary shelters 04 Rescue materials- Net, life jacket,

mega phone 04 Compansation

05 Radio 06 Micro finance and enterprises 07 Village roads 08 Sanitation 09 Potable water 10 High raised bore wells 11 Housing 12 Identification & shelter

9. CASE STUDIES

CASE STUDY 1

Kunja Tirupathi Rao, P. Bandarugudem

My name is Kunja Tirupahi Rao. I am 25 years old. I had studied up to 10th class. We are living in this village right from our ancestors (around 100 years). My father has been addicted to liquor. He used to harass and beat us frequently. To avoid this harassment, we left that house and we went to our Grandmothers (Mother's mother) house. After 2 years, we have built a small house. Now we are living in a better condition.

In the year 2003, brother Ramesh (from EFICOR) came to our village. At that time I am cutting the firewood. He stopped the motorcycle engine and asked for the name of the village. I said it is Bandarugudem and I had asked him "Who are you?"."I am Ramesh, I came from EFFICOR organization", he replied. He asked weather the floods of River Godavari can affect this village. "In 1986 the complete village got submerged", I replied. He said that we are going to form a committee in this village. All the people in our village assembled and in the presence of the village Head, Kateboina Pullaiah, DMC was formed and I was selected as a volunteer to the committee. At that time I don't know anything. The first training on DMC was given to me in RedCross building at Bhadrachalam. I like social Service very much. Sangram, from EFFICOR used to come to our village very frequently to conduct meetings. I invited all our villagers for the meeting. One big flood has submerged our village in 1986 i.e. before EFFICOR came to our village. At that time I was a child. I didn't get any economic support. None of our villagers were educated. Even in agriculture practice they are not experts. They used to cultivate Red gram, Jower, Ragi and other small millets. They learned cultivation of Rice from 2001. From 2002 onwards they started growing Cotton, Rice and Chillies. In 2003 August, Mr.Sangram from EFFICOR has informed that the EFFICOR will support the villagers in growing the useful trees like, Guava, Mango, Papaya, Orange and Grapes. In the evening at around 5.30 pm, I brought these plants from

EFFICOR and distributed 3 plants per house. I felt very happy in doing this activity. After that in 2004, Mr. Madan came. Agricultural officer A. Thatha Rao has given training about the agriculture practiced in Kasinagaram. He had given many advices on agriculture and we learnt a lot from him. The farmers expressed that they are ready to attend such training programs conducted anywhere in the future. Madan stayed here only for few days. After that Mr. Das came and conducted meetings on Raythu Mithra program through which farmers will get loans for low interest, so that they can avoid private financiers who collect high interest. Famers will become debt free and concentrate more on cultivation. Then farmers decided that it is a good scheme and formed into two groups namely 1. Vasantha (R.M.G.) and 2.Lillipuvvu (R.M.G.). They paid Rs.50/month for six months. After six months, the Bank Manager has given loan of Rs.57000/-(Rupees Fifty Seven Thousand) for each of these RMGs. We had repaid that money to the Bank. This time the Bank had given Rs.114000/-(Rupees One Lakh Fourteen Thousand) as loan. By seeing all this process, the third group formed namely Mahanandi and has approached the bank and promised to repay the loan if they get it. Bank has allotted Rs.50000/-(Rupees Fifty Thousand). Now all the people of the village are under RMGs. The Govt. and the officials from various departments like ITDA are giving preference to the farmers of these groups.

Irrigation Water: VDC & DMC committees had written a letter to the P.O. of ITDA mentioning that we are not getting the water from Taliveru Project. Every year the crops got affected just before harvesting due to lack of water supply. We need irrigation water. Turubaka vaagu(rivulet) flows from west to east just beside the village and it contains full of water in the rainy season. You can provide lift irrigation from this rivulet. We had submitted this letter to the P.O. at ITDA office. He sent the concern officials to the village and they conducted a survey. They found that there is a potential to irrigate about 136 acres of land, and sanctioned Rs.2,58,500/- for agricultural bore (Tube Well). For getting this we had gone to ITDA office around 250 times under VDC & DMC committees. We met the P.O. around 20 times. This is all possible because the EFFICOR organization has trained us on different aspects like How to talk with the officials, How to fill the application etc. Before 2003, i.e. before the EFFICOR interaction with our village, we don’t know about the government subsidy and how to get it. VDC & DMC committees are discussing all the issues that are happening in the village. Political parties are exploiting the people’s development fund money since 30 to 40 years. Due to effective training from the EFFICOR, we are able to know and understand what is happening in the society.

