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البقرة (32) (32) البقرة سورة سورة

Gad El-Mawla Abd El-AzizProfessor of PhysiologyMansoura University

M.B., B.Ch. 1974 Mansoura University, Egypt.

M.Sc. (Physiology) 1980.

PhD. (Physiology) 1984.

Professor of Physiology (1994).

E-mail: elmawla@hotmail.com

DopingDopingDopingDoping

Merlene Ottey Jamaica Sprinter

Canadian sprinter Ben JohnsonCanadian sprinter Ben Johnson

It is derived from the Dutch word "dop", a

beverage that Zulu soldiers used before

battles.

The term is used at 20th century in reference

to illegal drugging of racehorses

It is derived from "dop" an alcoholic drink

used as a stimulant in ceremonial dances in

Southern Africa.

It is derived from the Dutch word "dop", a

beverage that Zulu soldiers used before

battles.

The term is used at 20th century in reference

to illegal drugging of racehorses

It is derived from "dop" an alcoholic drink

used as a stimulant in ceremonial dances in

Southern Africa.

Origin of the wordOrigin of the wordOrigin of the wordOrigin of the word

Egyptian slaves fed elixirs (likely from khat leaves) to relieve stress Greek athletes ate energy boosting substances prior to activity A century ago, marathoners used strychnine, and cyclists used caffeine, cocaine, and even alcohol for an advantage. The first reported death occurred in 1896 when an English cyclist died of an overdose

Egyptian slaves fed elixirs (likely from khat leaves) to relieve stress Greek athletes ate energy boosting substances prior to activity A century ago, marathoners used strychnine, and cyclists used caffeine, cocaine, and even alcohol for an advantage. The first reported death occurred in 1896 when an English cyclist died of an overdose

HistoryHistoryHistoryHistory

1928 – IAAF (International Association of Athletics Federations ) bans doping.

1935 - Isolation of testerone with subsequent use of anabolic steroids

1966 – FIFA (football) & UCI (cycling) introduce drug testing.

1968 – drug testing first used in Olympic Games

1974 – reliable test for anabolic steroids introduced

1928 – IAAF (International Association of Athletics Federations ) bans doping.

1935 - Isolation of testerone with subsequent use of anabolic steroids

1966 – FIFA (football) & UCI (cycling) introduce drug testing.

1968 – drug testing first used in Olympic Games

1974 – reliable test for anabolic steroids introduced

HistoryHistoryHistoryHistory

1976 – IOC bans anabolic steroids

1979 – testing for illegal drugs by IOC

begins

1986 – IOC bans blood doping

1999 – World Anti-Doping Agency

(WADA) founded

2000 - first Olympics testing for EPO

1976 – IOC bans anabolic steroids

1979 – testing for illegal drugs by IOC

begins

1986 – IOC bans blood doping

1999 – World Anti-Doping Agency

(WADA) founded

2000 - first Olympics testing for EPO

HistoryHistoryHistoryHistory

Over 1,000,000 Americans have used anabolic steroids – 250,000 of them adolescents

Over 1,000,000 Americans have used anabolic steroids – 250,000 of them adolescents

PrevalencePrevalence

Doping means use of substances which

enhance performance. These substances

may be natural, synthetic, drugs or blood.

The definition of doping established by the

"International Olympic Committee" IOC is

based on the prohibition of certain types of

pharmaceuticals.

Doping means use of substances which

enhance performance. These substances

may be natural, synthetic, drugs or blood.

The definition of doping established by the

"International Olympic Committee" IOC is

based on the prohibition of certain types of

pharmaceuticals.

DefinitionDefinitionDefinitionDefinition

What is a Performance-Enhancing Substance (PES) ?

What is a Performance-Enhancing Substance (PES) ?

“...any substance taken in non-pharmacologic doses specifically for the purposes of improving sports performance, - by increasing strength, power, speed, or endurance - or by altering body weight or body composition.”

“...any substance taken in non-pharmacologic doses specifically for the purposes of improving sports performance, - by increasing strength, power, speed, or endurance - or by altering body weight or body composition.”

Why some athletes need doping ?Why some athletes need doping ?

