do now how do you think your diet should change in different stages of life? why?

Do Now

How do you think your diet should change in different stages of life? Why?

Nutrition Through the Life Cycle

Pregnancy and Infancy

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Placenta Plays a Key Role

• Nutrients are delivered to and wastes are transported from the developing embryo through the placenta.

• Prevents passage of red blood cells, bacteria, and many large proteins from mother to fetus

• Alcohol, drugs, and other potentially harmful substances can cross the placenta.

• Releases hormones required to support the physiological changes of pregnancy


The Placenta

What Nutrients and Behaviors Are Important for a Healthy Pregnancy?• Prospective fathers should adopt a healthy lifestyle.

• A man's lifestyle and diet habits can affect fertility.• Factors that may decrease sperm production and function:

• Smoking, alcohol and drug abuse, and obesity • Nutrients that promote healthy sperm production:

• Zinc and folate: production of healthy sperm• Antioxidants: protect sperm from free radical damage


What Nutrients and Behaviors Are Important for a Healthy Pregnancy? (Cont'd)

• Before and during pregnancy, mothers need to adopt a healthy lifestyle.

• Attain a healthy weight before conception.• Obesity and overweight are associated with infertility, pregnancy complications, and

potential birth defects.• Underweight women are at risk of delivering low birth weight or small for gestational

age babies.• Higher risk for developmental disabilities, lung disease, dying within the first year of life


What Nutrients and Behaviors Are Important for a Healthy Pregnancy? (Cont'd)

• Get plenty of folic acid.• Reduces risk of neural tube defects• Needed for new cell synthesis• Recommendation: 400 μg daily (pre-pregnancy)

• Moderate fish and caffeine consumption• Some fish has high levels of methylmercury.• Limit caffeine intake: < 150 mg per day

• 1 cup of coffee (8 oz)• 2 Mountain Dews (12 oz)• 3 Dr. Pepper (12 oz)• 4 Cokes (12 oz)• 5 Iced Tea (12 oz)


Ensure Adequate Nutrient Intake

• Dietary considerations• 50 percent increase in needs for folate, zinc, iron, and calcium

• Folate• Need 600 micrograms daily• Take a supplement or consume folate-rich foods.

• Iron• Needed to make additional red blood cells• Prevents anemia• Essential for fetal growth and development• Needed for the growth of the placenta

• A prenatal vitamin supplement is needed to meet iron needs.


What Nutrients and Behaviors Are Important in the Second Trimester?• Consume adequate kilocalories, carbohydrate, and protein.

• An additional 340 kilocalories daily• Minimum of 175 grams carbohydrate per day• Protein needs increase 35 percent to about 71 grams daily.

• Get enough exercise.• 30 minutes or more of moderate exercise on most days• Low-impact activities • Avoid significant increases in body core temperature.


What Nutrients and Behaviors Are Important for the Third Trimester?• Add an extra 450 kilocalories. • The growing baby exerts pressure on the mother's intestines and

stomach, which can cause heartburn.• Eat frequent, small meals.• Avoid spicy or highly seasoned foods.• Avoid lying down immediately after meals.

• Hormonal changes slow movement of food through the GI tract, which may cause constipation.

• Exercise and consume fiber-rich foods.


Be Alert to Potential Complications: Gestational Diabetes and Hypertension• Gestational diabetes occurs when a woman develops high blood

glucose levels during her pregnancy.• May result in macrosomia• Increased risk for jaundice, breathing problems, birth defects• Increased risk for hypoglycemia after birth


What Are the Benefits and Nutrient Needs of Breast-Feeding?• Lactation is the production of milk in a woman's body after birth.

• The infant suckling at the mother's breast stimulates milk production.• Prolactin: stimulates milk production• Oxytocin: releases milk for infant to receive through the nipple "letdown

response"

• Breast-feeding• Mother provides food that is uniquely tailored to meet her infant's nutritional

needs in an easily digestible form.


