dorothee hammer, c/o gtz office, p · pdf...

kmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan [CITIZENS’ RATING REPORT-CRR]

kare)aHBum<pSayrbs;

KMeragKaMRTRkumRbwkSaXMu

PñMeBj/ Exmifuna qñaM 2007

karelIksÞÜyGPi)alkic©mUldæanl¥/ KNenyüPaB nig karpþl;esvakmμsgÁmmUldæanRbkbedayRbsiT§PaBenACnbTkm<úCa

esovePAsMrab;vKÁbNþúHbNþal

mtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan RtUv)anRKb;RKgedayKMeragKaMRTRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; eRkamkar]btßmÖrbs; CAFOD.

c,ab;cmøg b¤B½t’manbEnßmcMeBaHesovePAenHGacrk)anBI KMeragKaMRTRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; dUcxageRkam ³

Can;TI1/ viTüasßanbMerIGñksRmbsRmYlkargarGPivDÆn_ ¬VBNK¦/ pÞHelx 28/ pøÚvEkgelx 80 nig 75/ sgáat;RsHck/ xNÐ½dUneBj RbGb;sMbuRtelx 50/ PñMeBj/ km<úCa TUrsBÞ½ nigTUrsarelx ³ ¬855 23¦ 427 197 GIuEm:l ³ [email protected] vIubsay ³ www.ccspcambodia.org

elak m:Ura:rI Gab;epDIéyü naykRbtibtþi KMeragKaMRTRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; GIuEm:l ³ [email protected]

elak pan; suFa TIRbwkSafñak;Cati GIuEm:l ³ [email protected]

KMeragKaMRTRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; RtUv)anshRKb;RKgedayGgÁkar Church World

Service, COMFREL, Concern World Wide, DPA, NGO Forum, Oxfam GB, PACT Cambodia, SEDOC and World Vision Cambodia.

Ex mifuna qñaM 2007 PñMeBj/ km<úCa

km μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan

i

BakübRmYj nigBaküdéTeTot

BATF clnarebobvar³kargarbwghÁaLÚ BDA GaCJaFrGPivDÆn_bwghÁaLÚ BESCOM Rkumh‘unGKÁIsnIbwghÁaLÚ BMP saCIvkm μrdæFanIbwghÁaLÚ BMTC saCIvkm μdwkCBa¢ÚnénrdæFanIbwghÁaLÚ BSNL TUrKmnaKmn_bwghÁaLÚ BWSSB KN³RkumRbwkSapÁt;pÁg;Twk nigRbBn§½lUbgðÚrTwks¥úybwghÁaLÚ CAR RkumRbwkSakMENTRmg;rdæ)al

CBO GgÁkarshKmn_mUldæan

CC RkumRbwkSaXMu CCSP KMeragKaMRTRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; CDP EpnkarGPivDÆn_XMu CDRI viTüasßanRsavRCav nigGPivDÆn_km<úCa CIP km μviFIvinieyaKXMu CRR km μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan CRT RkumRsavRCavXMu CSO GgÁkarsgÁmsIuvil

D&D vimCÄkar nig vishmCÄkar Deika esckþIsMerccitþ¼bTbBaØtiþ DoLA naykdæanrdæ)almUldæan GAP EpnkarskmμPaBGPi)alkic© ICT bec©kviC¢aB½t’man nigR)aRs½yTak;Tg

LAMC c,ab;rdæ)alnigRKb;RKgXMu-sgáat; LDC RkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_mUldæan MDG eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsvtS MEF RksYgesdækic©nighirBaØvtßú MOU GnusSrN³eyaKyl; NCDD RkumRbwkSaCatiedIm,IkargarRKb;RKgvimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkar NCSC KN³km μaFikarCatiKaMRTXMu-sgáat; NGO GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al NPAR km μviFICatiedIm,IkMENTRmg;rdæ)al


ii

NPRS yuT§saRsþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk NSDP EpnkaryuT§saRsþCatiedIm,IGPivDÆn_ PAC mCÄmNÐlkargarsaFarN³ PIP EpnkarEklMGkargar PLAU Epñkrdæ)almUldæanfñak;extþ PMG RkumebskkmμGaTiPaB PPA kar):an;RbmaNBIPaBRkIRkedaymankarcUlrYm Prakas bTbBa¢aecjedayrdæmRnþI RGC raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa SMEs shRKasxñattUc nigmFüm ToT vKÁbNþúHbNþalRKUbegÁal UNDP km μviFIGPivDÆn_GgÁkarshRbCaCati USAID TIPñak;garshrdæGaemrikedIm,IkargarGPivDÆn_GnþrCati


iii

buBVkfa kñúgkarpSaP¢ab;eTAnwgebskkmμrbs;xøÜnkñúgkarBRgwgsmtßPaBsgÁmsIuvil edIm,Iman\T§iBl nigcUlrYmenAkñúg dMeNIrkarkMENTRmg;GPi)alkic©mUldæannigvimCÄkar KMeragKaMRTRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; enAkñúgqñaM 2004 )anRtYs RtaykarGnuvtþkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan edIm,IeFVI[RbCaBlrdæQankan;Et eKokeTArkGPi)al kic© tamry³karcUlrYmpÞal;rbs;BYkeKenAkñúgkarRtYtBinitüesvakm μTaMgLayenAfñak;XMu nigedIm,Ipþl;karrYm cMENkpÞal;BIRbCaBlrdæenAkñúgkareFVIesckþIsMerccitþenAkñúgRkumRbwkSaXMu nigenAkñúg GtþsBaØaNTaMgLay epSgeTotenAfñak;eRkamCati.

raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa enAkñúgqñaM 2005 )ansMerccitþeRCIsykRkbxNÐyuT§saRsþedIm,IkMENTRmg;vimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkar. karN_enH)anpþl;nUv»kasfμ ImYysMrab;karcUlrYmrbs;sgÁmsIuvilkan;EtekIneLIgenAkñúg dMeNIrkarGPi)alkic©mUldæan. eKalkarN_RKwHrbs;yuT§saRsþenH KWEsVgrkkarelIksÞÜyynþkarénkar RtYtBinitüBIRbCaBlrdæ edIm,ICMruj[mantmøaPaBenArdæGMNacmUldæan nigKNenyüPaBsgÁmTaMgmUl.

»kasf μ IenH)anbBa¢ak;bEnßmeTot nUvPaBCab;Tak;TgnigsarsMxan;énkarbnþkargarr)aykarN_vaytMél rbs;RbCaBlrdæenH. fVIebIlT§plCaviC¢manKYr[kt;sMKal;enAkñúgkargarGnuvtþknøgmkk¾eday k¾kmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan enHtRmUv[mankarvaytMélÉkraCü edIm,I):an;RbmaN BIPaBsmRsbénviFI saRsþKMerag nigplsMerc. dUcKñaenHEdr vasMxan;Nas;EdlkmμviFIsikSaEdlmankar erobcM)anl¥ nigkareRKagvKÁbNþúHbNþalRtUv)anGPivDÆeLIg edIm,IsRmbsRmYlkar eFVIeLIgvijenH [kan;EtRbesIrenaH.

dUcenH KMeragKaMRTRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; enAEx kumÖ³ qñaM 2007 )anerobcMkic©snüaCamYyelak pan; suFa CaTIRbwkSaÉkraCü edIm,IGnuvtþkarvaytMélkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan edIm,IsMritsMrag eLIgvij nUvviFIsaRsþkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan edayeRbIGnusasn_ecjBIkarsikSa vaytMél ehIyedIm,IbegáItCaesovePAk,ÜnsMrab;vKÁbNþúHbNþal EdlGnuvtþbnþedayGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nigtYGgÁsgÁmsIuvildéTepSgeTot.

´sUmEføgGMNrKuNcMeBaHelak pan; suFa kñúgkarbBa©b;rYcral;CasßaBrrbs;Kat;nUvesovePAk,ÜnsMrab; vKÁbNþúHbNþalkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan nigsUmbgðajBIkardwgKuN d¾es μaHsμRK½ rbs;´cMeBaHGgÁkar CAFOD éncRkPBGg;eKøs Edl)anKaMRTFnFanminGackat;éfø)an sMrab;kargar d¾mansar³sMxan;enH.

RbCaCnCaeRcIn rYmTaMgemXMu RkumRbwkSaXMu smaCikTaMgLayénédKUCaGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alEdlkMBugGnuvtþ km μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan smaCikTaMgLayrbs;RkumRsavRCavXMu tMNagrbs;GgÁkar epSg² enATIRkugPñMeBj nigRbCaBlrdæenAtambNþaXMu )ancUlrYmy:ageBjTMhwg kñúgn½yeFVI[xøwmsar


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énesovePAk,ÜnsMrab;vKÁbNþúHbNþalkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæanenH kan;EtRbesIreLIg edaykarEckrMElkedayesrI nigesμaHRtg;nUveyabl; nigeKalTsSn³rbs;BYkeK. ´sUmeqøotyk»kasenH edIm,IbgðajBIkarsaTry:agesμaHsμRK½ nigdwgKuNcMeBaHkargarTaMgGs;enH.

sMxan;CagenHeTAeTot ´sUmEføgGMNrKuNcMeBaHbuKÁlikKMeragKaMRTRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; elak yuk esgLúg elakRsI yin sunÞrIENt nigelakRsI ck; sulIENt cMeBaHkargard¾Qøasév nig karKaMRTEpñkxagkarerobcMcat;Ecgnana edIm,IbBa©b;KMeragesovePAkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic© mUldæanenH RbkbedayeCaKC½y. elak m:Ura:rI Gab;epDIéyü naykRbtibtþi PñMeBj/ Ex mifuna qñaM 2007


v

matikaGtßbT BakübRmYj nigBaküdéTeTot........................................................................................i

buBVkfa.................................................................................................................... iii

esckþIepþIm ............................................................................................................... 1

m:UDul 1 ³ karEsVgyl;BIvimCÄkar nigRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; .............................. 9

1.1 sßanPaBbc©úb,nñénvimCÄkarkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ........................................................... 9

1.2 Gtßn½yénBaküvimCÄkar .................................................................................... 12

1.3 eKalbMNgrbs;vimCÄkar nig rdæ)alnigkarRKb;RKgXMu ............................................. 19

1.4 GMNac tYnaTI nigmuxgarrbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; ................................................... 21

1.5 rcnasm<n§½rbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; ..................................................................... 24

1.6 tYnaTI nigkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;tYGgÁsMxan;²enAkñúgkarGPivDÆXMu ................................. 25

1.7 bNþajKaMRTXMu-sgáat; ...................................................................................... 29

1.8 kargarsMxan;²rbs;RkumRbwkSa-sgáat;................................................................... 32

m:UDul 2 ³ RkbxNÐRsbc,ab;sMrab;esvakm μsaFarNenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ....... 44

