Do Due #61

• Why do geographers use hexagons to depict market areas?

• Nothing

• Unit 6 Exams should be completed after school today in this room

Do Now Due Today

Cities

Unit 7: Cities and Urban Land Use

World Cities

Top Ten Cities,1950 (estimated from various sources)City Pop (in millions) Lat Long

New York, USA 12.3 40 N 74 WLondon, UK 8.7 52 N 0Tokyo, Japan 6.9 35 N 135 EParis, France 5.4 49 N 2 EMoscow, USSR 5.4 56 N 37 EShanghai, China 5.3 31 N 121 EEssen (Ruhr), Germany 5.3 51 N 7 EBuenos Aires, Argentina 5.0 34 S 58 WChicago, USA 4.9 41 N 87 WCalcutta (Kolkata), India 4.4 22 N 88 E

Plot these cities to see where the world’s ten largest cities were located in 1950. Symbolize each

with a circle .

World Urban System

Top Ten Cities, 2015 (estimated from various sources)City Pop (in millions) Lat Long

Tokyo, Japan 28.9 35 N 135 EMumbai (Bombay), India26.2 19 N 73 ELagos, Nigeria 24.6 6 N 3 ESão Paulo, Brazil 20.3 23 S 46 WDhaka, Bangladesh 19.5 23 N 90 EKarachi, Pakistan 19.4 25 N 69 EMexico City, Mexico 19.2 19 N 99 WShanghai, China 18.0 31 N 121 ENew York, USA 17.6 40 N 74 WKolkata (Calcutta), India 17.3 22 N 88 E

Plot these cities on the world map to see where the ten world’s most populated cities will be in 2015.

Symbolize each with a square .

Place an X on each city as it is named on the following 12 lists. Each list identifies the top 5 cities as ranked according to its provision of certain services (Taylor 2005).

As cities are named more than once, just keep adding more X’s.

Banking $London

New YorkTokyo

Hong KongSingapore

Producer Services $London

New YorkHong Kong

ParisTokyo

Management New YorkLondon

ParisMadrid

Stockholm

Law London

New YorkFrankfurt

Hong KongWashington DC

Insurance London

New YorkHong KongLos Angeles

Paris

Advertising New YorkLondon

Hong KongTorontoSydney

Media ♫London

New YorkParis

Los AngelesMilan

Architecture/Engineering

LondonNew YorkBeijing

SingaporeShanghai

United Nations Agencies

GenevaBrussels

Addis AbabaCairo

Bangkok

National Diplomatic

Missions Washington DC

New YorkLondonTokyoParis

Humanitarian & Environmental NGOs

NairobiBrusselsBangkokLondon

New Delhi

Scientific Research London

Los AngelesSan Francisco

BostonBasel

GenevaNew York

“World cities are not simply the world’s largest … cities. Rather, they are the control centers for the global economy, places where critical decision making and interaction take place with regard to global economic, cultural, and political issues” (Knox and Marston 2001, p. 426).

“WORLD CITIES”

Urban Economic GeographyCentral Place TheoryUrban Land Use/Development/Downtowns

RedevelopmentWorld Cities Hypothesis & Network

CENTRAL PLACE THEORY

aka CPT ok

What is it?A basic theory describing size

distribution of urban locations based upon these locations providing goods and services

Who is Christaller?

Who is Christaller?Walter Christaller, a German

geographer, originally proposed the Central Place Theory (CPT) in 1933 (trans. 1966). Christaller was studying the urban settlements in Southern Germany and advanced this theory as a means of understanding how urban settlements evolve and are spaced out in relation to each other.

Terms Hinterland – Area where a city is the

dominant producer of a particular good or service

Field of Influence – Any location where a city has influence

Centrality – Amount of draw to a particular place

Terms Consumer Range – Distance a consumer

will travel for a particular good or service Threshold – Minimum population needed to

keep a business in operation Hierarchy of market centers - Settlements

range in size from large cities - with many services to smaller villages and towns with some services, to small hamlets - which offer few services.

Order of Goods High Order

1. High Price

2. Low Frequency of Purchase

3. High Threshold

4. Large Consumer Range

Low Order

1. Low Price

2. High Frequency of Purchase

3. Low Threshold

4. Small Consumer Range

Order of Places

® The higher order of goods offered the higher order of the place

® Higher order places are more widely spread out

® Hierarchy development

Assumptions 1. There is an unbounded uniform plain

on which there is equal ease of transport in all directions. Transport costs are proportional to distance and there is only one type of transport.

Assumptions2. Population is evenly distributed over

the plain.

Assumptions3. Central places (settlements) are

located on the plain to provide goods, services, and administrative functions to their hinterlands. Examples of these are hardware shops (goods), dry cleaners (services), and town planning departments (administrative).

Assumptions4. Consumers minimize the distance to

be travelled.

Assumptions5. The suppliers of these functions act

as economic [agents]; that is, they attempt to maximize their profits by locating on the plain to obtain the largest possible market. Since people visit the nearest center, suppliers will locate as far away from one another as possible so as to maximize their market areas.