Breast-Feeding Provides Physical, Emotional, and Financial Benefits for Mothers• Physical benefits

• Oxytocin helps return the uterus to its prepregnancy size and shape.• Reduces blood loss in the mother after delivery• May help mothers return to their prepregnancy weight and manage their

postpregnancy weight• May reduce risk for breast and ovarian cancer• May reduce risk for hip fractures later in life, increase bone density, reduce

risk for type 2 diabetes


Breast-Feeding Provides Physical, Emotional, and Financial Benefits for Mothers (Cont'd)

• Expense and convenience• Can spend $1,500 on formula alone in the first year• Formula-fed infants have higher health care costs.• Environmental costs

• Uses less resources than formula-feeding• Breast milk is always sterile and at the right temperature.• Less cleanup

• Stress reduction and bonding• Promotes a unique bonding experience; reduces stress; helps baby feel safe,

secure, and emotionally attached


Breast-Feeding Provides Nutritional and Health Benefits for Infants• The nutritional composition of breast milk changes as the infant

grows.• Right after birth:

• Breast milk contains colostrum, a yellowish fluid that is lower in fat but higher in protein, vitamin A, minerals, and immune factors.

• Four to seven days after birth:• Breast milk is high in lactose, fat, and B vitamins and lower in fat-soluble

vitamins, sodium, and other minerals.


Breast-Feeding Provides Nutritional and Health Benefits for Infants (Cont'd)• At six to seven months:

• Breast milk has less protein.

• The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends supplementing breast-fed babies with vitamin D.

• Minimum of 400 IU vitamin D per day• Give in the form of drops


Breast-Feeding Provides Nutritional and Health Benefits for Infants (Cont'd)• Protects against infections, allergies, and chronic disease

• Decreases:• Risk and severity of diarrhea and other intestinal disorders• Respiratory and ear infections• Meningitis• Urinary tract infections

• Protects against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and inflammation• Provides antioxidants, hormones, enzymes, and growth factors


Breast-Feeding Provides Nutritional and Health Benefits for Infants (Cont'd)• Reduced childhood obesity risk

• Breast-feeding beyond six months may reduce risk for childhood obesity.

• Brain development• Breast milk contains docosahexanoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA).

• Needed for vision and central nervous system• May have greater cognitive function


Breast-Feeding Is Recommended by Experts• American Academy of Pediatrics and Academy of Nutrition and

Dietetics recommendations • Exclusive breast-feeding for the first six months• Breast-feeding with an appropriate combination of appropriate foods during

at least the first year


What Are an Infant's Nutrient Needs and Why Are They So High? (Cont'd)• Infants have specific kilocalorie, iron, and other nutrient needs.

• Energy needs: 108 kcal/kg for the first 6 months of life• Carbohydrate needs:

• 60 grams per day for the first 6 months • 95 grams per day at 7 to 12 months

• Protein needs: • 9.1 grams per day during the first 6 months • 11 grams per day at 7 to 12 months

• Fat needs: Do not limit fat intake.


What Are an Infant's Nutrient Needs and Why Are They So High? (Cont'd)

• Require vitamin K, vitamin D, and iron supplements• Receive vitamin K injection at birth• 400 IU vitamin D drops beginning at 2 months• Iron-fortified foods such as infant cereal should be introduced at around 6 months of

age.• Fluid needs are met with breast milk or formula.• Limit extra fluids and give 100% juice in moderation.


When Are Solid Foods Safe?

• Solid foods are introduced once certain milestones are met.• Typically at 4 to 6 months of age• When body systems are ready to process solid foods• Physical readiness is specific to each child.


When Are Solid Foods Safe? (Cont'd)

• Solid foods should be introduced gradually.• Parents should watch for signs of allergies after a new food is introduced.• A good first food is rice cereal.• Avoid whole cow's milk until after 1 year of age.• Introduce one food at a time.

• Single-grain cereals, then multigrain cereals• Pureed vegetables• Fruits• Meats



Summary of Nutritional Guidelines


Toddler through Adolelescence

What Are the Nutritional Needs of Toddlers and Preschoolers?• Toddlers

• 1 to 3 years old• Growth rate is high, but slower than infancy

• Age 2 • Average weight gain: 3 to 5 pounds• Average length gain: 3 to 5 inches a year

• Nutritional needs and appetites diminish compared with those of infants.


What Are the Nutritional Needs of Toddlers and Preschoolers? (Cont'd)• Preschoolers

• 3 to 5 years old

• Both toddlers and preschoolers need the same nutrients as adults, but in different amounts.

• Lower energy needs• Smaller appetites• Smaller stomachs



Young Children Need to Eat Frequent, Small Meals and Nutrient-Dense Foods• Energy needs: 1,000 to 1,600 kilocalories per day

• Include nutrient-dense foods

• Appropriate portion sizes• Child-sized plates and cups• Rule of thumb is to serve 1 tablespoon of food per year of age at a meal.