2.1 eKalTsSn³rdæaPi)alcMeBaHkarpþl;esvakmμsaFarN³.......................................... 45

2.2 eKalneya)ayrdæaPi)alcMeBaHkarpþl;esvakm μsaFarN³...................................... 47

2.3 karRbQmmuxcMbg² enAkñúgkarpþl;esvakmμsaFarN³enAfñak;mUldæan ...................... 65

m:UDul 3 ³ GVIeTACakm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan?..................... 67

3.1 esckþIepþIm................................................................................................... 67

3.2 bTbBaØtþic,ab;sMrab;KNenyüPaBsgÁm nigkarpþl;esvakmμ


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CamUldæannana enAfñak;XMu .............................................................................. 70

3.3 km μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan ....................................................... 72

3.4 eKalKMnit nigyuT§saRsþénkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan .................... 74

3.5 eKalbMNg lT§pl nigviFIsaRsþ ..................................................................... 77

m:UDul 4 ³ karGnuvtþkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan .................... 87

4.1 dMeNIrkarkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan........................................... 88

4.2 etIRtUvGnuvtþskmμPaBnimYy² y:agdUcemþc? ....................................................... 89

skmμPaB TI1 ³ kar):an;RbmaNPøam²eTAelIXMu cMeBaHPaBsmRsbsMrab; km μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan ..................................... 90

skmμPaB TI 2 ³ GtþsBaØaNkm μ nigkareRCIserIsXMueKaledA..................................... 91

skmμPaB TI 3 ³ karcrcar nigkarbBa©úHbBa©ÚledIm,Ikaryl;RBm nigkarcab;epþIm........... 92

skmμPaB TI 4 ³ GtþsBaØaNkm μ kareRCIserIs nigvaytMélelIesvakmμcMbg² ............. 96

skmμPaB TI 5 ³ eRKagbBa¢IrsMNYr ........................................................................... 97

skmμPaB TI 6 ³ kareRCIserIsGgÁkarGnuvtþenAmUldæan .............................................. 99

skmμPaB TI 7 ³ karcat;EcgRkumRsavRCavfñak;XMu ................................................... 100

skmμPaB TI 8 ³ karerobcMGnusSrNeyaKyl; nigkic©snüaCapøÚvkar ....................... 101

skmμPaB TI 9 ³ bNþúHbNþalRKUbegÁalelIeKalKMnit nigviFIsaRsþ ........................... 102

skmμPaB TI 10 ³ karCMrujkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan enAkñúgXMu nigenAsaFarN³ ............................................................ 103

skmμPaB TI 11 ³ erobcMEpnkarskm μPaBsMrab;karvas;EvgvaytMélenA mUldæan ....................................................................................... 104

skmμPaB TI 12 ³ karyksMNakénGñkeqøIytb .................................................... 105

skmμPaB TI 13 ³ bNþúHbNþal bgVwk nigENnaMBIkargar......................................... 106

skmμPaB TI 14 ³ Gnuvtþkarvas;EvgenAmUldæan ...................................................... 109


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skmμPaB TI 15 ³ epÞógpÞat; viPaK nigerobcMr)aykarN_.......................................... 110

skmμPaB TI 16 ³ karRtYtBinitü nigCMnYybec©keTsbnþ .......................................... 111

skmμPaB TI 17 ³ karRbCMuCamYyRkumRbwkSa-sgáat; nigGñkpþl;esvakm μ.................... 111

skmμPaB TI 18 ³ karts‘Umti ............................................................................... 113

skmμPaB TI 19 ³ karbegáIt nigkarBRgwgbNþajmUldæan nigrkSanirnþrPaB........................................................................... 116

skmμPaB TI 20 ³ skm μPaBvaytMél ................................................................... 116

skmμPaB TI 21 ³ karpSBVpSay nigGnuvtþn_bnþ ...................................................... 117

4.3 »vaTmYycMnYnedIm,IkareCaKC½y...................................................................... 119

m:UDul 5 ³ karbkRsayenAkñúgKNenyüPaBsgÁm ........................................ 122

karbkRsay TI 1 ³ eKalKMniténKNenyüPaBsgÁm ................................................... 124

karbkRsay TI 2 ³ KNenyüPaBsgÁmKWCaGVI?........................................................... 125

karbkRsay TI 3 ³ karbegáItrnaMgénKNenyüPaB ..................................................... 126

karbkRsay TI 4 ³ TMhMénKNenyüPaBsgÁm ............................................................ 130

karbkRsay TI 5 ³ KNenyüPaB ³ ktþaCayuT§saRsþsMrab;kareCaKC½y ........................... 132

karbkRsay TI 6 ³ ]bkrN_CMrujKNenyüPaB .......................................................... 136

karbkRsay TI 7 ³ bTBiesaFn_BIRbeTsepSg² .......................................................... 139

karbkRsay TI 8 ³ krNIsikSa ³ bwghÁaLÚ RbeTs\NÐa. b½NÑB½t’manshKmn_ ................ 143

karbkRsay TI 9 ³ bribTKNenyüPaBsgÁmenARbeTskm<úCa CaGVI?............................... 157


1

esckþIepþIm c,ab;rdæ)alnigRKb;RKgXuM-sgáat; RkbxNÐyuT§saRsþsMrab;kMENTRmg;vimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkar nigeKalneya)ayepSg²eTot KWkMNt;kargarRKb;RKgXuM-sgáat;TaMgGs; enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. c,ab;enH )anEcgfa RkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat;nimYy²KYrEtRtUv)aneKeFVIGPi)alkic©enAkñúgrebobmYy Edlman KNenyüPaBdl;RbCaBlrdæTaMgGs; ehIyKYrEtelIkkMBs;nigsRmbsRmYly:agskmμ nUvdMeNIrkarRbCaFibetyü edaybegáIteLIgnUvdMeNIrkarBieRKaHeyabl;CamYyRbCaCn sgÁm sIuvil nigsmaCikshKmn_ CaBiess enAkñúgkarEbgEckkarpþl;esvakm μsgÁmCamUldæannana RbkbedaytmøaPaB nigKNenyüPaBrwgmaM. enACMhandMbUgéndMeNIrkareFVIEpnkarGPivDÆn_XuM RkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat; RtUvEt)a:n;RbmaNBIkMritbc©úb,nñénkarTTYlyknUvesvasgÁmsMxan;. enAcug bBa©b;énbMNac;edImqñaMnImYy² RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; RtUvBinitüeLIgvij nigraykarN_BIbBaða EdlCYbRbTH enAkñúgkarpþl;esvasgÁmCamUldæan dl;RbCaBlrdæenAkñúgXMu RBmTaMgpþl; Gnusasn_edIm,IEklMG karpþl;esvasgÁmsMxan;²enH. edaykarcUlrYmcMENkdl;karGnuvtþeKalneya)ayvimCÄkar nigRsbeTAtamGaNtþirbs;xøÜn edIm,I BRgwgsgÁmsIuvilnigkarcUlrYmrbs;RbCaBlrdæ nigeFVI[man\T§iBlenAkñúgvimCÄkar nigGPi)alkic©mUldæan KMeragKaMRTRkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat; )anRtYsRtaykarGnuvtþ km μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæanenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. kargarenHeRbIR)as;viFIsaRsþU mYy Edl)aneFVICaKMrUeTAelIb½NÑB½t’manshKmn_ GbGrsarTCaGnþrCatii RtUv)anGnuvtþ CaelIktMbUgenAkñúgTIRkugbwghÁaLÚ RbeTs\NÐa nigenAkñúgkarsÞg;mtiGMBI kareBjcitþ rbs;RbCaBlrdæ Edl)aneFVIeLIgkñúgRbeTshVIlIBIn. km μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic© mUldæan RtUv)ants‘Umtieday KMeragKaMRTRkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat; EdlKWCa yuT§saRsþEkécñmYy edIm,IbegáIn\T§iBlrbs;RbCaBlrdæ edIm,IelIkkMBs;kareqøIytbrbs; TIPñak;garpþl;esvakmμ nigFana[kan;EtRbesIrEfmeTot cMeBaHKNenyüPaBrbs;rdæaPi)al Edlcab;epþImenAfñak;XuM. ynþkarmYyEdlGaceFVIeTA)an KWkarEsVgyl;GMBItRmUvkarnigkgVl; enAmUldæan karqøúHbBa©aMg nigBinitüBic½yelIvis½yedIm,IelIkkMBs;karCMruj[mankarcUlrYmrbs;RbCaCn karelIkkMBs; [mankarBiPakSasIuCeRmAenAmUldæan nigRbPBKYr[eCOTukcitþ nigkMENn sMrab;RkumsaFarN³ CnEdlmancMNab;GarmμN_ nigRbCaBlrdæTUeTA edIm,IsRmbsRmYlkarbeBa©jeyabl;rbs; RbCaBlrdækñúgkarts‘Umti[mankarpþl;esvakmμsaFarN³sMxan;² [kan;EtmanPaBl¥RbesIr eLIg. km μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan )aneFVI[manplb:HBal;dl;GñkBak;Bn§½ epSg²eTotCaeRcIn dUcCa GgÁkarGnuvtþfñak;mUldæan GñkTTYlpl nigRkumeKaledA xagts‘Umti.