Some athletes do anything to win

Belief that competitors take drugs

Financial rewards

Belief of enhanced performance

An increase in strength and endurance

Delay in the onset of fatigue

Some athletes do anything to win

Belief that competitors take drugs

Financial rewards

Belief of enhanced performance

An increase in strength and endurance

Delay in the onset of fatigue

To enable the body to reach its utmost limits

Weight control

To avoid stress & anxiety

Pressure from coaches

Increased ability to concentrate

Decreased sensitivity to pain

To enable the body to reach its utmost limits

Weight control

To avoid stress & anxiety

Pressure from coaches

Increased ability to concentrate

Decreased sensitivity to pain

Why some athletes need doping ?Why some athletes need doping ?

WADAWADA was established in 1999 to was established in 1999 to coordinate the fight against doping in coordinate the fight against doping in sport in all forms. sport in all forms. 

WADAWADA was established in 1999 to was established in 1999 to coordinate the fight against doping in coordinate the fight against doping in sport in all forms. sport in all forms. 

World Anti Doping Agency (WADA)World Anti Doping Agency (WADA)

Doping and health problemsDoping and health problems

Direct relationship between certain drugs and certain health problems Several doping substances lead to drug abuse and dependence. Some drugs have psychological effects and lead to changes in the behavior.

Direct relationship between certain drugs and certain health problems Several doping substances lead to drug abuse and dependence. Some drugs have psychological effects and lead to changes in the behavior.

Doping and health problemsDoping and health problems

Caffeine intoxication can lead to nervousness, overexcitement, insomnia, or attacks of anxiety in certain persons. Cocaine or amphetamine intoxication can cause hyperactivity, anxiety, anger, altered judgment and violent behavior. Their chronic use can cause dulled emotions, fatigue, sadness, social withdrawal, mania and aggressiveness.

Caffeine intoxication can lead to nervousness, overexcitement, insomnia, or attacks of anxiety in certain persons. Cocaine or amphetamine intoxication can cause hyperactivity, anxiety, anger, altered judgment and violent behavior. Their chronic use can cause dulled emotions, fatigue, sadness, social withdrawal, mania and aggressiveness.

Doping and health problemsDoping and health problems

Dangerous drug cocktails can be made up of different drugs, or of similar drugs with different names. Drug cocktails bring the dosage to toxic levels e.g. amphetamines combined with corticoids, cocaine, caffeine or ephedrin; EPO combined with aspirin; a combination of androgens and GH.

Dangerous drug cocktails can be made up of different drugs, or of similar drugs with different names. Drug cocktails bring the dosage to toxic levels e.g. amphetamines combined with corticoids, cocaine, caffeine or ephedrin; EPO combined with aspirin; a combination of androgens and GH.

Types of DopingTypes of Doping

Beta-BlockersBeta-BlockersAdvantages:

– Anti-tremor, anxiolytic effect

– Shooters, ski jumpers, archery

Disadvantages:

– Negative effect on endurance

– Depression

– Bronchospasm,

– Fatigue

Beta-BlockersBeta-BlockersAdvantages:

– Anti-tremor, anxiolytic effect

– Shooters, ski jumpers, archery

Disadvantages:

– Negative effect on endurance

– Depression

– Bronchospasm,

– Fatigue

Use of Therapeutic drugsUse of Therapeutic drugs

DiureticsDiureticsAdvantages:

– Rapid weight loss– Boxing, wrestling, judo

Disadvantages:

– Negative impact on performance– Dehydration, hypotension, –muscle cramps, – electrolyte imbalance

DiureticsDiureticsAdvantages:

– Rapid weight loss– Boxing, wrestling, judo

Disadvantages:

– Negative impact on performance– Dehydration, hypotension, –muscle cramps, – electrolyte imbalance

Use of Therapeutic drugsUse of Therapeutic drugs

Narcotics (Opioids)Narcotics (Opioids)

Advantages:

•Pain killers

•Allow performance while injured

Disadvantages:Increased risk of further injury, dependence, drowsiness, mental clouding;

in high doses: respiratory depression, hypotension

Narcotics (Opioids)Narcotics (Opioids)

Advantages:

•Pain killers

•Allow performance while injured

Disadvantages:Increased risk of further injury, dependence, drowsiness, mental clouding;

in high doses: respiratory depression, hypotension

Use of Therapeutic drugsUse of Therapeutic drugs

CNS Stimulants o Amphetamineso Caffeine

Systemic Stimulantso Adrenalino Ephedrine o Pseudo-ephedrineo Phenyl-propanolamine

CNS Stimulants o Amphetamineso Caffeine

Systemic Stimulantso Adrenalino Ephedrine o Pseudo-ephedrineo Phenyl-propanolamine

Performance enhancing drugs Performance enhancing drugs

Anabolic androgenic steroids

Beta 2 agonists

Peptide hormones: HCG

Corticotropins

Growth hormone

Blood doping

Anabolic androgenic steroids

Beta 2 agonists

Peptide hormones: HCG

Corticotropins

Growth hormone

Blood doping

Performance enhancing drugs Performance enhancing drugs

AAS are a class of steroid hormones related to the hormone testosterone.

