do now—5.28.15 which line shows an person who is insulin resistant? normal?
TRANSCRIPT
Do Now—5.28.15
Which line shows an person who is insulin resistant? Normal?
Do Now—5.28.15
Which line shows an person who is insulin resistant? Normal?
Final/EoC Exam Review
Objective
SWBAT review for their final and EoC exam.
(same as yesterday)
Genetic Code WS
Check your binder and make sure that you still have this paper—you are going to need it for
the final.
If you don’t have it, then you need to come after school so I can make a copy for you.
Homework
Continue studying for EoC exam and final!– EoC Mon 1st and Tues June 2nd – Final Wednesday June 3rd
Review Guide
changemeasure
Control is used for comparison, it doesn’t get the IV. 37*C temperature because it’s the temperature of the human body.
Title, Axis units, Labeled axis, Key, Scale
Review Guide
IV-temperature, DV-solubility
Objective data-not bias, data. Quantitative-numbers whereas qualitative is categories/description
DV – y axisIV – x axis
Review Guide
Review Guide
1) Problem/Question2) Hypothesis3) Materials & Procedure4) Perform Experiment & Collect Data5) Analyze Data & Draw Conclusions6) Communicate findings
Review Guide
Yes. DNA is stored in the nucleus of eukaryotes and the nucleoid region of prokaryotes. DNA is a double helix. A nucleotide is a nitrogen base, phosphate, and deoxyribose sugar.
Side rails = phosphate and deoxyribose sugarSteps = nitrogen bases bound by hydrogen bonds
Genes are the parts of DNA that code for traits/proteins. They are the coding part of DNA (chromosomes)
The order of the nucleotides is unique, ACTG vs. CTGA
Review Guide
Review Guide
3’ T C CA T GATG C TA 5’
DNA from all cells with nucleus. Need salt to break cell membrane release DNA. DNA is not soluble in alcohol.
DNA profile is the DNA that results from DNA being cut by restriction enzymes and run through gel. The smaller pieces travel farther.
Do Now—5.21.14
What kind of feedback is blood glucose maintenance?
Take out some scratch paper and make a feedback loop for blood glucose maintenance.
Turn in EC to the front
Do Now—5.21.14
What kind of feedback is blood glucose maintenance?
Negative feedback
Take out some scratch paper and make a feedback loop for blood glucose maintenance.
Turn in EC to the front
Final/EoC Exam Review
5.21.14
Objective
SWBAT review for their final and EoC exam.
Schedule
Genetic Code WS
Check your binder and make sure that you still have this paper—you are going to need it for
the final.
If you don’t have it, then you need to come after school so I can make a copy for you.
Homework
Study for Final/EoC Exam!– Your final is tomorrow!– EoC Tues May 27th, Wed May 28th
Make sure you go to the King Room on testing day!
Review Guide
CIJGE
HABDF
Review Guide
Both: Blood glucose levels too high, glucose in urine, insulin (I) problem.T1D: don’t make enough I . T2D: not sensitive to IInsulin causes blood glucose levels to decrease. Insulin is released by the beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose is too high (hyper). Insulin binds to insulin receptor, causing GLUT4 transporter to move to CM and allow glucose into the cell.
Review Guide
Glucagon causes blood glucose levels to increase. Glucagon is released by the alpha cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are too low (hypo). Glucagon causes glycogen in the liver to be broken down into glucose. G exits the cell through GLUT2. Stimulus causes the response. Positive feedback is when the response causes an increase in the stimulus—extreme situations. Negative feedback is when the response causes the stimulus to decrease—maintenance of homeostasis.