Young Children Need Adequate Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat• Carbohydrate

• 45 to 65 percent of daily kilocalories• At least half of grain intake should be from whole grains.• Fiber recommendations

• 1 to 3 years: 19 grams• 4 to 8 years: 25 grams


Young Children Need Adequate Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat (Cont'd)

• Protein• RDA

• Toddlers: 1.1 grams per kilogram of body weight• School-aged: 0.95 grams per kilogram of body weight

• Fat• 2 to 3 years old: 30 to 35 percent of kilocalories from fat• 4 and over: 25 to 35 percent of kilocalories from fat• Focus on polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats.


Young Children Need to Consume Enough Calcium and Iron• Calcium

• Necessary for healthy bone development• 1 to 3 years: 700 mg/day• 4 to 5 years: 1,000 mg/day

• Iron• Necessary during periods of rapid growth• Good sources of iron for children include lean meats, beans, and iron-fortified

cereals.• Cow's milk is a poor source of iron.


Young Children Need to Consume Enough Calcium and Iron (Cont'd)• Iron deficiency (anemia)

• Most common nutrient deficiency in young children• Can lead to developmental delays• Exacerbates attention deficit hyperactivity disorder• Associated with lead poisoning

• Iron toxicity• Leading cause of death in children under age 6• Iron builds up in tissues and organs.

• Ingesting 200 milligrams of iron can be fatal.

Young Children Need to Consume Enough Vitamin D• Recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics

• 1 to 8 years: 10 micrograms (400 IU) of vitamin D per day

• Sources: fortified milk, egg yolk, and some fish• Two 8-ounce glasses of milk provide only half of the recommended intake.• Supplements or fortified cereals may be needed.



What Are the Nutritional Needs of Adolescents?• Developmental period between childhood and adulthood

• Ages 9 to 19 years• Physical changes occur, including a growth spurt.

• Height increases.• Weight increases due to bone growth and gains in lean body mass and body fat stores.

• Hormonal changes occur, including the onset of menstruation for females.• A healthy diet is necessary at this time to ensure adequate nutrients,

especially kilocalories, protein, calcium, and iron.

Adolescents Need Calcium for Bone Development• Time of rapid bone growth• Half of peak bone mass

accumulates in adolescence• AI for calcium: 1,300 mg• AI for vitamin D: 600 IU • Inadequate calcium intake can lead

to low peak bone mass and is a risk factor for osteoporosis.



Adolescents Need Iron for Muscle Growth• Additional iron supports muscle growth and increased blood volume.

• Adolescent females need iron to support menstruation.

• RDA for iron• Females 14 to 18 years: 15 milligrams• Males 14 to 18 years: 11 milligrams

• Iron deficiency is common in adolescence, especially among individuals who limit intake of enriched grains, lean meats, and legumes.


Adolescents Are Sometimes at Risk for Disordered Eating• Disordered eating patterns are more prevalent in adolescent females

than males.• May be linked with poor body image or low self-esteem

• Teens often adopt unhealthy habits. • Skipping meals• Using food substitutes• Taking diet pills or nutritional supplements• Purging through vomiting, laxatives, or diuretics• Using nutritional supplements to build muscle


Older Adults


What Changes Occur as Part of the Aging Process?• Dependent on genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors

• Genetics• Determines the rate of body maintenance• Influences likelihood of chronic disease development

• Environment• Oxidative stress could cause cell damage or death.• Diet and activity choices impact rate of aging.

• Physiological age varies from chronological age.• Physiologic age is based on body health and function.• Chronologic age is based on years of life.

What Changes Occur as Part of the Aging Process? (Cont'd)• Weight and body composition

change.• Weight gain is common.

• Abdominal fat deposits increase.• Lean tissue and muscle mass

decrease (sarcopenia).• Results from decreased physical

activity


What Changes Occur as Part of the Aging Process? (Cont'd)• Our immune function decreases as we age.

• Risk of inflammatory diseases increases.• Adequate immune response depends on nutritional intake.

• Older adults often are deficient in• Zinc• Iron• Beta-carotene• Folic acid• Vitamins B6, B12, C, D, E


What Changes Occur as Part of the Aging Process? (Cont'd)• Our sensory abilities decline as we age.

• Decreased taste and smell• May cause decreased interest in food

• Impaired vision and impaired hearing can also result in decreased food and nutrient intake.