Testosterone affects nearly every system and tissue in the human body.

AAS are a class of steroid hormones related to the hormone testosterone.

Testosterone affects nearly every system and tissue in the human body.

Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS)

Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS)

•The Androgenic effect produces: - Growth of the vocal cords and

deepens the voice- hair growth all over the body - Development of sexual organs.•The Anabolic effect produces: protein synthesis development of muscle mass physical strength growth of long bone.

•The Androgenic effect produces: - Growth of the vocal cords and

deepens the voice- hair growth all over the body - Development of sexual organs.•The Anabolic effect produces: protein synthesis development of muscle mass physical strength growth of long bone.

Effects of AASEffects of AAS

Aerobic capacity: in red blood cell production, which enhance endurance by increasing 02 delivery.

user’s ability to perform high-intensity work.

AAS results in a positive effect on lean body mass with exercise

Inhibition of the catabolic effect of glucocorticoids

Aerobic capacity: in red blood cell production, which enhance endurance by increasing 02 delivery.

user’s ability to perform high-intensity work.

AAS results in a positive effect on lean body mass with exercise

Inhibition of the catabolic effect of glucocorticoids

Advantage of (AAS)Advantage of (AAS)

Secretion of GTH; FSH and LH Spermato-genesis; and decreased

testicular tissue. Irregular menstruation in females Hepatitis, Cholestasis and jaundice. Steroid-induced tumors in the livers. Hypertension,

Cardiac hypertrophy & cardio-myopathy.

Secretion of GTH; FSH and LH Spermato-genesis; and decreased

testicular tissue. Irregular menstruation in females Hepatitis, Cholestasis and jaundice. Steroid-induced tumors in the livers. Hypertension,

Cardiac hypertrophy & cardio-myopathy.

Systemic Effects of AASSystemic Effects of AAS

Excessive acne, alopecia, and temporal hair recession. Psychiatric changes with aggressive behavior, depression, dependency, irritability, frequent mood swings, and libido changes. immunoglobulin (Ig A, Ig M) . Changes in lipid profiles: in HDL and total cholesterol

Excessive acne, alopecia, and temporal hair recession. Psychiatric changes with aggressive behavior, depression, dependency, irritability, frequent mood swings, and libido changes. immunoglobulin (Ig A, Ig M) . Changes in lipid profiles: in HDL and total cholesterol

Systemic Effects of AASSystemic Effects of AAS

hematocrits and hypercoagula-

bility of blood.

Premature closure of epiphysis.

Irreversible masculinization in

women (hirsutism, deepening of the

voice, and clitoral enlargement).

hematocrits and hypercoagula-

bility of blood.

Premature closure of epiphysis.

Irreversible masculinization in

women (hirsutism, deepening of the

voice, and clitoral enlargement).

Systemic Effects of AASSystemic Effects of AAS

Hepatitis & hepato-cellular carcinoma Cardio-myopathy Congestive heart failure Thrombosis of coronary arteries Cerebro-vascular accidents Pulmonary embolisms Brain tumors Wilms’ ( kidney) tumors Feminization, virilization, Premature closure of the epiphysial plates,

Hepatitis & hepato-cellular carcinoma Cardio-myopathy Congestive heart failure Thrombosis of coronary arteries Cerebro-vascular accidents Pulmonary embolisms Brain tumors Wilms’ ( kidney) tumors Feminization, virilization, Premature closure of the epiphysial plates,

Side effects of AASSide effects of AAS

Withdrawal symptoms of AAS: - depression - low levels of energy - headache - Psychological disturbance When the athlete discontinues these drugs, he may note a decrease in strength and size of his muscles. Some athletes feel they cannot be competitive in their sport without the help of steroids.

Withdrawal symptoms of AAS: - depression - low levels of energy - headache - Psychological disturbance When the athlete discontinues these drugs, he may note a decrease in strength and size of his muscles. Some athletes feel they cannot be competitive in their sport without the help of steroids.