Assumptions 6. It is assumed that these higher order

centres supply certain functions (higher order functions) which are not offered by lower order centres. They also provide all the functions (lower order functions) that are provided in lower order centres.[i.e., you can still buy bread and milk in NYC, but international airports do not exist in smaller towns and cities, like Jersey City.]

Assumptions7. All consumers have the same income

and the same demand for goods and services.

Relax Assumptions:

1. Population income variation--wealthy vs. non-wealthy areas, wealthy areas do not usually need as large of a threshold

2. Variation in transport surfaces

3. Consumer Behaviour/Individual Preferences

4. Profits

Shape of HinterlandsThe model in

CPT is explained

using geometric

shapes, such as hexagons and triangles

38

R

M

R

T

M

R

T

M

R

T

M

R

T

M

R

T

M

R

T

M

R

T

M

R

T

M

R

M

R

T

M

R

T

M

M

T

M

T

M

R R

?Unmet demand for

same good or service

Is Central Place Theory applicable in the real world or is it just a theory?

Any contemporary real world examples of the patterns seen in CPT?

There are, however, some near perfect examples of Christaller’s theory to be found in the Canadian prairies and the Netherlands. Also Iowa and Wisconsin.

A GENERAL GRAPH CONCERNING FUNCTIONS !

Why doesn’t this always work?

- Large areas of flat land rarely exist- Transport has changed since his day- People/wealth are not evenly distributed- Folks don’t always choose the central place!- Purchasing power/needs not all the same- Governments have control over location of industry/towns- Perfect competition = unreal- Places don’t stay the same forever- Does not fit industrial areas

Market, - city, town, village, hamlet

Market area / hinterland

Consumers near center obtain services from local establishments.

The closer to the periphery the greater the % of customers who will chose to obtain services from other nodes (cities). People are equally likely to use the service, or go elsewhere.

Fast Food McDonald’s According to your text book McDonald’s has a

range of 3 miles. The typical threshold is 10,000 people.

Movie Theaters

Movie Theaters: Range?

Movie Theaters: Threshold - about 500 a night or 150,000

Ikea

Ikea

Ikea

Ikea

Ikea - Range?

Ikea - Threshold?

Local CPT ApplicationHow does our area fit into the CPT?To Google Maps

Bonus PPT on CPT if needed

Do Due #62

Do Now

• What is a primate city?

• How does it differ from the Rank-Size Rule?

... You damn dirty ape

Due Today

• Nothing

Rank-Size Rule

Definition:

• Relatively developed societies produce a pattern in the size of their cities according to a mathematical formula.

“Ideal” line

How Well does the USA fit?1. New York City, NY 8.4 m2. Los Angeles, CA 3.8 m3. Chicago, IL 2.7 m4. Houston, TX 2.1 m5. Philadelphia, PA 1.5 m6. Phoenix , AZ 1.4 m7. San Antonio, TX 1.2 m8. San Diego, CA 1.3 m9. Dallas, TX 1.1 m10. San Jose, CA 945,000

U.S. Line - 2007

How does the U.S. Compare?

PRIMATE CITIES

• In less developed countries/regions the largest city is overly large. The pattern of settlements is such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second largest settlement.

