DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 372 245 CE 066 856

AUTHOR Paulet, J. L.TITLE Occupational Profiles: Thc Restoration and

Rehabilitation of the Architectural Heritage. CEDEFOPPanorama. Summary Report. 1st Edition.

INSTITUTION European Centre for the Development of VocationalTraining, Berlin (Germany).

PUB DATE Sep 93NOTE 49p.

PUB TYPE Reports Research/Technical (143)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS *Building Trades; Carpentry; Comparative Analysis;

Construction (Process); *Educational Needs;Electricians; Employment Patterns; *EmploymentQualifications; Flooring; Foreign Countries;Instructional Development; *Job Skills; Legislation;Masonry; Needs Assessment; Plumbing; Roofing;Standards; Student Certification; Tables (Data);*Trade and Industrial Education

IDENTIFIERS Belgium; France; Germany; *Historic Sites; Italy;*Restoration; United Kingdom

ABSTRACTThis report summarizes in tabular form the results of

national studies that were conducted in Belgium, France, Germany,Italy, and the United Kingdom.to identify the job skills andknowledge required of persons employed in the fields ofrehabilitation and conservation of historic buildings. Presented inchapter 1 is a comparative analysis of the situation existing withrespect to the following issues/aspects of therehabilitation/restoration sector of each of the five countries:legislation and regulation, scale of the market, firms and theirworkers, and training and qualifications. Chapter 2 consists of 14tables detailing the skills required in connection with eachcomponent of buildings needing rehabilitation/restoration. In thetables, information regarding parts of buildings, defects,contingencies, treatment, techniques, and knowledge is provided foreach of the following building components/restoration processes:foundations: walls; partition walls; floors; woodwork; roofcoverings; waterproofing and drainage; plasterwork; joinery; glazing;tiling and paving; painting; metalwork; and sanitary installations,heating, and electricity. Discussed in chapter 3 are considerationsentailed in building a pool of skilled workers in the restoration andrehabilitation trades and factors conducive to formulatingoccupational profiles (exchanges and networks, instructor training,and official recognition of qualifications). (MN)

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L1.11 **** Occupational profiles

The restoration and rehabilitation of the architectural

* * * heritage

J.L. Pauletin collaboration with the CCCA, Paris

September 1993

1st edition, Berlin 1993

Edited by:

CEDEFOP European Centrefor the Dsvelopment of Vocational TrainingJean-Monnet-House,Bundesallee 22, D-10717 BerlinTel.: 49-30+88 41 20;Fax :49-30+88 41 22 22Telex 184 163 eucen d

The Centre was established by Regulation (EEC)No 337/75 of the Council of 10 February 1975

Summary report

Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication

Berlin: CEDEFOP European Centre for the Developmentof Vocational Training, 1993

Reproduction of this text for non-commercial purposes is authorized oncondition that the source is indicated

Printed in Germany

Foreword by CEDEFOPOccupational profiles in the fields of rehabilitation and the conservation of historic build-ings are hard to define since they involve qualifications grafted onto the conventionalbuilding sector trades'. These supplementary qualifications call for an extensive knowl-edge of the history of architecture and of advanced technologies in addition to those inuse in former times. These at(ibutes are rare on the European labour market, a fact whichis revealed, unfortunately, when old buildings are restored without sufficient account beingtaken of the original plans, ma'arials and processes.

On the basis of the five national reports, the present summary report recapitulates intabular form all the common elements of occupational profiles linking skills with the de-mands of the activities in question. In our view, these tables could be used as guidelinesby all present and future Member States of the Community wishing to implement nationalinitial and continuing training measures. The saying that the whole is greater than the sumof its parts seems to be confirmed in this connection.

We hope that the tables presented here will constitute a contribution to cooperation andexchanges between national vocational training systems and that the related occupationalprofiles will be accorded the consideration they merit in all countries.

The individual national reports from Belgium, France, Germany, Italy and the UnitedKi, gdom have already been published in English, French and the language of origin. Thissummary report will appear in five languages (English, French, German, Italian andSpanish) to ensure the widest possible dissemination among decision-makers and thoseresponsible for training in Europe.

E. Retuerto de la Torre G. ChornéDeputy Director Project Director

1) On this subject, see the CEDEFOP publication: Comparability of Vocational Training Qualifications in the Construction Sector,Official Journal of the EEC, no C 292 of 20. 11. 1989.

5

Index

Preface by the CCCA

Foreword

Chapter 1 - The situation

1.1 Legislation and regulation1.2 The scale of the market1.3 Firms and their workers1.4 Training and qualifications

Chapter 2 - nncipal characteristics of the occupational profiles

The table headings

Chapter 3 Conclusions

3.1 Constituting a pool of skilled workers in the restoration and rehabilitation trades ..

3.1.1 Training needs3.1.2 Knowledge and skills

3.2 Factors conducive to the constitution of occupational prc.'"Is

3.2.1 Exchanges and networks3.2.2 Instructor training

3.3 Action by industry, training bodies and the authorities

3.3.1 Determining profiles and functions3.3.2 Setting up training projects3.3.3 The official recognition of qualifications

PrefaceThe CCCA-BTP2 is a building industry tradebody concerned for more than forty yearswith training and entry to the labour marketfor young people in the building and publicworks sector in France.

Following the Second World War, theeconomic situation, the existence of tradebodies and workers' organisations and theurgent need to rebuild in countries ravagedby war combined to lead to the adoption ofeducation and training systems stronglyinfluenced by national cultural factors.

In some countries, in-firm training tookprecedence over classroom training; inothers, training was centred mainly on newbuilding, while in yet others preference wasgiven to the maintenance, repair andrestoration of existing buildings.

On the technical side, it should also benoted that building works undertaken in thefifties and sixties were based on construc-tion methods identical or at least verysimilar to those in use at the beginning ofthe century.

Traditional materials would be used, forexample:

stone, brick or concrete block materials,rendered or otherwise;

structural elements and fittings in wood orsteel;

sanitary and heating installations usinglead, copper, steel or caste iron piping;

finishing materials applied to renderedsurfaces, etc.

The demand for better thermil and acousticinsulation and better security did not reallyarise until the 1970s, prompted by theavailability of multipurpose compositematerials.

All this brought about a radical change inthe nature of training for the building trades,which until then had derived from deeply-rooted traditions in which the industries inthe various countries differed mainly asregards the materials used and the tools,which had been progressively adapted tosuit those materials. Substantial differencesin these respects existed from one countryto another.

The CCCA-BTP therefore focussed ontraining young people in the new tech-

1

niques, the use of new materials, tools andequipment, and the new industrializedconstruction methods (e.g. the use ofprefabricated elements and new formworktechniques in reinforced concrete construc-tion, and also the principles of thermal andacoustic insulation, which now involve anumber of different trades) .

At the same time, however, the CCCA wasconcerned :n preservation of traditionalskills necessary for the maintenance,repair, restoration and rehabilitation of oldbuildings.

It should be recalled that maintenance,repair and restoration work accounts forover half of all activity in the building sectorin France.

In consequence, at the beginning of the1980s the CCCA called for the creation of asupplementary training course to lead toadvanced vocational qualifications in thefield of the restoratbn of historic buildings.