Review GuideNormal Body MjTemperature Mj
Body releases Mjsweat Mj
Body temperature Mjrises Mj
Evaporation of Mjsweat cools the Mj
body Mj
Body temperature Mjdrops Mj
Body begins to Mjshiver Mj
Involuntary muscle Mjcontractions generate Mj
body heat MjDraw the one for blood glucose on board
Eat more protein, carbs, vitaminsEat less sodium, fats, cholesterolDiabetics should monitor and limit carbohydrates (sugars, like glucose)
Review Guide
Nucleic acids nucelotides store genetic info DNA, RNA
Review Guide
Eat the correct amount for you, Dietary Reference Intake, based on height, characteristics, etc.
Complex sugars are formed by dehydration reactions of simple sugars. To store energy in the chemical bonds of the complex sugars for later. Hydrolysis reactions are used to break down complex sugars. To release stored energy from the chemical bonds, need energy now.
Review Guide
Short-term: hypoglycemia (low), hyperglycemia (high glucose) and ketoacidosis (DKA). Long-term: Blindness, high blood pressure, heart disease, kidney failure, neuropathy
Insulin is used most with T1D because they are insulin deficient. T2D are insulin resistant, so they don’t respond as well to the insulin that they are given, but can be treated with an insulin pump.
Review Guide
Osmosis is diffusion of water. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration. Hypertonic has greater solutes. Hypotonic has lower solutes. Isotonic have same amount of solutes in the two solutions. Cell in hyper would shrink, in hypo would swell, iso would stay the same size.
Review Guide
WBC: immunity. RBC: transport O2 and CO2. Plasma: carry components, transport. Platelets: clotting, prevent bleeding
Base point mutation in nitrogen base of hemoglobin (AT, GluVal) Symptoms: crises and joint pain. Complications: vaso-occlusion (blocked blood vessels), spleen enlargement, heart problems
Review Guide
Transcription (DNAmRNA) in nucleus, make temporary copy of gene code.Translation (mRNA amino acids/protein) in cytoplasm at ribosome, make a.a. (tRNA carries a.a.) and matches the codon of the mRNA).
Both: nucleic acids, gene storage
Review Guide
A UGUA CUGG A ACCAUUG A
TAC is start because it codes for AUG which is START/MET
Met – Tyr – Trp – Asn – His - Stop
In mRNA UAA, UAG, and UGA mean STOP
Test Review
Heterozygous Homozygous recessive Homo dominant
Dimples Widow’s PeakBlonde Round
BB or Bb
T T
T
t
TT TT
Tt TtThe man is correct. There is a 100% probability of Separated eyebrows (TT or Tt) and 0% of connected eyebrows (tt).
rr HH or Hh
Test Review
It shows carriers that are male and female so it has to be sickle cell disease. Can’t have male carriers for sex-linked (hemophilia), can’t have carriers for dominant disorder (Best)
SS Ss
SsSS SsSSSs SS Ss
SsSS Ss Ssss SS ss
Sex-linked recessive
XHXH XhY
XHXh XHY
XHY XHXh
XhY
Unit 4 Review
Unit 4 Review
Unit 4 Review
RBC at left big toe is oxygen-poor RBC passes from capillaries to veins to the SVC or IVC.From the SVC and IVC the RBC enters the RA.
RBC from RA through tricuspid valve into RV, through pulmonary valve, through pulmonary artery to lungs, from lungs to heart through pulmonary vein and into the LA. RBC through the mitral valve and into the LV.
From the LV the RBC travels into the aortic valve and into the aorta.From the aorta the RBC travels into smaller arteries to the body, toward the right big toe.Arteries will become capillaries, and at the right big toe, the RBC will drop off oxygen and become oxygen-poor.
Unit 4 Review
A = Superior Vena Cava, B = Right Atrium,
C= Tricuspid Valve, D= Inferior Vena Cava,
E = Right Ventricle, F = Aorta,
G = Pulmonary Artery, H = Pulmonary Veins,
I = Left Atrium, J = Mitral Valve,
K = Left Ventricle
Unit 4 Review
Arteries take oxygen-rich blood away from the heart. Veins take oxygen-poor blood toward the heart. Pulse and blood pressure are both taken in arteries because you want to measure pressure and heart beats coming ‘right off’ the heart.