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edIm,IGacbnþkarGnuvtþkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan nigviFIsaRsþeLIgvij GgÁkar eRkArdæaPi)al EdlBak;Bn§½nigRkumTaMgLayrbs;RbCaBlrdæ KYrEtGacTTYlykcMeNHdwg nigkar ksagsmtßPaB RbkbedayRbsiT§PaB. enAkñúgkarEsVgrkeKaledAenH PaBcaM)ac;kñúgkar eRKag]bkrN_ksagsmtßPaB RtUv)aneKkMNt;edaykarRbmUlB½t’manEdlBak;Bn§½ nigB½t’man lMGiténdMeNIrkar nignItiviFICak;EsþgsMrab;karGnuvtþn_nUvkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic© mUldæan. eKalbMNgrbs;esovePAenH eKalbMNgtMbUgrbs;esovePAenH KWedIm,IksagsmtßPaBrbs;GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alkñúgRsuk nig RkumRbCaCn edIm,I[Gnuvtþkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæanRbkabedayRbsiT§PaB edIm,I eTomTarGPi)alkic©EdlmanPaBTTYlxusRtUvenAmUldæan begáInkarcUlrYmrbs;RbCaCn nigedIm,I elIkkMBs;karpþl;esvakmμsgÁmsMxan;²RbkbedayRbsiT§PaB Edlpþl;plRbeyaCn_ cMeBaHRbCa BlrdæTaMgGs;es μ I²Kña. ehtuGVI)anCaRtUvbegáItesovePAenHeLIg? esovePAk,ÜnenHRtUv)anKitKUr nigbegáIteLIgeday KMeragKaMRTRkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat;. enAkñúg TidæPaBneya)aysgÁmrbs;km<úCabc©úb,nñ bBaðaKNenyüPaBsgÁm kMBugEtekIneLIgkarykcitþ Tukdak;BIsMNak;TaMgtYGgÁrdæ nigtYGgÁminEmnrdæ. raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)an ebþCJacitþmþgeTot edIm,IbegáItnigCMrujynþkarRtwmRtUvkñúgkarBRgwg nigFana[manKNenyüPaB sgÁmkñúgkarpþl; esvakmμsgÁmsMxan;² dl;RbCaBlrdæ nigsBaØaNénGPi)alkic©EdlmankarTTYlxusRtUv. raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCak¾TTYlsÁal;pgEdrfa karpþl;esvakm μRbkbedayRbsiT§iPaB KWCakareqøIytb y:agsMxan;cMeBaHtRmUvkarCak;Esþg sMrab;GPi)alkic©l¥ ehIyk¾vaGaceqøIytbCak;Esþg tamry³karcUlrYmrbs;RbCaBlrdæ. esovePAk,ÜnenH KWCakareqøIytbTan;eBlmYy cMeBaHtRmUvkarbc©úb,nñsMrab;ksagshKmn_ nig smtßPaBRbCaBlrdæ edIm,IGnuuvtþkarRtYtBinitüy:agskmμ elIkargarrbs;RkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat; nigGñkpþl;esvakmμfñak;mUldæan. esovePAenH KWCa]bkrN_d¾sMxan;mYyEdlbegáIteLIgCa karENnaMCak;EsþgsMrab;GñkTaMgLayNaEdlmanbMNgcg;elIkkMBs;GPi)alkic© Edlmankar TTYlxusRtUvenAfñak;mUldæan.


3

elIsBIenH esovePAk,ÜnenHRtUv)anbegáIteLIg edIm,IcgRkgCaÉksarnUvbTBiesaFn_eronsURt BIdMNak;kalsakl,grbs;kmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan nigdak;bBa©ÚlTaMgkar EksRmYleLIgvij enAkñúgvIFIsaRsþnigeKalkarN_ENnaMrbs; kmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic© mUldæan. sMrab;bBaðaenH karsikSaÉkraCmYyRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedIm,IvaytMél PaBRtwmRtUv énviFIsaRsþ EdlykmkeRbI niglT§pldMbUgénKMeragsakl,genH. karvaytMélenH )anpþl;bNþúMénGnusasn_mYycMnYn EdlCab;Tak;TgnwgviFIsaRsþ nigeKalkarN_ENnaM énkarGnuvtþr)aykarN_vaytMélrbs;RbCaBlrdæ. Ep¥keTAtamGnusasn_TaMgenH km μviFIbNþúH bNþal nigkarerobcMvKÁbNþúHbNþal RtUv)aneKbegáIteLIgedIm,IsRmbsRmYl kmμviFImti RbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan [kan;Etl¥RbesIr nigkarGnuvtþbnþkan;Et TUlMTUlay enAkñúgeBld¾mansar³sMxan;enH. etIesovePAk,ÜnenHRtUv)anbegáIteLIgy:agdUcemþc? karvaytMélÉkraCmYyRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedIm,I)a:n;RbmaNlT§pltMMbUg viFIsaRsþ nigdMeNIrkar dMbUg. karvaytMélenH KWEp¥keTAtamkaryl;eXIjCasaFarN³enAfñal;mUldæan. karvaytMél enH k¾)an)a:n;RbmaNpgEdrcMeBaHPaBeBjcitþ nirnþrPaB nigPaBRtwmRtUvtamc,ab;énkarsakl,g km μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan viFIEdlTinñn½y)anelIkykmkviPaK nigbgðaj eTAdl;RkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat; nigGñkpþl;esvakm μ karbegáItRkumRsavRCavXuM nigkar]btßmÖ CMnYyKMeragdl;GgÁkarGnuvtþCaédKU nigRkumRsavRCavXMu eBalKWsmtßPaB nigsmÖar³ RbtibtþikarepSg². esovePAenH RtUv)anbegáIteLIgedayEp¥keTAelIlT§plkarrkeXIj nigGnusasn_énkar vaytMél CaBiess karyl;eXIj nigeyabl;rbs;RbCaBlrdæenAmUldæan cMeBaHrebobGnutþKMerag enH[kan;EtmanRbsiT§PaBEfmeTot. esovePAk,ÜnenH k¾)anelIkeLIgpgEdrnUvcMNucexSay Edl)anrkeXIjkñúgGMLúgeBlvaytMél. cMeNHdwgEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkic©karenAmUldæan RtUv)an elIkmkKitKUrBicarNa nigkaremIlsareLIgvij[)anyl;RKb;RCugeRCayenAkariyal½y edayrYm bBa©ÚlTaMgkarBinitüeLIgvij nUveKalneya)ayrbs;rdæaPi)al RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;CakarKaMRTdl; karbegáItesovePAk,ÜnenH. etIesovePAenH sMrab;GñkNaeRbI)as;? xøwmsarénesovePAk,ÜnenH )anmkBIcMeNHdwg nigbTBiesaFn_rbs;buKÁlmñak;²CaeRcIn


4

• æsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan

• TaMgenHeKGacedaHRsay)antambTBiesaFn_knøgmk

etIesovePAenH nwgmineFVIGVIxøH?

Edl)ancUlrYmedaypÞal;kñúgkarbMeBjkargarCMhansakl,g énkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBI GPi)alkic©mUldæan )anmkBIeKalneya)aynigbTbBa¢aEdlCab;Bak;B½n§epSg²rbs;rdæaPi)al nigbTBiesaFn_)anBIRbeTsepSg². esovePAk,ÜnenHRtUv)aneRKagdMbUg sMrab;GñkTaMgLayNa EdlmancMNab;Garm μN_ kñúgkarelIkkMBs; karpþl;esvakmμenAkñúgRkbxNÐénGPi)alkic©mUldæan EdlTTYlxusRtUv b:uEnþminsMrab;GñkTaMgLayNaEdlminmankaryl;dwgsIuCMeRmAelIeKalKMnit eKalkarN_ENnaM dMeNIrkar b¤FnFanEdlRtUvkar manenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCaeT. vapþl;nUv karykcitþTukdak;EtcMeBaHbribTmYy EdlkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan GacRbtibtþi)anb:ueNÑaH. cMeBaHGñkTaMgLayNaEdlmancMeNHdwgrYcCaeRsc GMBIRbFanbT nigbTBiesaFn_enAkñúgvis½yenH esovePAenH KWpþl;nUvFnFansMrab;karRsavRCavbEnßm nigBinitüeLIgvij nUvmUldæanéndMeNIrkarGnuvtþn_km μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan. etIesovePAenH nwgeFVIGVIxøH? esovePAk,ÜnenHRtUv)aneKrMBwgfa eFVI[sayPay eFVIsarCafμ IeLIgvij nigbBa¢ak;eLIgvijcMeBaH cMNab;Garm μN_kñúgenAKNenyüPaBsgÁm. edIm,IeFVIkargarenH)an karbkRsaylMGitGMBI skmμPaBRtUv)aneKpþl;edIm,ICYybegáIt[mankaryl;dwgrYmKñaGMBIyuT§viFIsmRsb. esovePAk,Ün enH k¾)anpþl;bEnßmnUvKnøwHCuMvijkarGnuvtþnig»kassMrab;bt;Ebn dMeNIrkarEdlGacEksMrYl nigGnuvtþeTAtam»kasepSg²rbs;Gñk. tamry³karGan nigkareronsuURtesovePAk,ÜnenH Gñknwg GacmanlT§PaB ³ • yl;dwgBIxøwmsarrbs;kmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan • RsavRCavBIlkçxNÐEdlKaMRTkarGnuvtþkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan • Bnül;BIdMeNIrkarénkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan

Bnül;BIGVIEdlsMxan; edIm,IGaceFVI[mantRmUvkarRbkbedayRbsiT§iPaB • sMrab;kmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan kMNt;GMBIbBaðarYmKñabMput EdlkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdRbQmmuxdMbUgbg¥s; Bnül;BIrebobEdlbBaða

• yl;dwgBIynþkar nig]bkrN_edIm,IerobcMKMnitpþÜcepþImeqøIytbrbs;RbCaBlrdæ • yl;dwgGMBIKNenyüPaBsgÁm nigrebobEdlRbCaBlrdæcUlrYm.


5

ovePAk,ÜnenHmanbMNgpþl;EtnUvlkçN³samBaØ niggayGnuvtþn_sMrab;CnsamBaØ b:uEnþ edIm,IecHRtYtBinitünUvkarpþl;esvakmμsgÁmCamUldæan

ovePAk,ÜnenH rYmman 5 m:UDul EdlbkRsayGMBIcMeNHdwgCamUldæanénvimCÆkar mtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan nigdMeNIrkar

sVgyl;BIvimCÄkar nigRkumRbwkSaXMu m:UDulenHerobrab;GMBIsßanPaBbc©úb,nñénvimCÄkarkñúgRbeTskm<úCa Gtßn½yénBakü

²EdlBak;Bn½§nwgkic©karenAmUldæan.

RbeTskm<úCa :UDulTIBIrenH pþl;nUvcMeNHdwgGMBIRkbxNÐRsbc,ab; EdlTak;TgnwgkarpÁt;pÁg;esvakm μ

nig

essMrab;RbCaBlrdæEdlmankaryl;dwg enAkñúgbribTsgÁmkm<úCa. vaminpþl;karTTYlxusRtUvEpñkcMeNHdwgeRkABIb½NÑB½t’manshKmn_ nig ]brN_KNenyüPaBsgÁmepSgeTotenaHeT. etImanGVIxøHenAkñúgesovePAk,ÜnenH? eseKalneya)ay esvakmμsaFarN³ km μviFIGnuvtþrbs;va nigbTBiesaFn_ kñúgkarTamTar[manKNenyüPaBsgÁm nigkarpþl;esvakm μ. m:UDulTaMg 5 enHman ³

m:UDul 1 ³ karE

vimCÆkar eKalbMNgnigeKalneya)ayepSgcMeNHdwgTaMgenH nwgpþl;[GñkcUlrYmnUvkaryl;dwgénbribTCuMvijkarGnuvtþKMerag. karyl;dwgGMBIGMNac tYnaTI muxgar nigkic©karsMxan;²rbs;RkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat; nig rcnasm<½n§rbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; nwgpþl;dl;sikçakamnUvcMeNHdwgmUldæan edIm,I[ RkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat;KitKUrBicarNa nigykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHtRmUvkarenAmUldæan. tYnaTI rbs;GñkBak;Bn§½epSg²eTot nigbNþajKaMRTnana RtUv)anBiBN’naedIm,ICYy[sikçakam begáInkaryl;dwgbEnßmeTot nigedIm,IbegáItsm<n§½PaBkñúgkarTamTarkarbMeBjkargar RkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat; cMeBaHRbCaCn[kan;Etl¥RbesIrEfmeTot. m:UDul 2 ³ RkbxNÐRsbc,ab; sMrab;karpþl;esvakmμsaFarN³enAkñúgmsaFarN³. vaBinitüeLIgvijnUveKalTsSn³rbs;rdæaPi)alsþIBIeKalneya)ay esvakmμsaFarN³ nigkareRKagynþkarsMrab;karpÁt;pÁg;esvakmμsaFarN³. vak¾Büayam )a:n;RbmaN]bsKÁsMxan;² kñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;esvakm μsaFarN³enAfñak;mUldæankñúgRbeTs km<úCa. CaTUeTA m:UDulTIenH manbMNgeFVI[RbCaCnTUeTAyl;dwgGMBIkarKitKUrbs; rdæaPi)alcMeBaHkarelIkkMBs; karpÁt;pÁg;esvakmμsaFarN³.