In concert with the Ministry of Educationand after consultation with the CCCA'sEuropean counterparts through theREFORME network3, a national diplomaattesting to advanced qualifications in thisspecific field was established.

In 1990, when CEDEFOP presente-d itsproject aimed at better defining occupa-tional profiles in the fields of restoration andrehabilitation, the CCCA thought this ideaespecially opportune and pertinent.

However, since we did not possess theresources necessary to carry out this studyourselves, we called on Jean-Louis Pau let,one of our associates whose variousqualifications made him especially suitablefor carrying out this work in concert with theCCCAs. Architect, builder and teacher, hisactivities have been concentrated for manyyears on the restoration of old buildings.

He also pioneered training methods involv-ing the use of training sites, adding a newdimension to the training/work-experiencesystems strongly advocated by the CCCA.

For my part, I have followed the preparationof this summary report with considerableinterest.

Meetings with our European counterpartsand visits to a number of restoration sitesenabled us to better understand the princi-

ples and practice of restoration and reha-bilitation in the various countries repre-sented.

We were also prompted to rethink ourapproach and review our practices andorganizations to enable us to respond moreeffectively, to the requirements of thissteadily growing market which is, in addi-tion, potentially an attractive sector formany young Europeans.

I should like to express my thanks toCEDEFOP for the progress it has helped usto achieve in this area .

Jacques LorthioirDirector of Training

1)Comité Central de Coordination de l'Apprentissage duBâtiment et des Travaux Publics (Central Commitee for theCoordination of Training in the Building and Public WorksSector)7, rue du Dounier Rousseau, 75680 PARIS CEDEX 14

2)REFORME (REstauration,FORMation,Europe) Network forexchanges between building industry personnel and bodiesresponsible for the the promotion of training. FORMEDIL(Italy) holds the presidency at the present time.

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8

ForewordThis report represents the second stage ofthe "occupational profiles" programmeapplied to the field of the restoration andrehabilitation of the architectural heritage. Itis based on reports prepared in 1991 in fiveCommunity countries - Belgium, France,Germany, Italy and the United Kingdomand already published by CEDEFOP.

The aim of this report is to identify, in therespective national situations, commonelements, common characteristics orelements specific to one country whichcould be promoted at European level;identify the principal elemeMs in the con-tent of the various qualifications in thissector; and formulate a number of propos-als regarding the related occupationalprofiles.

The reader is referred to the nationalreports already published for details of thesituations in the respective countries.

39

Chapter 1 The situationWhile the situation in the sector concernedvaries in many ways from one country toanother, a comparison of the nationalreports at once highlights an importantfactor: the definition of the architecturalheritage.

Almost everywhere, this definition whichhas gradually been broadened is basedon an earlier conception limited to buildingsof historical or cultural interest which it wasdesired to preserve and restore.

The ICOMOS Charter distinguishes be-tween the conservation of ancient buildings,which implies ongoing maintenance,respect for their characteristics and thepreservation of their environment, andrestoration, entailing a radical operationdesigned to ensure the preservation of abuilding carried out on an exceptionalbasis.

This definition was subsequently extendedto cover the surroundings of the buildings inquestion, giving rise to the concept ofhistoric centre or site, while today otherbuildings in the vicinity besides those ofmore recent construction are also included.In the latter case, the concept of rehabilita-tion applies.

Despite the deeply rooted cultural differ-ences between European countries, certaincommon elements can be discerned,making it possible to sketch the outlines fora concept of the architectural heritage andthe operations required for its preservation,whether restoration or rehabilitation.

The significance of these two terms, how-ever, is not strictly identical from onecountry to another. While the term restora-tion" is generally used solely in connectionwith historic buildings, rehabilitation" has amore variable meaning; in some countries itis synonymous with restoration, while inothers it refers to renovation work carriedout on recent buildings in a poor state ofrepair.

In the countries studied, therefore, differentlevels of intervention are specified inrespect of the architectural heritage (see, inparticular, the UK report by DavidMatthews) in accordance with the state ofpreservation, historical or cultural signifi-cance and intended use following restora-tion of the buildings in question.

In this study the following general defini-tions will be used:

the aim of restoration is to preserve thecharacter and significance of a building,restoring its original appearance;

the aim of rehabilitation is to return abuilding to a state in which it fulfils itsintended function. When it also concernsthe building's appearance, it is partlysynonymous with restoration.

1.1 Legislation and regula-tion

Given this evolution in the significance ofthe terms used, it would be logical to expecta parallel development in the relatedlegislation in the countries under study.

In every country the first measures in thisarea were adopted some time ago, oftendating back to the end of the 19th orbeginning of the 20th century. They wereinvariably aimed at the preservation andrestoration of historic buildings. Manycountries subsequently established lists ofbuildings protected under these measures(e.g. France, Italy, and the United King-dom).

In certain cases the legislation was devel-oped no further. In most countries, how-ever, the provisions in this area weregradually extended in line with the broaden-ing of the field covered.

4

In this way new provisions were introducedgoverning historic sites or centres (Italy),establishing conservation areas (UnitedKingdom), or combining several of theseideas (France).

The State intervenes at levels which varyfrom one country to another: in France, thisarea is mainly the responsibility of thecentral government, though often actingthrough its decentralized s9rvices, while inthe United Kingdom publid authorities atvarious levels are involved; in Italy thecentral, regionaI and local authorities allhave an important part to play.

In addition to protecting historic buildings, insome cases the legislation also coversfirms carrying out restoration work. In Italy,a series of restoration charters" issuedover the past sixty years embody recom-mendations regarding the principles to befollowed by firms working on buildingssubject to State protection. The quest for

1 0

specialized firms and the criteria with whichto evaluate their capacities are matters ofconcern in all the countries studied. InFrance, Authorisation 15 (specialization inhistoric buildings) is accorded to firms by acommittee comprising government andbuilding trade representatives. In Italy, theregional authorities select firms with experi-ence in the field of restoration from anunofficial list. Both these cases solelyconcern firms selected to carry out work onhistoric buildings.

A third aspect of intervention by the publicauthorities is financial aid to private indi-viduals or bodies for restoration or rehabili-tation work. This may take two forms, asfollows:

aid for the restoration of buildings of historicinterest (which does not necessarily meanthat they must be very old), involvingsubsidies (e.g. France and Belgium), taxconcessions (Italy, in some cases), or both(United Kingdom);

aid for rehabilitation of districts in disrepairand disadvantaged populations. Pro-grammes of this kind are aimed at a socialobjective as well as the renovation of urbanzones (France, Belgium and Germany).

However, in general legislative provisionshave had little direct influence on systemsof training and qualifications. Even wheregovernments demand that firms working onhistoric buildings should possess specificcompetencies, they confine themselves toseeking firms with experience of this type ofoperation, without stipulating that theworkers involved must hold particularqualifications.

Since 1975. the European architecturalheritage year, the (Community has gradu-ally been introducing legislation at Euro-pean level to replace these measures.