Why athletes don't stop AASWhy athletes don't stop AAS

(1) Protein and nucleic acid synthesis in skeletal muscle.

(2) lipolysis and overall in body fat.

(3) healing after musculo-skeletal injuries.

NB : Growth hormone is not detected by present urine drug testing techniques.

(1) Protein and nucleic acid synthesis in skeletal muscle.

(2) lipolysis and overall in body fat.

(3) healing after musculo-skeletal injuries.

NB : Growth hormone is not detected by present urine drug testing techniques.

Growth HormoneGrowth Hormone

Gigantism in pre-pubertal individuals. Acromegaly in adults Muscular weakness. Arthritis, osteoporosis. Impotence. Hyper-lipidemia. Diabetes. Cardio-myopathy.

Gigantism in pre-pubertal individuals. Acromegaly in adults Muscular weakness. Arthritis, osteoporosis. Impotence. Hyper-lipidemia. Diabetes. Cardio-myopathy.

Side Effects of Growth H. Side Effects of Growth H.

Blood doping is the infusion of blood into an individual with a normal level of red blood cells to induce polycythemia.

Blood doping is the infusion of blood into an individual with a normal level of red blood cells to induce polycythemia.

Blood DopingBlood Doping Blood DopingBlood Doping

Blood DopingBlood Doping Blood DopingBlood Doping

Administration of blood or related

blood products, including erythropoietin.

The aim of Blood Doping is to increase

the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood

which improves the Aerobic capacity of

the athletes.

in VO2 max and HB concentrations .

Administration of blood or related

blood products, including erythropoietin.

The aim of Blood Doping is to increase

the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood

which improves the Aerobic capacity of

the athletes.

in VO2 max and HB concentrations .

Autologous blood doping (own blood)

Withdrawal of 900 ml blood 4 - 5 weeks prior to competition RBCs are preserved via glycerol freezing Athletes train to allow HB to return to normal Infusion of the (packed cells) one or two days prior to competition

Autologous blood doping (own blood)

Withdrawal of 900 ml blood 4 - 5 weeks prior to competition RBCs are preserved via glycerol freezing Athletes train to allow HB to return to normal Infusion of the (packed cells) one or two days prior to competition

Types and methods of blood Doping

Types and methods of blood Doping

Autologous•Advantages– No detection method– Avoidance of transmitted diseases– Avoidance of transfusion reactions

•Disadvantages– Recovery from loss of blood – Decrease in efficacy of training– Dangers of improperly stored blood

Autologous•Advantages– No detection method– Avoidance of transmitted diseases– Avoidance of transfusion reactions

•Disadvantages– Recovery from loss of blood – Decrease in efficacy of training– Dangers of improperly stored blood

Types and methods of blood Doping

Types and methods of blood Doping

Homologous blood doping (blood from another person)

• Advantages– No decrease in performance during

donation period

• Disadvantages– Reliable doping test– Transmission of diseases– Transfusion reactions

Homologous blood doping (blood from another person)

• Advantages– No decrease in performance during

donation period

• Disadvantages– Reliable doping test– Transmission of diseases– Transfusion reactions

Types and methods of blood Doping

Types and methods of blood Doping

Use of Erythropoietin (rEPO) in Blood doping

Use of Erythropoietin (rEPO) in Blood doping

Recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO) is a genetically engineered substance similar to erythropoietin. (rEPO) is used in treatment of anemia of chronic end-stage renal disease and other forms of anemia. Athletes use (rEPO) instead of blood transfusion to RBCs formation.

Recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO) is a genetically engineered substance similar to erythropoietin. (rEPO) is used in treatment of anemia of chronic end-stage renal disease and other forms of anemia. Athletes use (rEPO) instead of blood transfusion to RBCs formation.

Role of Erythropoietin in RBCs formation

Role of Erythropoietin in RBCs formation

o Risk of infection

o Dangers of improperly stored blood

o Transfusion reaction

o Circulatory overload

o Hyperkalemia because of hemolysis

o Arterial hypertension

o Headache

o Thrombosis

o Risk of infection

o Dangers of improperly stored blood

o Transfusion reaction

o Circulatory overload

o Hyperkalemia because of hemolysis

o Arterial hypertension

o Headache

o Thrombosis

Risks associated with blood doping

Risks associated with blood doping

Risks associated with rEPO Risks associated with rEPO

Arterial hypertension Venous Thrombosis Headache and muscle pain

A suspicious in the number of deaths Polycythemia is aggravated by dehydra-tion which risk of thrombosis. ABP and polycythemia risk of stroke, myocardial infarction.