6

n? ulenH R)ab;sikçakamGMBIfaetImanGVIxøHenAkñúgkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©

sgÁm nignItiviFIén

ImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan

m:UDulenH ENnaMGMBIdMeNIrkarTaMgmUl nigskm μPaBrbs; kmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBI ²EdlnwgdMeNIrkar

;esvakm μ kbedayRbsiT§IPaB

_edIm,IelIkkMBs; Át;pÁg;esvakm μsgÁm. m:UDulenH BüayambgðajbTBiesaFn_

etIesovePAenH eRbIR)as;y:agdUcemþc?

ovePAk,ÜnenH BN’naGMBIcMeNHdwgRKwH nigCMnajGnuvtþCak;EsþgsMrab;RbmUlnUvral;mtiRtLb;BI

m:UDul 3 ³ GVIeTACakm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæam:UDmUldæan. vaBinitüeLIgvijnUvkarpþl;Rsbc,ab;sMrab;KNenyüPaBkarpÁt;pÁg;esvakmμCamUldæannana enAfñak;XuMkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigGFib,ayBIeKalKMnit TaMgenH edaylMGitfaehtuGIVCakmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan mansar³ sMxan; nigcg¥úlbgðajnUvGVIEdlkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæancg;eFVI. sikçakamnwgGacBnül; ehIybkRsay)ancMeBaHrYbPaBTaMgmUlénkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæ sþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan.

m:UDul 4 ³ karGnuvtþn_km μviF

GPi)alkic©mUldæan nigBnül;lMGitGMBIrebobénskmμPaBnImYyCak;Esþg. karGFib,ayrbs;skmμPaBTaMg 21 nwgbgVwksikçakam[yl;dwgGMBI rebobRbtibtþikmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan nigkt;cMNaMskmμPaBnImYy² edIm,IeCosvagkMhus qÁgkñúgeBlGnuvtþn_. vak¾pþl;nUvB½t’mansMxan;mYycMnYnEdlBak;B½n§ edIm,ICYyKaMRTdl; karRbtibtþiskm μPaBrbs;km μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan k¾dUcCaKUsbBa¢ak;elIxøwmsarsMxan;²énkarENnaMdl;RbCaBlrdæsamBaØ kMENnbNþaj pSBVpSayB½t’man nig karts‘UmtibnþnAtammUldæanpgEdr. m:UDul 5 ³ karbkRsayenAkñúgKNenyüPaBsgÁm nigkarpþlRbmU:DulcugeRkayenH naMmknUvTsSn³KNenyüPaBsgÁm nig]bkrNKNenyüPaB nigkarpGnþrCati ehIyCaBiess bgðajkrNIsikSaEdlGacyl;)ansþIBI km μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæ sþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæankñúgTIRkugbwghÁaLÚ énRbeTs\NÐa edIm,IsikSaGMBIbTBiesaFn_ eronsURt. CacugeRkay m:UDulenHviPaKGMBIbribTc,ab;énKNenyüPaBsgÁm kñúgRbeTskm<úCa.

es


7

nigkarts‘UmtiedIm,Ikarpøas;bþÚr. kardkRsg;

as; karBinitüeLIgvij CMhanCayuT§saRsþcMbg² nigkarENnaMnUvcMNucKnwøHmYycMnYn Gacpþl;nUvmUldæanl¥ dl;kar

ral;B½t’man nigcMeNHdwgTaMgGs;EdlmanenAkñúgesovePA ,ÜnenHenAkñúgvKÁsikSaEtmYyenaH)aneT eRkABIm:UDulTIbYn EdlmandMNak;kalGnuvtþCak;Esþg

vamanRbeyaCn_es μ IKñadUceTA wgÉksareyagPøam²kñúgeBlRbtibtþipgEdr. dUecñH sikçakamTaMgGs;EdlcUlrYmkñúgkarRbtibtþi

RbCaBlrdæ elIkarpÁt;pÁg;esvakm μenAmUldæan sMNUmBrepSg² bTBiesaFn_eronsURt nigB½t’manKnøWHEdleK)anGPivDÆeLIg edIm,I Rbtibtþikm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan[manRbsiT§iPaB RtUv)aneKeFVICab;Tak;TgKña eTAvijeTAmk. mU:DulTaMgenH PaKeRcInniyayGMBItRmUvkarsMxan;²mYycMnYn sMrab;Rbtibtþikar km μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan dUcCaelIkkMBs;karyl;dwgepSg² karENnaMkargar karbNþúHbNþal karRbCuM sikçasala karRsavRCav karBiPakSaCasaFarN³ nigkMENnbNþaj pSBVpSayB½t’man k¾dUcCakargarts‘Umtifñak;mUldæannana dUcCakarCECkEvkEjk karviPaK nigkarbgðajBIlT§plrkeXIj kareFVIEpnkar nigkarcat;Ecgkargar. skmμPaBTaMgLayGacTamTar[manPaBbt;Ebn b:uEnþy:agehacNnUvGnuvtþn_nUvkmμviFIenH. viFImYycMnYnEdlesñIeLIgsMrab; GnuvtþskmμPaBkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæ sþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan KWmanlkçN³Gnuvtþn_Cak;EsþgeRcIn edIm,Ikan;EtgaykñúgkarGnuvtþ sMrab; GñkTaMgLayNa EdlminFøab;TTYlkarbNþúHbNþalNamYy Rbhak;RbEhlenH b¤Føab;cUlrYm GnuvtþskmμPaBKMeragdUcenHBImunmk. dUcenH karbNþúHbNþal KYrEtEp¥keTAelI skmμPaBTaMgRsug. enAkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþal RKUbNþúHbNþalTaMgGs;KYrEt sMerccitþGMBIrebob sRmbsRmYl nigEksRmYYl xøwmsarrbs;mU:DulnImYy² [smRsbeTAtamkMrityl;dwg rbs;sikçakam. RKUbNþúHbNþalGaceRCIserIsEpñkxøHBIm:UDulnImYy² EdleKKitfamansar³sMxan; cMeBaHkarykcitþTukdak;CaBiess. vamincaM)ac;beRgonsikçakam[yl;dwgksMrab;eFVItamkñúgeBlRbtibtþikmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan RKUbNþúHbNþal GacdkRsg;EtEpñkNaEdlmanlkçN³sMxan; nigcaM)ac;Etb:ueNÑaH. esovePAenHminEmnRKan;EteFVIeLIgsMrab;EtkarbNþúHbNþalenaHeT nkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan RtUv)anpþl;CadMbUn μan[ykesovePAmYyk,alenH Cab;CamYynwgBYkeKCanic©.


8

iBN’naeKalbMNg niglT§plrMBwgTukrbs;va. ehtudUcenHehIy CYy[RKUbNþúHbNþaledIm,IRtUtBinitüRbsiT§PaBénkarbNþúHbNþal eq<aHeTAsMerceKalbMNg

enHeTAeTot sinebIsikçakamcUlrYmmkBIsmasPaBcMruHEpSg² rYmmandUcCa RbCaBlrdækñúgshKmn_ buKÁlik

maneKalTsSn³mYyepSgeTot. sinebImankrNIenHEmn BYkeKGacbdiesF CamYynwgGVIEdlkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBI

nwgGacmankaryl;xus. sUm,IEtenA lEdlRKUbNþúHbNþalsegáteXIjEdnkMNt;rbs;sikçakamkñúgkareronsURtk¾eday RKURtUvEt

m:UDulnImYy² bgðajGMBIkarBvaEdlcg;)an nigkarsMerclT§pl. edaysaresovePAenH manpÞúknUvKuNsm,tþiEpñkB½t’man CaBiessB½t’manéneKalneya)ayrbs;rdæaPi)alsþIGMBIvimCÄkar nigkarpþl;esvakm μsaFarN³ BIRbPBepSg² dUcenH eK)anpþl;dMbUnμany:agmaMmYnfa RKUbNþúHbNþalTaMgGs; RtUvEtkan;esovePAenHenAkñúgGMLúgeBlvKÁbNþúH bNþal edIm,IeFVICaÉksareyag. karbNþúúHbNþalenH KYrRtUv)anerobcMeFIVeLIgtamEbbcUlrYm. CagRbGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nigmRnþIrdæaPi)alfñak;mUldæan enaHvanwgGacelceLIgnUvvivaTnwgKña. dUcenH RtUvEteFVI[R)akdfa RKUbNþúHbNþalRtUvEtmanCMnajkñúgkarBnül; nigsRmbsRmYlRKb;RKan; nigmanCMnYyB½t’manEpñkcMeNHdwgpgEdr. RKYbNþúHbNþalKYrEtpþl;pgEdr nUv»kascUlrYm esμ IPaBKñadl;sikçakamTaMgGs; edIm,I[bgðajBIxøÜnrbs;eK. cUrcgcaMfa GacmansikçakamxøHEdlGanesovePAenH RbGPi)alkic©mUldæan b¤esovePAenH cg;sMerc[)an. RKUbNþúHbNþalm:UDulénkareRKagRsbc,ab; nigeFVI[BYkeK BinitüemIllT§PaBEdlGaceFVIeTA)an. ral;dMNak;kaltYc² nigral;karxMRbwgERbgEdl)aneFVI eBGt;Fμt; BIeRBaHvaTamTareBlevla edIm,IENnaMKMnit nigviFIsaRsþf μ I² dUcCakmμviFImti RbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan. sUmebIkcitþ[TUlay eRBaHenHKWCaeKalKMnitEp¥keTAtam dMeNIrkarEdl)anRbRBwtþi ]TahrN_TaMgLayEdl)anerobrab;kñúgm:UDulTIR)aM )anbgðajy:agc,as; fa vaGacdMeNIrkar)anedIm,IENnaM[dwgBIEpñkepSg² EdlynþkarénkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBI GPi)alkic©mUldæan min)anBRgIksmtßPaBkariyal½yrbs;Gñk edIm,I[smRsbeTAtamlkçxNÐ rbs;va nigedaymincaM)ac;cMNayéføx<s; nignItiviFIkan;EtlM)akeRcInCagGVIEdlGñkGaceFVI)an. enAcugbBa©b;énvKÁbNþúHbNþal sUmCMrab;dl;sikçakamfa esovePAENnaMenH nwgminGaceFVIGVIeTA )aneT RbsinebIGñkmineFVIva ¡


m:UDulTI 1

eKalbMNgrbs;m:UDul edIm,Ipþl;cMeNHdwgCamUldæandl;sikçakamGMBIvimCÄkar nigRkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat; EdlGac[BYkeK emIleXIjnUvrUbPaBTaMgmUlénkarTTYlxusRtuvrbs;RkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat; .