Why our village is called Bandarugudem?

About 100 years ago there was a village by name Yaalambailu in palvancha. Most of the villagers had hundreds of Buffalos, cows, sheep and goats. They don’t have proper source for drinking water to their animals. At that time Mr. Cotton (Governor General) was working as clerk in the court at Aswaraopeta. He thought that he should provide a solution for the drinking water problem. He came to this agency area which was a deep forest then. There were Bandaru trees at place where the present Bandarugudem village is located. Cotton and his three associates had surveyed the complete forest and found the present Turubaka Vaagu. At that time it was like a small stream. It was believed that demons were roaming there. They surveyed this place by keeping some marks along the way, and they go back using that marks. There is one big Bandaru tree in the middle of their path, from which they used to identify their path. Finally they completed the survey and sent the report to the government. The government officials had surveyed 300 acres and allotted to the villagers. As this village is located near the big Bandaru tree, which was used as landmark, the village name became Bandarugudem.

TACKLING THE FLOOD OF AUGUST 2006

In August, 2006 there were floods to the River Godavari. VDC and DMC members immediately distributed 80 quintals of Rice from the government. We had surveyed the

damage of the crops and properties and informed the government. 25 kgs of Rice and other vegetables were distributed by EFFICOR organization. They provided Rs.3200/- for houses damaged by River Godavari and Rs.2200/- for the less damaged houses.

CASE STUDY 2

Gaddam Adaamu, M. Kasinagaram

I Gaddam Adaamu, am son of Shri. Ramarao living in M. Kasinagaram for the past 24 years. In my family, I have my Father, Mother, two sisters and one brother. Ours is a poor family. My father is daily wage labor. My one sister studied up to 7th class and another sister up to 10th class, I had completed M.A and my brother had studied up to 10th class. Ours is a joint family. We will take decisions by discussing with each other. We are very cooperative and helpful with our neighbors. We have very friendly environment in our village. Our village is prone to the floods. At the time of floods, all our villagers take right decisions in right time and migrate to other villages. When we come back to the village, we will rebuild our houses and also take care of cleanliness in the village. Like this I had migrated four times till now. Under such conditions, the EFFICOR organization has take initiation and enlightened us about Floods, Fire accidents, accidents and about crops through meetings, trainings, workshops and other awareness programs. EFFICOR organization came to our village in 2003 and started their activities to enlighten the people on different hazards by giving technical advices through workshops, meetings etc.

Before March 2003:

We are not aware of how to mitigate the floods before 2003. We are only able to protect our lives. But now under the guidance of EFFICOR, we are now capable of protecting others life as well as our Houses and crops. Now we know completely about fire accidents. Really this organization is helping us in many ways.

Present Life Style:

At present we learnt a lot from EFFICOR in different aspects such as, Flood Hazards, Fire Accidents, Cultivation of crops etc.

EFFICOR prepared all of us in protecting ourselves, if at all there is occurs any hazard. They formed us into five groups to mitigate the hazards.

My Role in Flood Management 2006:

At the time of floods in 2006, I personally involved in vacating the Old people, pregnant ladies and the children. I had helped in passing the information about flood movement, which helped in taking decisions at the right time.

After the floods receded back, I was involved in taking several actions to control the contaminated diseases by applying bleaching powder etc. And also I was involved in facilitating the aid from the government or NGOs to the affected people.

TACKLING THE FLOOD OF AUGUST 2006

1st August, 2006, Tuesday:

On 1st August 2006, I had helped in providing the information about rain and floods to the villagers. There was continuous heavy rain on that day. The flood level in Godavari has reached 45 feet and there is potential to raise this level as it was continuously raining. We decided to vacate the village and moved all villagers to the safe areas using the boats. We had involved in providing the required help for moving the villagers to a new place. We also helped the villagers in reestablishing their houses when they came back to village.

