do now list at least 10 items that you came in contact with before school today that contained a...
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DO NOWDO NOW
List at least 10 items that List at least 10 items that you came in contact with you came in contact with before school today that before school today that
contained a mineral.contained a mineral.
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What are Minerals?What are Minerals?
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The 5 Defining Characteristics of The 5 Defining Characteristics of MineralsMinerals
1.1. Naturally Occurring – this Naturally Occurring – this means they form naturally means they form naturally and are not manmade.and are not manmade.
2. Inorganic – this means 2. Inorganic – this means they were never alive or they were never alive or living.living.
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3.3. Definite Composition – Definite Composition – this means that we know this means that we know what they are made of and what they are made of and it can not change. it can not change.
If it does change, then it becomes a different mineral.
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4.4. Distinct Physical and Distinct Physical and Chemical Properties – this Chemical Properties – this means that every mineral has means that every mineral has very specific physical and very specific physical and chemical properties used to chemical properties used to identify them. identify them.
If these properties change, then the mineral becomes a different mineral.
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5.5. Crystalline Structure – Crystalline Structure – this means that every this means that every mineral is made up of mineral is made up of crystals. crystals.
Sometimes the crystals are large and visible, other times you can only see them with a microscope.
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Below is a list of objects.Eight of them are minerals. Can
you find them all?
Sugar Salt DiamondPearl Glass
WaterPaper Wood Sulfur
Clay Talc CopperBrick Sand Gold
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What minerals can be found in What minerals can be found in the following objects?the following objects?
Use your ESRT’s (Earth Science Use your ESRT’s (Earth Science Reference Tables).Reference Tables).
ToothpasteSand PaperSheetrockCoffee MugSinker (for fishing)Pencil
MagnetIndian Paint PotMatchesI-pod or cell phoneTable SaltGlassBaby Powder
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So, what would your So, what would your life be like without life be like without
minerals?minerals?
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Review of Elements and Compounds
• An _______ is the smallest part of and element that can be identified as that element.
• An __________ is a simple substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means.For example: You could have two ________ of the _________ Oxygen (O2).
atomatom
elementelement
atomsatoms elementelement
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• A __________ is a substance made up of two or more elements that are chemically combined.
• A ___________ is the smallest part of a substance that has all the properties of that substance.
For example: You could have one _________ of the __________ known as water (H2O).
compoundcompound
moleculemolecule
moleculemolecule compoundcompound
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All Elements and their physical and chemical properties can be found on the Periodic
Table of the Elements.
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How do we read a chemical formula?
• A chemical symbol is a _______________ way of writing the name of an element (see the periodic table). Example: The chemical symbol for Oxygen is _____.
• A chemical formula is a formula that shows the ____________ that make up the ____________. For example: H2O is a chemical formula for the compound water.
shorthandshorthand
OO
elementselementscompoundcompound
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• A ____________ is a number in a chemical formula that shows how many of each atom is in one molecule of a compound. For example: in H2O there are ______ atoms of the element Hydrogen (H) and ______ atom of the element Oxygen (O).
subscriptsubscript
two (2)two (2)one (1)one (1)
Practice: Fe3Al2Si3O12
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PracticeUsing page 16 of your ESRT’s, match the following elements to their symbols. Write the letter of the correct symbol in the space provided.
________ 1. potassium a. Ca________ 2. sulfur b. Fe________ 3. calcium c. Pb________ 4. iron d. K________ 5. lead e. S
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Using page 16 of your ESRT’s, complete the following chart.
Mineral Name Chemical Formula
Total Number of Elements
Present
Total Number of Atoms Present
Total Number of Oxygen
Atoms Present
Magnetite 2
CaCO3 5
Potassium Feldspar
8
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How do minerals form?
Remember:• A mineral is ________________
occurring, _________________ (never been alive and not from a living thing) solid formed from __________ or ___________ and having a definite ________________ makeup and __________________ atomic structure.
naturallynaturallyinorganicinorganic
elementselements compoundscompoundschemicalchemical
crystallinecrystalline
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1. Be naturally occurring (not manmade)2. Be the same throughout (homogeneous, like milk)3. Made of only ONE element or ONE compound (this can be determined by reading the chemical formula)4. Inorganic (not made of living things)5. Have a definite chemical formula (We just learned this!)
