dna structure pg: 109. dna deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) – holds all the instructions for making...
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DNA Structurepg: 109
DNA• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) –
holds ALL the instructions for making proteins
• Nucleic Acid (DNA) is made up of nucleotides.
Nucleotides are made up of:1. Deoxyribose sugar
2. Phosphate
3. Nitrogenous base
Draw and label a nucleotide:
There are 4 different nitrogenous bases:
• Adenine (A)• Thymine (T)• Guanine (G)• Cytosine (C)
ThymineAdenine
CytosineGuanine
• Chargaff’s Rule – amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine & the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine
• The order of the nitrogenous bases determines the kind of protein made.
• ATE and EAT – same letters, different meaning
Adenine GuaninePurines(2 rings)
Thymine CytosinePyrimidines
(1 ring)
Who’s Who• In the 1950s,
James Watson and Francis Crick were the first to describe the shape of DNA
• Rosalind Franklin should also receive credit – without her work, they would not have been able to finish
Shape• DNA has 2 strands
• DNA is long so to save space it twists itself into a shape called a double helix
• If you flatten DNA it looks like a ladder. The sides of the ladder are made up of alternating phosphates and sugars.
Review
•A bonds with•G bonds with•T bonds with•C bonds with
T
C
AG
Prymidines
Purines
• Adenine (A)• Thymine (T)• Guanine (G)• Cytosine (C)
Nitrogen bases
Structure
Deoxyribose (sugar)
Nitrogen Bases
Phosphate
Base
Sugar
Phosphate
Replication of DNA• DNA Replication – copying DNA to
make identical copies– one will be passed along to the new cells
during mitosis/meiosis
BONDSAdenine = ThymineGuanine = Cytosine
SIDESPhosphate+
Sugar
1) What is the full name for DNA?
2) What do we call the shape of DNA?
3) Who first discovered the shape of DNA?
4) What type of sugar is found in DNA?
5) What 2 substances make up the sides of DNA?
6) A phosphate, nitrogenous base, and a sugar make a:
7) Where in the cell is DNA found?
8) DNA makes ________ for the body.
9) What are the nitrogenous bases in DNA?
10)What does adenine pair with?
DNA Replication
Pg: 44
Steps of Replication1. An enzyme breaks the bonds holding the
two strands together– That enzyme continues down the DNA
strand “unzipping” it
Steps of Replication
2. New nucleotides fly in and connect with the open nucleotides
- Now there are 2
duplicate DNA
strands!
Reading DNA Replication
1.TGGCAATG• ACCGTTAC
2.GTATGCCA• CATACGGT
3.AATGCCGT• TTACGGCA
4.CCCATGAC• GGGTACTG
RNA Structures
pg: 53
DNA Replication Review
1.ATGGCT• TACCGA
2.GCAGTT• CGTCAA
3.TCGAGA• AGCTCT
4.TTCCGA• AAGGCT
RNA
• Ribonucleic acid (RNA) – translates DNA genetic code into the actual proteins for the cell
RNA
• Has single strand• Ribose sugar• NO Thymine, Uracil
instead
ComparisonDNA• Double Strand• Deoxyribose sugar• Has thymine
RNA• Single Strand• Ribose sugar• Has NO thymine,
uses Uracil instead
RNA Transcription
ex ATGGCT• UACCGA
1. GCAGTT• CGUCAA
TranscriptionDNA
TranscriptionDNA
2. AATGCC• UUACGG Transcription
DNA
3. TTGCAG• AACGUC Transcription
DNA
Protein is what the cell makes!
• Amino acid – building blocks of protein
3 types of RNA:
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) – brings instructions from the DNA
2. Transfer RNA (tRNA) – takes amino acids to rRNA
3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – puts amino acids in the right order to make protein
Step 1
Step 1: Make RNA• Transcription – enzymes use 1 strand
of DNA to make an RNA strand (instead of Thymine, uses Uracil)
Step 2
Step 2: Translation – making protein• Codon – 3 letters on the mRNA that code
for a protein• Anticodon – a tRNA that matches the
codon, carries an amino acid
tRNA
tRNA
Amino Acid
CodonsUUG –
AGU –
ACA –
GGG -
LeucineSerine
ThreonineGlycine
UAU –
GUU –
CUU –
GCA -
TyrosineValine
LeucineAlanine
Quiz1. What are the 4 bases of RNA?
2. What sugar does DNA have?
3. What sugar does RNA have?
4. Replicate this DNA: ATGG
5. What is the process of making RNA called?
6. Transcribe this DNA into RNA: AATG
7. What amino acid does CAA code for?
8. What does RNA help make for your body?
9. Define Codon:
10.Which RNA brings instructions from DNA?
Protein Synthesis
Pg. 65
Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries instruction message from the DNA
Amino Acid basic building block of a protein
Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers amino acids to the ribosomes
Translation translates the information in the mRNA into proteins
Codon 3 nitrogenous bases that form amino acids
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)in the ribosomes, uses the directions to put amino acids in the right order
Anticodona tRNA that binds the 3 codons, the opposite molecule from a codon