Do Due #61
• Why do geographers use hexagons to depict market areas?
• Nothing
• Unit 6 Exams should be completed after school today in this room
Do Now Due Today
Cities
Unit 7: Cities and Urban Land Use
World Cities
Top Ten Cities,1950 (estimated from various sources)City Pop (in millions) Lat Long
New York, USA 12.3 40 N 74 WLondon, UK 8.7 52 N 0Tokyo, Japan 6.9 35 N 135 EParis, France 5.4 49 N 2 EMoscow, USSR 5.4 56 N 37 EShanghai, China 5.3 31 N 121 EEssen (Ruhr), Germany 5.3 51 N 7 EBuenos Aires, Argentina 5.0 34 S 58 WChicago, USA 4.9 41 N 87 WCalcutta (Kolkata), India 4.4 22 N 88 E
Plot these cities to see where the world’s ten largest cities were located in 1950. Symbolize each
with a circle .
World Urban System
Top Ten Cities, 2015 (estimated from various sources)City Pop (in millions) Lat Long
Tokyo, Japan 28.9 35 N 135 EMumbai (Bombay), India26.2 19 N 73 ELagos, Nigeria 24.6 6 N 3 ESão Paulo, Brazil 20.3 23 S 46 WDhaka, Bangladesh 19.5 23 N 90 EKarachi, Pakistan 19.4 25 N 69 EMexico City, Mexico 19.2 19 N 99 WShanghai, China 18.0 31 N 121 ENew York, USA 17.6 40 N 74 WKolkata (Calcutta), India 17.3 22 N 88 E
Plot these cities on the world map to see where the ten world’s most populated cities will be in 2015.
Symbolize each with a square .
Place an X on each city as it is named on the following 12 lists. Each list identifies the top 5 cities as ranked according to its provision of certain services (Taylor 2005).
As cities are named more than once, just keep adding more X’s.
Banking $London
New YorkTokyo
Hong KongSingapore
Producer Services $London
New YorkHong Kong
ParisTokyo
Management New YorkLondon
ParisMadrid
Stockholm
Law London
New YorkFrankfurt
Hong KongWashington DC
Insurance London
New YorkHong KongLos Angeles
Paris
Advertising New YorkLondon
Hong KongTorontoSydney
Media ♫London
New YorkParis
Los AngelesMilan
Architecture/Engineering
LondonNew YorkBeijing
SingaporeShanghai
United Nations Agencies
GenevaBrussels
Addis AbabaCairo
Bangkok
National Diplomatic
Missions Washington DC
New YorkLondonTokyoParis
Humanitarian & Environmental NGOs
NairobiBrusselsBangkokLondon
New Delhi
Scientific Research London
Los AngelesSan Francisco
BostonBasel
GenevaNew York
“World cities are not simply the world’s largest … cities. Rather, they are the control centers for the global economy, places where critical decision making and interaction take place with regard to global economic, cultural, and political issues” (Knox and Marston 2001, p. 426).
“WORLD CITIES”
Urban Economic GeographyCentral Place TheoryUrban Land Use/Development/Downtowns
RedevelopmentWorld Cities Hypothesis & Network
CENTRAL PLACE THEORY
aka CPT ok
What is it?A basic theory describing size
distribution of urban locations based upon these locations providing goods and services
Who is Christaller?
Who is Christaller?Walter Christaller, a German
geographer, originally proposed the Central Place Theory (CPT) in 1933 (trans. 1966). Christaller was studying the urban settlements in Southern Germany and advanced this theory as a means of understanding how urban settlements evolve and are spaced out in relation to each other.
Terms Hinterland – Area where a city is the
dominant producer of a particular good or service
Field of Influence – Any location where a city has influence
Centrality – Amount of draw to a particular place
Terms Consumer Range – Distance a consumer
will travel for a particular good or service Threshold – Minimum population needed to
keep a business in operation Hierarchy of market centers - Settlements
range in size from large cities - with many services to smaller villages and towns with some services, to small hamlets - which offer few services.
Order of Goods High Order
1. High Price
2. Low Frequency of Purchase
3. High Threshold
4. Large Consumer Range
Low Order
1. Low Price
2. High Frequency of Purchase
3. Low Threshold
4. Small Consumer Range
Order of Places
® The higher order of goods offered the higher order of the place
® Higher order places are more widely spread out
® Hierarchy development
Assumptions 1. There is an unbounded uniform plain
on which there is equal ease of transport in all directions. Transport costs are proportional to distance and there is only one type of transport.
Assumptions2. Population is evenly distributed over
the plain.
Assumptions3. Central places (settlements) are
located on the plain to provide goods, services, and administrative functions to their hinterlands. Examples of these are hardware shops (goods), dry cleaners (services), and town planning departments (administrative).
Assumptions4. Consumers minimize the distance to
be travelled.
Assumptions5. The suppliers of these functions act
as economic [agents]; that is, they attempt to maximize their profits by locating on the plain to obtain the largest possible market. Since people visit the nearest center, suppliers will locate as far away from one another as possible so as to maximize their market areas.
