Do Now Agenda:

Homework:• Read and annotate the Zinn reading

1Do Now: Get our notebook for Reading Quiz

2 3Common Sense & the Declaration of

Independence

Causes of the American Revolution

Dear Britain…

I'm not sure how to start this letter but I feel we need to talk. I've been thinking about us a lot lately. Things used to be so great - it was like we were M.F.E.O. I mean everyone said it was perfect. I really thought we would be together forever but then things changed.

I feel like you started to take me for granted. You just started to do whatever you wanted and never even asked me about anything or how I felt.

I've been thinking about this for a while and I don't want to hurt you but I think it is time we broke up. I mean it's just not going to work. I need some time by myself to see what it is like on my own. I'm sorry things didn't work out but I do think YOU are the one to blame. Sorry but "US" is over.

The American Colonies

Key

Term

sThe French and Indian War• Britain & Iroquois vs. France & Algonquian• GB won b/c its colonies had higher population

than Fr.

Key

Term

sThe Albany Plan• Ben Franklin recognized the need for greater

colonial cooperation called for united colonial defense vs. France/NA

• Proposed creating a Grand Council of elected delegates to oversee defense of west & NA relations

• Failed b/c colonial assemblies didn’t want to give up their autonomy (independence) GB Govt. feared colonial unity would undermine them

• Franklin’s “Join or Die” cartoon = illustrates need for colonial unity

Effects of The French and Indian WarGreat Britain became the dominant Naval power in the

world.

Tensions between colonists and GB ariseGB: colonies were poorly trained, refused to contribute

financially, were unable or unwilling to defend its frontiers.Colonies: were proud of their record, could provide for their own

defense, felt GB’s military methods were not suited to America’s terrain.

France is expelled from North America—colonists now require less protection from GB

End of SALUTARY NEGLECT! Imperial policies and new taxes are imposed to help pay for the wartension!

Pontiac’s RebellionProclamation of 1763tension!

Pontiac’s Rebellion

• Already standing army in colonies to protect colonists vs. N. Am.

• 1763 – Pontiac (Chief of Ottawa) attacks forts in Ohio Valley and Great Lakes areas and captures them

• Quelled in late 1763 by British and colonists but tensions high

• Leads to Proclamation of 1763

Proclamation of 1763

• Forbade colonists from crossing the imaginary boundary along the crest of the Appalachian Mountains

• Limited trade with Nat. Am. • Purpose = avoid conflict b/n Nat.

Am. and colonists moving west• Settlers defied moved over

ridges of Appalachia to Kentucky/Tennessee for land and $$

• Settlers angry about standing army

British ActionsGoal: Make colonists pay for their protection

• Proclamation of 1763• Sugar Act (“Revenue Act of

1764”)– Duties on foreign sugar &

luxuries; reinforced the Navigation Acts

• Quartering Act– Colonists had to provide food

and living quarters for British troops

• Stamp Act (1765)

Saw the British as threatening their liberties

• Angry; ignored the Proclamation.

• Created the Stamp Act Congress (9 colonies)

• The Sons and Daughters of Liberty

• Boycott of British Goods

Colonial Reactions

Key

Term

sThe Stamp Act• Purpose = to raise revenue (income) to support

British troops in America (to protect colonists)• Head of Parliament (George Grenville) wanted

colonists to pay their share of war/expenses• = required colonists to put stamps on 50+ items

(newspapers, legal docs, almanacs, diplomas, playing cards…)

• Sons & Daughters of Liberty led violence to persuade stamp act agents to resign

• Stamp Act Congress rejected Parliament’s right to tax called for boycott• Boycott = successful GB merchants hurt & act

was repealed• GB passed Declaratory Act reaffirming their right

to “make laws/statues… to bind the colonies… in all cases whatsoever”

Key

Term

sThe Boston Massacre• GB viewed Boston as hotbed of

discontent• London sent troops to Boston to

protect tax collectors• Tensions b/n townspeople &

“crimson-coated regulars”• March 5, 1770 hecklers taunted

GB troops outside Boston Customs house soldier fired into the crowd 5 Bostonians died

• Sam Adams led patriots to brand event “The Boston Massacre”

• Paul Revere’s very biased engraving of the Boston Massacre further inflamed colonial opinion vs. the GB

Coercive Acts

• = Parliaments angry response to the Boston Tea Party– Colonists disguised as Mohawk Nat.

Am. Boarded 3 ships tossed 342 chests of tea into the harbor

• Designed to punish Mass. and Boston– Mass lost chartered rights– Reduced town meetings– Port of Boston closed until damages

from Tea Party paid– GB army quartered troops

• Colonists called the First Continental Congress called for boycott of GB goods & urged the colonies to organize militia for defensive purposes

Lexington & Concord

Militiamen fired at the British troops from behind a stone wall when they were returning from

Boston.

