dna and cell cycle
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Cells•Smallest unit of life. •Able to carry out all functions of life.
Cell Theory• All living organisms are made of one or more
cells.• All cells come from other cells.
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The Cell Cycle
•series of changes a cell undergoes from the time it forms until the time it divides• stages • interphase• mitosis• cytoplasmic division
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Stages of Interphase
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• Cell grows, maintains routine functions• Cell replicates genetic material and synthesizes new organelles to prepare for division
• G1: 1st growth stage. Cell matures and carries out it’s assigned function. May last indefinitely.• S: Genes are copied• G2: 2nd growth stage. Membranes, cytosol, and organelle numbers increase.
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Mitosis
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2 identical daughter cellsExact replicas of the parent cellGrowth, Repair, Replacement
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Genes• DNA- molecule that carries
genetic information• Chromosome- DNA plus
associated proteins• Gene – segment of DNA
that codes for one protein• Genome – complete set of
genes
1 gene = 1 protein
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DNA and the Cell Cycle
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Genes
Gene – segment of DNA that codes for one protein1 gene = 1 protein
Genome – complete set of genesGenetic Code – method used to translate a sequence of nucleotides of DNA into a sequence of amino acids
What is the difference between a gene, DNA, and a chromosome?
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Protein Synthesis
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1) Transcription: DNA copied to mRNA in nucleus
2) Translation: mRNA copied to protein at ribosomes• Codon: mRNA triplet• Anticodon: tRNA triplet
DNA mRNA protein
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DNA vs RNA DNA RNAdouble stranded single stranded Deoxyribose RiboseA,C,T,G A,C,U,GMust stay in nucleus Can leave nucleus1 type 3 types
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RNA MoleculesMessenger RNA (mRNA) -
• delivers genetic information from nucleus to the cytoplasm• single polynucleotide chain• formed beside a strand of DNA• RNA nucleotides are complementary to DNA nucleotides
(exception – no thymine in RNA; replaced with uracil) • making of mRNA (copying of DNA) is transcription
Transfer RNA (tRNA) -• carries amino acids to mRNA• carries anticodon to mRNA• translates a codon of mRNA into an amino acid
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) –• provides structure and enzyme activity for ribosomes
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TranscriptionRNA polymerase copies DNA mRNAActive strandComplementary strand
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Transcription
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TranscriptionmRNA is a mirror image of the active strand, except T is now U
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mRNA Leaves Nucleus
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Translation•On the ribosome•mRNA codon matches to tRNA anticodon•tRNA carries amino acid
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TranslationmRNA Protein
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Protein Chain•Where did the original DNA go?•Where did the mRNA go?•Where did the tRNA go?•Where did the ribosome go?•Where did the amino acids go?•Where does the protein go?
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Genetic Code64 codons20 amino acidsRedundancy