SA Node, AV Node, AV Bundles, Bundle fibers, Purkinje Fibers
P is depolarization of atria before contraction. QRS is depolarization of ventricles before contraction.T is repolarization of the ventricles, rest before it contracts again
Heartbeat is R to R
Unit 4 Review
Normal pulse is 60-100 bpm and regular. Get patient consent, clean hands, take pulse in radial artery (near thumb), use your two first fingers or middle three fingers, you will press down firmly and count how many beats and if the beats come regularly.
Blood pressure is taken in the brachial artery with a sphygmomanometer . A normal BP is 120/80 mmHg. The systolic pressure is heard first, it is when the heart is contracting, it is the top number in the fraction. The diastolic, is the bottom number when the heart is resting and second sound heard. The BP cuff is wrapped around the arm above the elbow, diaphragm of stethoscope is at the brachial artery, pump up pressure, listen for sounds as you release pressure
Unit 4 Review
Coronary arteries provide oxygen-rich blood to the heart.
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) develops when cholesterol plaques (LDL) build up on the arterial walls and clogs the arteries, then clots can form in the arteries. Having high levels of LDL (160-189 mg/dL) and high levels of overall cholesterol (240 mg/dL) increases the risk of developing CAD. A heart attack is when the heart does not receive oxygen, if the coronary arteries are blocked then you have a heart attack.
Unit 4 Review
Low Density Lipoprotein Both High Density Lipoprotein
More cholesterol, less protein — leak cholesterol, causing
cholesterol to build on arterial walls Carry
cholesterol
Less cholesterol, more protein — do not leak
cholesterol
Remove cholesterol
plaques
Risk: greater than 160 mg/dL Risk: less than 40 mg/dL
Increased by saturated fats
Increased by trans fats Decreased by trans fats
Decreased by unsaturated fats
Increased by unsaturated fats
Table from this past Monday
Unit 4 Review
Notes from March 20th
Unit 4 Review
Paternity Testing: Children inherit half of their alleles from each parent and thus should possess a combination of their parents alleles
Notes from March 20th
Unit 4 Review
Paternity Testing: Children inherit half of their alleles from each parent and thus should possess a combination of their parents alleles
Forensic Investigation: Suspect DNA should be a complete match with the sample taken from a crimescene if a conviction is to occur
Notes from March 20th
Unit 4 Review
Paternity Testing: Children inherit half of their alleles from each parent and thus should possess a combination of their parents alleles
Forensic Investigation: Suspect DNA should be a complete match with the sample taken from a crime scene if a conviction is to occur
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to amplify specific regions of the DNA.
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP) is when restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences. The different cutting pattern will lead to differently sized products that can be separated in gel electrophoresis.
Notes from March 20th
Unit 4 Review
Doctors test for blocked blood vessels using an angiogram. An angioplasty, stent, or CABG (Coronary Artery Bypass Graft) can be used to unblock the blood vessels, and CABG is the most invasive method. Angioplasty uses a balloon to push and compress the plaque. Stent is when the blood vessel is supported / forced open using a mesh. CABG is when a grafted (new) blood vessel is used to replace the blocked blood vessel.
Notes from March 25th
Unit 4 Review
Modifiable Risks:• Tobacco smoke• High blood cholesterol • High blood pressure
(>140/90 mmHg)• Heart problems• Physical inactivity• Obesity (Waist: female>35,
male>40in)• Diabetes• High fasting blood glucose
(>125mg/dL)• Stress• Alcohol• Diet (high calorie and fat)
Notes from March 31st
Nonmodifiable Risks:• Age: being older than 65• Gender: being male• Heredity: family history• Race: being a minority
Unit 4 Review
• Patient is older than 65, at risk• Patient is male, so waist circumference is not at
risk because its less than 40• Patient is hypertensive, systolic > 140 at 148/85• Total cholesterol at risk, its over 200• HDL is normal, not at risk• Triglycerides are under 150, not a risk. • Fasting blood sugar is not at risk because its less
than 125.