What Changes Occur as Part of the Aging Process? (Cont'd)• Gastrointestinal changes occur as we age.

• Saliva production may decrease.• Makes swallowing more difficult• Increases risk for tooth decay and gum disease

• Missing teeth or wearing dentures makes chewing difficult; may limit food choices.

• Hydrochloric acid and pepsin production decline.• Lowers absorption of iron, calcium, folate, and vitamins B6 and B12.

• Reduced gastrointestinal motility


What Changes Occur as Part of the Aging Process? (Cont'd)• Our brain function also changes as we age.

• Age-related memory loss• Alzheimer's disease• Dementia• Older persons with impaired cognitive function are more likely to lose self-

care abilities.


Older Adults Need Fewer Kilocalories, Not Less Nutrition• Metabolic rate declines with age due to losses in muscle mass and

less physical activity.• Reduce kilocalorie intake by approximately:

• 10 fewer daily kilocalories per year for men • 7 fewer daily kilocalories per year for women

• Nutrient needs do not decline at the same rate as do energy needs.• Selection of nutrient-dense foods is important.


Older Adults Need Adequate Protein

• Protein• RDA: 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight

• Men: Approximately 56 grams• Women: 46 grams

• 10 to 35 percent of kilocalories• Reduces loss of lean tissue, muscle, and bone• Those who are ill or have suffered trauma need more.


Older Adults Should Consume More Complex Carbohydrate• Carbohydrate

• 45 to 65 percent of kilocalories• Emphasis on complex carbohydrates

• More fiber and less sugar• AI for fiber

• Men over 50: 30 grams• Women over 50: 21 grams


Older Adults Should Continue to Moderate Fat Intake• Fat

• 20 to 35 percent of kilocalories• 5 to 10 percent from omega-6 • 0.6 to 1.2 percent from omega-3• Total cholesterol: 300 milligrams or less per day• Keep trans fats as low as possible.


Older Adults Need to Watch Intake of Vitamins A, D, and B12• Vitamin A

• Avoid overconsuming preformed vitamin A.• Can increase the risk of osteoporosis

• Vitamin D• The ability to synthesize vitamin D from sunlight decreases with age.• The intestines and kidneys lose some ability to absorb and convert vitamin D.• Requirements double at age 50 and triple at age 70.

• Necessary for bone health and maintenance of insulin levels


Older Adults Need to Watch Intake of Vitamins A, D, and B12 (Cont'd)• Vitamin B12

• 30 percent of people aged 50 or over cannot absorb natural B12.• Due to reduced stomach acid secretion

• Synthetic B12 can still be absorbed.• Adequate B12 can lower homocysteine levels, which reduces risk of heart

disease.


Older Adults Need to Be Sure to Get Enough Iron, Zinc, and Calcium• Iron

• 10 percent of older adults are iron deficient.• Caused by inadequate dietary iron intake or diets deficient in folate or B12 and blood

losses• Consume iron-rich foods.

• Zinc• 25 percent of older adults are not meeting zinc requirements.• Necessary to maintain a healthy immune system• Deficiency can depress appetite.• Add zinc-fortified foods and supplements to the diet.


Older Adults Need to Be Sure to Get Enough Iron, Zinc, and Calcium (Cont'd)• Calcium

• Increased need over age 50: 1,200 milligrams per day• 70 percent of older adults do not meet needs.• Can result in osteoporosis• Recommendations

• Three servings of dairy per day, plus a calcium-fortified food or supplement


Older Adults Need to Stay Hydrated

• Fluid intake• Hydration is important for older adults, especially those over the age of 85.

• The thirst mechanism decreases with age.• Certain medications may cause the body to lose water.

• Urinary incontinence increases with age.• Dehydration can lead to constipation.• Preferred beverages include water and low-fat or skim milk.


DOL Part 1/4

A pregnant woman should follow a diet low in protein and high in fat and carbohydrates.

A. TrueB. False

DOL Part 2/4

Children have the same dietary recommendations as adults, just with less calories/energy requirements.

A. TrueB. False

DOL Part 3/4

Adolescents should make sure to consume enough calcium, protein, and iron to support their developing bodies.

A. TrueB. False

DOL Part 4/4

Elderly adults need less nutrients as they age, but the amount of calories/energy that they need doesn’t change very much.

A. TrueB. False

do now how do you think your diet should change in different stages of life? why?

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