karrMBwgTukrbs;m:UDul eKrMBwgfa enAcugbBa©b;énemeronenH sikçakamnwgmankaryl;dwgCamUldæanGMBI ³

Gtßn½yvimCÄkar nigeKalbMNgEdlbegáItsMrab;kareFVIvimCÄkar nigkarRKb;RKgnigrdæ)al XuM-sgáat;

GMNac tYnaTI nigmuxgarrbs;RkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat; rcnasm<½n§rbs;RkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat; nigtYnaTInigkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;GñkBak;B½n§sMxan;²

edIm,IkarGPivDÄXuM-sgáat; bBaðaEdlCab;Bak;B½n§nwgrdæ)al nigkarRKb;RKgXuM-sgáat; karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßú nigRbB½n§eFVIEpnkarrbs;RkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat; rebobBIkarFana[mankarcUlrYmrbs;RbCaBlrdækñúgdMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_

1.1 .3

sßanPaBbc©úb,ñnñénvimCÆkarkñúgRbeTskm<úCa

vimCÄkar KWCaeKalneya)ayf μ ImYysMrab;GPi)alkic©kñúgRbeTskm<úCa. kardak;vacUleTAkñúgkarGnuvtþ vaCakic©kard¾lM)akmYy ¡

9


EpnkarGPivDÆn_yuT§saRsþfñak;Cati 2006-2010 KUsbBa¢ak;nUvcMNucsMxan;²CaGaTiPaBén karGPivDÆrbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa nigyuT§saRsþctuekaN edIm,Ikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigedIm,IsMerc )annUveKaledAGPivDÆn_shsvtS. GPi)alkic©l¥ KWCacMNucsñÚlényuT§saRsþctuekaN nig vimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkar RtUv)anBicarNaCacMNucKnøwH cMeBaHkarEklMGGPi)alkic©enAfñak;eRkam Cati nigkarGPivDÆ. TaMgenH eKrMBwgmkvijfa nwgelIkMBs;nUvsuxmalPaBdl;RbCaBlrdækm<úCa CaBiessRbCaBlrdæRkIRk.

10

CrdæaPi)alkm<úCa )anTTYlykRkbxNÐkargarCayuT§saRsþsMrab;kargarvimCÄkar nig vish

EpnkarGPivDÆn_yuT§saRsþfñak;CatiEføgy:agc,as;fa skm μPaBsMxan;²Cak;lak; 8y:agsMrab; vimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkarrYmman ³ 1- eFVIBRgagc,ab;GgÁkar ¬ Organic Law¦ edIm,IdwknaMdMeNIrkarepÞrGMNac. 2- eFIVRbtiPUkm μkarTTYlxusRtUvtamry³ExSbeNþayRksYg karGPivDÆ

nigmUlniFiRbtibtþidl; fñak;eRkamCati edayeyageTAtamc,ab; nigbTbBa¢anana. 3- YgkarkMNt;RkbxNÐkargarsMrab;vishmCÄkarénKMnitpþÜcepþImEdlmanRsab;rbs;Rks

ExS beNþayTaMgLay rYmmankarGb;rM suxPaB ksikm μ nigkarGPivDÆCnbT nig karRKb;RKgdIFøI nigkareFVIEpnkarGPivDÆn_TIRkug nigsMNg;.

4- karbegáItynþkarEbgEcksMrab;epÞrmUlniFidul nigmUlnIFitamvis½ydl;fñak;eRkamCati.

5- l)aneRKagTuksMrab;tMbn;dac;Rsyal nig karbegáIn nigeFVI[RbesIreLIgnUvmUlniFiEdtMbn;epSgeTot EdlmankMritCIvPaBRkIRkx<s;.

6- egáItRbPBcMNUledayxøÜnÉg.. karEsVgrkviFIepSg²EdlenAfñak;eRkamCatiGacb7- karGnuvtþx¢ab;x¢ÜnnUvRbB½n§KNenyüvimCÄkarXuM-sgáat;. 8- karksagsmtßPaBEpñksßanb½nenAfñak;eRkamCatiTaMgGs;.

ramCÄkar ¬qñaM2005¦ nigRkbxNÐyuT§saRsþdMbUgsMrab;karGPivDÆlT§iRbCaFibetyüenAfñak;eRkam Cati ¬qñaM2006¦ehIy)anpþÜcepþImeLIgnUvdMeNIrkarBRgagc,ab;GgÁkarvimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkar nigbegáIt[manKN³kmμaFikarCatiedIm,IkargarRKb;RKgvimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkar ¬qñaM2006¦ nigcab;epþImerobcMkargarsMrab;km μviFIkMENTRmg;vimCÄkar nig vishmCÄkarfñak;Cati .


11

Aéf¶TI 17 Ex mifuna qñaM 2005 TIsþIkarKN³rdæmRnþIénraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)anTTYlykTsSn³

m μviFICatiry³eBl 5qñaM kMBugEtENnaM[Gnuvtþn_nUvkMENTRmg;vimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkar

envis½ymYy EdlCaeKalKMnitnigeKalkarN_CamUldæan nigyuT§saRsþrYmsMrab;kMENTRmg;vimCÄkar nig vishmCÄkar edIm,Ipþl;RkbxNÐkargarmYydwknaMnUvral;kMENTRmg;TaMgGs; EdlTak;Tg eTAnwgRbB½n§ RKb;RKgfñak;extþ-Rkug Rsuk-xNÐ nigfñak;XuM-sgáat;. TsSn³vis½y EdlrdæaPi)al )anbegáIt cMeBaHvimCÄkar nig vishmCÄkarEcgfa : raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCanwgbegáItRbB½n§RKb;RKg enAfñak;extþ-Rkug Rsuk-x½NÐ nigXuM-sgáat; edayEp¥kelIeKalkarN_ : karcUlrYmtamEbb lT§iRbCaFibetyü :. RbB½n§enHnwgGnuvtþedayman tmøaPaB nigKNenyüPaB edIm,IelIkkMBs; karGPivDÆenAmUldæan nigkarpþl;esvakmμsaFarN³ edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgesckþIRtUvkar rbs;RbCaBlrdæ ehIyedIm,IcUlrYmkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenA tamtMbn;PUmisaRsþerog²xøÜn. kedIm,IsMerc)annUvlT§plcMbg²bI KW eKalneya)aynigbTbBa¢a karcat;EcgenAtamsßab½n nig muxgartamEpñk. raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCamanbMNgepÞrkarTTYYlxusRtUvEfmeToteTAdl;fñak;mUldæan. karepÞrGMNacnigFnFan RtUv)aneKrMBwgfa eFVIeLIgenAkñúgviFImYyEdlCYyelIkTwkcitþ sMrab; RkumRbwkSaedIm,IEklMGkarpþl;esvakmμ karRKb;RKgFnFanFm μCati nig»kasbMerIkargar edIm,I begáInKNenyüPaB nigbriyabnñ½sgÁm ehIyelIkkMBs;CIvPaBCnRkIRk eynD½r nigbrisßan.

PaBrIkcMerInsMxan;²mYycMnYnsþIGMBIvimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkarcab;taMgBI)anGnuvtþknøgmk ³ 1- RkbxNÐCayuT§saRsþsMrab;kMENTRmg;vimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkarRtUv)anGnum½t enA

éf¶TI 17 Exmifuna qñaM 2005 . bBaðaenH KWkMNt;eKaledArbs;vimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkar Ca : karGPivDÆlT§iRbCaFibetyü : nigkMNt;GMBIeKalbMNgsMxan;² GaTiPaB kardkfy nigkarcat;Ecg edIm,IsMerceKaledAenH.

2- r. BRgagc,ab;GgÁkar sMrab;rdæ)alfñak;eRkamCati )ancab;dMeNIrka3- RkbxNÐGnuvtþBRgagdMbUgmYysMrab;GPivDÆn_lT§iRbCaFibetyüenAfñak;eRkamCati

)anecjpSaykalBIéf¶TI 02 Ex mifuna qñaM 2006. 4- suxdumPavUbnIykm μ nigkarrYm karebþCJacitþrYmKñarvagraCrdæaPi)alnigm©as;CMnYy cMeBaH

bBa©ÚlKña RtUv)anGHGagedayraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa nigédKUGPivDÆn_nana cMeBaHbBaðaenH enAExFñÚ qñaM 2004. RkbxNÐrbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCasMrab; suxdumPavUbnIykm μ nigkar rYmbBa©ÚlKña nig karRKb;RKglT§pl EpnkarskmμPaBsMrab;qñaM 2006-2010 karTTYlykGnusasn_ sMxan;² énkarsikSaedayÉkraCüedayraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa


sþIBIkarKaMRTrbs;m©as;mUlniFi sMrab;vimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkarenAénéf¶TI 24 Ex ]sPa qñaM 2006.

5- KN³kmμaFikarCatiedIm,IRKb;RKgvimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkar RBHraCRkitü)anbegáItedIm,I TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarGnuvtþvimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkarrhUtdl;TIPñak;garEdlRtUvsñg RtUv)anbegáIteLIgedayc,ab;GgÁkar. \LÚvenH KN³km μaFikarCatiedIm,IRKb;RKgvimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkar KWTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkareFVIBRgagc,ab; nigbTbBa¢aepSg² karerobcM kmμviFIvimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkarfñak;Cati PaBRtUvKñarbs;m©as;mUlniFi nigkarsRmb sRmYlKMerageRcInRbePTEdlpþl;CMnYyhirBaØvtßúedaym©as;mUlniFi edayrYmbBa©ÚlTaMg skmμPaBTaMgLayEdlsßitenAeRkamRkumkargarrbs;kmμviFIsila.

6- dIm,IKMaRT kargarEdlerobcM)ancab;epþImsMrab;km μviFIvimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkar ekarGPivDÆc,ab;GgÁkar nigbTbBa¢aepSg² ehIyedIm,IbegáItFnFanénrcnasm<n§½rdæ)al nigneya)ayfñak;eRkamCati RbB½n§ nignitiviFI.