1.2 The scale of the market

The vigorous development of regulatoryactivity in this field paralleled the growingconcern on the part of the public authori-ties, intermediate structures (e.g. in theUnited Kingdom) and individuals, making itnecessary to provide a legal framework forrestoration and rehabilitation to ensure thatquality standards were maintained. DavidMatthews, in particular, cites the ups anddowns suffered by the British architecturalheritage over long periods.

The market share of restoration and reha-bilitation - including maintenance work is

growing in all countries, and ranges from30-50% in Belgium to 50% of the overallmarket in Italy and France. Everywhere astrong trend can be seen towards preserv-ing and using historic buildings, situatingcurrent activities in a historic context andfinding means to reconcile contemporarylife with the cultural and architecturalheritage - and its long development thatthese buildings represent.

New functions are being found for increas-ing numbers of old buildings, while therenovation and rehabilitation of historiccities and centres is gathering pace.

However, neither public nor private promot-ers are necessarily aware of the particularproblems arising in connection with work onexisting buildings, which are sometimesinhabited during the operation. Regulationis not always sufficient to ensure the qualityof the result, which largely depends on thefirms involved.

1.3 Firms and their workers

There are few specialist firms in this field,most working on both new construction andexisting buildings. This is true in all thecountries studied, resulting in numerousdeficiencies in the quality of restoration andrehabilitation work. Everywhere, stress waslaid on the damage caused by the applica-tion of inadequately mastered moderntechnologies to older buildings. In everycountry the need for higher levels of com-petence and better quality work on the partof the firms was repeatedly asserted;however, firms fear that if they providetraining, the personnel in question willsubsequently leave to set up on their ownaccount.

While high-grade restoration work onbuildings of historic interest is carried out byhighly qualified personnel, the quality ofwork carried out on buildings of lesserimportance is much more variable. In suchcases firms try to operate simply by adapt-ing standard methods to particular technicalrequirements, since many new constructionpractices Can still be employed. In certaincountries (e.g. the United Kingdom andItaly), firms obtaining contracts for work inthis field will sometimes subcontract opera-tions for which they do not possess thenecessary skills.

The extent of the problem can be seen atonce from the fact that many countriescomplain of the deskilling of buildingindustry workers. Of the live countriesstudied, three stress this point specifically

5

1 1

(Belgium, France and Italy). The loss ofknow-how, the decline of the traditionaltrades, the lack of adequate diagnosticskills, and the frequent use of techniquesincompatible with the nature of the build-ings worked on are some of the mostfrequently cited problems.

The problem is worsened by the fact that7 these trades are unattractive to young

people, with the result that know-how is notpassed on and there are insufficient num-bers of young technicians and supervisorystaff in the industry to ensure the mainte-nance of high skill levels.

All five countries expressed a need forskilled manpower, with some (e.g. Ger-many) pointing to a demand for certainparticular trades.

In most countries, however, collectiveagreements generally make no provision intheir classifications for speCialized qualifica-tions relating to rehabilitation and restora-tion.

In most cases tasks relating to restorationor rehabilitation are specified only at highqualification levels though with no specificdenomination. In the labour market, distinc-tions are sometimes made between new-building workers and rehabilitation andrestoration specialists especially asregards pay levels. In France, however, agiven specialization does not always giverise to the same benefits, since firmsaccorded Authorization 15 are generallySMEs and salary levels are sometimes low;other specialist workers, on the other hand,o'otain good pay levels.

1.4 Training and qualifica-tions

No system of qualifications specific torestoration and rehabilitation exists in anyof the countries represented. In every casebasic qualifications relate to new construc-tion, to the extent that the share of tradi-tional technologies in the related training isbeing steadily reduced.

Restoration and rehabilitation skills aretherefore acquired essentially through on-the-job training or continuing trainingcourses. Certificates or other formal attes-tations to the skills acquired in this way arerarely accorded. In addition, the situationappears to differ sharply from one countryto another.

In the United Kingdom, skill shortages areacute; firms apparently make little effort to

train their workers for fear that they willsubsequently be tempted away by one oftheir competitors.

Even in Germany, where continuing trainingfor these trades is considered to be welldeveloped, specific qualifications in conser-vation/restoration/maintenance relate onlyto high levels of specialized technicaltraining such as that provided by thetechnical universities.

In France, the first specific endorsement(European Level III) to initiate continuingtraining qualifications was introduced by theMinistry of Education on the CCCA'sinitiative. It is rarely accorded, however,and here too there is a crying need to domore.

This example is somewhat similar to thesituation in Belgium, where training isessentially given in the school system;however, in some cases students have theoption at age of 16 or 18 of following a one-year specialization course which includessupplementary training in rehabilitation andrestoration. This course is available only toa Iimiteenumber of students; however,training activities are also organized byfirms.

It is true that the importance of skills spe-cific to rehabilitation and restoration andsupplementary to the basic skills of thetrade varies significantly from one trade toanother. While a knowledge of older tech-niques is indispensable, it is far from beingthe only specific capacity required tobecome a fully trained specialist in therehabilitation and restoration of historicbuildings. An aptitude for diagnosis is alsoneeded, to a degree varying with theworker's level of responsibility on the site.

6

A capacity to choose the appropriate formof intervention - including the use of innova-tive technologies - is one of the foremostrequirements for work on existing buildings.

Public concern about old buildings com-bined with the inability of the industry andtraining bodies to provide an adequateresponse to this concern have, however,brought about certain new developmentsduring the past few years.

In Italy the Collective Agreement (Article88) now provides for the possibility ofsetting up training firms" to train futurebuilding industry personnel, in which oldertechniques are being gradually redevelopedunder the aegis of FORMEDIL, the coordi-nating body. In the United Kingdom mea-sures were adopted in 1986 to establish aframework of National Vocational Qua Mica-

12

tions; in the field of conservation, this workwas entrusted to COSQUEC. In France, aqualification in the form of an endorsementRestoration of the architectural heritage(carcass work)", prepared under the aegisof the CCCA, has been introduced and isnow recognised by the Ministry of Educa-tion as a Level III (European) diploma. TheFrench report also describes the firsttraining course for rehabilitation engineers,launched by the Limousine RegionalTraining Association (AREF-BTP) in con-junction with the CNAM. In Belgium, theprincipal new development is the SaintHubert training site, while in Germany, theChambers of Crafts have developedtraining courses in rehabilitation with aduration of up to 13 months for foremen,site supervisors and technicians, leading toa qualification in rehabilitation work.

Citing only the most striking examples (byno means an exhaustive list) from thecountries studied demonstrates the recentproliferation of initiatives launched inresponse to growing needs and an expand-ing market. However, there remains aconsiderabie. gap in both quantitative andqualitative terms between these beginningsand actual and potential needs.

Since the qualifications in this sector haveonly very recently been established, theyhave not yet been fully shaped by theinfluence of local cultural factors andtraditions. Occupational profiles can there-fore be developed which take account oftraditions specific to the country in question,while being consonant with broadly compa-rable profiles at European level.

This illustrates the objective of the occupa-tional profiles" programme, here applied tothe restoration and rehabilitation trades.

