doctoral support center putting the formatting style pieces together
TRANSCRIPT
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Doctoral Support Center
Putting the Formatting Style Pieces Together
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APA Overview• Why?• Edition• APA Seminar• vs. Thesis and Dissertation Guide
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Doctoral Support Center
Putting the Formatting Style Pieces Together
Abbreviations
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Abbreviations/AcronymsIdentify acronyms with first usage,
and then use acronym consistently throughout dissertation (consult your committee chair—some want acronyms identified with first use in each chapter).
Incorrect:The results of the studies of simple reaction time (RT) to a visual target have shown a strong negative relation between reaction time and luminance.
Correct:The results of the studies of simple reaction time (RT) to a visual target have shown a strong negative relation between RT and luminance.
(APA, 6th ed. pp. 106-111)
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(APA, 6th ed. pp. 106-111)
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Numbers and SymbolsCommon Problems with Numbers and
Symbols
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4.31 Numbers Expressed in Numerals• Numbers that represent time, dates, ages, scores and points on a scale, exact sums of money and numerals as numerals
• Exceptions(APA, 6th ed., pp. 111-112)
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4.31 Numbers Expressed in Numerals• Numbers that denote a specific place in a numbered series, parts of books and tables, and each number in a list of four or more numbers
• Example• Chapter 5 (of your dissertation)
(APA, 6th ed., pp. 111-112)
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4.34 Ordinal Numbers• No superscript (2nd)• See 4.31-4.34 for examples
(APA, 6th ed., p. 113)
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4.32 Numbers expressed as words• Begins a sentence, title or text heading
• Common fractions• Universally accepted usage
(APA, 6th ed., p. 112)
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Percents• Use the symbol for percent only when it is preceded by a numeral. Use the word percentage when a number is not given.
(APA, 6th ed., p. 118)
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Percents(APA, 6th ed., p. 118)
Numbers(APA, 6th ed., pp.111-114)
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Secondary Sources
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Secondary Sources• Incorrect
• Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (1989) indicates that . . . (Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993).
• Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, and Haller (1993) quote Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (1989). . .
• Correct• Seidenberg and McClelland’s
study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993) . . .
• List only the Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993 reference (the secondary source) in the reference pages.
(APA 6th ed., p. 178, #6.17)
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(APA 6th ed., p. 178, #6.17)
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et al.
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et al.• Latin abbreviation• et al.• Comma after et al.
• Parenthetical reference• Follow author when
there are multiple authors preceding et al. (6.12)
(APA 6th ed., p. 175)
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et al.• Works of 3-5 authors
• List all with first use• Use et al. with all
usages afterward• Throughout entire
document (view as one document)
• See Table 6.1, p. 177
(APA 6th ed., p. 177)
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et al.• Works of 6+ authors
• Use et al. each time – even with first use
• Throughout entire document (view as one document)
• See Table 6.1, p. 177• Reference Pages
• Up to 7 authors: list all• 7+: list first 6, followed by . . . Last author only (#2 on 198) (APA 6th ed., p. 177, 198)
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(APA 6th ed., pp. 175-177, 198)
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Seriation
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SeriationWithin a paragraph or sentence, identify elements in a series by lowercase letters (not italicized) in parentheses:
The participant’s three choices were (a) working with another participant, (b) working with a team, and (c) working alone.
(APA 6th ed., pp. 63-65)
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SeriationSeparate paragraphs in a series, such as
itemized conclusions or steps in a procedure, are identified by an Arabic numeral followed by a period but not enclosed in or followed by parentheses:
Using the learned helplessness theory, we predicted that the depressed and nondepressed participants would make the following judgments of control:
1. Individuals who . . . 2. Nondepressed persons exposed to . . . 3. Depressed persons exposed to . . .
4. Depressed and nondepressed participants in the no-noise
groups . . .
(APA 6th ed., pp. 63-65)
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Seriation• Notice that with numerical lists,
the text is aligned under the text, not under the numbers. Make sure that the numbers are aligned on the decimal (you’ll notice a problem when you go from #9 to #10 since MS Word does not align on the decimal when you go from one digit to two digit numbers).
• Bulleted lists are acceptable in the 6th edition of the APA manual .
• Refer to pp. 64-65 for rules regarding bulleted lists.
(APA 6th ed., pp. 63-65)
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(APA 6th ed., pp. 63-65)
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Back to Back Parentheses
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Incorrect:(e.g., defensive pessimism) (Norem & Cantor, 1986)
Correct:(e.g., defensive pessimism; Norem & Cantor, 1986) (APA 6th ed., p. 94)
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(APA 6th ed., p. 94)
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Ellipsis Points
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Ellipsis• Use 3 spaced ellipsis points
within a sentence to indicate that you have omitted material from the original source.
CorrectAnchor text “. . . text
continues . . . text continues”
Incorrect“…text continues…text
continues”(APA 6th ed., pp. 172-173)
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Ellipsis• Use 4 points to indicate omission between sentences
CorrectAnchor text “beginning text . . . . next sentence.”
Incorrect“Beginning text….next sentence.” (APA 6th ed., pp. 172-173)
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(APA 6th ed., pp. 172-173)
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Quotations
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Floating QuotationsFloating quotes (also called dropped quotes)
• Incorrect“The ‘placebo effect’ . . . disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (Miele, 1993, p. 276).
• CorrectShe stated, “The ‘placebo effect’ . . . disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (Miele, 1993, p. 276).
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Block Quotes
• A direct quote that contains 40 or more words are placed in a block quote (omit the quotation marks in a block quote).
• See last example in 6.03 on pg. 171 of 6th ed.
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(APA 6th ed., pp. 170-179)
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Tables (common problems)
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Common Problems• Aligning decimal places• Matching Table Title to text and
List of Tables• Title Case
• Spacing• Single spacing allowed, but consider
readability• Don’t single space just to condense
size of table• Table Titles: Italicized at top of
table• Continued Tables: (continued) at
bottom and top of next page (italicized); Headings are repeated on continued pages
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Common Problems• Table Notes
• Bottom of table• Word Note is
italicized and followed by a .
• Acronyms are identified
• Sequence number of * according to need
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(APA 6th ed., pp. 128-150)
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Figures (common problems)
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Common Problems• Picture• Title (Caption) is at bottom of Figure
• Figure and Number: italicized and followed by .
• Figure 1.• Caption: sentence case. Full caption must be in list of figures.
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(APA 6th ed., pp. 150-167)
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Heading/Subheading Levels for Theses and Dissertations (APA 6th)
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APA and TDG• Referencing tables and figures/
placement of tables and figuresWhen incorporate tables or figures
directly after the paragraph containing the initial reference.
• Do not use sentences such asTable 5 illustrates the responses of the two sets of sixth-grade students.
• Instead use The responses of the two sets of sixth-grade students varied little (Table 5).
(UWF T&D Guide, “Illustrative Materials”)
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Thesis and Dissertation Guide