Assumptions 6. It is assumed that these higher order
centres supply certain functions (higher order functions) which are not offered by lower order centres. They also provide all the functions (lower order functions) that are provided in lower order centres.[i.e., you can still buy bread and milk in NYC, but international airports do not exist in smaller towns and cities, like Jersey City.]
Assumptions7. All consumers have the same income
and the same demand for goods and services.
Relax Assumptions:
1. Population income variation--wealthy vs. non-wealthy areas, wealthy areas do not usually need as large of a threshold
2. Variation in transport surfaces
3. Consumer Behaviour/Individual Preferences
4. Profits
Shape of HinterlandsThe model in
CPT is explained
using geometric
shapes, such as hexagons and triangles
38
R
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T
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R
T
M
R
T
M
R
T
M
R
T
M
R
T
M
R
T
M
R
T
M
R
M
R
T
M
R
T
M
M
T
M
T
M
R R
?Unmet demand for
same good or service
Is Central Place Theory applicable in the real world or is it just a theory?
Any contemporary real world examples of the patterns seen in CPT?
There are, however, some near perfect examples of Christaller’s theory to be found in the Canadian prairies and the Netherlands. Also Iowa and Wisconsin.
A GENERAL GRAPH CONCERNING FUNCTIONS !
Why doesn’t this always work?
- Large areas of flat land rarely exist- Transport has changed since his day- People/wealth are not evenly distributed- Folks don’t always choose the central place!- Purchasing power/needs not all the same- Governments have control over location of industry/towns- Perfect competition = unreal- Places don’t stay the same forever- Does not fit industrial areas
Market, - city, town, village, hamlet
Market area / hinterland
Consumers near center obtain services from local establishments.
The closer to the periphery the greater the % of customers who will chose to obtain services from other nodes (cities). People are equally likely to use the service, or go elsewhere.
Fast Food McDonald’s According to your text book McDonald’s has a
range of 3 miles. The typical threshold is 10,000 people.
Movie Theaters
Movie Theaters: Range?
Movie Theaters: Threshold - about 500 a night or 150,000
Ikea
Ikea
Ikea
Ikea
Ikea - Range?
Ikea - Threshold?
Local CPT ApplicationHow does our area fit into the CPT?To Google Maps
Bonus PPT on CPT if needed
Do Due #62
Do Now
• What is a primate city?
• How does it differ from the Rank-Size Rule?
... You damn dirty ape
Due Today
• Nothing
Rank-Size Rule
Definition:
• Relatively developed societies produce a pattern in the size of their cities according to a mathematical formula.
“Ideal” line
How Well does the USA fit?1. New York City, NY 8.4 m2. Los Angeles, CA 3.8 m3. Chicago, IL 2.7 m4. Houston, TX 2.1 m5. Philadelphia, PA 1.5 m6. Phoenix , AZ 1.4 m7. San Antonio, TX 1.2 m8. San Diego, CA 1.3 m9. Dallas, TX 1.1 m10. San Jose, CA 945,000
U.S. Line - 2007
How does the U.S. Compare?
PRIMATE CITIES
• In less developed countries/regions the largest city is overly large. The pattern of settlements is such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second largest settlement.
Rank-Size Distribution: Mexico
01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000
Mex
ico C
ity
Guada
lajar
a
Ecate
pec
Puebla
Cuidad
Juar
ez
Tijuan
aLe
on
Zapopa
n
Mon
terre
y
Country Primate City Population Next largest city
Population
Mexico México City 8.6 m Guadalajara 1.6 m
France Paris 9.6 m Marseille 1.3 m
United Kingdom London 7 m Birmingham 1 m
Thailand Bangkok 7.5 m Nanthabury 481,000
Denmark Copenhagen 1 m Århus 200,000
Romania Bucharest 1.9 m Iasi 315,000
Rank-Size Distribution: Argentina
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
BuenosAires
Cordoba LaMatanza
Rosario La Plata Lomas deZamora
Mar delPlata
Rank-Size Distribution: China
0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
14,000,000
16,000,000
Shang
hai
Beijing
Guang
zhou
Tianjin
Wuha
n
Shenz
hen
Chongq
uing
Sheny
ang
Chengd
u
Fosha
n
Rank-Size Distribution: Chile
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
4,000,000
4,500,000
5,000,000
Santiago Puente Alto Vina del Mar Antofagasta Valparaiso
Rank Size Distribution: Iran
0
1,000,0002,000,000
3,000,0004,000,000
5,000,0006,000,000
7,000,0008,000,000
9,000,000
Tehra
n
Mas
hhad
Esfaha
n
Tabriz
Karaj
Shiraz
Ahvaz
Qom
Kerm
ansh
ah
Rank-Size Distribution: Haiti
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
1,000,000
Port-au-Prince
Carrefour Delmas Petionville Cite Soleil Gonaives
Rank-Size Distribution: South Korea
0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
Seoul
Busan
Inch
eon
Daegu
Daejeon
Gwangju
Ulsan
Suwon
Changw
on
Seong
nam
Rank-Size Distribution: India
0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,00010,000,000
12,000,000
14,000,000
16,000,000
18,000,000
Mum
bai
Kolkata
Dehli
Chenna
i
Hyder
abad
Benga
luru
Ahmad
abad
Pune
Surat
Kanpu
r
Rank-Size Distribution: Canada
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
Toron
to
Mon
treal
Vanco
uver
Ottawa
Calgary
Edmon
ton
Quebe
c
Winn
ipeg
Hamilton
Rank-Size Distribution: Japan
01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000
10,000,000
Tokyo
Yokoha
ma
Osaka
Nagoya
Sappo
roKob
e
Kyoto
Fukuo
ka
Kawasa
ki
Saitam
a
Hirosh
ima
Why do we care?- Interesting math!