The aim of the next chapter is to define, inrelation to each of the component parts of abuilding, the basic skills required - inwhichever country they are exercised. Thisdoes not obviate the need for adaptation ordiffering emphasis to correspond to theparticular features of the respective tradesin each country.

7 1 3

fl

Chapter 2 Principal characteristics ofthe occupational profiles

The tables which follow set out the skillsrequired in connection with each con-stitutent part of a building. In the variouscountries of the Community a given task isnot necessarily performed by a member ofthe same trade. The problem, then, is tosituate certain skills listed as relating to thisor that trade within their national contexts,taking account of the fact that groups ofskills are combined in different ways in thevarious countries to constitute trades, as isclearly shown in the respective nationalreports. Similarly, the tasks listed do notalways fall within the same functions.

Consequently, in the respective countriesdifferent skill levels are required to fulfill thevarious functions, in accordance with thelevel of responsability involved.

For the occupational profiles we are con-cerned with, a basic knowledge of thetrades provides the foundation to which thespecialized skills are added.

The tables are concerned with skills spe-cific to restoration and rehabilitation:

the aim of restoration is to conserve andenhance the aesthetic and historic value ofa building, on the basis of a respect for itsoriginal fabric and a study of authenticdocuments (Venice Charter);

rehabilitation concerns the renovation of abuilding using contemporary materials,possibly with the addition of new structuresrequired in some cases to improve comfortand safety.

The table headings1. Parts of buildingsThis concerns parts of existing buildingssubject to defects. Given the multiplicity ofcases, general denominations are used tocover a variety of situations calling forsimilar treatment.

For example, projection or overhang"covers cornices or balconies in stone orconcrete.

2 . DefectsThis refers to observable defects, thoughwithout identifying their causes, whichconcern contingency management.

For example, surface fissures may arisefrom poor construction, but also fromshifting masonry or fractures caused byfrost.

3. ContingenciesThis column lists the situations regularlyencountered on restoration and rehabilita-tion sites (those which normally concernparticular trades are described in theprovisions relating to the comparability ofqualifications).

They relate directly to the specific skillsre-quired to deal with them.

4. TreatmentThis column lists the tasks to be performed.In certain cases, new-build techniques maybe sufficient, when backed up by special-ized knowledge. The treatment selecteddepends on the results of the diagnosis.

5. TechniquesThis column, together with column 6("Knowledge"), describes the range of skillsand competencies required. The tech-niques applied vary according to thetreatment selected, which depends on theresults of the diagnosis.

6. KnowledgeThis column summarizes the knowledgerequired for the different types of work.However, the level required may be as-sessed in terms of levels of training orspecialization.

The minimum knowledge required for eachoperation carried out on existing buildingsis listed. However, in addition there are twofundamental requirements:

knowledge and skills must be orientedtowards the specific purposes of rehabilita-tion or restoration, to enable the quality ofwork carried out to be assessed;

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a marked aptitude for diagnosis is alsoessential.

It should be noted that certain operations(tasks) are regularly required in restorationand rehabilitation work: these includeshoring, sheeting, measurement, diagnosis,dismantling and reassembly. .

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ironm

enta

l effe

cts

on b

uild

ings

Com

patib

ility

of o

ld &

new

mat

eria

lsT

ypes

of d

ecor

atio

n &

styl

es

Kno

wle

dge

of s

tatic

s &

stre

ngth

of m

ater

ials

,ap

plie

d to

com

pres

-si

on, t

ensi

on, o

r be

nd-

ing

stre

sses

in s

impl

est

ruct

ures

19

Par

ts o

f bui

ldin

gs

.M

orta

rs &

ren

derin

g of

vario

us ty

pes

Pro

ject

ions

, cor

nice

s,et

c.

Cem

ent r

ende

ring

20

Def

ects

Det

achm

ent

Pee

ling

Fis

sure

s

Det

achm

ent

Dis

inte

grat

ion

Des

truc

tion

Dis

appe

aran

ce

Edg

e cr

acki

ngC

orro

sion

of r

einf

orci

ngel

emen

ts

Con

tinge

ncie

s

Dis

lodg

emen

t of

mas

onry

Dis

cove

ry o

f ele

men

tsof

val

ueP

repa

rato

ry w

ork

for

trea

tmen

t of s

urfa

ces

Oth

er

Rep

air

of s

uppo

rtin

gst

ruct

ure

Fra

ctur

ing

of r

einf

orc-

ing

elem

ents

Det

achm

ent o

f ele

-m

ents

Tre

atm

ent

Com

plet

e di

sass

embl

yD

ism

antli

ng &

par

tial

stre

ngth

enin

gIn

ject

ion

Sub

stitu

tion

of m

ater

ials

Cle

anin

g of

sto

new

ork

usin

g te

chno

logi

esap

prop

riate

for

the

mat

eria

ls &

pro

duct

sus

ed

Sho

ring

Dis

man

tling

&re

asse

mbl

yF

abric

atio

n of

iden

tical

elem

ents

, of s

imila

rco

mpo

sitio

n or

oth

er-

wis

e

Inje

ctio

n

Ren

ovat

ion

of e

le-

men

ts b

y cl

eani

ng &

inje

ctio

n

PA

RT

ITIO

N W

ALL

S

Tec

hniq

ues

Dre

ssin

gW

ashi

ngR

ef ix

ing

with

out d

am-

age

to s

urfa

ce

Ope

ratio

n of

inec

tion

&/o

r dr

illin

g m

achi

nery

or e

quip

men

t

Inje

ctio

nM

akin

g go

od o

n to

p of

rein

forc

ing

elem

ents

Kno

wle

dge

Tec

hnol

ogy

of o

ldm

ater

ials

& b

uild

ing

met

hods

Env

ironm

enta

l effe

cts

on b

uild

ings

Com

patib

ility

of o

ld &

new

mat

eria

lsT

ypes

of d

ecor

atio

n &

styl

es

Tec

hnol

ogy

of p

rodu

cts

for

mak

ing

good

21

FLO

OR

S

Par

ts o

f bui

ldin

gsD

efec

tsC

ontin

genc

ies

Tre

atm

ent

Tec

hniq

ues

Bin

ders

, com

mon

jois

tsC

orro

sion

& v

ario

usE

ffect

s on

par

titio

nS

horin

gB

raci

ng&

trim

mer

jois

ts.