Arterial hypertension Venous Thrombosis Headache and muscle pain

A suspicious in the number of deaths Polycythemia is aggravated by dehydra-tion which risk of thrombosis. ABP and polycythemia risk of stroke, myocardial infarction.

These are agents which increase

organic activity through their effects

on CNS, PNS, skeletal muscle, and

smooth muscle.

They increase muscle contractility

and speed reaction time.

These are agents which increase

organic activity through their effects

on CNS, PNS, skeletal muscle, and

smooth muscle.

They increase muscle contractility

and speed reaction time.

StimulantsStimulants

Their effects in muscle

contractility, delaying fatigue

and speeding reaction time

Their appetite-suppressing

effects to lose weight.

Their effects in muscle

contractility, delaying fatigue

and speeding reaction time

Their appetite-suppressing

effects to lose weight.

Stimulants are used by athletes for: Stimulants are used by athletes for:

Potent sympathomimetic drug. It causes release of noradrenalin and has a direct action on and adrenergic receptors.

motor activity, alertness, delay fatigue, enhance speed, power, endurance, and concentration

Potent sympathomimetic drug. It causes release of noradrenalin and has a direct action on and adrenergic receptors.

motor activity, alertness, delay fatigue, enhance speed, power, endurance, and concentration

Amphetamine Amphetamine

1.1. Decrease performance in athletes.Decrease performance in athletes.

2.2. Anxiety during their use.Anxiety during their use.

3.3. Dependence.Dependence.

4.4. Depression following their withdrawal.Depression following their withdrawal.

5.5. Tremor, hyperthermia, vasoconstrictionTremor, hyperthermia, vasoconstriction

6.6. Variable gastrointestinal effects, Variable gastrointestinal effects,

7.7. Cardiac arrhythmias, Cardiac arrhythmias, angina, angina,

8.8. Sudden death. Sudden death.

9.9. Agitation and acute psychosis .Agitation and acute psychosis .

10.10. cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral hemorrhage,

1.1. Decrease performance in athletes.Decrease performance in athletes.

2.2. Anxiety during their use.Anxiety during their use.

3.3. Dependence.Dependence.

4.4. Depression following their withdrawal.Depression following their withdrawal.

5.5. Tremor, hyperthermia, vasoconstrictionTremor, hyperthermia, vasoconstriction

6.6. Variable gastrointestinal effects, Variable gastrointestinal effects,

7.7. Cardiac arrhythmias, Cardiac arrhythmias, angina, angina,

8.8. Sudden death. Sudden death.

9.9. Agitation and acute psychosis .Agitation and acute psychosis .

10.10. cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral hemorrhage,

Side Effects of Amphetamines Side Effects of Amphetamines

CaffeineCaffeine It contains theophylline and theobromine. It stimulates CNS, producing decreased

fatigue and possibly improving psychomotor coordination.

It stimulates voluntary skeletal muscle thereby increase performance in endurance events.

It contains theophylline and theobromine. It stimulates CNS, producing decreased

fatigue and possibly improving psychomotor coordination.

It stimulates voluntary skeletal muscle thereby increase performance in endurance events.

CaffeineCaffeine◘Caffeine promotes the release of free fatty

acids into the blood stream and thereby preserves glycogen stores as a ready source of energy.◘ Shortened reaction time, ◘ improved concentration, ◘ Diuresis ◘ Glycogen sparing leading to delayed

fatigue

◘Caffeine promotes the release of free fatty acids into the blood stream and thereby preserves glycogen stores as a ready source of energy.◘ Shortened reaction time, ◘ improved concentration, ◘ Diuresis ◘ Glycogen sparing leading to delayed

fatigue

CaffeineCaffeine◘ Dose: 250—350 mg have been shown to

enhance performance in endurance athletes.

◘ To achieve banned levels of caffeine in the body, most athletes would need to consume 5-6 cups of coffee within 2 hours of competition.

◘ Dose: 250—350 mg have been shown to enhance performance in endurance athletes.

◘ To achieve banned levels of caffeine in the body, most athletes would need to consume 5-6 cups of coffee within 2 hours of competition.

