doko.vn 229014-thiet-ke-nha-may-san-xuat-nuoc-mam-nang

1. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 1 MC LC LI M U ....................................................................................................................... 5 CHNG 1: LP LUN KINH T K THUT ................................................................ 7 1.1. Tnh hnh sn xut nc mm Vit Nam ............................................................. 7 1.2. La chn a im xy dng nh my ..................................................................... 8 1.2. Ngun cung cp nguyn liu .................................................................................... 9 1.2.1. C ....................................................................................................................... 9 1.2.2. Mui .................................................................................................................. 9 1.2.3. Enzyme ............................................................................................................... 9 1.3. in nc .................................................................................................................. 9 1.4. Giao thng vn ti ................................................................................................... 10 1.5. Ngun nhn lc ...................................................................................................... 10 1.6. Th trng tiu th ................................................................................................. 10 1.7. V sinh mi trng, x l nc thi ...................................................................... 10 CHNG 2: LA CHN V THUYT MINH DY CHUYN CNG NGH SN XUT NC MM ........................................................................................................... 11 2.1. Nguyn liu ............................................................................................................ 11 2.2.1. C ..................................................................................................................... 11 2.1.2. Mui ................................................................................................................. 17 2.1.3. Enzyme ............................................................................................................. 19 2.2. Sn phm ................................................................................................................. 21 2.2.1. Thnh phn ha hc: ....................................................................................... 21 2.2.2. Thnh phn to hng ca nc mm............................................................. 22 2.2.3. Ch tiu sn phm ............................................................................................. 28 2.3. La chn qui trnh cng ngh ................................................................................ 31 2.3.1. Phng php sn xut nc mm di ngy ..................................................... 31 2.3.2. Phng php sn xut nc mm ngn ngy ................................................. 35 2.4. Thuyt minh qui trnh cng ngh ......................................................................... 36 2.4.1. S dy chuyn cng ngh ............................................................................ 36 2.4.2. Thuyt minh qui trnh ....................................................................................... 37 CHNG 3: TNH CN BNG SN PHM ................................................................. 43 3.1. Lng m ton phn c trong 1 kg nguyn liu: ................................................ 43

2. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 2 3.2. Hm lng N thu c trong nc mm t 1 kg nguyn liu ............................. 43 3.3. Lng c cn dng trong qu trnh ch bin trong 1 nm ................................... 44 3.4. Khi lng c cm cn ch bin chp gy hng ......................................... 44 3.5. Khi lng nguyn liu c tp dng ch bin chp ngn ngy ................ 44 3.6. Chu k sn xut trong 1 nm ca chp gy hng ............................................ 45 3.7. Tnh lng mui cn dng ..................................................................................... 46 3.8. Tnh lng enzyme cn b sung: ........................................................................... 47 3.9. Tnh lng nc cn b sung ................................................................................ 47 3.10. Tnh lng mui b sung khi nu ph b ........................................................... 50 3.11. Lng mui st NaFeEDTA cn b sung trong 1 nm ...................................... 51 3.12. K hoch sn xut ca nh my: ......................................................................... 51 CHNG 4: TNH V LA CHN THIT B .............................................................. 55 4.1. Thit b cn nguyn liu ......................................................................................... 55 4.2. Bng ti vn chuyn ............................................................................................... 55 4.3. My ra c ............................................................................................................. 56 4.4. My trn c ............................................................................................................. 57 4.5. Thit b vn chuyn vt ti ...................................................................................... 57 4.6. Thit b ln men nc mm ngn ngy ................................................................. 58 4.7. B cha dch lc ...................................................................................................... 60 4.8. Thng cha nc mui .......................................................................................... 61 4.9. B cha nc thuc ................................................................................................ 61 4.10. Thng ln men nc mm di ngy .................................................................... 61 4.11. B cha nc bi .................................................................................................. 63 4.12. B cha nc mm sau khi gy hng ............................................................... 64 4.13. Thng pha u nc mm ................................................................................... 64 4.14. B cha nc mm thnh phm .......................................................................... 65 4.15. Thng ha trn mui st vo nc mm 15 gN/l ............................................... 65 4.16. My chit chai, ng np ...................................................................................... 66 4.17.My dn nhn ........................................................................................................ 67

3. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 3 4.18. Tnh thng ng dung dch CIP .......................................................................... 68 4.19. Tnh bm ............................................................................................................... 68 4.20. My lc khung bn ............................................................................................... 69 4.21. B cha b c ........................................................................................................ 70 CHNG 5 : THIT K XY DNG ............................................................................. 72 5.1. Chn a im xy dng nh my .......................................................................... 72 5.1.1. a cht ............................................................................................................ 72 5.1.2. a hnh ............................................................................................................ 73 5.1.3. V sinh cng nghip ......................................................................................... 73 5.2. Nguyn tc b tr tng mt bng ............................................................................ 73 5.2.1.Vng trc nh my .......................................................................................... 74 5.2.2. Vng sn xut ................................................................................................... 74 5.2.3. Khu vc cng trnh ph tr v nng lng ...................................................... 74 5.2.4. Khu vc kho tng, bn bi ................................................................................ 74 5.3. Tnh kch thc hng mc cc cng trnh ............................................................ 74 5.3.1. Khu vc x l nguyn liu ................................................................................ 74 5.3.2. Phn xng sn xut nc mm ngn ngy .................................................... 75 5.3.3. Phn xng sn xut nc mm di ngy ....................................................... 75 5.3.4. Nh hon thin sn phm ................................................................................. 76 5.3.5. Cc cng trnh ph tr ..................................................................................... 76 5.3.6. Tnh cc ch tiu kinh t k thut ..................................................................... 83 5.3.8. Thit k nh sn xut chnh .............................................................................. 84 CHNG 6 : TNH HI - LNH - IN - NC ........................................................ 87 6.1. Tnh lng hi dng cho ton nh my ................................................................ 87 6.1.1. Tnh hi cho qu trnh ln men ngn ngy: ..................................................... 87 6.1.2. Tnh nhit dng nu ph b : ...................................................................... 88 6.1.3. Tnh lng hi dng cho qu trnh ln men ngn ngy ................................... 89 6.1.4. Lng hi dng cho ton nh my .................................................................. 89 6.1.5. Tnh v chn l hi ........................................................................................... 90 6.1.6. Tnh nhin liu cho l hi ................................................................................ 90 6.2. Tnh lng nc s dng cho nh my ................................................................ 91 6.2.1.Nc dng ra phn xng x l nguyn liu .......................................... 91 6.2.2. Nc dng cho v sinh phn xng ln men ngn ngy .................................. 92 6.2.3. Nc dng v sinh phn xng ln men di ngy ....................................... 93 6.2.4. Lng nc v sinh dng trong phn xng hon thin ................................. 94 6.2.5. Lng nc dng nu b trong 1 ngy ....................................................... 94

4. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 4 6.2.6. Lng nc dng cho ni hi .......................................................................... 94 6.2.7. Lng nc dng cho cc yu cu khc .......................................................... 94 6.2.8. Tng lng nc dng cho nh my trong mt ngy ...................................... 95 6.3. Tnh in tiu th ca ton nh my ..................................................................... 95 6.3.1. Tnh ph ti chiu sng. .................................................................................. 95 6.3. 2. Tnh ph ti ng lc .................................................................................... 101 6.3.3. Xc nh ph ti tiu th thc t .................................................................... 103 6.3.5. Xc nh cng sut v dung lng b ........................................................... 105 6.3.6. Chn my bin p ........................................................................................... 105 6.3.7. Chn my pht d phng .............................................................................. 106 CHNG 7: V SINH AN TON LAO NG ........................................................... 106 7.1. V sinh ................................................................................................................... 106 7.1.1. V sinh c nhn .............................................................................................. 106 7.1.2. V sinh thit b nh xng .............................................................................. 107 7.2. An ton lao ng ................................................................................................... 107 7.2.1. Chng kh c trong nh my ........................................................................ 107 7.2.2. An ton khi vn hnh thit b ......................................................................... 108 7.2.3. An ton v in ............................................................................................... 108 7.2.4. Phng chy cha chy ................................................................................... 108 CHNG 8 :MI TRNG V PHNG PHP X L ......................................... 109 8.1. Cc yu t nh hng n mi trng ................................................................ 109 8.2. Phng php x l nc thi ............................................................................... 110 8.2.1. Phng php c hc ...................................................................................... 110 8.2.2. Phng php ha hc v l hc ..................................................................... 111 8.2.3. Phng php sinh hc .................................................................................... 111 8.3. Phng php x l nc thi ca nh my nc mm ..................................... 112 8.3.1. S cng ngh ............................................................................................. 112 8.3.2. Thuyt minh cng ngh: ................................................................................. 113 CHNG 9: TNH KINH T ......................................................................................... 116 9.1. Mc ch ngha .................................................................................................. 116 9.2. Ni dung tnh ton ................................................................................................ 116 9.2.1 . Danh mc ti sn c nh .............................................................................. 116 9.2.2. Tnh vn lu ng .......................................................................................... 121 9.2.3. Tnh gi thnh sn xut sn phm ................................................................. 125 9.2.4. Tnh gi bn sn phm ................................................................................... 126

5. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 5 9.2.5. Doanh thu v thu nhp ................................................................................... 127 9.3. nh gi d n v tnh thi gian hon vn. ........................................................ 127 KT LUN ....................................................................................................................... 130 TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................................................................. 131 LI M U Nc ta nm trn bn o ng Dng, pha ng v nam gip bin ng. Do ng b bin di hn 3200 km v din tch thm lc a, lnh hi rng ln to iu kin thun li cho ngnh khai thc thy sn pht trin. nc ta thuc vng bin nhit i nn ngun ti nguyn a dng v phong ph. Theo d tnh s b, bin Vit Nam c khong 2000 loi c, hin nay nhn dng c gn 1000 loi. Theo s liu [1] cho bit tng tr lng c y vng bin Vit Nam khong 1,7 triu tn, kh nng cho php khai thc hng nm 1,2 1,3 triu tn, tng tr lng c tng l 1,2 1,3 triu tn, kh nng cho php khai thc l 700 800 nghn tn. T cho thy tim nng to ln ca thy sn nc ta do vic khai thc v s dng hp l, hiu qu ngun ti nguyn ny l vn rt cn quan tm. Hin nay, do c u t trang thit b hin i nh bt xa b nn sn lng khai thc thy sn hng nm ngy cng tng. Nm 2008, sn lng khai thc thy sn

6. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 6 bin t 2136 nghn tn trong c chim 1605 nghn tn[16]. Nm 2009 sn lng khai thc thy sn c t 2 277 nghn tn trong c t 1 703 nghn tn[16]. Ngh c trong nhn dn ta c t lu i, trong qu trnh khai thc do yu cu bo qun nguyn liu, d tr thc thc phm lu di m ngnh lm nc mm ra i. Nc mm l mt loi nc chm quen thuc c a chung nht nc ta v khng th thiu trong ba n hng ngy. Nc mm c gi tr dinh dng cao ( trong nc mm c cha 17 loi axit amin, vitamin B, PP v nhiu cht khong vi v a lng khc)[5]. Nc mm hp dn ngi n bi hng v m , c trng m khng mt loi sn phm no c th thay th c. c l v th m nhiu ngi xa qu vn lun nh hng v nc mm qu nh. Theo thng k, mi nm th trng Vit Nam cn hn 200 triu lt nc mm. Vi hn 95% cc h gia nh nc ta s dng nc mm chm, p v nu trong cc ba n hng ngy th y l th trng hp dn[11]. Do vy rt cn c quan tm u t pht trin mnh ngnh ch bin nc mm. Vi mong mun gp phn nh b ca mnh vo s pht trin ca ngnh sn xut nc mm, em thc hin ti Thit k nh my sn xut nc mm nng sut 5 triu lt/ nm, trong c 2 triu nc mm 20 gN/l v 2 triu lt nc mm 15 gN/l v 1 triu lt nc mm 15 gN/l b sung st. Mc d c nhiu c gng nhng do kin thc cn nhiu hn ch, kinh nghim thc t cn t nn khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st. Em rt mong s ng gp kin ca thy c v cc bn ti hon thin hn.

7. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 7 CHNG 1: LP LUN KINH T K THUT 1.1. Tnh hnh sn xut nc mm Vit Nam Nc mm l sn phm truyn thng ca nc ta. y l sn phm chnh ca ngnh ch bin thy sn. Mi nm nc ta sn xut vi sn lng ln v n nh t 170 - 180 triu lt/ nm. Cc x nghip sn xut phn b khp cc tnh ven bin t Bc ti Nam. Tuy nhin cc x nghip sn xut nc mm ln ch yu tp trung Nam Trung B v Nam B nh: Nha Trang, Phan Thit, Ph Quc min Bc v Bc Trung B ch c mt vi x nghip ln vi cng sut 2 - 4 triu lt nc mm/ nm Ngh An, Thanh Ha, Hi Phng cn li ch yu l cc x nghip nh vi qui m

8. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 8 h gia nh. Ph Quc c 84 nh thng mi nm sn xut khong 12 triu lt[13]. Nha Trang vi hn 200 c s, doanh nghip sn xut nc mm vi tng sn lng c tnh 15 triu lt/nm[14]. Phan Thit vi 14 c s sn xut nc mm c cp giy chng nhn s dng nhn hiu Phan Thit c tng sn lng 10,9 triu lt/ nm[15]. y l 3 nhn hiu nc mm c cc s hu cng nghip cng nhn v bo h c quyn. Hin nay doanh nghip mnh trong ngnh sn xut nc mm l Masan food vi sn phm nc mm mang nhn hiu Nam Ng, Chinsu. Theo kho st ca Euromonitor, nc mm ca Masan food chim lnh 19 % th phn nc mm Vit Nam[12]. Sn phm nc mm khng ch phc v nhu cu trong nc m cn c xut khu sang th trng th gii nh cc nc Chu u, M, NhtSn phm xut khu l nc mm Ph Quc cht lng cao lm hon ton t c cm. Rt nhiu doanh nghip cng ang tm cch u t trang thit b hin i sn xut, nng cao nng sut cht lng nc mm v tm ra chin lc a sn phm nc mm ra th trng nc ngoi. Ngh nc mm c khp ni trn t nc ta nhng ch yu vn sn xut theo phng php c truyn, qui trnh cng ngh cn th s, thi gian ko di do vy hiu qu kinh t t thp. c rt nhiu nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc trong v ngoi nc v phng php sn xut nc mm nhm rt ngn thi gian sn xut, tng m v ci thin hng v ca nc mm ngn ngy t c nhng kt qu nht nh. Hin nay c mt s xng sn xut nc mm theo cng ngh mi s dng enzyme trong qu trnh ch bin tng hiu sut thu hi m, tng tc thy phn v rt ngn thi gian sn xut nh nc mm Ca Hi ( Ngh An), Tn Hi- Hi Hu ( Nam nh)nhng sn lng ch l mt phn nh so vi tng sn lng nc mm hin trn th trng. Nh vy cn pht trin v hon thin cng ngh sn xut nc mm ngn ngy v a phng php ny ng dng rng ri trong thc t. Mt vn quan trng ca nc mm Vit Nam l qun l cht lng nc mm. Hin nay, cht lng nc mm trn th trng ang b th ni, khng c quan tm ng mc. Nc mm gi trn lan, khng t tiu chun v sinh, khng c kim nghim cht lng. iu ny gy mt uy tn ca cc doanh nghip chn chnh, nh hng xu ti sc khe ca ngi tiu dng, ngn cn s pht trin ca

9. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 9 ngnh sn xut nc mm. Do vy trong thi gian ti mong rng cc c quan c thm quyn s quan tm ng mc ti sn phm nc mm. Hnh 1.1. Nc mm trn th trng 1.2. La chn a im xy dng nh my Huyn Din Chu- Ngh An l ni c ngh lm nc mm t lu i, tp trung ch yu l cc x nh: Din Ngc, Din Bch, Din Vn cc a phng ny sn xut nc mm cung cp cho a bn trong tnh. c bit Din Chu ni ting vi thng hiu nc mm Vn Phn c khp trong Nam ngoi Bc bit n. Do vy em la chn a im xy dng nh my l x Din Bch, Huyn Din Chu, Tnh Ngh An. L mt huyn ven bin do vy gn ngun nguyn liu, gim chi ph vn chuyn nguyn liu. C con ng thng thng sang Lo l mt li th rt ln xut khu nc mm, m rng th trng tiu th sn phm. Vic xy dng nh my sn xut nc mm c nhng ch li to ln i vi a phng v kinh t cng nh x hi, ng gp mt phn vo tng thu nhp ton huyn, gii quyt cng n vic lm cho nhn dn a phng, gp phn nng cao i sng nhn dn. Thc y ngnh ngh khc pht trin c bit l ngnh sn xut mui v khai thc thy sn.

10. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 10 1.2. Ngun cung cp nguyn liu Nguyn liu dng sn xut nc mm bao gm: c, mui v enzyme 1.2.1. C C l ngun nguyn liu chnh sn xut nc mm. c c dng sn xut nc mm thng l c nh, c gi tr kinh t thp nh: c cm, c nc, c lit, c trng,chng thng c thu mua t cc tu thuyn i nh bt hoc t cc c s thu mua c. 1.2.2. Mui y l nguyn liu quan trng th 2 sau c. Mui c cho vo vi t l 25- 30% v n c tm quan trng quyt nh i vi cht lng nc mm. Mui trong t nhin gm c mui m, mui ging, mui y h nc mn v mui b. Ngi ta thng dng mui b ch bin nc mm. Din Chu l a phng sn xut nhiu mui do vy mui c th c thu mua t cc ni trong huyn, nu thiu th c th b sung t cc ni khc nh: Qunh Lu, Nghi Lc.. 1.2.3. Enzyme Cng ngh nc mm ngn ngy s dng ch phm enzyme protease Flavourzyme. 1.3. in nc Ngun in ca nh my ly t h thng li in quc gia. Ngoi ra cn lp t mt my pht in phng nga trng hp in gp s c. Nc nh my ly t ngun nc ngm qua h thng x l nc ca nh my m bo cht lng phc v cho sn xut v sinh hot. 1.4. Giao thng vn ti Din Chu c mng li giao thng thun tin c v ng b, ng bin. l huyn gip bin vic chuyn ch nguyn liu d dng v chi ph thp. C ng quc l 1A chy qua, c tuyn ng st Bc Nam v ga Si nn rt thun tin

11. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 11 chuyn ch hng ha i tiu th. Mt khc c 2 tuyn ng thng thng vi nc bn Lo nn vic m rng th trng sang Lo rt thun li. 1.5. Ngun nhn lc Din chu c ngun lao ng tr, di do do vy ngun nhn cng s ly t a phng. Ngun nhn cng s c o to trc khi i vo thc tin ca nh my . Ngun cn b k thut cao s tuyn m bao gm nhng ngi c kinh nghim v cc k s c trnh v lng nhit tnh vi cng vic. 1.6. Th trng tiu th L mt tnh c dn s ng do vy y l th trng tim nng rt ln. Sn phm ca nh my sn xut s phc v cho cc a bn trong tnh v cc tnh ln cn nh: thanh Ha, H Tnh v cc tnh min Trung khc. Mt khc nc mm l sn phm c truyn mang tnh cht c trng ca ngi Vit, do vy c hi a sn phm xut khu ra th trng nc ngoi l rt ln. 1.7. V sinh mi trng, x l nc thi Nh my cam kt thc hin ng lut mi trng, khng gy nhim mi trng gy kh chu cho ngi dn sng xung quanh. Nh my cng s u t xy dng h thng x l cht thi x l nc thi m bo tiu chun trc khi thi ra mi trng. CHNG 2: LA CHN V THUYT MINH DY CHUYN CNG NGH SN XUT NC MM 2.1. Nguyn liu 2.2.1. C C l nguyn liu chnh dng sn xut nc mm. N ng vai tr quan trng, c tnh cht quyt nh cht lng ca nc mm. Trong c c cha lng ln

12. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 12 cc cht dinh dng tt cho sc khe c bit l protein. y l ngun c cht cho vi sinh vt sinh trng v pht trin, phn gii thnh cc cht thp phn t peptid v cc axit amin gip cho c th chng ta d dng hp th, to hng v c trng cho nc mm. C lm nc mm ch yu l nhng loi c bin nh nh: c cm, c nc, c ve, c lit, l nhng loi c gi tr kinh t thp. C nc ngt thng t c s dng do ngun nguyn liu ny t v gi c cao hn. Hnh 2.1: Nguyn liu c ch bin nc mm Theo gi tr s dng lm nc mm th c c chia lm 3 nhm: C nhm 1: gm c c cm Kin Giang ( than, sc tiu), ve, trch va c m cao, va cho sn phm c hng v c trng , cht lng cao. Cc loi c ny thng c s dng lu di trong qu trnh ch bin to sn phm c hng v c trng, ngoi ra cn dng to hng cho loi c khng c hng hoc t hng. C nhm 2: gm c sn, c nc, c cm duyn hi ch yu l c linh, s dng kh mi cho cc nhm c tp, mt phn dng to hng ring bit cho mt s sn phm. C nhm 3: gm cc c x tp, c lit, c b nhng loi c ny c mi v km cho nn khi sn xut nc mm phi cho i qua chp gy hng b sung hng cho sn phm.

13. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 13 Nguyn liu c ca nh my ch yu l c tp: c lit, c cng, c mi v c ni nh c ve, c cm, c nc C th c c nhiu phn gm u, xng, vy, tht c, ni tng. Sn xut nc mm ch phn hy phn tht c cn xng, vy vy th hu nh khng b thy phn. Bng 2.1. Thnh phn khi lng ca mt s loi c:[1] STT Tn c Tht c ( % ) u c ( %) Xng c( %) Vy vy ( %) Ni tng ( %) 1 Nhng 65,20 19,40 8,36 1,67 4,00 2 Mi 51,90 17,30 13,50 4,10 10,50 3 Nc s 55,80 22,90 10,08 3,82 5,60 4 Phn hai sc 49,40 22,30 13,90 9,65 5,00 5 Mi thng 53,10 19,10 10,70 5,67 9,70 a, Thnh phn ha hc ca c: Thnh phn ha hc ca c khc nhau rt nhiu, ty tng loi v tng c c th, ph thuc tui, ging, mi trng sng v ma v. S bin i thnh phn ca c lin quan mt thit vi thc n m chng n, vi s di c v bin i sinh dc lin quan n s sinh sn. Bng 2.2. Thnh phn ha hc chnh ca c[14] Thnh phn Nc protein Lipit Mui v c Tht c 48 85,1 10,3 24,4 0,1 5,4 0,5 5,6

14. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 14 Trng c 60 70 20 30 1 11 1 2 Gan c 40 75 8 -18 3 5 0,5 1,5 Da c 60 70 7 15 5 10 1 3 Bng 2.3. Thnh phn ha hc ca cc loi c nc mn [5] STT Loi c Thnh phn ha hc( % khi lng) Nc protein lipit 1 Nc s 76,80 21,75 0,85 2 Mi thng 77,50 19,26 1,80 3 Trch 75,90 21,76 3,15 4 Phn hai sc 76,20 20,35 2,20 5 Ln ngn 79,30 19,03 1,21 6 Cm 75,14 11,25 2,10 7 Mi 76,66 9,37 1,14 8 Lp 81,84 10,00 1,40 9 Chun 76,17 9,75 7,5 Cc thnh phn ha hc chnh ca c gm: nc, protein, lipid, cc vitamin v khong cht. Protein

15. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 15 C th chia protein ca m c c thnh 3 nhm: - Protein cu trc: gm cc si myosin, actin, actomyosin v tropomyosin, chim khong 70 80% tng lng protein ( so vi 40 % trong cc loi ng vt c v ). Cc protein ny ha tan trong dung dch mui trung tnh c nng ion kh cao ( > 0,5 M ). - Proteintng c: Gm myoalbumin, globulin v cc enzyme, chim khong 25 30 % tng lng protein. Cc protein ny ha tan trong nc, trong dung dch mui trung tnh nng ion thp ( < 0,15%). a s protein tng c l cc enzyme tham gia vo s trao i cht ca t bo, nh s chuyn ha nng lng trong iu kin ym kh t glycogen thnh ATP. - Protein lin kt: bao gm cc si collagen. Chim khong 3% tng lng protein trong c xng v khong 10 % trong c sn ( so vi 17 % trong ng vt c v). C trong mng li ngoi bo, khng tan trong nc, dung dch kim hoc dung dch mui c nng ion cao. Proteinca c c thnh phn acid amin gn ging protein trong c tht ca ng vt c v, mc d tnh cht vt l c th khc nhau i cht. im ng in ca protein c vo khong 4,5 5,5. Cng ging nh protein trong sa, trng v tht ca ng vt c v, protein trong c c tt c acid amin ch yu v c gi tr sinh hc rt cao. Bng 2.4 : Cc acid amin ch yu trong cc loi protein khc nhau[18] Acid amin c Sa Tht b Trng Lysine 8,8 8,1 9,3 6,8 Tryptophan 1,0 1,6 1,1 1,9 Histidine 2,0 2,6 3,8 2,2 Phenylalanine 3,9 5,3 4,5 5,4 Leucine 8,4 10,2 8,2 8,4 Isoleucine 6,0 7,2 5,2 7,1

16. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 16 Threonine 4,6 4,4 4,2 5,5 Methionine-cystine 4,0 4,3 2,9 3,3 Valine 6,0 7,6 5,0 8,1 Cc cht chit xut cha nit: y l cc hp cht ha tan c trong nc, c phn t lng thp , cha nit vi bn cht phi protein. Nhm nit phi protein ny chim t 9 18 % hm lng ni t tng s trong cc loi c xng. Thnh phn c bn ca nhm ny l: cc baz bay hi nh amoniac v trimethylamin ( TMAO), creatine, acid amin t do, nucleotit v cc baz purin, c sn cn c c ure. TAMO l thnh phn c trng quan trng ca nhm ni t phi protein trong c bin. Hp cht ny c t 1- 5% trong m c, nhng c bit khng c trong cc loi c nc ngt v ng vt trn cn. V mt nh lng, thnh phn ch yu ca nhm nit phi protein l creatine. Khi c trng thi ngh , hu ht creatine b phosphoryl ha v cung cp nng lng cho s co c. Nc: Nc ng vai tr v chc nng quan trng trong i sng, cht lng ca c. Nc tham gia vo phn ng sinh ha, vo cc qu trnh khuch tn trong c, to iu kin cho vi sinh vt pht trin, ngoi ra lin kt vi cc cht protein. Lipid: C s dng cht bo nh ngun nng lng d tr duy tr s sng trong nhng thng ma ng, khi ngun thc n khan him. hm lng lipid trong c dao ng nhiu ( 0,1 30 % ). C c phn loi theo hm lng cht bo nh sau: - C gy ( < 1 % ) nh c tuyt, c cm, - C bo va ( < 10% ) nh c nhng, c mp, c bn - C bo ( >10 % ) nh c hi, c trch, c thu

17. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 17 Lipid trong cc loi c xng c chia thnh 2 nhm chnh l phosphilipid v triglycerit. Phospholipid to nn cu trc mng t bo cn triglycerit l lipid d tr nng lng c trong cc ni d tr cht bo. Lipid ca c khc vi ng vt c v do lipid ca c c ti 40% acid bo mch di ( 14 20 nguyn t Cacbon ) v mc khng no cao ( c nhiu acid bo c 5 -6 ni kp ). Gluxit: Hm lng gluxit trong c tht c rt thp, thng di 0,5 %, tn ti di dng nng lng d tr glycogen. C va trng c lng gluxit d tr rt thp. sau khi cht, glycogen chuyn thnh axit lactic, lm gim pH ca c tht, mt kh nng gi nc ca c tht. s bin i pH c tht sau khi cht c ngha cng ngh rt ln. Vitamin v cht khong: Lng vitamin v cht khong c tnh cht c trng theo loi v c th thay i theo ma. Ni chung, tht c l ngun vitamin B v vi c bo cng giu cvitamin A v D. i vi cht khong, tht c l ngun cung cp canxi v phospho c gi tr, ng thi cng l mt ngun qu v ng, st v selen. C l ngun nguyn liu chnh sn xut nc mm do vy n nh hng trc tip n cht lng nc mm. V vy c phi t c cc yu cu sau: - C dng ch bin l loi c gy c hm lng lipit thp ( < 1% ) l tt nht. - Nn s dng cc loi c nh nh vy s h c gi thnh nguyn liu v khng tn nhn cng cho qu trnh x l nguyn liu, ng thi kch thc nh th din tch tip xc gia b mt c v mui s tng ln, gim nguy c c b thi. - Tuyt i khng dng cc loi c c cha nc c nh c nc lm nguyn liu ch bin nc mm. Theo nghin cu ca vin Hi Dng hc Nha Trang th c t tetrodotoxin trong mt s b phn c nc khng b thy phn trong qu trnh ch bin nc mm v vn gy ng c cho ngi s dng nu c trong nc mm. - Khng dng cc loi c c t l c tht cao nh c ng, c thu, v trong thnh phn c tht c cha nhiu axit amin histidin. y l tin cht ca amin histamin c th gy ng c vi hm lng > 20 mg/100 g. trong qu trnh thy phn tht c, chuyn

18. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 18 protein thnh cc phn t nh hn, c mt s loi vi sinh vt cng c kh nng chuyn ha histidin thnh histamin trong iu kin nhit thch hp. Vi cc chp gy hng ta s dng nguyn liul c cm sn xut nc mm c hng v thm ngon. Nc mm c cm c mi v thm ngon l do cc nguyn nhn sau: - C cm l loi c n ni, hot ng mnh nn thnh phn ca c t m. Trong sn xut khng thy ni vng m dy, do mi v i kht t xy ra. - C cm v cc loi c tng ni ni chung, c hot tnh enzyme protease cao hn cc loi c khc nn qu trnh thy phn nhanh hn. Do trong cng mt thi gian sn xut 6 12 thng th chp c cm thy phn trit hn, khng c mi v tanh ngi ca c. - C cm c kch thc nh nn d thy phn. 2.1.2. Mui Mui l nguyn liu qua trng th hai sau c, khng c mui th khng th to thnh nc mm. Do nguyn liu mui cng phi c quan tm ng mc. Thnh phn ha hc ca mui cng s nh hng ti cht lng mi v ca nc mm. Nhn chung mui n c tc dng km hm s pht trin ca vi sinh vt v enzyme. Trong ch bin nc mm, ta s dng mui n khng ch hot ng ca vi sinh vt gy thi ra. Theo TCVN 3974 84 mui n phi m bo tiu chun sau: Bng 2.5. Tiu chun mui n Thng hng Hng 1 Hng 2 Ch tiu cm quan 1. Mu sc Trng trong, trng Trng, nh xm, nh vng, nh hng Trng xm, trng nu Hng Ch tiu

19. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 19 2. Mi v - khng m i - dung d ch mui 5% c v mn thun khi t, khng c v l 3. Dng bn ngoi v c ht - kh ro, s ch - c ht 1 15 mm Ch tiu ha l 4. Hm lng NaCl tnh theo % khi lng kh, khng nh hn 97,00 95,00 93,00 5. Hm lng cht khng tan trong nc, tnh theo % cht kh, khng ln hn 0,25 0,40 0,80 6. Hm lng m tnh theo % khng ln hn: 9,50 10,00 10,50 7. Hm lng cc ion tnh theo % khi lng kh, khng ln Ca2+ 0,30 0,45 0,55 hn Mg2+ 0,40 0,70 1,00 SO42- 1,40 1,80 2,35 Trung Quc da vo thnh phn ha hc ca mui c th phn loi mui thnh 3 hng. Bng 2.6. Thnh phn ha hc cc hng mui [2] Hng mui NaCl (%) Nc (%) Cht khng tan (%) Cht tan (%) 1 90 7 0,50 2,50

20. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 20 2 85 10 0,65 4,35 3 80 13 0,80 6,20 Trung Quc da vo thnh phn ha hc ca mui c th phn loi mui thnh 3 hng. Mui dng p mui c hoc l sn xut nc mm thng dng mui hng 2 v 3. Trong mui n ngoi thnh phn chnh l NaCl cn c cc thnh phn khc nh CaCl 2, MgCl2 nhng mui ny c ha tan ln hn NaCl. Do n s lm cn tr qu trnh thm thu ca NaCl vo c th c. Ngoi ra mui cha nhiu tp cht cn lm cho mu sc, mi v nc mm km i, nc mm c v ng cht. Nu trong mui c hm lng Kali cao gy ng c, au u, bun nn. Mui dng trong sn xut nc mm l loi mui n v cng tinh khit cng tt. Tt nht l loi mui kt tinh ht nh, c rn cao, mu trng ng nh, khng vn cc, khng m t , khng c v ng cht v c bo qun 1 thng tr ln. 2.1.3. Enzyme Nc mm l sn phm ca qu trnh thy phn Proteint tht c thnh cc sn phm dng trung gian nh: polypeptit, dipeptit, pepton v sn phm cui cng l axit amin di tc dng ca h enzyme protease trong bn thn nguyn liu c v h enzyme t cc vi sinh vt c trong qu trnh ch bin nc mm. Da trn c s ny, mun gim thi gian ch bin nc mm, ta cn to iu kin thch hp cho enzyme protease hot ng hoc b sung thm enzyme t ngoi vo gip cho qu trnh thy phn din ra nhanh chng v mnh m hn. a. Enzyme ca c: Cc h enzyme ch yu ca c tham gia vo qu trnh sn xut nc mm l: - H enzyme Metalo-protease ( aminodipeptidase) H enzyme ny tn ti trong ni tng c v chu c nng mui cao nn ngay t u n hot ng mnh. Loi enzyme ny c hot tnh kh mnh, c kh

21. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 21 nng thy phn rng ri i vi cc loi peptid. y l nhm thy phn enzyme trung tnh, pH ti thch t 5 -7. - H enzyme serin-protease in hnh l enzyme tripsin, tn ti nhiu trong ni tng c. giai on u ca qu trnh sn xut nc mm hot ng ca n yu, sau mnh dn v n giai on chp chn th gim dn. Enzyme ny phn hy protein gn nh hon tonkhng cn dng pepton. H enzyme ny hot ng mnh pH = 5 10. - H enzyme acid-protease C trong tht v ni tng c, in hnh l enzyme cathepsin D. H enzyme ny d b c ch bi nng mui khong 15% nn thng n ch tn ti thi gian ngn thi k u ca qu trnh thy phn. Loi men ny ng vai tr th yu trong sn xut nc mm. b. Enzyme b sung thm: rt ngn qu trnh sn xut nc mm, nhiu nh khoa hc nghin cu s dng enzyme protease c ngun gc thc vt, ng vt, vi sinh vt b sung thm vo trong qu trnh ch bin nc mm. - Cc enzyme c ngun gc thc vt Cc ngun thc vt cha protease ng dng trong sn xut nc mm ch yu l u , da. Protease t thc vt khng nhiu v hot khng cao so vi ngun t vi sinh vt. *Papain: Papain l mt loi protease c trong nha cy u. ccnc nhit i papain c dng lm mm tht t rt nhiu th k trc. Papain c tnh chu nhit cao, pH ti thch l 4,5. Papain c n nh trong dung dch pH 5, khi pH ca dung dch gim xung 3 hoc tng ti 11 th tnh n nh b gim. Papain c tnh c hiu kh rng, n thy phn cc c cht tng hp v thc hin qu trnh thy phn kh su sc, to thnh cc peptit trng lng phn t thp v cc amino axit. *Bromelin: Bromelin l mt loi protease thu c t cy da. Chng c kh nng thy phn protein thnh cc axit amin. Hot tnh thy phn protein ca bromelin tt nht pH t 6-8 v nhit 550C. S dng Bromelin ( nng 0,8%, cofacto xystien 0,025 M, 33 0C ) cho kt qu tt nht v sn phm c cht lng c chp nhn thu c sau 21 ngy, sn phm t c v ng.

22. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 22 *Ficin: ficin thu c t nha qu v thn mt s loi sung. Ficin c tnh cht tng i ging vi papain. Nhit ti thch cho thy phn protein l 62,50C, pH 7,5. Enzyme hon ton mt hot tnh 800C. - Cc enzyme c ngun gc ng vt *Enzyme ty (pancreatin) : Cc enzyme quan trng nht c to ra t tuyn tu l trypsin v chymotrypsin. Trypsin l mt trong nhng protease ca dch d dy di dng pancreatin khng thun khit. Trong cng nghip thc phm trypxin c dng sn xut cc sn phm thy phn. Trypsin l mt endopeptidaza, pH ti thch vo khong 7-9. Trypsin c kh nng bin i cc phn t protein thnh cc axit amin, cc dipeptit v cc tripeptit. S dng hn hp trypsin : chimotrypsin ( 50 : 50), nng 0,3 %, 370C cho php gim thi gian chn hai thng m vn gi c hng v theo yu cu ca nc mm sn xut theo phng php truyn thng[5]. -Cc enzyme c ngun gc vi sinh vt Cc protease vi sinh vt c s dng nhiu trong cng nghip thc phm. Tt c chng u l enzyme ngoi bo. Khc vi protease thc vt v protease ng vt protease vi sinh vt c tnh c hiu cao. Protease vi sinh vt c sn xut ch yu t vi khun v nm mc v c chia thnh 3 nhm: protease kim tnh, trung tnh v axit. Cc ch phm enzyme protease s dng trong cng ngh ch bin nc mm l: *Neutrase: L sn phm thng mi ca hng Novo (an Mch). L enzyme thy phn lin kt peptt ni mch (Endopeptidase) c sn xut theo phng php vi sinh vt t Bacillus Subtilis. Neutrase l mt protease kim loi (Zn), c n nh bng Ca2+, b EDTA c ch, hot ng ti u pH 5,5-7,5, nhit 45-550C[6]. *Flavourzyme: c sn xut t chng Asp. oryzae, ch phm ny bao gm c enzyme endopeptidase v exopeptidase. pH thch hp cho qu trnh thy phn l 5,0- 7,0, nhit thch hp 45-550C[5]. Qua nhiu nghin cu cho thy vic s dng enzyme protease c ngun gc vi sinh vt c nhng u vit hn hn cc loi enzyme c ngun gc khc. l:

23. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 23 - Ch ng v ngun nguyn liu enzyme. - Gi thnh thp v mi trng nui cy r tin v d kim, c th s dng ph thi ca ngnh cng nghip khc. - tinh khit, ng u ca ch phm enzyme cao do khng to mi v l cho sn phm. - Hot lc ca enzyme t vi sinh vt mnh do hiu sut thu hi m cao, tng hiu qu kinh t, thu sn phm c cht lng cao v rt ngn thi gian thy phn. V vy, nh my s dng ch phm Flavourzyme. 2.2. Sn phm 2.2.1. Thnhphn ha hc: Thnh phn ha hc ca nc mm l s kt hp tng ha gia cc thnh phn dinh dng v thnh phn to gi tr cm quan ( mu, mi, v).Gm c: -Cc cht m Chim ch yu v quyt nh gi tr dinh dng ca nc mm. Gm 3 loi m: *m tng s: l tng lng nit c trong nc mm (g/l), quyt nh phn hng ca nc mm. *m amin: l tng lng m nm di dng acid amin (g/l), quyt nh gi tr dinh dng ca nc mm *m amon: cng nhiu nc mm cng km cht lng Ngoi ra trong nc mm cn cha y cc acid amin, c bit l cc acid amin khng thay th: valin, leucin, methionin, isoleucin, phenylalanin, alanin.v.v .. Cc thnh phn khc c kch thc ln nh tripeptid, peptol, dipeptid. Chnh nhng thnh phn trung gian ny lm cho nc mm d b h hng do hot ng ca vi sinh vt. Thnh phn dinh dng ca nc mm ph thuc vo nguyn liu em i ch bin. -Cc cht bay hi

24. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 24 Cc cht bay hi trong nc mm rt phc tp v quyt nh hng v ca nc mm. Hm lng cc cht bay hi trong nc mm mg/100g nc mm - Cc cht cacbonyl bay hi: 407-512 (formaldehyde) - Cc acid bay hi: 404-533 (propionic) - Cc amin bay hi: 9,5-11,3 (izopropylamin) - Cc cht trung tnh bay hi: 5,1-13,2 (acetaldehyde) Mi trong nc mm c hnh thnh ch yu do hot ng ca vi sinh vt ym kh trong qu trnh sn xut nc mm to ra. -Cc cht khc - Cc cht v c: NaCl chim 250-280g/l v mt s cc cht khong nh: S, Ca, Mg, P, I, Br. - Vitamin: B1, B12, B2, PP. 2.2.2. Thnhphn to hng ca nc mm Qua nhiu nghin cu v thnh phn cc cht to hng ca nc mm cho thy : hng ca nc mm c to thnh t ba loi hng v khc nhau l Hng thi ca amoniac Hng ph mt c hnh thnh t cc axit bo bay hi phn t lng thp v cc Ketons ( xeton ) Hng tht c hnh thnh t cc Keton v Keton axit Mt s nghin cu sau th a ra kt qu rng cc thnh phn cht bay hi trong nc mm l cc cht c phn t lng nh d bay hi v c mi thm nh cc axit amin bay hi, axit hu c, cc este, aldehyt. Theo nghin cu ca Nonaka th hm lng ny gm 12 loi gm axit amin 4 loi, cacbonyl 6 loi, v amin 7 loi .Cht cacbonyl bay hi Cc axit bay hi

25. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 25 Cc amin bay hi Cc cht trung tnh bay hi Cc thnh phn ny s bin i theo tng giai on trong sn xut a ra c hng v c trng nht ca nc mm, ty tng loi nguyn liu, ty tng sn phm cc nc khc nhau, cc a phng khc nhau m cc cht c trong nc mm khc nhau. Qua qu trnh phn tch trn nhiu mu sn phm nc mm khc nhau cho c cc kt qu sau: Bng2.7: Thnh phn chnh ca hng nc mm Nha Trang[4] TT Tn thnh phn RT Hm lng % 1 Disulfit dimethyl 3.24 0.64 2 Butanoic acid 3.56 0.12 3 2- Hexyl-1- octanol 6.97 8.88 4 Cha xc nh 9.10 0.89 5 2- Ruran methanol 9.64 5.11 6 Bixiclo hept-2-one 3, 6, 6-trimethyl 10.77 0.33 7 Bixiclo heptanol, 7-(1-methylethylidene) 11.56 2.38 8 Bezene, (1-methylpropoxi) 12.06 0.52 9 Phellandrene 12.88 0.12 10 2, 6- Octadien-1-ol,3,7-dimethyl, format, (E) 13.28 22.29 11 Pentanoic acid, 4- oxo, trimethylsilyl este 13.35 8.05 12 Xiclohexanol, 1-methyl-4-(1-methyl ethenyl)axetat 16.02 0.52 13 Xiclohexene, 4 ethenyl-4-methyl-3- (1methylethenyl)-1-(1-methylethyl)-, (3R-Trans) 16.30 0.12

26. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 26 14 Cha xc nh 17.53 0.14 15 Cha xc nh 23.08 0.20 16 1, 2, 4-Methano-1H-indenl, octahydro-1,7dimethyl-5-(1-methylethyl) 24.46 0.25 17 Copaene 28.19 0.17 18 1,5-Xiclodecadiene,1,5-dimethyl-8- (1methylethenyl) 29.50 0.45 19 Bixiclo heptane,6 methyl 2-methylene-6- (4methyl-3 pentenyl) 29.96 0.83 20 Benzene, 1-(1,5 dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-4-methyl 30.58 0.75 21 Cha xc nh 31.31 0.27 22 Cha xc nh 31.73 0.12 23 Cha xc nh 33.47 0.71 24 Phenol,2,6-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl)-4- methyl, methylcarlbamate 34.39 4.58 25 Cha xc nh 34.56 0.12 26 1H-Benzoxicloheptene 34.80 0.72 27 1,6,10-Dodecatriene,7,11-dimethyl- 3methylene,(Z) 35.17 16.46 28 Diclorotetrafluoroethane 35.63 3.25 29 Decane,2,4-dimethyl 35.70 2.78 30 Cha xc nh 35.92 0.14 31 Nonadecane 36.27 5.76 32 Cha xc nh 37.44 0.24 33 Cha xc nh 43.64 0.15 34 Tridecanol,2-ethyl-2-methyl 51.89 1.63

27. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 27 35 Cha xc nh 52.60 0.45 36 Cha xc nh 54.23 1.92 37 Cha xc nh 61.96 7.56 38 Cha xc nh 63.48 0.12 Nc mm Nha Trang cho 10 cu t mang mi thm ca nc mm: Butanoic acid, 2-Hexyl-1-octanol, 2-Furan methanol, Bixiclo[3.1.1] hept-2-one 3,6,6-trimethyl, Bixiclo[4.1.0] heptanol,7-(1-methylethylidene), Pentanoic acid,4oxo,trimethylsilyl etse, Xiclohexanol,1-methyl-4-(1-methyl ethenyl)-axetat, Bixiclo[3.1.1] heptane,6 methyl 2-methylene-6-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl), Decane,2,4dimethyl, Nonadecane. Bng2.8: Thnh phn chnh ca hng nc mm Ct Hi[4] TT Tn thnh phn RT Hm lng % 1 Butanoic acid 3.18 0.32 2 Cha xc nh 3.38 0.31 3 Pentanoic acid, 4-methyl 3.77 0.92 4 1-Hexenol, 2-ethyl 6.25 1.32 5 5,6 dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-4H-1,3,5 dithiazine 7.05 34.50 6 2-piperidione 12.16 2.94 7 Bixiclo heptanol, 7-(1-methylethylidene) 14.65 1.20 8 Butanoic acid, 2-(aminooxi) 21.30 12.20 9 2,4(1H,3H)-pirimidinedione 6-todo-5 methyl 26.85 1.58 10 Thiirane,2,3-dimethyl, trans 29.85 12.20 11 Cha xc nh 35.61 0.15 12 2-Isopropil-5,6-dimethyl-1,3,2-oxathiaborinane 42.83 2.57 13 Diethylphtalat 46.52 7.13 14 Xiclo pentethiol 48.57 0.17

28. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 28 15 2H-1-Benzopiran-2-one 6(1-hydroxi-3-methyl Butyl)-7metoxi 49.67 7.52 16 3-O-axetil-exo-1,2-o-etiliden-erithrofuranose 50.59 4.83 17 2,5,6 Trimetyl-1,3-oxathiane 50.94 25.33 18 Cha xc nh 54.26 0.18 19 3 Ethyl-3-methylheptane 54.94 0.33 20 diclorotetrafluorotane 57.82 0.74 21 7,11-Dimethyloctadecane 59.69 0.84 22 Cha xc nh 61.02 0.17 23 Octane,2,4,6-Trimethyl 62.00 0.72 24 Ether, butyl isopentyl 63.70 3.10 25 Cha xc nh 65.05 0.25 26 Cha xc nh 66.02 0.15 27 Cha xc nh 66.85 0.36 28 17,21-Dimethyl heptatriacontane 68.98 0.77 29 Cha xc nh 71.36 0.19 Trong nc mm Ct Hi cho 9 cu t mang mi thm ca nc mm: Butanoic acid, Butanoic acid,2-methyl, Pentanoic acid,4-methyl, 1-Hexenol,2-ethyl, Butanoic acid,2-(aminooxi), Thiirane,2,3-dimethyl,trans, Xiclo pentethiol, 7,11- Dimethyloctadecane, Octane,2,4,6-Trimethyl Bng2.9: Thnh phn chnh ca hng nc mm ngn ngy[4] TT Tn thnh phn RT Hm lng % 1 Dimethyl sunfit 3.81 0.12 2 Furfural 5.15 0.34 3 2-Furanmethanol 5.61 79.35

29. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 29 4 2-(3H)Furanone 5-methyl 6.01 0.07 5 2-Xiclopentene 1,4 dione 4-pyrimidione 6.23 0.11 6 4H-pyran-4-one 6.25 0.04 7 Cha xc nh 6.27 0.03 8 Cha xc nh 8.20 1.82 9 Xiclotetraxicloxane 8.61 0.44 10 3(2H) Pyridazinone, 4,5 dihydro 9.23 0.19 11 2,8-Diazaspiro(4,4) nonane-3,5-d 9.26 0.23 12 Benzene axetaldehyt 9.51 2.90 13 Ethanone, 1-(1H-pyrol2-yl) 9.85 0.86 14 4H-pyran-4-one,3,5-dimethyl 10.24 0.24 15 Furan,2,2-methylenebis 10.32 0.09 16 2 propanamine 10.65 0.05 17 Phenylethyl alcol 10.90 0.20 18 3-Methyl 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyt 11.06 1.35 19 Benzoic acid 11.64 0.12 20 1,2-Dipentylxyclopropene 12.03 0.59 21 Pyribudine-2,5-dimethoxy 12.56 0.16 22 Indolizine 14.21 2.01 23 Furan-2,2-[oxybis(methylene)] 14.33 0.23 24 Trimethylsilel3,5-dimethoxy-4 14.71 0.22 25 Xiclohexane 14.98 0.16 26 2-Hexenoic acid 16.17 0.14 27 Ethanedioic acid 17.49 0.15 28 Butylate hydroxitoluene 17.77 0.70

30. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 30 29 2(3H)-furanone,5-hexildihydro 18.68 0.12 30 Diethyl phtalat 18.98 1.75 31 2-Pentenoic acid 19.97 0.21 32 3-Xiclohexane1-ol 20.53 3.17 33 Axetic acid 22.12 0.41 34 2-Heptenol 22.69 0.04 35 1,2-Benzenedicarboxilic acid 23.78 0.18 36 Mercaptanoaxetic acid 23.96 0.46 37 Nonadecane 25.18 0.10 38 1,2-bis(trimethylxiloxe) ethane 25.54 0.34 39 Octadecane1-clo 26.15 0.09 40 3,3Iminobis propylamit 26.24 0.03 41 2-Dimethylxilin 26.93 0.17 42 Propanamit 29.51 0.08 43 Silixic acid 32.63 0.03 T bng trn cho thy vi nc mm sn xut theo phng php ngn ngy cho 6 cu t thm sau: 2-Furanmethanol, 2- Hexenoic acid, 2- Pentanoic acid, 2- Heptenol, Nonadecane, Octadecane1-clo Do vy sn xut nc mm theo phng php ngn ngy c sn phm cht lng tt, hng v c chp nhn ta cn phi c bin php ci thin hng v ca nc mm ngn ngy. 2.2.3. Ch tiu sn phm Ch tiu sn phm nc mm p dng tiu chun TCVN 5107 : 2003 do ban k thut tiu chun thuc B khoa hc v cng ngh ban hnh. Ngoi ra vi mi vng c th p dng qui nh ring cho mnh ph hp vi sn phm ca tng vng. Ph Quc l vng sn xut nhiu nc mm v sn phm c cht lng cao. Di y l tiu chun nc mm Ph Quc.

31. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 31 Tiu chun nc mm Ph Quc: Nc mm Ph Quc c phn lm 5 hng theo m ton phn nh sau: - c bit. - Thng hng. - Hng 1. - Hng 2. - Hng 3. * Yu cu cm quan: Cc ch tiu cm quan ca nc mm Ph Quc phi t yu cu theo quy nh ti bng 2.6. Bng 2.6 : Yu cu cm quan ca nc mm Ph Quc[18] Tn ch tiu Mc cht lng c bit Thng hng Hng 1 Hng 2 Hng 3 1. Mu sc Nu vng, nu vng n n u , nu 2. trong Trong, sng, snh, khng vn c Tro ng, khng vn c 3. Mi Mi thm du, c trng ca nc mm Ph Quc, kh ng c mi l 4. V Ngt m ca m, c hu v r Ngt ca m, c hu v r Ngt ca m, c hu v Ngt ca m, t hu v 5. Tp cht nhn thy bng mt thng Khng c c

32. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 32 * Yu cu ha hc: Cc ch tiu ho hc ca nc mm Ph Quc phi t yu cu theo quy nh ti bng 2.7 Bng 2.7. Cc ch tiu ha hc ca nc mm Ph Quc Tn ch tiu Mc cht lng c bit Thng hng Hng 1 Hng 2 Hng 3 1. Hm lng nit ton phn, tnh bng g/l, khng nh hn 40 35 30 25 20 2. Hm lng nit axit amin, tnh bng % so vi nit ton phn, khng nh hn 55 45 3. Hm lng nit amniac, tnh bng % so vi nit ton phn, khng ln hn 14 15

33. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 33 4. Hm lng axit, tnh bng g/l theo axit axtic, khng nh hn 12 5. Hm lng mui Natri clorua, tnh bng g/l, trong khong 250 - 295 6. Hm lng Histamin, tnh bng mg/l, khng ln hn 200 D lng ti a ca ch c trong nc mm Ph Quc l 0,5 mg/l. * Ch tiu vi sinh vt: Cc ch tiu vi sinh vt ca nc mm Ph Quc phi t yu cu theo quy nh ti bng 2.8. Bng 2.8: Ch tiu vi sinh vt ca nc mm Ph Quc TT Tn ch tiu Mc ti a cho php 1 Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh, tnh theo s khun lc trong 1ml 104 2 Coliforms, tnh theo s khun lc trong 1ml 10

34. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 34 3 Clostridium perfringens, tnh theo s khun lc trong 1ml 0 4 Escherichia coli, tnh theo s khun lc trong 1ml 0 5 Staphyloccocus aureus, tnh theo s khun lc trong 1ml 0 6 Tng s nm men v nm mc, tnh theo s khun lc trong 1 ml 10 2.3. La chn qui trnh cng ngh nc ta hin nay c rt nhiu phng php ch bin nc mm. C th chia ra lm 2 phng php chnh l sn xut nc mm di ngy v sn xut nc mm ngn ngy. 2.3.1. Phng php sn xutnc mm dingy mi a phng th nc mm mang hng v c trng ring v mi ni cng c phng php ch bin ring ph hp vi iu kin t nhin ca mnh cng nh cho ra sn phm thch hp vi th hiu ngi tiu dng a phng . Hin nay nc ta c 3 qui trnh sn xut ph bin: - Qui trnh sn xut nc mm theo phng php gi nn - Qui trnh sn xut nc mm theo phng php nh khuy - Qui trnh sn xut nc mm theo phng php hn hp a. Phng php nh khuy y l phng php c truyn ca huyn Ct Hi do vy cn c tn l phng php Ct Hi. Nguyn tc ca phng php ny l cho thm nc l vo chp vi t l 20 40 % ty theo tng loi c v lng mui dng mui c ban u, nhm lm nht mui tng cng s hot ng ca enzyme v vi sinh vt. ng thi cng dng mui iu tit, khng ch, ngn chn s ph hng khi chp do vi sinh vt. u im ca phng php ny l thi gian sn xut c rt ngn song lng nit amoniac cao.

35. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 35 Cch thc hin: C ti c ra sch vo thng. C 100 kg c trn u vi 10 kg mui v ma h, 8 kg v ma ng sau vo ang, b hay chum vi. Thm 2 kg mui san u ph ln mt c, v nh cho mui cht, ly np y kn. Sau 2 ngy ma h hoc 3 ngy ma ng cho 20 % lng nc l sovi lng c, nu c to c th cho ti 30 %. Sau ly co g nh o tht k cho mui tan u v tan ht. Ban ngy khng ma th m np phi, ban m y li. Hng ngy m np nh o u v phi c. Khi c c hin tng i mui,c ni ln pha trn mt, khi thc gy vo ang chp thy c hin tng si bt th cho thm mui bng 5 10 % lng c ri dng co g nh u lm tan ht mui. hng ngy m np phi nng nh khuy, s phn gii tip tc cho n lc c i mui ln th 3. Cc t cho mui sau rt quan trng, cn phi cho ng lc. Cho mui sm qu th qu trnh thy phn b c ch, nu cho mun qu th qu trnh thi ra s xy ra. Bnh thng cho 4 -5 ln l , nhng cng c trng hp phi cho nhiu ln hn. Khi cho mui ( 30 35 % ) th thn c ngm mui, nt u v chm xung khi ngi ta gi l c ng c. Hng ngy tip tc phi nng nhng khng cn chm sc k nh thi gian c i mui. Sau 1 thng th c chm hn xung, nc ni ln c mu vng, trong v xut hin mi nc mm r rt. Mu sc ca nc mm chuyn dn t mu vng nht sang mu vng m, nc mm trong v ng nh. Sau 4 -5 thng th chp chn hon ton, c th rt c ( ma ng c th ko di hn). Lc ny nc mm ch cn mi thm thun ty, khng cn mi hn tp na. b. Phng php gi nn:

36. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 36 Chp gi nn l nn cht khi tht c xung to nhit thch hp cho enzyme hot ng iu kin ym kh cho cc vi sinh vt trong chp pht trin phn gii cc cht trong c. C th p mui mt ln mn hoc cho mui nhiu ln. Cch thc hin: C ra sch vo b vi t l c v mui l: 100 kg c + 12 15 kg mui + 2 kg thnh. C mt lp c rc mt lp mui v thnh ri nn cht. Cng ln trn mui cng nhiu so vi lp di, lp trn cng ph kn bng lp mui dy 3 cm gi nhit v trnh rui nhng. Dng v tre hay na sch y kn trn lp mui, t cc thanh g hay tre nn cht v xung. V ban u c trng ln to, nc tit ra lm cho khi chp ni ln nn ta phi dng tng to nn c. Do nn cht nn nhit ca khi c tng ln, thc y cc enzyme trong c hot ng, trung tm c tch t NH3, CO2, H2Slm cho c trng ln, tht c b x nt nhng xng v da vn cn nguyn. Mui thm thu vo c, nc tit ra gi l nc bi. Nc ny rt ra, mt phn em un nng ri li tr li thng chp gi l tip nhit ln u. Cc ln sau un ti 70 80 0 C. cn phn ln nc bi snh c a ra phi nng n 3 gi chiu khi nc cn nng th tr li chp. Sau khi cho mui t 1 c 3 -4 ngy v ma h, 5-7 ngy v ma ng th cho mui ln sau v tip tc cho mui n khi nng mn t 25 30 % l c. Ton b thi gian gi nn v cho mui nh trn v ma h khong 16 - 20 ngy, ma ng 30 ngy. Sau khi mui hng ngy m ra phi nng, ti y li. Mi tun rt nc ra phi t bui sng, chiu vo. Khong 2 thng th c chm hn xung, lc khng cn dn nn na, nhng hng ngy vn phi m np ra phi nng, khong 10 ngy th no rt mt ln. Thng th 4 tr i th 2 tun no rt mt ln. Ch bin theo phng php ny th c con nguyn con do vy ko rt d dng, nc mm thu c trong hn. c. Phng php ch bin chp hn hp: Phng php ny l kt hp 2 phng php gi nn v nh khuy. Phng php ny kt hp u im ca c hai phng php trn.

37. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 37 Cch thc hin: Nguyn liu c nhp v c phn loi k. Ty tng ma, tng loi c m lng mui cho vo cng khc nhau. C nh lng mui khong 26 30 %, c ln lng mui 30 35 %. Thng cho mui lm nhiu ln t 3 -4 ln. Vi nguyn liu ti th trn u t 12- 15 % mui. Nu c p mui th kim tra mn ri ty mn b sung lng mui ph hp. C c trn mui xong th em vo b p v gi nn. Sau khong 2 ngy th m nt l tho nc bi ra, cho thm mui vo nc bi ha tan n mn 22 23 0B ri mc tr li b, nu c iu kin th em bi ra phi nng tip nhit. Sau 4- 5 ngy sau m l cho nc chy ra, lc ny mn ca mui chng 16 18 0B li ha tan mui vo c mn 22 23 0B ri mc ln b. Lm nh vy chng 3 4 ln, khi no nc bi ra t mn 22 23 0 B th coi nh mui. Ton b thi gian cho mui v gi nn khong 20 30 ngy ty theo ma. Sau khi mui ta tho phn gi nn nh khuy ging nh phng php ct hi. Trong thi gian nh khuy nu cn thit c th thm mt lng mui nh nu cn thit. Chp trong thi gian 4 -5 thng c th nh khuy c, 6-7 thng c th ko rt c. d. u nhc im ca phng php c truyn: u im: - Sn phm thu c c cht lng cao, hng v c trng. - i hi k thut khng cao - Trang thit b th s - Ph hp vi qui m sn xut nh v h gia nh - Chi ph sn xut thp Nhc im - Thi gian ch bin ko di

38. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 38 - Lng m thi mt i kh ln - Tn din tch mt bng - Hiu qu kinh t thp - Khng m bo v sinh an ton thc phm - Kh c gii ha, t ng ha 2.3.2. Phng php sn xutnc mm ngn ngy a. Nguyn tc: s dng ngun enzyme protease t cc ch phm Neustrase, Flavourzyme kt hp phng php tip nhit. Phng php ny gim thi gian ch bin t 6 12 thng xung ch cn 30- 45 ngy. Sn xut theo phng php ny c u im l thi gian ngn, lng m thu c cao hn. Tuy nhin n c nhc im l mi v nc mm km c trng hn so vi mi v nc mm di ngy, do phi tm cch khc phc bng cch to hng cho nc mm ngn ngy. b. To hng cho nc mm ngn ngy: to hng v thm ngon c trng cho nc mm ngn ngy c 2 hng sau: Sn xut chp gy hng theo phng php c truyn, c ci tin sau cho nc mm ngn ngy, km hng i qua chp gy hng ri ko rt qua chp ny, to hng cho nc mm. Phn lp, tuyn chn cc chng vi sinh vt c kh nng sinh hng nc mm t chp chn c hng tt ri dng cc chng ny gy hng cho nc mm ngn ngy hoc s dng vi sinh vt gy hng sn xut ra hng liu ri cho vo nc mm. Hng th 2 l hng d c gii ha, t ng ha nhng ch l nghin cu cha c a vo sn xut. cn hng th nht c p dng thnh cng v sn phm c ngi tiu dng chp nhn nn em chn hng th nht : sn xut chp gy hng theo phng php c truyn, sau cho nc mm ngn ngy i qua ri ko rt qua chp gy hng to hng cho nc mm.

39. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 39 Do sn xut vi qui m ln, t hiu qu kinh t cao hn, d dng c gii ha, hin i ha v tn mt bng sn xut em la chn phng php sn xut nc mm ngn ngy c b sung enzyme protease. Sn xut cc chp di ngy theo phng php gi nn gy hng cho sn phm. 2.4. Thuyt minh qui trnh cng ngh

40. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 40 . S2.4.1 dychuyn cng ngh phn bn, thc n gia sc Dch lc 1 Trn u 30 pht Thy phn: cho mui, o trn Nc mui 22 0 B Ko rt, lc X l nguyn liu Cc loi c tp Mui Enzyme protease 0,1 % l( ng c ) Nu b Gy hng Chp chn Dch lc 2 Pha u ng chai Nc thp m (nc thuc) Xc mm B 2 B 1 Sn phm Lc

41. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 41 2.4.2. Thuytminhqui trnh a. X l nguyn liu Nguyn liu a v c ra sch, loi b tp cht. Sau tin hnh phn loi c da vo kch c v cht lng ca c, ti ca c. Yu cu t ra i vi nguyn liu sn xut nc mm l phi ng u v cht lng v kch c qu trnh thy phn din ra ng u. Nh vy qu trnh thy phn s din ra ng u hn, trit hn trnh tn tht m do lng m thi nhiu v lng m cn li trong b cao. Do vic phn loi l rt quan trng gip cho cht lng nc mm tt hn, hiu qu thy phn cao hn v nh hiu qu kinh t cng cao hn. i vi nhng loi c c kch thc ln th phi p dp qu trnh thy phn din ra hon thin hn. Tip theo trn nguyn liu vi 0,1 % enzyme protease v trong 30 pht enzyme khuch tn u trong nguyn liu. b. Qu trnh thy phn C ch ca qu trnh thy phn: C em trn vi mui theo mt t l nht nh, c p trong iu kin thch hp, sau mt thi gian s hnh thnh nn nc mm. Qu trnh thy phn l qu trnh chnh to ra nc mm v quyt nh cht lng ca nc mm. l tc dng ca h enzyme protease trong bn thn c, ngun enzyme c b sung vo hoc ca vi sinh vt bn ngoi v trong ni tng c tc ng vo thy phn tht c t dng protein qua cc dng trung gian nh pepton, polypeptit, peptit v cui cng l axit amin. Bn cnh qu trnh m phn cn c qu trnh phn gii ng v cht bo thnh cc axit hu c, ru gp phn hnh thnh hng v c trng ca nc mm. Qu trnh phn gii protein trong tht c ch yu l do men tc dng nhng cng c th c s tham gia ca vi sinh vt. nhng vi sinh vt hu ch tit ra enzyme

42. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 42 protease thc y cho qu trnh thy phn cn vi sinh vt gy thi th c tc dng lm ra nt tht c lm nc mm b thi. Qu trnh thy phn chu nh hng ca cc yu t: - Nhit ; pH; Lng mui; Lng enzyme v loi enzyme b sung; Din tch tip xc; Bn thn nguyn liu c. Cch tinhnh: Nguyn liu c sau khi x l c trn u vi 0,1 % ch phm enzyme protease o trn u trong 30 pht enzyme khuch tn u trong nguyn liu, sau trn mui t l 5% so vi nguyn liu c v cho vo thng c np y. C sau 1 ngy th cho thm 5% mui vo chp v o trn u. Nh vy sau 5 ngy th mui cho vo 25 %. Khi nc bi chy ra, tip nhit cho nc bi nhit nc bi tng ln 50 - 55 0C ta rt nc bi ri bm tr li chp. Vic ny s gip cho thnh phn cccht trong chp c o trnu v nc bi cng c lc trong hn. Thc hin qu trnh tip nhit ny cho n khi nhit ca chp t 450C th dng v gi nhit ny trong sut qu trnh thy phn. Sau qu trnh thy phn tip tc xy ra to ra cc protein phn t thp v axit amin. Trong nhng ngy tip theo c 3 ngy rt nc bi 1 ln kt hp o trn. Sau khong 20 ngy, chp vo giai on n nh, mi khng cn tanh, c mi nc mm nh, yn th chp phn lp, nc ct ng trong c mu vng nu n cnh gin bn trn, ci chp chm di. Sau 30 - 35 ngy th chp chn. nh gi chn ca chp theo tiuchun Vit Nam 3252 89. Cm quan: Mu sc: chp chn c mu nu ti, nu xm hoc xm, nc ct c mu t vng rm n cnh gin.. Mi : thm, hi tanh du, khng c mi chua hoc mi l khc, nc ct c mi thm c trng ca nc mm, khng c mi tanh hi. V: ngt du, c v m , c d v. Trng thi: vi chp gi nn th c cn nguyn con, nu x c ra th tht tch khi xng, nu khuy ln th nt vn. Vi chp nh khuy th c nt nhuyn, ci chp sng ri v khi nh khuy khng c hin tng si bt.

43. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 43 V ha hc: T l nit axit amin trn nit ton phn ca nc ct i vi chp c ni phi ln hn 45 % v i vi chp c y khong 40%. Nit ton phn trong nc ct n nh, khi chp chn th khng bin i g nhiu. Ko rt, lc Khi chp chn, kt thc qu trnh thy phn ta chuyn sang giai on lc, chp n nh khong 2-3 ngy ta rt dch lc ra. iu chnh tc chy sao cho dch thu c trong, khng b vn c. Dch thu c l dch lc 1, ko rt qua chp gy hng. Phn b cn li, ta cho mt phn nc thuc vo v khuy o 3-4 ln trong mt ngy cho lng m trong b ha tan ra. Lng nc thuc cho vo khong 25 - 50 % nguyn liu ban u. Sau hai ngy khuy o, yn 23ngy cho b chp lng xung th thu dch lc. Dch lc thu c gi l dch lc 2. c. Nu ph b tn dng m B 2 lc ny cn hm lng m rt t, lng nit tng s cn khong 9 13 g/l th em nu ph b. Dng nc mui c nng 22 0 B vi t l 1 b: 2 nc mui cho vo chp un si 30- 45 pht l c. Thi gian nu ph thuc vo lng m cntrong b t hay nhiu. Sau thu dch, dch ph b thu c gi l nc thuc dng ko rt nng m cc m sau. B cn li c th em ch bin lm thc n chn nui, hoc lm phn bn. d. Gy hng cho nc mm y l giai on quan trng trong qui trnh ch bin nc mm ngn ngy. Nu khng c giai on ny th nc mm khng c hng v c trng m ch l dung dch giu m m thi. Dch lc 1 v 2 c hm lng nito tng s > 13g/l s c em ko rt qua chp ln men di ngy( cn gi l chp gy hng). T lnc mm cho vo chp gy hng chim khong 50 % khi lng chp trong b, sao cho nc mm ngp v nn khong 10 cm. Ngm trong khong 2 ngy cho n nh sau ko rt no o lin tc t 3 -5 ngy ty theo cht lng ca chp gy hng. Nu chp gy hng mi ko rt ln u th thi gian gy hng ngn, cc ln sau th thi gian gy hng di hn. Khi nc mm c mi thm c trng th rt ra, tip tc cho m khc vo,

44. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 44 ko rt no o, cho n khi chp khng cn kh nng gy hng na cho nc thuc cn li t chp ngn ngy em ko rt nhiu ln tn thu m ch khng nu b ca chp di ngy. Nc mm sau khi gy hng xong, cn kim tra xc nh hm lng m tng s lm c s cho vic pha u. e. Tin hnh pha u nc mm Dng cng thc ng cho pha u nc mm V d ta c 2 loi nc mm l A : tnh theo g Nit/lt v B : g Nit/lt Pha nc mm 15 gN/l Loi A gN/l Loi B gN/l Nh vy cn pha 15 B phn loi A gN/l vi A 15 gN/l phn loi B gN/l c c loi nc mm 15 gN/l theo yu cu. Pha nc mm 20 gN/l B A - 15 15 - B 15 A

45. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 45 Loi A gN/l Loi B gN/l Nh vy cn pha 20 B phn loi A gN/l vi A 20 gN/l phn loi B gN/l c c loi nc mm 20 gN/l theo yu cu. Sn xut chp gy hng sn xut chp gy hng ta dng nguyn liu l c cm v ch bin theo phng php gi nn. S d em la chn phng php gi nn sn xut chp gy hng bi v y l phng php m lng m tn tht t nht ( chim 25 % lng m ton phn, trong khi phng php nh khuy v hn hp lng m tn tht ln lt l 38 % v 30 % )[2]. y cng l phng php c qu trnh di trong iu kin ym kh cho sn phm thm ngon nht * S qui trnh sn xut: B A - 20 20-B 20 A

46. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 46 *Thuyt minh qui trnh: Nguyn liu c cm nht sch tp cht v cc loi hi sn khc. Chn mui sch tinh khit qua bo qun trn mt thng. Trn mui: c c trn u vi mui, t l mui cho vo so vi c l 22 % v thm 0,01% enzyme thc y qu trnh thy phn. Sau cho vo thng c t l sn. L l 1 b cc thanh tre nh c kch thc 5x5x500 mm b cht li thnh b c ng knh 0,2m t st vi l ly nc mm ra. Trn thng ph 1 lp mui dy 3 cm gi nhit v trnh rui nhng. Sau 3 ngy khi c n mui, rt nc bi ra phi nng sau ht nng li vo tr li chp. Nc bi thot ra, c xp dn xung, dng v tre ln mt c ri nn cht xung. Sau khi nn xong, na phn nc bi vo thng cho ngp c, cn phn cn li em cha vo ang, chum phi nng. Nc trong thng cn dn th tiptc cho phn nc bi cn li vo. Trong thi gian 2 thng u th 1 tun ko rt 1 ln, t thng th 3 th 10 ngy ko rt 1 ln. Thng th 4 tr i th 2 tun ko rt 1 ln. Cn ch vn tip nhit vo ma ng, c 1 tun 1 ln, rt 1 na nc bi ra un ln 550C ri vo b. Ch khi nc bi vo b phi t t v rt l ra cho nc C tp Mui Loi b tp cht Trn mui Gi nn, o trn Chp chn Nc bi Phi nng 0,01%Enzyme proteaza

47. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 47 nng chy t trn xung, nc bi lnh chy ra sau li mc ln trn. Sau 3- 6 thng th chp chn. f. Nc mm c b sung st: Thiu st l mt vn thiu vi cht dinh dng chim t l cao nht, y cng l vn cp bch i vi cc nc ang pht trin, trong c nc ta. Ph n v tr em l nhng i tng c nguy c thiu st rt cao do nhu cu st ca c th nhng i tng ny cao nhng ch n hng ngy khng p ng . T chc y t v vin dinh dng, cng nh ngnh cng nghip thc phm ang c gng ci thin tnh trng ny. Cc gii php c a ra nh b sung vin st, tng cng st vo khu phn n a li nhng kt qu kh quan. Trn 95 % ngi dn vit Nam dng nc mm lm nc chm v nu thc n hng ngy nn vic b sung st vo nc mm l mt gii php tt. Cc nghin cu cho thy sodium ion ethylenedianite tetraacetate (NaFeEDTA) l cht b sung st c bn vng, c gi tr sinh hc cao v ha tan tt trong cht lng.Vi lng NaFeEDTA b sung vo nc mm l 3 g/l s t nh hng ti gi tr cm quan. Vo nm 2003, Phm Vn Thy, Nguyn Cng Khn v cng s trin khai nghin cu nh gi cm quan nc mm b sung st loi 15 0 N v kt qu cho thy nc mm c b sung NaFeEDTA 3 g/l v c bo qun trong thi gian 9 thng c ngi tiu dng hon ton chp nhn. Do em la chn b sung st vo nc mm 15 gN/l v hm lng NaFeEDTA b sung vo nc mm l 3 g/l. B sung bng cch nh khuy. g. Bo qun nc mm: Nc mm c hm lng mui rt cao v vy c th bo qun thi gian di. Tuy vy, nc mm l dung dch m nn cng d b vi sinh vt xm nhp v gy h hng. thng thng, nc mm chn hon ton vi mui khng bao gi thi, nhng vi nc mm c ko rt t cc loi chp cha chn th rt d thi. Nc mm c bo qun kho v sinh sch s, thong mt, trnh bi bm bay vo v nht l nc l. Nc mm nhp kho phi c giy bo kt qu kim nghim v cht lng theo qui nh ca nh nc.

48. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 48 Nc mm trc lc xut xng cn c kim tra li cht lng ln na ri em ng chai xut i. Nc mm phi c ng gi cn thn, c nhn hiu r rng. CHNG 3: TNH CN BNG SN PHM 3.1. Lng m ton phn c trong 1 kg nguyn liu: Nguyn liu dng sn xut l cc loi c tp c gi tr kinh t thp nh: c nc, c lit, c mi, c lp Theo bng 2.2 th hm lng protein chim t 10 21 % trng lng c, do ta ly hm lng protein trung bnh trong c nguyn liu l 16 %. Trong thnh phn protein c nhiu nguyn t khc nhau nh : N, C, H, S, O hm lng N ch chim 15 -18%. H s chuyn i t hm lng N sang protein l 6,25. Vy hm lng Nit c trong 1 kg nguyn liu c l: 1000 x 0,16 : 6,25 = 25,6 g N/l 3.2. Hm lng N thu c trong nc mm t 1 kg nguyn liu Trong qu trnh sn xut nc mm khng th trnh khi tn tht m. do qu trnh thy phn protein thnh cc axit amin cn km theo s phn hy protein to thnh cc hp cht bay hi gi l m thi nh NH3, indol, trimetylamin, skatol Ngoi ra cn mt lng m cn li trong b chp cha thy phn ht. trong qui trnh sn xut s dng enzyme protease nn thi gian ch bin rt ngn do vy lng m thi bay hi to ra cng t hn phng php c truyn. Lng m thi khong 17-18%. Mt khc qu trnh thy phn cng trit hn do vy lng m cn li trong b t khong 3-4 %. Nh vy lng m tn tht trong qu trnh ch bin khong 20 22%. Lng N thu c t 1 kg nguyn liu c l : 25,6 x 0,78 = 20 gN/ kg.

49. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 49 Nh vy t 1 kg nguyn liu thu c 1 lt nc mm 20 gN/l. T 1 kg nguyn liu thu c 1,33 lt nc mm 15 gN/l. 3.3. Lng c cn dng trong qu trnh ch bin trong 1 nm Do qu trnh ng chai tn tht 2% nn Vi yu cu sn xut 2 triu lt nc mm 20 gN/l v 3 triu lt nc mm 15 gN/l do trong 1 nm tng lng c tiu th l: Gnm = (2 000 000 : 1 + 3 000 000 : 1,33) : 0,98 = 4 348 509 kg 3.4. Khi lng c cm cn ch bin chp gy hng Do tn tht ng chai l 2% nn lng nc mm trc khi ng chai l : 5 000 000 x 1,02 = 5 100 000 lt Theo tin s ng Vn Hp th 1 tn c cm c th gy hng cho 5 000 lt nc mm ngn ngy[4]. Nh vy khi lng c cm dng ch bin chp gy hng l: Gh = 5 100 000 : 5000 x 1000 = 1 020 000 kg Qu trnh x l c cm ch cn nht cc tp cht i, khng cn ra ( v c cm l c ni) nn phn hao ph t. Chn tn tht cho qu trnh x l nguyn liu c cm l 0,1%. Lng c cm mua vo thc t l: 1 020 000 : ( 1 0,001) = 1 021 021 kg 3.5. Khi lng nguyn liu c tp dng ch bin chp ngn ngy Khi lng c tp cn ch bin trong 1 nm l: G tp = 4 348 509 1 020 000 = 3 328 509 kg Qu trnh x l nguyn liu c tp tn tht l 1%.

50. n tt nghip Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm http://www.ebook.edu.vn Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50 50 Nguyn liu c tp thc t cn mua vo l: G tp tt = 3 328 509 : ( 1 0,01) = 3 362 130 kg Gi s nguyn liu c c cung cp u cho tng thng, mi thng lng c tp cn c ch bin l: G tp th = 3 328 509 : 12 = 277 376 kg Coi 1 thng lm vic 26 ngy. Lng c tp ch bin trong 1 ngy l: 277 376 : 26 = 10 668 kg Do nguyn liu thy sn mang tnh ma v, nn lng nguyn liu cung cp hng thng l khng u nhau. Vo ma v: thng 5, thng 6, thng 7 nguyn liu c cung cp nhiu hn. Tuy nhin c nhng thng li khng nguyn liu sn xut . Do nng cao hiu qu kinh t, cn hn ch c b trng ng thi hp l trong nhng lc nguyn liu nhiu. Da trn c s nguyn liucung cp cho tng thng, em la chn kh nng sn xut thng cao nht gp i nguyn liu cung cp u tng thng. Nguyn liu sn xut trong thng cao nht l: G tg max = 277 376 x 2 = 554 752 kg Chn s ngy sn xut trong thng l 26 ngy. Lng c cn trong ngy thng c lng nguyn liu cao nht l: G ng = 554 752 : 26 = 21 337 kg 3.6. Chu k sn xut trong 1 nm ca chp gy hng Mi nm lng c cm dng gy hng l 1 020000 kg. Ma ccm thng vo thng 6, thng 7 hng nm. Lng c cm tnh cho 1 thng sn xut( thng 6, thng 7) l: 1 020 000 : 2 = 510 000 kg

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