Rank-Size Distribution: Mexico

01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000

Mex

ico C

ity

Guada

lajar

a

Ecate

pec

Puebla

Cuidad

Juar

ez

Tijuan

aLe

on

Zapopa

n

Mon

terre

y

Country Primate City Population Next largest city

Population

Mexico México City 8.6 m Guadalajara 1.6 m

France Paris 9.6 m Marseille 1.3 m

United Kingdom London 7 m Birmingham 1 m

Thailand Bangkok 7.5 m Nanthabury 481,000

Denmark Copenhagen 1 m Århus 200,000

Romania Bucharest 1.9 m Iasi 315,000

Rank-Size Distribution: Argentina

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

3,500,000

BuenosAires

Cordoba LaMatanza

Rosario La Plata Lomas deZamora

Mar delPlata

Rank-Size Distribution: China

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

14,000,000

16,000,000

Shang

hai

Beijing

Guang

zhou

Tianjin

Wuha

n

Shenz

hen

Chongq

uing

Sheny

ang

Chengd

u

Fosha

n

Rank-Size Distribution: Chile

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

3,500,000

4,000,000

4,500,000

5,000,000

Santiago Puente Alto Vina del Mar Antofagasta Valparaiso

Rank Size Distribution: Iran

0

1,000,0002,000,000

3,000,0004,000,000

5,000,0006,000,000

7,000,0008,000,000

9,000,000

Tehra

n

Mas

hhad

Esfaha

n

Tabriz

Karaj

Shiraz

Ahvaz

Qom

Kerm

ansh

ah

Rank-Size Distribution: Haiti

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

800,000

900,000

1,000,000

Port-au-Prince

Carrefour Delmas Petionville Cite Soleil Gonaives

Rank-Size Distribution: South Korea

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

Seoul

Busan

Inch

eon

Daegu

Daejeon

Gwangju

Ulsan

Suwon

Changw

on

Seong

nam

Rank-Size Distribution: India

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,00010,000,000

12,000,000

14,000,000

16,000,000

18,000,000

Mum

bai

Kolkata

Dehli

Chenna

i

Hyder

abad

Benga

luru

Ahmad

abad

Pune

Surat

Kanpu

r

Rank-Size Distribution: Canada

0

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

6,000,000

Toron

to

Mon

treal

Vanco

uver

Ottawa

Calgary

Edmon

ton

Quebe

c

Winn

ipeg

Hamilton

Rank-Size Distribution: Japan

01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000

10,000,000

Tokyo

Yokoha

ma

Osaka

Nagoya

Sappo

roKob

e

Kyoto

Fukuo

ka

Kawasa

ki

Saitam

a

Hirosh

ima

Why do we care?- Interesting math!

- Countries that have good rank-size distribution improve the quality of life of their citizens. A regular hierarchy (USA) indicates that a society is wealthy enough to provide services for its people.

- Absence of rank-size means people may struggle to access large urban settlements, thus high level services like hospitals.

Gravity Model

What is the gravity model?• A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a

particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.

• It can be put into a formula:

Population 1 X Population 2 distance 2

What does the gravity model do?• It predicts spatial interaction.

• Spatial interaction:• Daily commuting, e-mail, travel, international trade.• Remember Ullman’s theory

Ullman’s Theory

• Chicago Travel Patterns: shows 96% of all trips.

What factors influence and create these patterns of interaction?

Edward Ullman’s Theory• Spatial Interaction is

controlled by three flow-determining factors.

• Complementarity• Transferability• Intervening

Opportunity

A – Canadian rural cash economyB – Canadian older Mennonite sect

What does the Gravity Model Illustrate?

• It illustrates that spatial interaction in not based solely upon distance because it also incorporates population as a factor as well.

What kind of model is the Gravity Model?

What kind of model?• Mathematical.

• Interaction between two places is directly proportional to the sizes of their populations and inversely proportional to the distance separating them.

Illustrate the gravity model…

I

Home

J

Which has a greater bond?• NYC and Los Angeles or El Paso and Tucson.• Use the gravity model.

Example:

• El Paso, Texas and Tucson, Arizona.

• El Paso population 703,127.

• Tucson population 790,755.

Population 1 X Population 2 distance 2

Example:• El Paso, Texas and Tucson,

Arizona.• El Paso population

703,127.• Tucson population

790,755.• The distance between the

two is 263 milesPopulation 1 X Population 2

distance 2

Example:• El Paso, Texas and Tucson,

Arizona.• El Paso population

703,127.• Tucson population

790,755.• Equals 556,001,190,885.• The distance between the

two is 263 miles.• 263 miles squared = 69,169Population 1 X Population 2

distance 2

Example:• Population -• Equals 556,001,190,885.• The distance between the

two is 263 miles.• 263 miles squared = 69,169Population 1 X Population 2

distance 2

• The math works out to 8,038,300

Example:• NYC metropolitan

population 20,124,377.• LA metro population

15,781,273.• Distance 2462 miles.Population 1 X Population 2

distance 2

Do the math…

Example:• NYC metropolitan

population 20,124,377.• LA metro population

15,781,273.• Distance 2462 miles.

317,588,287,391,921 6,061,444

Do the math…

Example:• NYC metropolitan

population 20,124,377.• LA metro population

15,781,273.• Distance 2462 miles.

317,588,287,391,921 6,061,444

The result is 52,394,823

Which has the great pull?

Questions….

1. If you were fitting a gravity model for Federal Express package flows between cities, which of the following would be best to substitute for total city population in the gravity model formula?

A. number of elderly and children in the city

B. square miles covered by the city

C. annual steel production of the entire city

D. total employment in offices in the entire city

Questions….1. If you were fitting a

gravity model for Federal Express package flows between cities, which of the following would be best to substitute for total city population in the gravity model formula?

A. number of elderly and children in the city

B. square miles covered by the city

C. annual steel production of the entire city

D. total employment in offices in the entire city

Questions…2. Using the graphic

and the concepts of the gravity model to answer the question. Bob is considering selling his house and moving, which of the following cities is he most likely going to move to?

City A, B or C?

Questions…2. Using the graphic

and the concepts of the gravity model to answer the question. Bob is considering selling his house and moving, which of the following cities is he most likely going to move to?

City C

Questions…

3. Applying the gravity model to services you would see:

A) Services located inverse to population and directly to distanceB) Services located directly to population and inversely to distanceC) Services located directly to population and directly to distance

Questions…

3. Applying the gravity model to services you would see:

A) Services located inverse to population and directly to distanceB) Services located directly to population and inversely to distanceC) Services located directly to population and directly to distance

Take Me Out To The Ball Game