- Countries that have good rank-size distribution improve the quality of life of their citizens. A regular hierarchy (USA) indicates that a society is wealthy enough to provide services for its people.
- Absence of rank-size means people may struggle to access large urban settlements, thus high level services like hospitals.
Gravity Model
What is the gravity model?• A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a
particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.
• It can be put into a formula:
Population 1 X Population 2 distance 2
What does the gravity model do?• It predicts spatial interaction.
• Spatial interaction:• Daily commuting, e-mail, travel, international trade.• Remember Ullman’s theory
Ullman’s Theory
• Chicago Travel Patterns: shows 96% of all trips.
What factors influence and create these patterns of interaction?
Edward Ullman’s Theory• Spatial Interaction is
controlled by three flow-determining factors.
• Complementarity• Transferability• Intervening
Opportunity
A – Canadian rural cash economyB – Canadian older Mennonite sect
What does the Gravity Model Illustrate?
• It illustrates that spatial interaction in not based solely upon distance because it also incorporates population as a factor as well.
What kind of model is the Gravity Model?
What kind of model?• Mathematical.
• Interaction between two places is directly proportional to the sizes of their populations and inversely proportional to the distance separating them.
Illustrate the gravity model…
I
Home
J
Which has a greater bond?• NYC and Los Angeles or El Paso and Tucson.• Use the gravity model.
Example:
• El Paso, Texas and Tucson, Arizona.
• El Paso population 703,127.
• Tucson population 790,755.
Population 1 X Population 2 distance 2
Example:• El Paso, Texas and Tucson,
Arizona.• El Paso population
703,127.• Tucson population
790,755.• The distance between the
two is 263 milesPopulation 1 X Population 2
distance 2
Example:• El Paso, Texas and Tucson,
Arizona.• El Paso population
703,127.• Tucson population
790,755.• Equals 556,001,190,885.• The distance between the
two is 263 miles.• 263 miles squared = 69,169Population 1 X Population 2
distance 2
Example:• Population -• Equals 556,001,190,885.• The distance between the
two is 263 miles.• 263 miles squared = 69,169Population 1 X Population 2
distance 2
• The math works out to 8,038,300
Example:• NYC metropolitan
population 20,124,377.• LA metro population
15,781,273.• Distance 2462 miles.Population 1 X Population 2
distance 2
Do the math…
Example:• NYC metropolitan
population 20,124,377.• LA metro population
15,781,273.• Distance 2462 miles.
317,588,287,391,921 6,061,444
Do the math…
Example:• NYC metropolitan
population 20,124,377.• LA metro population
15,781,273.• Distance 2462 miles.
317,588,287,391,921 6,061,444
The result is 52,394,823
Which has the great pull?
Questions….
1. If you were fitting a gravity model for Federal Express package flows between cities, which of the following would be best to substitute for total city population in the gravity model formula?
A. number of elderly and children in the city
B. square miles covered by the city
C. annual steel production of the entire city
D. total employment in offices in the entire city
Questions….1. If you were fitting a
gravity model for Federal Express package flows between cities, which of the following would be best to substitute for total city population in the gravity model formula?
A. number of elderly and children in the city
B. square miles covered by the city
C. annual steel production of the entire city
D. total employment in offices in the entire city
Questions…2. Using the graphic
and the concepts of the gravity model to answer the question. Bob is considering selling his house and moving, which of the following cities is he most likely going to move to?
City A, B or C?
Questions…2. Using the graphic
and the concepts of the gravity model to answer the question. Bob is considering selling his house and moving, which of the following cities is he most likely going to move to?
City C
Questions…
3. Applying the gravity model to services you would see:
A) Services located inverse to population and directly to distanceB) Services located directly to population and inversely to distanceC) Services located directly to population and directly to distance
Questions…
3. Applying the gravity model to services you would see:
A) Services located inverse to population and directly to distanceB) Services located directly to population and inversely to distanceC) Services located directly to population and directly to distance
Take Me Out To The Ball Game