2nd August 2006, Wednesday:

On the night of 1st August, we didn't sleep whole night. We collected the information from the electronic media news and we shifted all the animals to safe areas.

On 2nd August, the flood level has increased further to 46 feet. The government officials like MRO, MDO and AE came to the village and appreciated the efforts of EFFICOR in saving so many lives. They had expressed that the villagers were enlightened by the EFFICOR efforts, and they can now protect themselves from the flood hazards. Afterwards we involved in providing required aid to the affected.

3rd August, 2006 Thursday:

As the flood maintained level at 46 feet, we all prepared our villagers to move to other village. Our group members have taken measures in getting the food, shelter, and other needs from the government.

All our crops were devastated by floods. We had informed the MRO about the loss of crops.

4th August, 2006 Friday:

The flood level in Godavari has come down to 44 feet, so we came back to our village. We had cleaned our village and applied bleaching powder. We had enquired about the different diseases and distributed the required tablets. Later we had applied for the development of village to the MRO. MRO has responded positively and provided the daily needs (like Rice, Salt, sugar, oil, Dal, Onions, cloths etc) immediately.

5th August, 2006 Saturday:

On this day, we prepared a record of our needs and submitted to the EFFICOR. They responded immediately and supplied Rice, Vegetables, Oil, Dal, Clothes etc. We maintained the discipline in distributing this aid so that all of us would get justice. On the same we had prepared the record of the affected crops and submitted to the MRO. MRO had sanctioned Rs.200/- as compensation per acre immediately.

CASE STUDY 3

D. Praveen Kumar, M. Kasinagaram

I D. Praveen Kumar, am from M. Kasinagaram habitation, Dummugudem Mandal, Khammam district, working as a volunteer in EFFICOR, since 2003. They formed a DMC in our village to deal with the welfare of the village during occurrence of disasters. They also formed the Taskforce and divided the villagers into 5 groups. They had given training to these groups about flood management measures like managing the situations before the floods, at the time of floods and after the floods. Before 2003, nobody has taken initiative in this aspect. At the time of floods nobody has taken care of the children, old aged people and the pregnant ladies.

EFFICOR has provided a bore well with an elevated platform through which we are getting the clean drinking water at time of floods. By discussing with the people, EFFICOR has opened an account in the bank. They decided to spend this money only at time of natural hazards. To help the farmers in the village, they had supplied seeds for short term crops. They had also supplied the fertilizers at subsidized cost. They trained the villagers about the measures to be taken at the time of fire accidents. They trained us to repair the bore well and supplied the required tools. Like this they trained us in various aspects and helped for the development of the village. They sent us to the training programs conducted by other NGOs at different places. They had explained the activities of those NGOs.

Before 2003, our village was a backward area. People were highly selfish at that time. Now there is a sea of change in the village. All the committee members assemble once in a month and discuss about the happenings and activities in the village. Before 2003, the loss

due to floods was more. Now it is drastically reduced. Even the accidents have reduced. Death rate has come down. Now the people are very happy in the village. Villagers are able to take care of their animals effectively. We are saving these animals at the time floods by taking them to elevated places. Taskforce people are taking measures in saving the lives of children, pregnant ladies, old aged and physically handicapped people by moving them to highest places. They are providing first aid to the injured people. We are prepared for the floods by taking measures like floating empty bottles, Boat made of thermocoal etc.

From 2003 to 2008, the self confidence of the villagers has raised. Now they are confident of protecting themselves and also some other needy people. When compared with 2003, there is reduction in the death rate and loss of property.

TACKLING THE FLOOD OF AUGUST 2006

1st August, 2006 Tuesday:

Before 1st August, 2006, there were heavy rains in the district and in the catchment area of Godavari district. Because of these rains there was a raise in flood level of Godavari River. MRO and other officials came to our village and advised to vacate the village. I had informed the same to the villagers, committee members and the taskforce members. That night we had vacated the old aged people, children and pregnant ladies to safe neighbor village. We have accommodated them in the school building of that village. Other people came on the 2nd august. People had experienced lot of fear on this night.

2 August, 2008, Wednesday:

I had gone to mandal office on Wednesday morning along with some of the villagers. On hearing the flood hazard, the officials of MRO office responded positively and supplied Rice, Kerosene, Dal, Tamarind, onions, oil etc. We had distributed this aid to all the required villagers. Using these supplies, they prepared their meal and felt happy. All the animals were moved to the elevated places. We did fist aid to the injured. Old age people were shifted using boats.