type

s of

dec

ayw

alls

Str

engt

heni

ngIn

ject

ion

Des

truc

tion

of r

ende

r-S

ubst

itutio

nG

luin

g

Fra

mew

ork

of v

ario

usty

pes

Fle

xion

ing

& p

last

erin

gD

isin

tegr

atio

n of

stru

ctur

e

Hol

low

floo

ring

bloc

ksA

nim

al o

r fu

ngal

infe

stat

ion

Des

truc

tion

of m

ater

ials

Noi

seIn

ject

ion

2°

Kno

wle

dge

Tec

hnol

ogy

of o

ldm

ater

ials

and

met

hods

Env

ironm

enta

l effe

cts

on b

uild

ings

Com

patib

ility

of o

ld &

new

mat

eria

lsT

ypes

of d

ecor

atio

n &

styl

es

Com

patib

ility

bet

wee

nsu

bstit

ute

mat

eria

ls &

thos

e or

igin

ally

use

d

23

Par

ts o

f bui

ldin

gs D

ef e

cts

Roo

f tru

sses

& r

afte

rs

Str

uctu

res

carr

ying

deco

ratio

n

Dec

ay d

ue to

:-

inse

ct in

fest

atio

n;-

fung

i;hu

mid

ity

Con

tinge

ncie

s

Dis

inte

grat

ion

Effe

ct o

n su

ppor

ting

mas

onry

Tre

atm

ent

Sho

ring

Cle

anin

gB

raci

ngS

ubst

itutio

nIm

preg

natio

n

WO

OD

WO

RK

Tec

hniq

ues

Use

of s

ynth

etic

prod

ucts

Wor

k by

han

dF

abric

atio

n of

tool

s

Kno

wle

dge

Tec

hnol

ogy

of p

rodu

cts

used

for

trea

tmen

t

Typ

es o

f dec

orat

ion

&st

yles

Par

ts o

f bui

ldin

gs

Cov

erin

g in

nat

ural

mat

eria

ls

Cov

erin

g in

pre

fabr

i-ca

ted

mat

eria

ls o

rsh

eet m

etal

Ligh

tnin

g co

nduc

tor

26

Def

ect

sW

ear

& te

ar

Det

erio

ratio

n

Abs

ence

or

dest

ruct

ion

Con

tinge

ncie

s

Det

erio

ratio

n of

sup

-po

rtin

g st

ruct

ure

Dan

gero

us a

cces

s.