Unit 4 Review
• Patient is older than 65, at risk• Patient is male, so waist circumference is not at
risk because its less than 40• Patient is hypertensive, systolic > 140 at 148/85• Total cholesterol at risk, its over 200• LDL is at risk because its over 104• HDL is normal, not at risk• Triglycerides are under 150, not a risk. • Fasting blood sugar is not at risk because its less
than 125.
Lifestyle changes:• 1) lower blood pressure, take ACE inhibitor• 2) lower cholesterol, take a statin, order an
angiogram to check for blockages• 3) increase exercise, waist circumference is close.
Unit 5 Review Guide
Unit 5 Review Guide
Notes on 4.21.14 (5.1.2)
Unit 5 Review Guide
Pathogen: infectious agent.
Antigen: substance that causes antibodies to be produced, can be a pathogen or something else.
Antibody: protein produced by Plasma B cells to inactivate an antigen (stop invader).
Unit 5 Review Guide
Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan wall and a purple from the crystal violet stain. Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan wall and a red/pink from the safranin stain.
Unit 5 Review Guide
Nonspecific Specific
External Internal Cell-mediated Antibody-mediated1) Skin-physical barrier.
2) Mucus-physical and chemical barrier. Enzymes destroy
1) Phagocytic Cells-WBCs engulf pathogens2) Inflammationcaused by histamine, swelling, increase blood flow
WBCs present antigens to Helper T cells. Helper-T activate B and Cytotoxic T cells.
B cells are APCs and can activate themselves or be activated by T cells. Plasma B and Memory B cells .
pathogens.
Unit 5 Review Guide
Aseptic technique is a method of preventing contamination of your culture/sample. During aseptic technique, hair is pulled back, alcohol/bleach is used to clean the area, fire is used to prevent contamination, the petri plate is partially covered, etc. Aseptic technique would be used when your trying to identify a particular bacterium.
Unit 6 Review
Transportation of O2, CO2, hormones, nutrients, and waste. Heart, blood, blood vessels. Loss of function or death of area without blood supply. Digestion of food into absorbable nutrients to make energy. Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, salivary glands, gall bladder, pancreas, liver. Death, no glucose, no cellular respiration.
Protection/defense against pathogens. Lymph nodes, spleen, WBCs, T cells, B cells, etc. Inability to fight off infections = illness/sickness.
Communication, control and perception of bodily processes. Brain, spinal cord, nerves. Miscommunication/involuntary functions.
Exchange of CO2 and O2 for cellular respiration (make ATP). Lungs, trachea, bronchioles, alveoli, etc. Need exchange for cellular respiration.
Removal of waste (urea). Urethra, ureter, kidneys. Death, waste build up
Unit 6 Review
Determine manner and cause of death of the decedent (dead person) by analyzing all evidence.
Unit 6 Review
Cause of death is undetermined. Decedent could have died from ketoacidosis or sepsis. Ketoacidosis, or ketone formation occurs because there is not enough insulin to regulate the glucose levels in the body and the patient burns fats for energy, instead of glucose, and forms ketone. Evidence of the ketoacidosis is in the blood ketones of 1.2 mmol/L and a blood pH of 6.95. The immediate cause of death was ketoacidosis, but the underlying condition that promoted ketoacidosis was the patient’s diabetes. The patient had a bacterial infection of Serratia marcenscens. Evidence of the bacterial infection was that the blood culture tested positive for bacteria. Since the infection was in the blood the patient was septic, and the infection had advanced further than the urinary tract infection a few weeks prior. No antibiotics were found in the patient’s system so the patient was not treating the infection. The immediate cause of death was the sepsis, but the underlying conditions that promoted the sepsis was negligence and diabetes because diabetics are more prone to infection.