doctoral support center
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Doctoral Support Center. Putting the Formatting Style Pieces Together. APA Overview. Why? Edition APA Seminar vs. Thesis and Dissertation Guide. Doctoral Support Center. Abbreviations. Putting the Formatting Style Pieces Together. Abbreviations/Acronyms. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Doctoral Support Center
Putting the Formatting Style Pieces Together
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APA Overview• Why?• Edition• APA Seminar• vs. Thesis and Dissertation Guide
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Doctoral Support Center
Putting the Formatting Style Pieces Together
Abbreviations
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Abbreviations/AcronymsIdentify acronyms with first usage,
and then use acronym consistently throughout dissertation (consult your committee chair—some want acronyms identified with first use in each chapter).
Incorrect:The results of the studies of simple reaction time (RT) to a visual target have shown a strong negative relation between reaction time and luminance.
Correct:The results of the studies of simple reaction time (RT) to a visual target have shown a strong negative relation between RT and luminance.
(APA, 6th ed. pp. 106-111)
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(APA, 6th ed. pp. 106-111)
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Numbers and SymbolsCommon Problems with Numbers and
Symbols
Doctoral Support Center
Putting the Formatting Style Pieces Together
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4.31 Numbers Expressed in Numerals• Numbers that represent time, dates, ages, scores and points on a scale, exact sums of money and numerals as numerals
• Exceptions(APA, 6th ed., pp. 111-112)
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4.31 Numbers Expressed in Numerals• Numbers that denote a specific place in a numbered series, parts of books and tables, and each number in a list of four or more numbers
• Example• Chapter 5 (of your dissertation)
(APA, 6th ed., pp. 111-112)
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4.34 Ordinal Numbers• No superscript (2nd)• See 4.31-4.34 for examples
(APA, 6th ed., p. 113)
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4.32 Numbers expressed as words• Begins a sentence, title or text heading
• Common fractions• Universally accepted usage
(APA, 6th ed., p. 112)
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Percents• Use the symbol for percent only when it is preceded by a numeral. Use the word percentage when a number is not given.
(APA, 6th ed., p. 118)
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Percents(APA, 6th ed., p. 118)
Numbers(APA, 6th ed., pp.111-114)
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Secondary Sources
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Secondary Sources• Incorrect
• Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (1989) indicates that . . . (Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993).
• Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, and Haller (1993) quote Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (1989). . .
• Correct• Seidenberg and McClelland’s
study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993) . . .
• List only the Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993 reference (the secondary source) in the reference pages.
(APA 6th ed., p. 178, #6.17)
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(APA 6th ed., p. 178, #6.17)
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et al.
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et al.• Latin abbreviation• et al.• Comma after et al.
• Parenthetical reference• Follow author when
there are multiple authors preceding et al. (6.12)
(APA 6th ed., p. 175)
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et al.• Works of 3-5 authors
• List all with first use• Use et al. with all
usages afterward• Throughout entire
document (view as one document)
• See Table 6.1, p. 177
(APA 6th ed., p. 177)
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et al.• Works of 6+ authors
• Use et al. each time – even with first use
• Throughout entire document (view as one document)
• See Table 6.1, p. 177• Reference Pages
• Up to 7 authors: list all• 7+: list first 6, followed by . . . Last author only (#2 on 198) (APA 6th ed., p. 177, 198)
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(APA 6th ed., pp. 175-177, 198)
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Seriation
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SeriationWithin a paragraph or sentence, identify elements in a series by lowercase letters (not italicized) in parentheses:
The participant’s three choices were (a) working with another participant, (b) working with a team, and (c) working alone.
(APA 6th ed., pp. 63-65)
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SeriationSeparate paragraphs in a series, such as
itemized conclusions or steps in a procedure, are identified by an Arabic numeral followed by a period but not enclosed in or followed by parentheses:
Using the learned helplessness theory, we predicted that the depressed and nondepressed participants would make the following judgments of control:
1. Individuals who . . . 2. Nondepressed persons exposed to . . . 3. Depressed persons exposed to . . .
4. Depressed and nondepressed participants in the no-noise
groups . . .
(APA 6th ed., pp. 63-65)
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Seriation• Notice that with numerical lists,
the text is aligned under the text, not under the numbers. Make sure that the numbers are aligned on the decimal (you’ll notice a problem when you go from #9 to #10 since MS Word does not align on the decimal when you go from one digit to two digit numbers).
• Bulleted lists are acceptable in the 6th edition of the APA manual .
• Refer to pp. 64-65 for rules regarding bulleted lists. (APA 6th ed., pp. 63-65)
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(APA 6th ed., pp. 63-65)
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Back to Back Parentheses
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Incorrect:(e.g., defensive pessimism) (Norem & Cantor, 1986)
Correct:(e.g., defensive pessimism; Norem & Cantor, 1986) (APA 6th ed., p. 94)
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(APA 6th ed., p. 94)
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Ellipsis Points
Doctoral Support Center
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Ellipsis• Use 3 spaced ellipsis points
within a sentence to indicate that you have omitted material from the original source.
CorrectAnchor text “. . . text
continues . . . text continues”
Incorrect“…text continues…text
continues”(APA 6th ed., pp. 172-173)
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Ellipsis• Use 4 points to indicate omission between sentences
CorrectAnchor text “beginning text . . . . next sentence.”
Incorrect“Beginning text….next sentence.” (APA 6th ed., pp. 172-173)
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(APA 6th ed., pp. 172-173)
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Quotations
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Floating QuotationsFloating quotes (also called dropped quotes)
• Incorrect“The ‘placebo effect’ . . . disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (Miele, 1993, p. 276).
• CorrectShe stated, “The ‘placebo effect’ . . . disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (Miele, 1993, p. 276).
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Block Quotes
• A direct quote that contains 40 or more words are placed in a block quote (omit the quotation marks in a block quote).
• See last example in 6.03 on pg. 171 of 6th ed.
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(APA 6th ed., pp. 170-179)
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Tables (common problems)
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Common Problems• Aligning decimal places• Matching Table Title to text and
List of Tables• Title Case
• Spacing• Single spacing allowed, but consider
readability• Don’t single space just to condense
size of table• Table Titles: Italicized at top of
table• Continued Tables: (continued) at
bottom and top of next page (italicized); Headings are repeated on continued pages
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Common Problems• Table Notes
• Bottom of table• Word Note is
italicized and followed by a .
• Acronyms are identified
• Sequence number of * according to need
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(APA 6th ed., pp. 128-150)
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Figures (common problems)
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Common Problems• Picture• Title (Caption) is at bottom of Figure
• Figure and Number: italicized and followed by .
• Figure 1.• Caption: sentence case. Full caption must be in list of figures.
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(APA 6th ed., pp. 150-167)
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Heading/Subheading Levels for Theses and Dissertations (APA 6th)
Doctoral Support Center
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APA and TDG• Referencing tables and figures/
placement of tables and figuresWhen incorporate tables or figures
directly after the paragraph containing the initial reference.
• Do not use sentences such asTable 5 illustrates the responses of the two sets of sixth-grade students.
• Instead use The responses of the two sets of sixth-grade students varied little (Table 5).
(UWF T&D Guide, “Illustrative Materials”)
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Thesis and Dissertation Guide