Tre

atm

ent

Sub

stitu

tion

adap

ted

tofit

str

uctu

re

Rep

lace

men

t with

iden

tical

mat

eria

ls

Mai

nten

ance

or

fittin

gof

new

equ

ipm

ent

RO

OF

CO

VE

RIN

GS

Tec

hniq

ues

Wor

king

of m

ater

ials

by

hand

Ref

ittin

g fo

llow

ing

lines

of e

xist

ing

stru

ctur

e

Use

of h

and

tool

s

Kno

wlP

dge

Kno

wle

dge

of o

ldte

chni

ques

& m

etho

dsE

nviro

nmen

tal e

ffect

son

mat

eria

ls

Ele

ctric

ity

27

Par

ts o

f bui

ldin

gs-

Gut

terin

g &

flas

hing

s

Dec

orat

ive

elem

ents

,hi

p til

es &

cor

nice

s

Def

ect

s C

ontin

genc

ies

Cor

rosi

onD

estr

uctio

nE

ffect

s on

sup

port

ing

stru

ctur

e

Dis

inte

grat

ion

WA

TE

RP

RO

OF

ING

& D

RA

INA

GE

Tre

atm

ent

Fab

ricat

ion

and

fittin

gof

rus

t-pr

oofe

d el

e-m

ents

Tec

hniq

ues

Mea

surin

g of

ele

men

tsIm

preg

natio

n te

ch-

niqu

es

Kno

wle

dge

Typ

es o

f arc

hite

ctur

alde

cora

tion

Env

ironm

enta

l effe

cts

on m

ater

ials

Ele

ctro

lytic

phe

nom

ena

Par

ts o

f bui

ldin

gs

Stu

cco,

fibr

ous

plas

ter

& p

last

er e

lem

ents

on

plan

e su

rfac

es

Inte

rior

proj

ectio

ns,

corn

ices

, etc

.03

30

Def

ects

Sca

ling

Pee

ling

Fis

sure

s

Des

truc

tion

of m

ater

ials

Dis

lodg

emen

tD

isin

tegr

atio

nD

estr

uctio

nD

isap

pear

ance

Con

tinge

ncie

sSI

MM

II

Dis

lodg

emen

t of

mas

onry

Dis

cove

ry o

f ele

men

tsof

val

ueP

repa

rato

ry w

ork

for

trea

tmen

t of s

urfa

ces

Oth

er

Dis

inte

grat

ion

offr

amew

ork

As

abov

e

PLA

ST

ER

WO

RK

Tre

atm

ent T

echn

ique

sC

ompl

ete

disa

ssem

bly

Par

tial s

tren

gthe

ning

Inje

ctio

nR

epai

r us

ing

mat

eria

lsid

entic

al to

orig

inal

Fix

ing

of p

refa

bric

ated

elem

ents

in m

ater

ials

iden

tical

in fo

rm &

com

posi

tion,

or

fittin

gof

ele

men

ts in

sub

sti-

tute

mat

eria

ls

Cle

anin

g us

ing

tech

-ni

ques

app

ropr

iate

tom

ater

ials

& p

rodu

cts

Mea

surin

g of

ele

men

ts,

draw

ing,

mou

ldin

gA

pplic

atio

n of

sub

sti-

tute

pro

duct

sF

ixin

g sy

stem

s

Kno

wle

dge

Tec

hnol

ogy

of o

ldm

ater

ials

& m

etho

dsC

limat

ic e

ffect

sC

ompa

tibili

ty o

f old

and

new

mat

eria

lsT

ypes

of a

rchi

tect

ural

deco

ratio

nT

echn

olog

y of

adh

e-si

ves

& fi

nish

ing

prod

ucts 31

Par

ts o

f bui

ldin

gs

Doo

rs, w

indo

ws

&sh

utte

rs

Pan

nelli

ng &

par

quet

32

Def

ect

sD

efor

mat

ion

Det

erio

ratio

n re

sulti

ngfr

om v

ario

us d

ecay

Con

tinge

ncie

s

Infil

trat

ion

Wea

r &

tear

Virt

ual d

estr

uctio

n of

elem

ents

JOIN

ER

Y

Tre

atm

ent T

echn

ique

sS

ubst

itutio

n of

ele

-m

ents

Str

engt

heni

ng

Mea

sure

men

tF

abric

atio

n of

tool

sT

reat

men

t of w

oodw

ork

Mea

sure

men

tM

ould

ing

Rep

air

of s

uppo

rtst

ruct

ure

Inje

ctio

nT

reat

men

t by

appl

ica-

tion

of v

ario

usno

ninj

urio

us p

rodu

cts

Kno

wle

dge

Insp

ectio

n &

ass

ess-

men

t of c

ondi

tion

ofbu

ildin

gH

isto

ry o

f arc

hite

ctur

e&

dec

orat

ion

(esp

e-ci

ally

furn

ishi

ngs

&de

cora

tive

elem

ents

)K

now

ledg

e of

mat

eria

ls&

res

tora

tion

tech

-ni

ques

Ply

& in

layi

ng te

ch-

niqu

esS

urfa

ce tr

eatm

ent o

fw

ood

with

out d

amag

eto

mat

eria

lW

ood

carv

ing

& in

lay-

ing

Met

hods

of c

lean

ing,

prot

ectio

n &

rei

nfor

ce-

men

tP

olis

hing

& g

ildin

gte

chni

ques

Orn

amen

tatio

n &

calli

grap

hyT

horo

ugh

know

ledg

e of

& c

apac

ity fo

r fr

eedr

awin

g, c

onst

ruct

ion

draw

ing,

per

spec

tive

draw

ing

& d

iagr

amdr

awin

g 33

Par

ts o

f bui

ldin

gs

Lead

ed g

lass

Dou

ble

glaz

ing

orse

cond

ary

glaz

ing

34

Def

ect

sB

reak

age

or d

eter

iora

-tio

n of

gla

ssC

orro

sion

of l

ead

cam

es

Wea

r &

tear

Con

tinge

ncie

s

Effe

cts

on s

uppo

rtin

gst

ruct

ure

Det

erio

rate

d or

frag

ilesu

ppor

ts

Tre

atm

ent

Cle

anin

g of

gla

ssR

elea

ding

& p

utty

ing

ofgl

ass

Str

engt

heni

ng o

fsu

ppor

ts

GLA

ZIN

G

Tec

hniq

ues

Gla

zier

's s

kills

Kno

wle

dge

Tec

hnol

ogy

of g

lazi

ngC

ompo

sitio

n of

old

glas

sH

eat-

rela

ted

calc

ula-

tions

Tec

hnol

ogy

of o

ldm

ater

ials

Env

ironm

enta

l effe

cts

on m

ater

ials

Pro

duct

ion

of c

olou

red

glas

s su

rfac

es, g

lass

inse

rts

& th

e us

e of

pain

ts o

n gl

ass

Res

tora

tion

of w

indo

ws

of h

isto

ric in

tere

st:

glas

s si

gns

& le

tters

,gl

ass

mos

aics

Oth

er g

lazi

ng w

ork

usin

g le

ad, b

rass

, etc

.

The

se s

uppl

emen

tary

qual

ifica

tions

sol

ely

conc

ern

spec

ial s

kills

rela

ting

to a

rtw

orks

&th

eir

rest

orat

ion.

The

ydo

not

invo

lve

spec

iali-

zatio

n in

arc

hite

ctur

alre

stor

atio

n

Par

ts o

f bui

ldin

gsD

e f e

cts

Tili

ng

Mos

aics

Gra

nolit

hic

Pavi

ng

Det

erio

ratio

n of

sur

-fa

ces

Des

truc

tion

of s

ettin

gD

isap

pear

ance

of

elem

ents

Des

truc

tion

of p

arts

of

elem

ents

Dis

appe

aran

ce o

fel

emen

tsU

neve

nnes

s

Con

tinge

ncie

s

Frag

ile o

r da

mag

edsu

ppor

ting

stru

ctur

es

Tre

atm

ent

Dis

asse

mbl

yA

pplic

atio

n of

app

ropr

i-at

e pr

oduc

ts

Rep

air

of s

ettin

gs o

rsu

ppor

tsR

econ

stitu

tion

ofde

sign

with

iden

tical

mat

eria

l

Rec

onst

itutio

n of

prod

ucts

with

app

ropr

i-at

e m

ater

ials

Rem

oval

& r

efitt

ing

Subs

titut

ion

of id

entic

alm

ater

ials

TIL

ING

& P

AV

ING

Tec

hniq

ues

Use

of

fini

shin

g pr

od-

ucts

Cem

entin

g

Mou

ldin

gC

emen

ting

Tre

atm

ent b

y ap

plic

a-tio

n of

sui

tabl

e pr

od-

ucts

Ana

lysi

s of

com

posi

tion

Pavi

ng te

chni

ques

Kno

wle

dge

Tec

hnol

ogy

of o

ldm

ater

ials

Typ

es o

f fl

oori

ngde

cora

tion

As

abov

e

Cut

ting

tech

niqu

es

Gra

nolit

hic

tech

nolo

gy

Solid

ity o

f gr

ound

or

supp

orts

acc

ordi

ng to

use

Par

ts o

f bui

ldin

gsD

efec

tsC

ontin

genc

ies

Tre

atm

ent

Mur

al p

aint

ing

Det

achm

ent

Loss

of b

inde

rD

efec

tive

supp

ort

surf

aces

Ref

ixin

g

Sta

ins

Irre

gula

r di

scol

oura

tion

Fre

sco

pain

ting

Det

achm

ent

Def

ectiv

e su

ppor

tsR

emov

al, R

epai

r of

supp

ort s

urfa

ces

Ref

ixin

g

Irre

gula

r di

scol

oura

tion

Uns

uita

ble

earli

er w

ork

Rem

oval

or

appl

icat

ion

of p

igm

ents

of t

hesa

me

com

posi

tion

1\.)

1\)