3rd August, 2008, Thursday:

We spread the bleaching powder supplied by the government. We had supplied medicines to the people who were suffering from fever, vomiting, motions. Due to this effort they became soon healthy.

4th August, 2008, Friday:

Some people had gone to our village to check the flood level. They found that there is a decrease in the flood level and informed to all the villagers. First the taskforce people has reached the village and removed the fallen trees and cleaned the village. Later we had taken all the villagers.

5th August, 2008, Saturday:

Persons from EFFICOR organization came to our village to conduct a survey and identified the damaged houses. They had given the economic support to repair the damaged houses. They had also supplied the daily needs like cooking oil, Rice, vegetables etc. Other NGOs have also helped. We had distributed them to all the villagers equally. Even the aid from government was also distributed equally.

We joined the unhealthy people in the hospital and taken care and got them proper medicines. We had removed the dead bodies of animals. We had taken measures for mosquito control by spreading some medicines. We had repaired the damaged houses. We applied to the government for the financial support to the farmers whose crops got damaged. We had surveyed the fields to assess the damage of crops. Government had sanctioned the money within one month and farmers felt happy with this support.

10. CONCLUSIONS

• DMPP is the most successful intervention of EFICOR, which is unique, the learning’s should be extended to other areas vulnerable to floods and other disasters.

• Self-help capacity of communities have been strengthened for improved integrated flood management.

• DMC is an innovative initiative for community response to disasters, which is the most important and immediate aspect, during occurrence of disasters.

• The DMC’s and DMS should be supported further till formal institutions like government takes up the responsibilities formally as per the Disaster Managemetn Act on a regular basis.

• The existing DMC is strengthened to address the vulnerability of the community to disasters. The communities in the 9 habitations formed into DMS .

• All the DMS and DMC members understand the purpose, roles, responsibility and management and are able to systematically and efficiently function.

• The local partner agency, IEM, has been capacitated, to assist the community in the functioning of the DMCs and the DMS effectively.

• The DMS as an active network is able to tap available resources from the Government through convergence.

• DMC is also well aware of government resources (training, finance, etc.) related to disaster management.

• Villagers have adapted their crops and cropping patterns to reduce the impact of flooding. For example, the village of Bhandarigudem historically harvested chillies from June to September, but because of the flooding has shifted this crop to September to April.

• IEM should take up total responsibility immediately for continuity of the initiatives of EFICOR.

• Based on this experience EFICOR should conduct trainings for capacitating / replicating similar models else where.

• Linkages / convergence is facilitated with number of departments and institutions like, Agriculture, revenue, Indira Kranthi Patham (IKP), ITDA, etc.

• There is a demand for formation of similar DMC like community based institutions in the other flood prone areas.

• The DMC members are capacitated to the extent that they are seeking funds and support from various departments / programmes through convergence.

• The qualitative aspects of agriculture extension and the farmers institutions functioning has improved. EFICOR played an important role in institution building, capacity building and convergence of extension services in the project area. This is clearly visible in the project habitations as compared to the control village.

• A strong disciplined and responsible leadership has emerged in the project habitations, in the long run they could become great leaders representing various organization, institutions, etc.

POST PROJECT SUSTAINABILITY: INDIAN EVENGELICAL MISSION TO CONTINUE THE SUPPORT TO DMPP IEM is a partner organization of EFICOR working among Koya tribal community at Bhadrachalam Khammam, distt of A.P. The concept of Disaster mitigation & preparedness program was presented to the working committee (IEM & EFICOR) in November 2002 after the approval from the WC the program was inducted. EFICOR implemented the program in 9 habitations & part of capacity building they had trained IEM volunteers nearly 40 people from 40 different Churches.

The following contents were covered in 4 different training programs held at various levels. Programs conducted at Bhadrachalam, pata maerdupaka, burgampad & lankalpali.