12

1.2 .3

Gtßn½yénBaküvimCÄkar

- vimCÄkarneya)ay ajwkjab;sMedAdl;karepÞrGMNac nigmuxgarBImCÄwmeTAdl;kargar

vimCÄkarmann½yfa KWCasiT§iBitR)akd karTTYlxusRtUv nigFnFanEdlRtUv )anepÞrBIfñak;CatiénrdæaPi)aldl;RkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat;Edl)ane)aHeqñat

eRCIserIstamEbbRbCaFibetyü .

1vimCÄkarneya)ay KWCRKb;RKgenAmUldæan. rdæaPi)almUldæanenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa KWEp¥keTAelIkartMNag Epñkneya)ay. RkumRbwkSaXuMRtUv)aneKe)aHeqñateRCIserIsenAtammUldæanenAnwgkEnøg


13

ak Stoop

AkñúgRbeTskm<úCa manc,ab;BIrsMxan; EdlRKb;dNþb;elIneya)ayvimCÄkar. TImYy KWc,ab;

arkMNt;niymn½yvimCÄkar TIPñak;garshrdæGaemrikedIm,IkarGPivDÆn_GnþrCati ¬USAID¦

edayEp¥keTAtamsmamaRt KWmann½yfa GacelIsBImYyKNbkSneya)ayeLIgeTA EdleFVI CatMNagedayRbCaCnmUldæanEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;PUmisaRsþRsbc,ab;rbs;xøÜn. vimCÄkar neya)ay KWsMedAdl;karepÞrGMNac ¬elak Conyers qñaM 1983 nig elqñaM 2002¦ )ancg¥úlbgðajfa karepÞrGMNac KWCakMritx<s;énvimCÄkar EdlGMNacénkar sMerccitþEpñkneya)ay nigesckþIsMerccitþRbkbedayGMNacRtUv)an epÞreTAdl;kar RKb;RKgeTAtamkMritTabdac;edayELkBIKña. dUecñH karepÞrGMNac KWEp¥keTAelIkarsMerccitþ Bak;kNþalsV½yÉkraCüénGMNacRsbc,ab;rbs;rdæaPi)alcMeBaHFnFanrbs;xøÜn nigCMhRsb c,ab;énkarkat;kþIrbs;xøÜn. CagenHeTAeTot enAeBlf μ I²enH UNDP )anbBa¢ak;fa vimCÄkar neya)ay KWCa : vimCÄkarRbCaFibetyü :. enAqñaM 1999 elak Erickson yl;fa karepÞrGMNac KWCaTRmg;BitR)akdénvimCÄkarGMNac EdleKGaceRbIR)as;va tamry³tMNag EdlRtUv)ane)aHeqñateRCIserIs edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaenAkñúgmUldæan. ensþIBIkare)aHeqñateRCIserIsRkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat; nigTIBIr KWc,ab;sþIBIrdæ)alnigkarRKb;RKgXuM-sgÁat;. c,ab;TMagBIrenHpþl;[dl;RbCaBlrdæ nigCnTaMgLayNaEdlRtUv)aneKe)aHeqñat eRCIstaMgCatMNagrbs;RbCaBlrdæ ¬RkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat; nigRbFanPUmi¦ nUvGMNac kan;EteRcIn sMrab;kareFVIesckþIsMerccitþCasaFarN³ ¬edayelak Rondinelli qñaM 1999

TMB½rTI 2¦. kbBa¢ak;fa vaKWCavimCÄkarneya)ay. elak RBM suxa rdæelxaFikarRksYgmhaépÞ Edl)anEføgenAÉsikçasalasþIBITsSnaTanvimCÄkarenAqñaM 2000 k¾)anbBa¢ak;pgEdrfa vimCÄkarkñúgRbeTskm<úCa KWCavimCÄkarneya)ay edayelak)ancg¥úlbgðajfa mankar

karepÞrGMNac Gnuvtþtamry³vimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkar KWedIm,Ipøas;bþÚr karykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHkarGPivDÆeq<aHeTArkRbCaCn edaymanKMnit RbtibtþiénkarEksRmYlrcnasm<½n§ karBRgwgGPi)alkic©fñak;mUldæan karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRknigvismPaB nigkarelIkkMBs;[mansmFm’Epñk EynD½renARKb;kMritTaMgGs;.


14

agtamelak David Ayres ¬qñaM 2001¦ vimCÄkarneya)ay KWCakarniymcUlcitþ

2- mCÄkarrdæ)al smehtupl kMENTRmg;vimCÄkarkñúgRbeTskm<úCa enAEtminTan;)annaM

yl;dwgCaeRcInTUTaMgRbeTskm<úCa EdlRbCaCnRtUvEtcUlrYmkñúgkareFVIesckþIsMerccitþ elIGVIEdlb:HBal;dl;kic©karrbs;eK. mankaryl;dwgeRcInbEnßmeTotEdr EdlrdæaPi)al nigrdæ)alRtUvEtykcitþTukdak; nigTTYlxusRtUvbEnßmeTotcMeBaHRbCaBlrdærbs;xøÜn ¬eday RBM suxa qñaM 2000 TMB½r 2¦. eyedayRkummnusS EdlGHGagfa dMeNIrkarsMerccitþedaymankarcUlrYmnwgpþl;dMNwgkan;Et RbesIreLIg nigkarRKb;RKgenAtammUldæannwgeqøIytb)aneRcIncMeBaHesckþIRtUvkar nig »kasnanaenAtammUldæan. vieq<aHeTArkneya)aypøÚveTArkesckþIEføgGMBITsSn³[)anc,as;las; EdleFVI[manPaBCak;EsþgcMeBaHeKalbMNg d¾FMeFgrbs;xøÜn nigGMBIrebobEdlrdæaPi)alkm<úCa manbMNgQaneTAdl;karepÞrGMNac énrdæ)al nigkarTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarpþl;esvakm μepSg² nigFnFansareBIBn§EdlCab; Bak;B½n§enaHenAeLIyeT. y:agNak¾eday Ep¥kelITisedArbs;rdæ)al sMNYrd¾sMxan;caM)ac; mYy RtUv)ansYrfa etIGVIxøHEdlCatYnaTIBitR)akdrbs;XMu-sgáat;enAmUldæankñúgkarpþl; esvakmμsaFarN³ CaBiesskñúgEpñkFM²mYycMnYn EdlsMxan;sMrab;yuT§saRsþkat;bnßy PaBRkIRk.

vimCÄkarrdæ)alekIteLIgedaymanGMNacRsbc,ab; karTTYlxusRtUv FnFanhirBaØvtßúsMrab;pþl;esvakmμsaFarN³ nigkarEbgEckkarRKb;RKg eTAtamlMdab;fñak;xus²Kña ¬elak Ayres 2001¦. vimCÄkarrdæ)al KWEp¥k eTAelIkarepÞrkarTTYlxusRtUv sMrab;kareFVIEpnkar karcat;EcghirBaØvtßú nigkarRKb;RKgmuxgarsaFarN³BIrdæaPi) lkNþal nigTIPñak;garbs;xøÜn aeTA[EpñkEdlRKb;RKgedayTIPñak;garenaH EpñkenAxageRkambgÁab; b¤ kMriténkarRKb;RKg GaCJaFrsaFarN³Bak;kNþalsV½yÉkraCü b¤ saCIvkm μ tMbn; b¤ Epñk b¤GaCJaFrtammuxgar. vimCÄkarrdæ)al mann½yfa KWCakar IVRbtiPUkmμ karTTYlxusRtUvrbs; eFrdæaPi)al eTA[EpñkxageRkam EdlsßitenAkñúgRbB½n§RKb;RKgEtmYy b¤rYmKña b¤enAkñúg GtþsBaØaNénPaBRsbc,ab; ¬elak StoopqñaM 2002¦.


15

enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa karbegáItEpñksaFarN³ KWqøúHbBa©aMgenAfñak;Rsuk nigfñak;extþ tamExS

3- imCÄkarsareBIBn§ B½n§eTAnwgkarepÞrmUlniFi nigGMNacénkartMeLIgBn§Gakr cab;taMgBI

Et

beNþaykariyal½y dUcCa naykdæanGb;rM nigsuxPaB. enAeBlbc©úb,nñenH extþ nigRsuk minEmnCasßab½ntMNagenAtammUldæanenAeLIyeT enaHmann½yfa BYkeKminTan;RtUv)an e)aHeqñateRCIserIsedayRbCaCneT b:uEnþBYkeKRtUv)an[bMerIkaredayRksYgCMnajrbs; BYkeK. karN_EdlsMxan; vishmCÄkarGnuBaØat[mRnþIrdæaPi)alEdlenAtammUldæaneFVIesckþI sMerccitþelIkarEbgEcknigplitkmμrbs;esvakmμ nigRTBüFnsaFarN³. BYkeKk¾GacbegáIt TMnak;TMngrvagrdæaPi)alfñak;mUldæan nigfñak;Cati)anEdr. vvimCÄkarsareBIBn§ Bak;fñak;x<s;rhUtdl;fñak;TabEdlsßiteRkamRbB½n§neya)aymYy ¬esovePArbs;elak rUsÞIn enAqñaM 2004 TMB½r 22¦. esovePArbs;elak EG‘rIs (Ayres) qñaM2001 )ancat;TukkarTTYlxusRtUvEpñksareBIBn§ faCasmasPaBsMxan;mYykñúgcMeNamsmasPaB sMxan;²nanakñúgrbbvimCÄkar. enHBIeRBaH rdæaPi)almUldæannImYy² RtUvEtmanR)ak;cMNUl RKb;RKan;EdlRtUv)anRbmUl b¤epÞrCUnedayRsbc,ab;BIrdæaPi)alfñak;kNþal edIm,I[rdæ)al mUldæaneFVIkarseRmccitþkñúgkarcMNay. bc©úb,nñenHkarepÞrmUlniFieTAtamXMu-sgáat;BIrdæ)al fñak;kNþal KWCaRbPBcMNUlEtmYyKt;rbs;rdæaPi)alfñak;mUldæan. mUlniFienHmankMNt; ehIy minRtUv)anEck[)anRKb;RKan;enaHeT. edIm,Ipþl;nUvkarelIkTwkcitþ dl;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; TaMgGs;[ecHbegáItR)ak;cMNUlnigRKb;RKgkarcayvayepSg² rdæaPi)alRtUvbegáIt c,ab;sþIGMBI RbPBcMNUlEdlCaFnFanpÞal;rbs;XMu-sgáat;[)anqab;rh½stamEdlGaceFVI eTA)an. eyagtamr)aykarN_)anbBaa¢k;fa RbB½n§sareBIBn§nigkarRKb;RKghirBaØvtßú EdlmanRsab; enAman lkçN³Tn;exSayenAeLIy. RbB½n§sareBIBn§rbs;rdæaPi)al fñak;mUldæan RtUvEteFVIkarEkTRmg;eLIgvij edIm,IeFVI[vamanlkçN³RsbKñaeTAnwg eKalneya)aykMENTRmg;TUeTA tam ry³RbB½n§EklMG karRbmUl nigkarRKb;RKgR)ak;cMNUl nigtamry³karbegáItRbB½n§énkar RKb;RKgfvika EdlmannirnþrPaBrwgmaM manRbsiT§ipl nigGacsMerc)an. vak¾sMxan;pgEdr EdlRtUvbegáIt[manynþkar smrmümYy edIm,IKaMRT dl;KNenyüPaBkñúgkareFVIEpnkar nigkarerobcMfvikaenAtamfñak;Rsuk-xNÐ nigextþ-Rkug. tamkarsikSaRsavRCavmYyrbs;elak eGm eG emnsIu ¬M. El Mensi¦ enAqñaM 2003


