do now: ◊“the ink of the scholar is holier than the blood of the martyr” -muhammad …what do...
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Do Now: Do Now:
◊ “the ink of the scholar is holier than the blood of the martyr” -Muhammad …what do you think this means
◊ “the ink of the scholar is holier than the blood of the martyr” -Muhammad …what do you think this means
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The ProphetThe Prophet
• Muhammad born 570 AD
• Illiterate most of his life
• Angle Gabriel gave him the message that he was to become messenger of God (Muhammad 40 yrs.)
• Literate after meeting with Gabriel (miraculous)
• Muhammad born 570 AD
• Illiterate most of his life
• Angle Gabriel gave him the message that he was to become messenger of God (Muhammad 40 yrs.)
• Literate after meeting with Gabriel (miraculous)
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Revelation
◊ Submit to the will of God and he will judge with mercy
◊ Koran- word of God is recorded
◊ Shariah- “the way” is the body of laws that regulate Muslim life
Revelation
◊ Submit to the will of God and he will judge with mercy
◊ Koran- word of God is recorded
◊ Shariah- “the way” is the body of laws that regulate Muslim life
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Muslims
◊ People who accepted Muhammad’s teachings
◊ Islam- “surrender to the will of God”
◊ Belief in 1 God, angels, in revealed books, in the prophets, and Day of Judgment
Muslims
◊ People who accepted Muhammad’s teachings
◊ Islam- “surrender to the will of God”
◊ Belief in 1 God, angels, in revealed books, in the prophets, and Day of Judgment
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Mecca to Medina and BackMecca to Medina and Back
◊ Yathrib- Muhammad set out in 622 for Oasis because of persecution
◊ Hegira- flight from persecution◊ Yathrib changed to Medina- means city of the
messenger of God◊ Shift from Judaism because of Jewish treatment to
him and his followers◊ Face Mecca rather than Jerusalem◊ Muhammad married women from powerful families
and was able to influence people to his beliefs
◊ Yathrib- Muhammad set out in 622 for Oasis because of persecution
◊ Hegira- flight from persecution◊ Yathrib changed to Medina- means city of the
messenger of God◊ Shift from Judaism because of Jewish treatment to
him and his followers◊ Face Mecca rather than Jerusalem◊ Muhammad married women from powerful families
and was able to influence people to his beliefs
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Abu BakrAbu Bakr
• Caliph- successor• Strengthened the army because of weakened
support after Prophet’s death• Byzantine Empire stretched thin- Muslims were
able to make way into Fertile Crescent (641 control most of Fertile Crescent)
• Religion grows next 100 yrs (North Africa, Spain, Asia)
• Caliph- successor• Strengthened the army because of weakened
support after Prophet’s death• Byzantine Empire stretched thin- Muslims were
able to make way into Fertile Crescent (641 control most of Fertile Crescent)
• Religion grows next 100 yrs (North Africa, Spain, Asia)
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Dissension in the FaithDissension in the Faith
• 4 Caliphs- special to Islamic faith• Ali (4th Caliph) challenged by Umayyads of Syria• Ali killed and capital moved to Damascus• Umayyads- family succession• Shiites- do not recognize first 3 Caliphs
• Ali (4th Caliph, Muhammad’s uncle) recognized as rightfully Caliph (successor) and his descendants as legitimate leaders
• Sunnis- recognize all 4 Caliphs• Reject narrow views of Shiites
• 4 Caliphs- special to Islamic faith• Ali (4th Caliph) challenged by Umayyads of Syria• Ali killed and capital moved to Damascus• Umayyads- family succession• Shiites- do not recognize first 3 Caliphs
• Ali (4th Caliph, Muhammad’s uncle) recognized as rightfully Caliph (successor) and his descendants as legitimate leaders
• Sunnis- recognize all 4 Caliphs• Reject narrow views of Shiites
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http://www.pbs.org/muhammad/http://www.pbs.org/muhammad/
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The Muslim World of the Middle East
The Muslim World of the Middle East
The Five Pillars Of IslamThe Five Pillars Of Islam
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The First Pillar of IslamThe First Pillar of Islam
◊ The Shahada- Declaration of faith.
◊ Part One- There is no God but God (Allah)
◊ Part two- Muhammad is the messenger of God (Allah)
◊ The Shahada- Declaration of faith.
◊ Part One- There is no God but God (Allah)
◊ Part two- Muhammad is the messenger of God (Allah)
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The Second pillar of IslamThe Second pillar of Islam
◊ Salat-Prayer◊ General Features of Islamic Prayer
• Pray five times each day• Bowing and prostration represents
submission to God.• Direction of Prayer must be toward the
Holy city of Mecca.• Terms to know- mosque, Minaret,
Muadhdhin
◊ Salat-Prayer◊ General Features of Islamic Prayer
• Pray five times each day• Bowing and prostration represents
submission to God.• Direction of Prayer must be toward the
Holy city of Mecca.• Terms to know- mosque, Minaret,
Muadhdhin
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Muslim prostrate in prayerMuslim prostrate in prayer
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MosqueMosque
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Third Pillar of IslamThird Pillar of Islam
◊ Giving Zakat• Purification and growth• Giving a percentage of
one’s income and wealth to the needy.
• Our possessions are purified by setting aside a small portion for those in need.
• Like pruning a plant, encourages new growth.
◊ Giving Zakat• Purification and growth• Giving a percentage of
one’s income and wealth to the needy.
• Our possessions are purified by setting aside a small portion for those in need.
• Like pruning a plant, encourages new growth.