,

Pai

ntin

g on

woo

dD

etac

hmen

tD

efec

tive

supp

orts

Res

tora

tion

of c

olou

rs

Loss

of b

inde

rS

tain

sIr

regu

lar

disc

olou

ratio

n

Wal

l cov

erin

gs o

fva

rious

type

sIr

regu

lar

disc

olou

ratio

nR

ef ix

ing

Gild

ing

Det

achm

ent

PA

INT

ING

Tec

hniq

ues

Mic

ro-in

ject

ion

Use

of a

dhes

ives

Ant

ique

fini

shin

gT

reat

men

t by

appl

ica-

tion

of s

uita

ble

prod

-uc

ts

Use

of a

dhes

ives

Tre

atm

ent b

y ap

plic

atio

nof

sui

tabl

e pr

oduc

ts

Kno

wle

dge,

Tec

hnol

ogy

of o

ldpa

intin

gsH

isto

ry o

f the

tech

-ni

ques

of p

aint

ing

Fre

sco

pain

ting

tech

-ni

ques

Lim

e pl

aste

r te

chno

logy

Age

of f

resc

o pa

intin

gs

Age

of m

ural

pai

nt'n

gs

Tec

hnol

ogy

of o

ld w

all

cove

rings

& m

etho

ds o

f

fixin

g

Tec

hnol

ogy

of m

ater

ials

In th

e ca

se o

f cer

tain

pai

ntin

gs o

r ot

her

wor

ks o

f int

eres

t or

impo

rtan

ce, s

peci

alis

ssh

ould

be

calle

d in

. In

the

abse

nce

of a

sup

ervi

sor,

the

wor

ker

conc

erne

d

shou

ld b

e ab

le to

eva

luat

e th

e lim

its o

f his

cap

acity

to in

terv

ene

on th

e ba

sis

ofth

e sk

ills

he p

osse

sses

and

ass

ess

the

impo

rtan

ce o

f the

wor

k in

que

stio

n

3 F

)39

Par

ts o

f bui

ldin

gs

Rai

lings

& b

alco

nies

Met

al ty

ing

Def

ect

sR

ust

Fra

ctur

eR

ust

Con

tinge

ncie

s

Loos

enin

g of

ele

men

tsD

eter

iora

tion

of s

uppo

rtst

ruct

ure

Dis

inte

grat

ion

ofsu

ppor

t str

uctu

re

ME

TA

LWO

RK

Tre

atm

ent T

echn

ique

sC

lean

ing

Sho

ring

Ren

ovat

ion

of e

le-

men

ts

Sho

ring

Dril

ling

Mea

sure

men

t of

elem

ents

App

licat

ion

of c

lean

ing

prod

ucts

Wel

ding

Ope

ratio

n of

equ

ip-

men

t

Kno

wle

dge

Typ

es o

f wro

ught

or

cast

iron

dec

orat

ion

Tec

hnol

ogy

of m

etal

-w

ork

Sta

tics

Str

engt

h of

mat

eria

ls

Kno

wle

dge

of o

ldm

ater

ials

& te

chno

lo-

gies

In th

is fi

eld,

whe

re a

s a

resu

lt of

sta

ndar

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tion

mod

ern

inst

alla

tions

are

man

dato

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ust b

e pa

id to

the

cond

ition

of s

uppo

rtin

g st

ruct

ures

prio

r to

any

inte

rven

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ts o

f bui

ldin

gs

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ovat

ion

of e

xist

ing

inst

alla

tions

4=, 42

Def

ects

SA

NIT

AR

Y IN

ST

ALL

AT

ION

S, H

EA

TIN

G &

ELE

CT

RIC

ITY

Con

tinge

ncie

sIT

reat

men

tT

echn

ique

s

Wea

r &

tear

Det

erio

ratio

n of

sup

port

Rep

lace

men

t of e

le-

New

con

stru

ctio

nst

ruct

ures

men

tste

chni

ques

Fun

ctio

nal u

nsui

tabi

lity

Kno

wle

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abili

tatio

n w

ork

and

advi

ce to

the

inha

bit-

ants

of b

uild

ings

unde

rgoi

ng r

ehab

ilita

-tio

n re

quire

the

follo

w-

ing

know

ledg

e an

dca

paci

ties:

an a

cute

sen

se o

fde

tail,

bes

ides

the

patie

nce

& d

eter

min

a-tio

n ne

eded

to lo

cate

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ng o

r w

iring

&di

strib

utio

n m

echa

-ni

sms;

an a

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pmen

tw

ithou

t har

min

g th

efa

bric

of t

he b

uild

ing,

for

exam

ple

the

use

ofdi

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d dr

ills

for

the

reno

vatio

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onry

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tone

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k.

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ent

ire a

rea,

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ti-sk

ill q

ualif

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ler

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as &

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tric

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pplia

nces

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uipm

ent a

re d

esir-

able

.

43

Chapter 3 ConclusionsThe consensus view appears to be thatoccupational profiles in the restoration andrehabilitations sector require a completemastery of the basic skills appropriate toeach trade, plus specific supplementaryskills to ensure that personnel are fullycompetent to carry out work on existingbuildings: this report will propose that trainingshould be organized along these lines.

Restoration and rehabiiitation work, there-fore, call for supplementary skills in relationto each of the building components referredto in this study; however, they may beexercised differently in accordance withdecisions made regarding the treatment ofbuildings in question.

Consequently, it is important that qualifiedpersonnel should clearly understand theobjectives of restoration and rehabilitation,which are determined by three basic aspects:

(1) the condition of the building;(2) its construction date;(3) the importance attached to its conserva-tion.

It may be noted that these aspects areinterconnected; they also determine thecorresponding training needs.

3.1 Constituting a pool ofskilled workers in the resto-ration and rehabilitationtrades

3.1.1 Training needs

The requirements of the new buildingsector have gradually resulted in theremoval from training programmes ofeverything relating to older materials. As anexample, for some time the technical rulesfor the use of materials failed to include air-hardening lime, the use of which hasbecome rare in modern buildings; however,it has recently been reinstated.

The results of this trend are:

deskilling;

a lack of knowledge of the composition ofproducts and their real performance;

the substitution of superficial, cosmeticpractices for the use of techniques basedon skills.

Further, substitute materials comprisingsynthetic resins or thermoplastics, of highperformance when applied to suitablematerials or supports, can be detrimental tothe fabric of old buildings.

Here again, stress must be laid on the needfor knowledge of the physical and chemicalcharacteristics of the materials throughrigorous training in this area backed up byindependent research laboratories.

It is therefore a matter 0 urgency thattraining relating to old buildings shouldonce more be included in initial trainingcourses in the building sector since qualifi-cations similar to the endorsement (Mentioncomplementaire) referred to earlier - eventhough they represent an advance in theattempt to meet the need for qualifiedpersonnel imply that serious shortcomingsexist in the knowledge and skills acquiredthrough a basic training which relatesexclusively to new-build.

At first, however, apart from the skills andknowledge discussed under 3.1.2 below,stress could be laid on the following as-pects:

old techniques, their performance andlimitations;

old materials, their composition, durabilityand mutual compatibility;

diagnostic methodology, which is at the heartof the entire range of skills in this field.

3.1.2 Knowledge and skills

In addition to the specific techniques listedin the tables, there exist groups of skillsfundamental to restoration and rehabilita-tion work which constitute an essentialcommon core in the training of all personnelassigned to work on old buildings.

Old building methods

The building methods employed in the pastwere established on the basis of severalinterdependent criteria:

(a) durability;(b) the materials used;(c) the technologies employed.

These criteria vary in line with the degree ofsophistication and durabilily of the buildingsin question. Another aspect is the develop-ment of new techniques and materials and

25

4 4

changes in living standards and lifestyles,which directly affect the soundness of build-ings and the use to which they are assigned

The application of modern constructionprinciples, established oh the basis ofcontemporary criteria, introduces ideastotally at variance with the principles ap-plied originally. For example, timber-framed buildings with wattle and daub fillingare considered to lack solidity, by constrastwith stone structures: clearly, interventionwould call for different methods in each case.

In former times the presence of a degree ofhumidity and a lack of draught exclusionwere tolerated, which would be unaccept-able today: excluding humidity from abuilding inadequately waterproofed calls forspecialized treatment. Any operation toconvert an old building for use as a moderndwelling entails consequences as regardsconservation. Finally, while new construc-tion proceeds from the bottom up i.e.,foundations, masonry, and then roofingrestoration and rehabilitation work proceedsfrom the top downwards: first roofing, toexclude water, then walls and/or founda-tions to ensure stability, site organizationand planning being adapted accordingly.

Knowledge required for diagnosis

A knowledge of traditional materials andtheir use throughout history, and old tech-nologies and their development in relationto the evolution of society are needed toassess the methods used in a particularcase in relation to a range of skills oftenlinked to the quality of the structure.

In some cases simple structures showevidence of the builder's incompetence, oron the other hand his ingenuity in overcom-ing the inadequacy of the means at hisdisposal. These aspects, which bearwitness to the history of the trades inquestion, are of value to contemporaryspecialists in their work of diagnosis.

Typology of buildings

The form and function (or functions) of abuilding and the chronology in so far as itcan be determined - of the maintenanceoperations carried out make it possible tosituate it within its era of construction. Thisinformation is of value for diagnosis andespecially in determining the choice ofconservation techniques to be employed.

Changes in structures and materialsover time and environmental effects

The maintenance work carried out on abuilding and the conditions in which it exists

are factors determining its present state. Aknowledge of the ageing of materials andtheir resistance to the deleterious effects ofhumidity, airborne agents and infestationalso contributes to the work of diagnosis.

Knowledge required to determine theappropriate treatment

In addition to a knowledge of the oldtechniques referred to above, a knowledgeof statics is required to assess the stabilityof the buildings concerned.