• Minerals MUST meet ALL of the following requirements:
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Minerals are formed ________________ by the process
of ___________________ as a result of specific environmental
conditions.
These include three basic ways:
inorganicallyinorganically
crystallizationcrystallization
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1. __________ and ________________ of magma.
CoolingCoolingsolidificationsolidification
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2. ______________ from water caused by such processes as ____________ (like salt crystallizing as water evaporates),_____________ and ______________.
PrecipitationPrecipitation
evaporationevaporation
Chemical reactionsChemical reactions
Temperature changesTemperature changes
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3. ____________ of atoms in existing minerals that are subjected to conditions of high ___________ and __________.
RearrangementRearrangement
temperaturetemperature pressurepressure
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How do we identify minerals?
• We identify minerals based on their ________ and ________ properties.
physicalphysical chemicalchemical
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1. LUSTER – the mineral can be either ______________ or
_______________ Example: galena is metallic,
quartz is non-metallic
metallicmetallicNon-metallicNon-metallic
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2. Hardness – how easily the mineral is scratched. Hardness is measured on a scale from 1
(very soft) to 10 (very hard) called ______________________Mohs’ Hardness ScaleMohs’ Hardness Scale
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Mohs’ Hardness Scale
2.53.5
5.5 6.5
Remember: You can only scratch a
mineral with something that is HARDER than the
mineral!
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3. _________________ and _______________ describe the way a
mineral breaks. Cleavage is when the break is _____________ and ________________. Fracture is
when the break is _____________ and ________________. Example:
Mica has perfect cleavage, Quartz has fracture
CleavageCleavagefracturefracture
evenevensmoothly flatsmoothly flat
unevenunevenroughrough
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4. ____________ can help to identify a mineral. But, be careful because the same mineral can come in many
different colors! Example: Quartz can be clear, white, black, gray,
purple, orange, pink, etc.
ColorColor
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5. The streak is the _____________ of the mineral if it is powdered. You powder it by rubbing it on a streak
plate. The color of the streak is always the same no matter what the
color of the mineral is. Example: hematite can be red or silver, but the
streak is ALWAYS brown!
colorcolor
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6. The _______________ of a mineral can be used to help
identify it. Some minerals are very dense.
Example: Magnetite
densitydensity
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7. The __________ test is used to determine if calcium carbonate is
present. The acid will bubble if the mineral contains CaCO3.
Example: Calcite
acidacid
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8. Other TestsMagnetism is another way to help identify a mineral. If the magnet is attracted to the sample, then the
sample contains a significant amount of iron. Two minerals that attract a
magnet are magnetite and hematite (in its metallic form only).
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Read through the rest of your notes on how to determine the properties
of a mineral sample. Make sure you understand how to do this as you will have to determine several properties of minerals on the NEW
YORK STATE Regents Lab Practical in June!
Good Luck!
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What are mineral resources?
Except for energy from the Sun, pretty much everything else we need comes from the Earth. Natural resources include all of the things that come naturally from the Earth such as water, air, plants, animals, etc. These natural resources are further broken down into groups. One such group are classified as mineral resources.
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Mineral resources include ________________,
_______________, and ______________.
mineralsmineralsrocksrocks
Fossil fuelsFossil fuels
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Mineral resources are ______________________ natural
resources which means that once they are used up, they are gone and can not be replaced in a short enough time to
be useful to humans.
This means there is a ___________________ supply of our mineral resources. Examples include
oil, gold, copper, and sulfur.
non-renewablenon-renewable
limitedlimited
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Fossil Fuels include __________ (petroleum), ______________, and
_____________.
oiloilNatural gasNatural gas
coalcoal
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They are the result of compaction and organic chemical changes of the remains of dead plants
and animals in a sedimentary
environment. This is why fossil fuels are only
found in _______________rocks.sedimentarysedimentary
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At this time fossil fuels provide about __________ of our energy
needs, but our resources are dwindling fast. As time passes, it is
becoming more important to find alternative forms of energy.
90%90%
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What are some alternative forms of energy?List some alternative forms of energy that could be
used for the following necessities.
Necessity Possible Energy Alternatives
Automobiles
Heat
Electricity