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Giving almsGiving alms
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Fasting during the Holy Month of RamadanFasting during the Holy Month of Ramadan◊ Every day during the Month of
Ramadan all Muslims fast from dawn to sundown no food and drink. Spiritual self-purification
◊ A fasting person gains sympathy for those who have nothing as well as growth in ones spiritual life.
◊ Every day during the Month of Ramadan all Muslims fast from dawn to sundown no food and drink. Spiritual self-purification
◊ A fasting person gains sympathy for those who have nothing as well as growth in ones spiritual life.
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The Fifth Pillar of IslamThe Fifth Pillar of Islam◊ The Hajj or pilgrimage to the holy city
of Mecca (Makkah).◊ Obligation once in a life time- for those
who are physically and financially able to perform it.
◊ 2 Million Muslims each year make the trip.
◊ Usually Performed during the twelfth month of the Islamic Calendar.
◊ The Hajj or pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca (Makkah).
◊ Obligation once in a life time- for those who are physically and financially able to perform it.
◊ 2 Million Muslims each year make the trip.
◊ Usually Performed during the twelfth month of the Islamic Calendar.
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KaabaKaaba
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Haram MosqueHaram Mosque
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KaabaKaaba
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Rites of the HajjRites of the Hajj
◊ Circling the Kabba seven times.◊ Going seven times between the
hillocks of Safa and Marwa, as Hagar did during her search for water.
◊ Then the pilgrims stand together at Arafa, and ask god for what they wish and for and forgiveness.
◊ This is a preview of the day of judgment.
◊ Circling the Kabba seven times.◊ Going seven times between the
hillocks of Safa and Marwa, as Hagar did during her search for water.
◊ Then the pilgrims stand together at Arafa, and ask god for what they wish and for and forgiveness.
◊ This is a preview of the day of judgment.
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Hajj continuedHajj continued
◊ Hajj ends with a festival , celebrated in prayers and feasts.
◊ Hajj ends with a festival , celebrated in prayers and feasts.
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6th Pillar of Islam: Jihad6th Pillar of Islam: Jihad
◊ Sacred struggle or holy war against the enemies of Islam• Of the individual to carry out God’s will
◊ Koran• Literal word of God and is not subject to change• Ferment in Islamic Society comes from different
interpretations of Jihad
◊ Sacred struggle or holy war against the enemies of Islam• Of the individual to carry out God’s will
◊ Koran• Literal word of God and is not subject to change• Ferment in Islamic Society comes from different
interpretations of Jihad
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Section 2: Centuries of TurmoilSection 2: Centuries of Turmoil◊ By 900 the great Arab Empire was
broken into many kingdoms◊ Many foreign invaders set up their
own kingdoms but adopted Islam• Seljuks 1055
◊ Allowed Abbassid caliph on throne
• Mongols 1200s◊ Destroyed city and killed the last of the
caliphs
◊ By 900 the great Arab Empire was broken into many kingdoms
◊ Many foreign invaders set up their own kingdoms but adopted Islam• Seljuks 1055
◊ Allowed Abbassid caliph on throne
• Mongols 1200s◊ Destroyed city and killed the last of the
caliphs
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CrusadesCrusades
◊ Alarmed by the defeat of the Christian Byzantine Empire
◊ Pope Urban II called for a holy war against the Muslims -1095
◊ Goal to capture Palestine• Holy land where Jesus had lived
◊ Alarmed by the defeat of the Christian Byzantine Empire
◊ Pope Urban II called for a holy war against the Muslims -1095
◊ Goal to capture Palestine• Holy land where Jesus had lived
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◊ 1096- first crusade resulted in a win for the Byzantine Empire and reclaimed much of Anatolia
◊ And went on to conquer Jerusalem◊ 1187- Islamic world was more
advanced than Europe ◊ Saladin drove Christians out of
Jerusalem
◊ 1096- first crusade resulted in a win for the Byzantine Empire and reclaimed much of Anatolia
◊ And went on to conquer Jerusalem◊ 1187- Islamic world was more
advanced than Europe ◊ Saladin drove Christians out of
Jerusalem
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Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire
◊ 1300s Ottoman’s emerge in Anatolia
◊ Share same ethnicity as the Seljuks
◊ 1453 Ottomans ended the 1,000 yr old Byzantine Empire
◊ 1300s Ottoman’s emerge in Anatolia
◊ Share same ethnicity as the Seljuks
◊ 1453 Ottomans ended the 1,000 yr old Byzantine Empire
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Suleiman ISuleiman I
◊ 1520-1566 transformed Istanbul into a major city
◊ Government• Ruled for 500 yrs being strong but
flexible• Men of Pen and Men of Sword
◊ 1520-1566 transformed Istanbul into a major city
◊ Government• Ruled for 500 yrs being strong but
flexible• Men of Pen and Men of Sword
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Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire
◊ Slaves• Conquered peoples• Freed when converted to Islam• Could become governors, chief
ministers, cadets (Janizary corps- elite military)
◊ Millets- non-Mulim communities w/in the empire
◊ Slaves• Conquered peoples• Freed when converted to Islam• Could become governors, chief
ministers, cadets (Janizary corps- elite military)
◊ Millets- non-Mulim communities w/in the empire
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Safavid EmpireSafavid Empire
◊ 1500s Iran◊ Shiite (Ottoman’s were Sunni)◊ Abbas the Great 1587-1629
• Shah(king)• Encouraged trade and commerce
◊ 1500s Iran◊ Shiite (Ottoman’s were Sunni)◊ Abbas the Great 1587-1629
• Shah(king)• Encouraged trade and commerce