Adverse effects of CaffeineAdverse effects of Caffeine

Agitation, irritability , Tremors Supra-ventricular tachycardia, cardiac damage, Arrhythmias Addiction Caffeine acts as a moderate diuretic and may

accelerate dehydration. Dyspepsia, combination with other stimulants (e.g.

ephedrine) may be fatal

Agitation, irritability , Tremors Supra-ventricular tachycardia, cardiac damage, Arrhythmias Addiction Caffeine acts as a moderate diuretic and may

accelerate dehydration. Dyspepsia, combination with other stimulants (e.g.

ephedrine) may be fatal

•Athletes use nicotine for:- Its stimulant properties

- Mood- altering effects

- Mild appetite-suppressing effect

- ? Enhances performance.

- Provides calming sensation in somebody and stimulating effect in others.

•Athletes use nicotine for:- Its stimulant properties

- Mood- altering effects

- Mild appetite-suppressing effect

- ? Enhances performance.

- Provides calming sensation in somebody and stimulating effect in others.

NicotineNicotine

Adverse effects

of tobacco use

Adverse effects

of tobacco use

Adverse effects of NicotineAdverse effects of Nicotine

(hCG) the hormone of pregnancy, given intravenously or intramuscularly, has been shown to increase both endogenous testosterone and epitestosterone levels in users,

It is used by athletes alone and in combination with AAS to elevate endogenous testosterone levels and to minimize testicular atrophy.

(hCG) the hormone of pregnancy, given intravenously or intramuscularly, has been shown to increase both endogenous testosterone and epitestosterone levels in users,

It is used by athletes alone and in combination with AAS to elevate endogenous testosterone levels and to minimize testicular atrophy.

Use of Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Use of Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Theophylline, Beta-agonists, Salbutamol, Ephedrine, Pseudoephedrine, Isoproterenol, Decongestants

Theophylline, Beta-agonists, Salbutamol, Ephedrine, Pseudoephedrine, Isoproterenol, Decongestants

Other stimulants commonly used by athletes

Other stimulants commonly used by athletes

Provid more energy than a typical drink.  Contain large amounts of caffeine Contain stimulants Contain diuretic which lead to dehydration

Provid more energy than a typical drink.  Contain large amounts of caffeine Contain stimulants Contain diuretic which lead to dehydration

Energy drinksEnergy drinks

Side effects Seizures Health concerns Sudden Death Alcohol further

contributes to problems.

Side effects Seizures Health concerns Sudden Death Alcohol further

contributes to problems.

Energy drinksEnergy drinks

Certain amino acids have been shown to increase levels of endogenous growth hormone in athletes.

Some plant steroids such as yohimbine are being used as anabolic agents, in the human body they are converted into AAS.

Ginseng, a Chinese plant, its chemical structure is similar to pseudo-ephredrine. Ginseng may enhance performance.

Food supplements: Creatine, colostrum, antioxidants, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, proteins, amino acids

Certain amino acids have been shown to increase levels of endogenous growth hormone in athletes.

Some plant steroids such as yohimbine are being used as anabolic agents, in the human body they are converted into AAS.

Ginseng, a Chinese plant, its chemical structure is similar to pseudo-ephredrine. Ginseng may enhance performance.

Food supplements: Creatine, colostrum, antioxidants, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, proteins, amino acids

Certain food productsCertain food products

HCT and HB can suggest blood doping.

Compare the numbers of mature and

immature RBCs in circulation

Markers on RBCs.

EPO, is detected by gel electrophoresis.

HCT and HB can suggest blood doping.

Compare the numbers of mature and

immature RBCs in circulation

Markers on RBCs.

EPO, is detected by gel electrophoresis.

Tests to detect dopingTests to detect doping

BloodBlood

UrineUrine

Sample collectionSample collection

Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson Stripped of his gold medal In 1988 - Seoul Olympic Stripped of his gold medal In 1988 - Seoul Olympic

Life ban after second positive test in 1993Life ban after second positive test in 1993

Famous Unlucky AthleteFamous Unlucky Athlete

Banned drugsBanned drugsBanned drugsBanned drugs

There are over 1000 on a list that is

constantly changing.

They can be injected, swallowed and

inhaled.

Food supplements have become a

popular method of administering them.

There are over 1000 on a list that is

constantly changing.

They can be injected, swallowed and

inhaled.

Food supplements have become a

popular method of administering them.

