Domains of OrganismsDomains of Organisms

• Domain—highest taxonomic ranking, higher than kingdom

• 3 domains– Archaea—ancient bacteria– Eubacteria—”true” bacteria– Eukaryotes—organisms whose cells

contain nuclei

Kingdoms of OrganismsKingdoms of Organisms• Kingdom—taxon of similar phyla,

distinguished by differences in cellular structures and methods of obtaining energy

• 6 Kingdoms– Archaebacteria– Eubacteria– Protista– Fungi– Plants– Animalia

Kingdom ArchaebacteriaKingdom Archaebacteria

• Ancient bacteria that live in harsh/ extreme environments

• Prokaryotic• Unicellular & Microscopic• Some autotrophs / some heterotrophs• Oldest fossils = 3.5 billion yrs / fewer

than 100 species• Halococcus – salt-loving bacteria

Kingdom EubacteriaKingdom Eubacteria• Modern bacteria that be found nearly

everywhere• Prokaryotic• Unicellular & Microscopic• Some autotrophs / some heterotrophs• Oldest fossils = 3.5 billion yrs / 10,000+

species• Streptococcus – causes strep throat

Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista

• Organisms that lack complex organ systems and live in moist environments

• Eukaryotic• Unicellular or Multicellular• Some autotrophs / some

heterotrophs• Slime molds / Paramecium / Kelp

Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi• Organisms that absorb nutrients from

organic materials, usually cannot move

• Eukaryotic• Unicellular or Multicellular• Heterotrophs• Oldest fossils = 400 million yrs /

100,000 known species• Mushrooms

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae• Photosynthetic organisms with cells

organized into systems, can’t move• Eukaryotic• Multicellular• Autotrophs (some heterotrophs as

well)• Oldest fossils = 400 million yrs 500,000 known species• Trees

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia• Heterotrophic organisms with cells

organized into organ systems, mobile

• Eukaryotic• Multicellular• Heterotrophs• Oldest fossils = 600 million yrs 3 million known species• Insects, Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles,

Birds, Mammals

Evolutionary HistoryEvolutionary History• Phylogeny: the evolutionary history

of a species– If species share a common ancestor,

they share an evolutionary history

• Cladistics: a biological classification system based on phylogeny– Cladogram: branching diagram that

shows the phylogeny of a species. Shows probable evolutionary history, not direct ancestry

CladogramsCladograms• Groups that are closer share a

more recent common ancestor b/c the share a more recently evolved trait

Type of Plants

Vascular Tissue

Seeds Flowers

Mosses No No No

Ferns Yes No No

Confers Yes Yes No

Flowering Plants

Yes Yes Yes

CladogramsCladograms

Trait Mammals Reptiles Amphibians

Bony Fishes

Four legs Yes Yes Yes No

Amniotic Egg

Yes Yes No No

Hair Yes No No No