250 British were killed.

The British suffered great humiliation at

their loss.

The minutemen were forced to retreat.8 minutemen

were killed.The British went on to

destroy the military supply at Concord.

British troops went to seize the military supplies of colonial troops in Concord, Massachusetts.Paul Revere & William

Daws warned Lexington’s militia.

The minutemen assembled and faced

the British

•British forces took the hill.•1,000 British died, so Americans claimed victory.

The Battle of “Bunker Hill”

The Second Continental Congress2 Camps: 1. Independence 2. Negotiation

Measures adopted:1.Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking Up Arms• Colonies would provide troops George Washington = Commander-in-Chief• Benedict Arnold was to raid Canada for support Organized Navy & Marine Corps to attack

British ships 2.Olive Branch Petition• Pledged Loyalty to the King• Asked for peace and colonial rights.

King George’s Response:•Rejected Olive Branch Petition•Declared the colonies to be “in rebellion”•Forbade shipping and trade with the colonies

Common Sense by Thomas Paine The Continental

Congress began to favor independence

Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence.

Resolution: Declare independence.•Committee was formed.

“Common Sense”

• = political pamphlet by Thomas Paine• Called for independence from Britain

– Senseless for a large continent to be ruled by a small, distant island.

– Senseless to pledge allegiance to a corrupt, unreasonable king.

• Paine opposed monarchy favored republican government

• Paine offered vigorous defense of republican principles

• Helped colonists overcome the loyalty many still felt for Britain

• Paine used biblical analogies/references to illustrate his arguments

The Declaration of Independence

• Written by Thomas Jefferson• He listed grievances (complaints)

with England.• Adopted July 4, 1776• Authors used the philosophy of

natural rights, derived from writings of John Locke

• Appealed to the sympathies of the English people

• Accused George III of tyranny• Did not call for the abolition of

the slave trade contradicted TJ’s statement of republican ideals

Treaty of ParisBattle of YorktownBattle of Saratoga

Declaration of IndependencePublishing of Common SenseSecond Continental Congress

The Battle of Lexington and ConcordFirst Continental Congress

The Intolerable ActsThe Boston Tea PartyThe Boston MassacreThe Townshend ActsThe Quartering Act

The Stamp ActThe Sugar Act

French Indian WarThe Navigation Acts

Comprehension and Analysis:

• Many colonists = unsure of dissolving relations with the king couldn’t imagine it

• Some colonists feared that severing ties with Britain would leave the colonies vulnerable to attacks by France and Spain

• In 1775, many colonists hoped that negotiation rather than separation could resolve differences Olive Branch Petition (2CC)

• Most colonists recognized that revolution carried economic risks some whose livelihoods were particularly dependent on British trade remained loyal to the crown

Why were many Americans reluctant to pursue independence from Britain?

Comprehension and Analysis:

• Tensions leading up to the war: Disputes over taxation, regulation of trade, the principle of self-governance, and the British occupation of Boston

• Thomas Paine articulated a compelling case for independence in his pamphlet, Common Sense critiquing monarchy and promoting republican government

• After considerable negotiation, Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, endorsing its account of the rights of colonists and the wrongs of the king.

• The ongoing military occupa tion in Massachusetts and the king’s rejection of the Olive Branch Petition made reconciliation look impossible by fall 1775

Why did colonists support the war?

Why did America win the war?Political Diplomatic Military

• The dispute w/ Br. Over economic policies soon exposed irreconcilable political differences

• America lacked a monarchy or a hereditary aristocracy American soldiers weren’t fighting for the crown, they were fighting for republican ideals

• John Adams, “The Revolution was effected before the war commenced. The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people.”

• The Br. Govt. was confused, inept, and divided Whigs like Edmund Burke/William Pitt sympathized with U.S. cause

• Fr. Alliance provided indispensible military, financial, and economic support

• Br. commanders underestimated the fighting ability of American soldiers

• Br. didn’t implement coordinated military strategy

• Br. had to fight defensive war

• Led by George Washington, America’s military commanders proved to be resourceful and resilient

Comprehension and Analysis:

• Enslaved women in the S. = backbone of the domestic textile industry during the colonial boycotts spinning and weaving to manufacture cloth w/o Br. Imports

• N. women homespun fabric elevated women’s importance in domestic labor

• Spread messages (ignored by Br. Soldiers)

• Helped in the war supplies, nursing (Molly Pitcher)

What were women’s roles in the war?

Comprehension and Analysis:

• Loyalists Lord Dunmore and freedom, poor conditions

• At first not allowed in Continental Army (Washington)

• When needed aid, N. states could enlist Af. Am. 1777 = desperate (horrible winter conditions) to enlist all Af. Am.

• The Declaration of Independence DID NOT! Call for the abolition of the slave trade

What were African American’s roles in the war?