Amphetamine , Amphetamine , Anadrol , Anapolon , Anasteron, Anadrol , Anapolon , Anasteron, Andriol, Boldenone, Boldone, C25?, CaffeinAndriol, Boldenone, Boldone, C25?, Caffeine, e, Caverjet, Esiclene, Cipionato, Cipionato Gold Caverjet, Esiclene, Cipionato, Cipionato Gold line, Clenbuterolo, Clobenzorex + line, Clenbuterolo, Clobenzorex + Ephedrine, Ephedrine, Clomid, Confidol, Deca-durabolin 200, Deca-Clomid, Confidol, Deca-durabolin 200, Deca-durabolin 2000, Deca-durabolin Organon, Deca-durabolin 2000, Deca-durabolin Organon, Deca-durabolin Multidose, Depotest, Dhea, Dianabol, durabolin Multidose, Depotest, Dhea, Dianabol, DrolbanDrolban

DOPING SUBSTANCES SEIZEDDOPING SUBSTANCES SEIZEDDOPING SUBSTANCES SEIZEDDOPING SUBSTANCES SEIZED

Dynabolon, Dynabolon, Ephedrine, EphedrineEphedrine, Ephedrine + Caffein + Caffeine, e, Ephedrine +Ephedrine + Clobenzorex Clobenzorex ++ CCaffeinaffeine, e, Epargriseovit, Equipoise, Eritrogen, Epargriseovit, Equipoise, Eritrogen, Erythropoietin, Erythropoietin, Eutirox, Finajet, Ganabol, SaizenEutirox, Finajet, Ganabol, SaizenGenotropin, Humatrope, Globuren, Gonasi HP, Genotropin, Humatrope, Globuren, Gonasi HP, Halotestin, IGF, Insulina, Kryptocur, Lasix, Halotestin, IGF, Insulina, Kryptocur, Lasix, Masteron, Methandrostenolone, Moduretic, Masteron, Methandrostenolone, Moduretic, Nandrolone, Nandrolone,

DOPING SUBSTANCES SEIZEDDOPING SUBSTANCES SEIZEDDOPING SUBSTANCES SEIZEDDOPING SUBSTANCES SEIZED

Nandrolone Cipionato, Nandrolone Decanoate, Nandrolone Cipionato, Nandrolone Decanoate, Nandrolone Decanoate – Norma, Nandrolone Nandrolone Decanoate – Norma, Nandrolone Decanoate 2000, Nandrolone Decanoate – Organon, Decanoate 2000, Nandrolone Decanoate – Organon, Naposim, Neoton, Nolvadex, NonstasusNaposim, Neoton, Nolvadex, NonstasusNortestosterone, Omnadren, Oxandrolone, Nortestosterone, Omnadren, Oxandrolone, Oximetandrostenolone, Oximetolone, ParabolanOximetandrostenolone, Oximetolone, ParabolanPercutacrine, Plegine, Primobolan, Primobolan Percutacrine, Plegine, Primobolan, Primobolan Acetate, Primobolan Depot, Primobolan S, Procaina, Acetate, Primobolan Depot, Primobolan S, Procaina, Profasi HP 500, Profasi HP 1000, Profasi HP 2500, Profasi HP 500, Profasi HP 1000, Profasi HP 2500,

DOPING SUBSTANCES SEIZEDDOPING SUBSTANCES SEIZEDDOPING SUBSTANCES SEIZEDDOPING SUBSTANCES SEIZED

Profasi HP 5000, Progynon, Proviron, RestandolProfasi HP 5000, Progynon, Proviron, Restandol

RWR Drive, Synachten, Spectriol, Spiropent, RWR Drive, Synachten, Spectriol, Spiropent,

Sustanon, Synthol, T3 & T4, Testex, Testo, Testo-Sustanon, Synthol, T3 & T4, Testex, Testo, Testo-

Enant, Teston, Testosterone, Testoviron, Testoviron Enant, Teston, Testosterone, Testoviron, Testoviron

Depot, Testovis, Thiomucase, Triacana, Viagra, Depot, Testovis, Thiomucase, Triacana, Viagra,

Winstrol, Winstrol Depot, Winstrol MultidoseWinstrol, Winstrol Depot, Winstrol Multidose

DOPING SUBSTANCES SEIZEDDOPING SUBSTANCES SEIZEDDOPING SUBSTANCES SEIZEDDOPING SUBSTANCES SEIZED