In many cases the building's stability willhave been affected by changes to itsenvironment or in the materials of -lich itis composed. This process shoulo becontrolled rather than arrested, since theintroduction of rigid elements in a shiftingstructure can introduce serious problems.

The composition and performance overtime of contemporary materials must beknown, but their look must also be takeninto account. Today's synthetic materialsoffer a satisfactory appearance, but theircharacteristics (e.g. flexibility, rigidity orinflammability) make them unsuitable forcertain applications. The problem is toreconcile these aspects and assess theneed for the use of these materials in avariety of situations.

Finally, adding new materials and struc-tures to an old supporting structure impliesa need to master interface problems; theperformance of both old and new elementsmust be fully understood to assess compat-ibility.

Technical know-how

The renovation of parts of buildings fre-quently involVes the use of injection,bracing or dowelling techniqueS exceptwhere a complete new element is to besubstituted. However, the techniques usedshould be adapted in accordance with thenature of the materials encountered inbuildings differing in age and structuralcharacteristics.

Skill levels therefore relate to the number ofdifferent situations encountered, in additionto a knowledge of the characteristics andperformance of materials.

Finally, for certain operations, tools andequipment must be adapted to the situa-tion, requiring a,capacity to conceive andcarry out the adaptations necessary. Anability to carry out a basic analysis ofmaterials and support structures is alsoimportant, contributing to the work ofdiagnosis .

264 5

Additional skills and capacities

The skills and capacities described abovecan be extended to other levels, enablingpersonnel to expand their field of compe-tence.

Example: environmental effects on materi-als and the performance of various oldmaterials, or the phenomena of evaporationand condensation and their effects onproducts used to treat surfaces.

These additional skills imply a high degreeof specialization in trades specific to oldbuildings, leading towards recognizedqualifications in restoration.

3.2 Factors conducive to theconstitution of occupationalprofiles

3.2.1 Exchanges and networks

One of the principal factors conducive tothe constitution of occupational profiles isthe development of exchanges betweenbuilding industry personnel, whatever theirparticular field.

Both the work entrusted to CEDEFOP bythe EC Commission and the Expert Groupset up by the Council of Europe seem topromote the development of productivecontacts since in both cases their workresults in recommendations and proposalswhich tend to further this activity.

Some exchanges already take place infrontier areas - especially along the Franc6-German border between building firmsand chambers of trades. Bilateral pro-grammes have been established by Ger-many and Italy, for example, and Germanyand France (the Fulda Centre and theAvignon School both offer a three-weekspecialized training course).

The PETRA programme also contributes tothese activities through exchanges betweenyoung apprentices by studying techniquesused in other countries, sometimes includ-ing techniques in use in former times.

At the same time, networks such as theREFORME Network, organized on theinitiative of the CCCA, facilitate contactsbetween restoration and rehabilitationspecialists and personnel concerned withtraining for the related trades. REFORMEpromotes exchanges, transfers of knowl-edge and know-how and the constitution ofa body of specialists at international level. The present absence of recognition ofThe following countries participate through qualifications in the area we are concerned

the agency of their joint vocational trainingstructures: Belgium, France, Italy, theNetherlands and Spain. The growingnumber of these initiatives and their supportby the public authorities will constitute animportant positive factor in the developmentof occupational profiles at European level.The FORCE and EUROFORM pro-grammes should prove to be particularlywell adapted, within the existing spectrumof Community measures, for the develop-ment of programmes to promote the estab-lishment of European occupational profiles.

3.2.2 Instructor training

Few projects have yet been launched inthis field. Almost everywhere, instructortraining is confined to new-build techniques,thus curbing the development of training inrestoration or rehabilitation, whether inbasic or specialized courses. The develop-ment of this training is essential for the consti-tution of suitable occupational profiles.

At present, teachers wishing to includerehabilitation and restoration in the contentof training courses they are developing withtheir trainees can themselves only obtaintraining in the skills they wish to transmitthrough continuing training courses in-tended for all building sector personnel.Training in the essential skills can beobtained in centres such as Fulda inGermany, San Servelo in Italy, the AvignonSchool and from certain CAUEs (architec-tural, town planning and environmentaladvisory committees) in France.

In several countries, however, the linkbetween schools and firms goes further,forming an integral part of the trainingprocess. The variety of forms taken bytraining/work experience programmes andapprenticeship schemes illustrates thepossibilities for cooperation in this area.Rehabilitation and restoration are fieldswhich call for continuing confrontationbetween real situations and the classroomstudy of skills and know-how. A comparisonmight be drawn with medical training, inwhich diagnosis can only be learnt byinvolvement with real cases.

This association between training bodiesand firms favours the progress of traineestowards their goal of becoming qualifiedtradesmen. In this connection, the develop-ment of training sites is a significant innova-tion.

3.3.3 The official recognition of qualifica-tions

27 4C

with is a problem which must be overcomeif the'related occupational profiles are to bedeveloped.

While validation procedures vary fromcountry to country, being dependent insome cases on the public authorities and inothers on firms or the two sides of industry,the recognition of the skills in question inthe context of new occupational profilescombining the basic skills of the trade withspecialized skills in restoration and rehabili-tation is indispensable if a body of person-nei qualified in the maintenance andconservation of the architectural heritage isto be established.

Further, at this stage in the building ofEurope, recognition at European levelwhether through equivalence, correspond-ence, mutual recognition or any othermechanism - would promote the establish-ment and development of the relatedoccupational profiles.

Naturally, there is no question of seeking toimpose a European mould in a field charac-terized by cultural factors specific to eachcountry. However, Common elements forEuropean occupational profiles can beestablished while taking full account ofindividual cultural factors.

28 4 7

CEDEFOP - European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training

Occupational profilesThe restoration and rehabilitation of the architectural heritage

J.L. Pauletin collaboration with CCCA, Paris

CEDEFOP panorama

Berlin: CEDEFOP European Centrefor the Development of Vocational Training, 1993

1993 -36 pp.- 21,0 x 29,7 cm

ES, DE, EN, FR, IT

free of charge - 5018

48

European Centre for the Developmentof Vocational TrainingJean-Monnet-House, Bundesallee 22, D-10717 BerlinTel.: 49-30+88 41 20; Telefax 49-30+88 41 22 22;Telex 184163 eucen d;

As part of the project "Directory of occupational profiles at Community level"CEDEFOP carried out research in five countries on qualifications relating to therestoration and rehabilitation of the architectural heritage.

In this report the author has made a comparative analysis of the various subjectsexamined in the national reports:

legislation and provisions relating to the restoration and rehabilitation of thearchitectural heritage,

the systems of initial and continuing training,

market trends and collective bargaining agreements.

A large part is devoted to a summary analysis of 14 component parts of buildings.

Summary tables for each of the component parts identify

common occupational tasks,

occupational activities and

the knowledge and skills of the manpower in the five countries reviewed.

The synthesis report provides "Euro-profiles" containing common basic elementsclassified at national level and is enriched by the expertise of the Council of Europe,architectural heritage division and by the European Centre for training skilled workersin conservation of the architectural heritage, Venice.

5018 ummar r ort