1) Biblical basis for responding on Disasters 2) Concept of Development 3) Understanding disaster management 4) Concept of community based disaster preparedness program 5) Role of DMC and Task force in disaster management 6) Network with the Govt. 7) Responding to multi Hazards

Presently all the volunteers who had undergone training programs are fully equipped and they are ready to cope with any disaster occurs in their village. IEM will be continuously monitoring the skills and training they acquired to be practiced regularly and we will ensure they will support DMC, and also wants all these trained volunteers helping DMC and will be working with Govt when the disasters occur any time in future.

Annexure – 1

The Disaster Mitigation and Preparedness Training program BHADRACHALAM, KHAMMAM DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH

The Disaster Mitigation and Preparedness Training program was organized by EFICOR, Bhadrachalam on 7 & 8th February 2006. EFICOR invited AFPRO, Hyderabad for conducting the training. Dr. Sai Bhaskar Reddy from AFPRO, Hyderabad as resource person has successfully conducted the training, in which 50 trainees participated. In which Disaster Management Committee members (who have been involved in this work for the last two years), Volunteers (who have been helping the DMC in the village level) and Taskforce member’s one person from each group from 9 habitations participated. The objective of the training was that the communities should know more about Disaster Mitigation and preparedness work, disaster and its effectiveness, DMC role in handling the disaster at the village level. Guidance was provided on the planning to form a Federation as a disaster responding team from selected 9 habitations (Disaster management Federation), on how they can be registered with the government, the legal implications in this regard, purpose, roles, responsibility and management of the DMF, Networking with others and on how to work with the government. At the end of program the participants have understood the concept of disaster mitigation and preparedness. Accepted the roles and responsibilities of the DMC as. Aware about Federation and its legal implications. Known to network with other like minded groups and about The Disaster Management Bill, 2005.

Annexure 2 Expected output from the evaluation: The expected output of this assignment is a report with the following sections:

• Executive Summary (no more than four A4 sides)

• Introduction / Background

• Methodology

• Context Analysis • For each Aspect, a section in the form

o Findings o Conclusions o Assessment

• Annexes (indicative) o Terms of Reference for the Evaluation o Profile of the Evaluation Team o Evaluation Schedule o Protocols for the Evaluation o Documents consulted during the Evaluation o Persons participating in the Evaluation o Field data used during the Evaluation, including baselines

Expected output from the Team Leader/ external evaluator:

� Guideline for formulation of questionnaires � Finalisation of methodology for data collection � Compiling process Tools of evaluation: Preparatory : Desk Research, Documentation and Data analysis, Questionnaires Implementation : Focus Group Discussion, Interview Questionnaires with Community and

Case study. : Meeting with the Staff

Secondary data to be made available for the Evaluation team: � Annual reports � Baseline data ( if any) � SHG registers � DMC records � Financial Statement � Proposal Evaluation Team members: Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy : Team leader, External Evaluator – CEO, GEO Mr. Harshan K.Y : Team Member, Program Coordinator- HIV project EFICOR Mr. Eshwar Rao : Team Member, Partner organization, IEM Mr. Daich K. Madhvi : Team Member, Project Incharge- Koya IDP, EFICOR 2 Members : Disaster management Society representing the Community Mr. Ramesh Babu : Facilitator, Manager- Direct Projects, EFICOR Roles of the members: Preparing questionnaires : Team Leader and Members Selecting sample villages : Facilitator and Project staff Collecting data : Team Members Compiling data : Team Members Preparing Final report : Team Leader Debriefing of the findings : Team Leader Logistics : Facilitator Evaluation time frame: 13th April 2008 : Arrive at Bahdrachalam and Developing common understanding on evaluation Developing a frame work for the evaluation Study the secondary information 14th April 2008(morning): Village visits 14th April (afternoon) : Meeting Govt. officials at Block level 15th April 2008 : visiting villages and meeting Govt. officials at Block level 16th April : Meeting with Partner, govt at BCM level and Debriefing of findings 25th April 2008 : Draft report circulate to team members 1st may 2008 : Submission of Final report Total working days: 6 days Working at the field - 4 days Report writing - 2 days

REFERENCES Cabot Venton and Paul Venton, Disaster preparedness programmes in India - A cost benefit analysis, Number 49, Network Paper, The Humanitarian Practice Network at the Overseas Development Institute, 111 Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7JD, United Kingdom, November 2004, HPN website: www.odihpn.org www.eficor.org