16

dæ (Parker, 1997, n.p.)

ayRbeyal

ldæan (Rondinelli,1999, pp, 3)

edayeyagtamyuT§saRsþRtIekaNrbs;raCrdæaPi)al sMrab;kMeNInesdækic© PaBmankargareFVI

sþIBIRbPBcMNUlpÞal;xøÜnrbs;XMu-sgáat;fa vapþl;nUvTidæPaBrYm karviPaK nigCMerIs eKalneya)ayd_l¥ edIm,IGPivDÆbEnßmeTAelIRbB½n§R)ak;cMNUlkñúgmUldæan. RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;EdlRtUv)aneFVIvimCÄkar RtUvEtmansmtßPaBedIm,IGnuvtþGMNac nigkar TTYlxusRtUvnana EdlRtUv)anpþl;CUndl;BYkeK. enAkñúgbribTGPivDÆn_CnbTenAkñúgRbeTs km<úCa smtßPaBmann½yfa CalT§PaBGaceFVIkargar nigGaceFVI[RbesIrdl;karpþl;esvakmμ. karxVHsmtßPaB edayeyagtamry³elak ):akK½r ¬Parker¦ GacnwgqøúHbBa©aMgenAkñúgcMNuc NamYydUcxageRkam ³ • karpþl;mUlniFiminRKb;RKan; edIm,IbMeBjnUvsþg;daGb,brmaénesvakmμnigkarpþl;esvakmμ • minmanCMnajeBjeljkñúgkMENnRbPBhirBaØvtßúEdlmanRsab; • minGacrk)anTMnij nigesvakmμEdlmantMélsmRsb

esvakmμnanaEdlpþl;minRtUvnwgtRmUvkarrbs;RbCaBlr•

vimCÄkarsareBIBn§GacmaneRcInsNæan EdlRtUv)aneKsegçbdUcxageRkam ³ • sV½ytPaBelIkarRKb;RKghirBaØvtßú b¤karykkMérBIGñkeRbIR)as; • karbegáInR)ak;cMNUlmUldæan tamry³Bn§Gakr nigkarykBn§ed• karepÞrepSg²BIrdæaPi)ald_éTeTot • karpþl;siT§i[man\NTanenAtammU

smPaB nigRbsiT§pl enAqñaM2003-2008 ¬1¦ rdæaPi)alBüayamGs;BIsmtßPaBrbs;xøÜn edIm,IBRgwgnUvkarRbmUlR)ak;cMNUl tamry³karGnuvtþy:agtwgEtgeTAelIc,ab; sþIBIsareBIBn§ nana edayGnuvtþviFankarN_RbqaMgnwgkareKcBn§ nigkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyepSg² tamry³ kareFVIkarlubbM)at;karelIkElgBn§minRsbc,ab; nigeFVIkarENnaMGMBIkarRKb;RKgRTBüsm,itþ rbs;rdæ karRKb;RKgRbkbedaynirnþrPaB elIkarykplRbeyaCn_BIFnFanFmμCati eKalkarN_ c,ab;CapøÚvkarnwgRKbdNþb;ral;karGnuvtþelIkareRbIR)as;fvika.


cMNucenHRtUvmankarelIkElgenAkñúgEpñkénesvakmμsuxPaB TMB½r ¬19¦ EdlEbbbTéfø QñÜlelIGñkTTYlesvakmμCapøÚvkar RtUv)ankMNt;edaymankarcUlrYmBIshKmn_. fμ I²enH XMu-sgáat; )ancab;epþImeFVIkarvaytMél nigRbmUlR)ak;kMérnigBn§nana EdlTak;TgCamYy nwgesvakm μ ¬CaBiessEpñkrdæ)al¦ EdlRkumRbwkSaXMueFVI. k¾b:uEnþkareFVIEbbenH RtUv)aneK cat;Tuky:agF¶n;F¶rfa CaskmμPaBminRsbc,ab; BIeRBaHBMuTan;manRkbx½NÐc,ab;c,as;las; edIm,IecjbTbBa¢aelIskmμPaBenaHenAeLIyeT. CamYyKñaenaHEdr RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; RtUv)anesñIsMu[RbmYlFnFankñúgmUldæannana kñúgkarbMeBjelImUlniFibdiPaK edIm,I[man karepÞrmUlniFiXMu-sgáat; (CSF). karGnuvtþEbbenH k¾tRmUv[mankarecjCabTbBa¢abEnßm eTotpgEdr.

karRbQmmuxsMxan;²mYycMnYn EdlRtUv)ankMNt;TMnak;TMngCamYynwgvimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkar sareBIBn§ rYmman ³

• rcnasm<½n§TaMgmUlénGPi)alkic©fñak;eRkamCatienAmanXMuEdlminTTYl)anfvikahirBaØvtßú XMuEdl TTYl)anfvikatictYc nigmines μ IPaBKña

• karEbgEckkarcMNayminc,as;las;enARKb;kMrit ¬tamExSTTwgnigExSbeNaþy¦ nigkarxVHxat bTdæanCak;lak; RBmTaMgeKalkarN_ENnaMsMrab;karpþl;esvakm μ

• K μanTMnak;TMngc,as;las;rvagcMNUlnigcMNay edayBak;B½n§nwgbBaðaBIr TaMgTMhMnigRbePTén

karerobcMsmasPaBénR)ak;cMNUl • RbB½n§énkarepÞrsareBIBn§BIGnþrrdæaPi)al caM)ac;RtUvEkTRmg; edIm,I[manPaBc,as;las;eTAelI

muxgar nigrcnasm<½n§f μI²rbs;rdæ)alRKb;Can;fñak; • karEbgEckfvikaenAfñak;extþRkug naeBlbc©úb,enH vaminsUvmanCMerIselITidæPaBCarYmeTAelI

FnFanTaMgGs;EdlRtUveRbIenAtamfñak;extþRkug ehIyvamanhanIP½yelIkarKNnaeTVrdg nigkar xVHxatnUvkarsRmbsRmYl nigkarKittMélEdlKYr[TukcitþBIsaFarN³Cn

• karxVHxatelIRkbx½NÐc,ab; nigbTbBa¢asMrab;kMENnRbPBcMNYl ¬karykkMélkareRbIR)as;

Bn§bdiPaKsMrab;mUlniFiXMu-sgáat; ehIynigmanelIsBIenHeTAeTot¦ • karerobcMminRtwmRtUveTAelIkarRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúenAfñak;extþ-Rkug CamYyGñkBak;Bn§½CaeRcIn nig

nItiviFId¾samBaØ b:uEnþkarsRmbsRmYl karRtYtBinitü nigKNenyüPaBtamxÞg;fvikaenAmankMrit • karxVHxatkarelIkTwkcitþ[EklMGkarGnuvtþkñúgkarRbmUlR)ak;cMNUlTUeTAnignwtiviFIénkarRKb;RKg

hirBaØvtßú • karsRmbsRmYlminRKb;RKan;elIbBaðakMENTRmg;sMxan;²kñúgbribTsareBIBn§vimCÄkar nigvish

mCÄkar. RkumRbwkSapþl;mUlniFi C/S enAEtminTan;Rbtibtþi)anenAeLIy ehIyvaman GaNtþikMNt;.

17


18

ancUlrYmeBjeljkñúgdMeNIrkar

karbegáItRbB½n§vimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkarsareBIBn§ KWmanTMnak;TMngya:gCitsñiT§CamYynwg karEkécñ nigkareFVI[RbesIreLIgeTAelIrdæaPi)alfñak;eRkamCatinaeBlbc©úb,nñ nigGnaKt. cMNucenH KWBitCakrNIBiesskñúgkarEbgEckTMhMkargar nigkic©karcMNayepSg² Edlmuxgar TaMgenaHRtUv)aneKeFVIvimCÄkartamry³ ¬karepÞrGMNacBIrdæaPi)alkNþal¦ b¤kareFVIvish mCÄkar ¬EdlRtUv)aneFVIRbtiPUkmμsßitkñúgmuxgarCaPñak;garrbs;rdæaPi)alkNþal¦ enAEx mkra qñaM 2005 edayTIRbwkSaEpñkvimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkar. KYrkt;sMKal;pgEdrfa edayEp¥kelIbTBiesaFn_elIKMeragsakl,g nigskm μPaBEdlmankar pþÜcepþIm yuT§saRsþvimCÄkarsareBIBn§mYykMBugRtUv)aneKeFVIEpnkaredaysßiteRkamkmμviFI ]btßmEpñkvimCÄkarsareBIBn§rbs;RksYgesdækic© nighirBaØvtßú ¬MEF¦ ehIyvaRtUv)an eKrMBwgfa nwgcb;sBVRKb;enAqñaM2005-2006.

4- lkçN³BiessénvimCÄkarkñúgRbeTskm<úCa

RbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;RtUv)anpþl;siT§i[e)aHeqñateRCIserIsmaCikénRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; RbCaBlrdæTaMgGs; RtUv)anpþl;siT§i nigkarTTYlxusRtUv[edIrtYnaTIskm μmYykñúgkic©karXMu

nigdMeNIrkarGPivDÄn_enAtammYldæan. srubTaMgGs;manXMu-sgáat;cMnYn 1621 enATUTaMgRbeTskm<úCa CaXMuEdlRkumRbWkSaRtUveK

)aneRCIserIstamry³kare)aHeqñat. RkumRbwkSaTaMgGs;CatMNag[RbCaBlrdæ Edlrs; enAkñúgXMu-sgáat;rbs;BYkeK.

RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;TaMgGs;nwgmanGaNtþicMnYn5qñaM. bnÞab;mknwgmankare)aHeqñatsar Cafμ I.

RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;TaMgGs;RtUv)anpþl;[nUvkarTTYlxusRtUv nigkatBVkic©CaeRcIn. karTTYlxusRtUvTaMgGs;enaHxusKñaTaMgRsugBIXMu-sgáat;BIGtIt. Parkic©sMxan;CageK nig muneKbg¥s;rbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; KWRtUvKaMRTkarGPivDÆXMu-sgáat; nigsuxmalPaB rbs;RbCaBlrdæ.

enAkñúgkarGnuvtþkatBVkic©TaMgGs;rbs;BYkeK smaCikRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;TaMgGs;RtUvTTYl xusRtUv nigmanKNenyüPaBcMeBaHRbCaBlrdærbs;eK. RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;TaMgGs;RtUvFanafashKmn_mUldæan)

énesckþIseRmccitþnanarbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;. kareFVIrebobenH KWsMxan;xøaMgNas;


BIeRBaHRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;TaMgGs; nwgRtUveFIVkarseRmccitþnanaEdlmanplb:HBal; eTAdl;karrs;enArbs;RbCaBlrdæ. ]TahrN_ RkumRbwkSaXMunwgeFVIkarseRmccitþeTAelI viFINamYyTak;TgeTAnwgkarcMNayFnFannanaEdlRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;GacsMerc)an.

edIm,I[manlT§PaBGacGnuvtþkatBVkic©rbs;BYkeK)an RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;TaMgGs;nwgman RbPBFnFanhirBaØvtßú nigbuKÁlikpÞal;sMrab;KaMRTBYkeK nigmanesμonmñak;EdlRtUv)an EtgtaMgedayRksYgmhaépÞ.

1.3.3

eKalbMNgrbs;vimCÄkar nigkarRKb;RKgrdæ)alXMu-sgáat;

19

eKalbMNgénvimCÄkar nigkarRKb;RKgrdæ)alXMu-sgáat; KW ³ edIm,Ipþl;»kasdl;RbCaBlrdæsamBaØ[rYmcUlcMENkd_TUlMTUlay kñúgkar seRmccitþnanaEdlman\T§iBldl;karrs;enArbs;BYkeK nigedIm,IseRmcelI GnaKtrbs;BYkeK

edIm,IelIkkMBs;lT§iRbCaFibetyü GPi)alkic©l¥ nigKuNPaBCIvPaB edIm,IFana[mankarGPivDÆEdlmannirnþrPaB edayrYmTaMgkarpþl;esvakmμ CamUldæanmYycMnYn.

eKalbMNgcMbg²énvimCÄkar nigkarRKb;RKgrdæ)alXMu-sgáat; ³

vimCÄkar KWCakarpþl;»kasdl;RbCaBlrdæ[cUlrYmcMENkTUlMTUlaykñúgkarseRmccitþ nana Edlman\T§iBldl;karrs;enArbs;BYkeK ³ sßiteRkamRbB½n§énGPi)alkic©fñak;mUldæanenAkMritXMu-sgáat; RbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;mansiT§i nig karTTYlxusRtUv edIm,IedIrtYnaTIskm μmYykñúgkic©karrbs;XMu nigral;dMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_ enAmYldæan. RbCaCnRKb;rUb TaMgburs RsþI ek μg cas; nigGñkRkIRk RtUvkardwglW nig Cab;Bak;B½n§. RbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;RtUv)aneKpþl;siT§i edIm,IbgðajBItRmUvkar nigcMNab;Garm μN_ rbs;xøÜn nigcUlrUmkñúgkarbegáItnItiviFInigynþkarnana.


20

manviFI nigmeFüa)ayepSg² edIm,I[RbCaBlrdæCab;Bak;Bn½§. RbCaBlrdæGace)aHeqñat eRCIserIsRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; EdlBYkeKyl;faGaceFVICatMNagéncMNab;Garm μN_rbs;eK )anRbesIrbMput. BYkeKGaceFVIkarTMnak;TMngCamYyRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; cMeBaHbBaðaTaMgLay NaEdlBak;Bn§½nwgkarGPivDÆXMu-sgáat;. RbCaBlrdæ GacbgðajbBaða nigcMNab;GarmμN_ TaMgLay enAeBlmankarGgÁRbCMu nigsikçasalatamPUmi. BYkeKGacRtUtBinitükarGnuvtþ KeRmagkñúgmUldæanrbs;eK. RbCaBlrdæmansiT§ikñúgkarTamTar nigTTYl)annUvB½t’manBI RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;. karCMruj[mankarcUlrYmBIRbCaBlrdæ KWCakatBVkic©sMxan;mYyrbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;. karcUlrYmBIRbCaBlrdæCYy[RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;EsVgyl;BItRmUvkar nigcMNab;GarmμN_ rbs;RbCaBlrdæ ehIyedIm,IerobcMkmμviFIGPivDÆn_[eqøIytbeTAnwgtRmUvkarTaMgenaH. Rbsin ebIRbCaBlrdæmanCab;Bak;Bn§½ BYkeKnwgmanPaBCam©as;nigkarTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarGPivDÆ mYldæanrbs;eK.

vimCÄkar RtUv)aneKemIleXIjfa CaviFId_manRbsiT§iPaBmYy EdlGacCMruj[man

GPi)alkic©l¥³ maneKalkarN_sMxan;²cMnYn 4 EdlRtUverobcM edIm,I[manGPi)alkic©l¥ ³ 1> RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; nigsmaCikrbs;eKTaMgGs;RtUvEtGnuvtþ[RsbeTAnwgc,ab;. c,ab;

Bnül;ya:gc,as;nUvGMNac tYnaTI nigmuxgarnanarbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;. 2> RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;nwgRtUv)aneKe)aHeqñateRCIserIs[manlkçN³RbCaFibetyü nig

manGaNtþiedayRbCaBlrdæenAtammUldæan. ehtudUecñHehIy RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; RtUvTTYlxusRtUv nigmanKNenyüPaBTaMgRsugcMeBaHRbCaBlrdærbs;xøÜn. mann½yfa RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; caM)ac;RtUveFVIEpnkarkñúgrebobNamYy EdlRtUveTAnwgesckþIRtUvkar rbs;RbCaBlrdæ RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;nwgRtUvpþl;B½t’manGMBIrebob EdlFnFannana RtUv)ancMNay ehIyfaetIkarcMNayenH BitCa)anplRbeyaCn_dl;RbCaCnb¤k¾Gt;.

3> RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;RtUvmantmøaPaB nUvral;GVI²EdlRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;eFVI mann½yfa RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;minRtUvlak;kM)aMgCamYysaFarN³CneLIy. RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; RtUvCUndMNwgdl;saFarN³CnGMBIbBaða b¤RbFanbTEdlRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; )anBiPakSa


b¤karseRmccitþnanaEdl)aneFVIeLIg. ]TahrN_ RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;RtUvpþl;dMNwg dl; saFarN³Cn ehIysYrpgEdrnUveyabl; EpnkarGPivDÆn_ nigkareRbIR)as;fvika. kMNt;ehtuTaMgGs;EdlTTYl)anBIGgÁRbCMu esckþIsMercnanaEdl)anGnum½tedayRkum RbwkSaXMu-sgáat; RtUvEtykeTAbiTenAelIkþarexonRbkasB½t’man.

4> karcUlrYmdUcEdl)anBnül;xagelI vaCaeKalkarN_RKWHmYyepSgeToténGPi)alkic©l¥.

karRKb;RKgrdæ)alXMu-sgáat; KWCakarKaMRTkarGPivDÆRbkbedaynirnþPaB EdlkñúgenaH rYmmankarpþl;esvakm μepSg². etIkarRKb;RKgrdæ)alXMu-sgáat;enaH GaceFVIeTA)aneday rebobNa? RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;; CaGñksßitenACitRbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAtammUldæan dUecñHehIyBYkeK sßitkñúgTItaMgl¥mYy edIm,ITTYldwgnUvGVIEdlCatRmUvkarrbs;RbCaBlrdæ. RkumRbwkSaTaMgenH GacbegáItkm μviFICaeRcIneTot edIm,IeFVI[sßanPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaBlrdækan;RbesIreLIg. eFVIdUecñH KWedIm,I[FnFanTaMgGs;GaccMNaymanRbsiT§iPaBeRcIn. RbCaBlrdæenAtam mUldæan GacsegátemIlBIrebobEdlFnFanTaMgGs;RtUv)aneKcMNay ehIysegátemIlfa etIFnFanTaMgGs;enaH BitCaRtUv)ancMNayedIm,ICaRbeyaCn_rbs;RbCaBlrdæEmnEdrb¤. RbsinebI RbCaBlrdæ)ancUlrYmnigeFVIEpnkarKeRmagnanaenAkñúgmUldæan enaHBYkeKnwgmankar TTYlxusRtUvkan;EteRcIn.

1.4.3

GMNac tYnaTI nigmuxgarrbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;

RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; KWCatMNagrbs;RbCaBlrdæEdlRtUv)ane)aHeqñateRCIserIs tamEbb RbCaFibetyü edayRbCaBlrdæenAtamXMunimYy²EdlxøÜntaMgenA. kare)aHeqñatRkumRbwkSa XMu-sgáat;elIkTI2 RtUv)aneFVIeLIgenAéf¶TI 1 Ex emsa qñaM2007. RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; QreQ μaHcMnYn 11/353 nak; ehIyRtUv)ane)aHeqñateRCIserIs[eFVICaRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; cMnYn 1621 nak;. RkumRbWkSaTaMgGs;enaH RtUv)anpþl;GMNac tYnaTI nigmuxgarmYycMnYn.

21


22

c,ab;RKb;RKgrdæ)alXMu-sgáat; maRta 41 Ecgfa ³ {rdæ)alRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; mantYnaTIRbtibtþi nigKaMRTGPi)alkic©l¥tamry³karRbIR)as;FnFanTaMgGs;Edlman edIm,IelIkeLIgBItRmUvkarCamUldæanenAkñúgXMu-sgáat;rbs;xøÜn kñúgeKalbMNgbMerIpl RbeyaCn¾RbCaBlrdæ nigTTYlsÁal;plRbeyaCn¾Cati edayGnuelameTAtameKal neya)ayTUeTArbs;rdæ.

RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;RtUv)anpþl;GMNac dUcCa ³ RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;RtUv)anpþl;GMNac edIm,IRKb;RKg nigcat;EcgXMu-sgáat;. BYkeKRtUvEt bMerIplRbeyaCn_TUeTArbs;XMu-sgáat;. RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;RtUv)anpþl;GMNacbBaØtþi. BYkeKGacbegáIt nigecjdIka ¬esckþIsMerc¦ edayeyageTAelIRkbx½NÐc,ab; sþIBItYnaTI nigkarTTYlxuusRtUvEdlRtUv)anpþl;CUnRkumRbwkSa XMu-sgáat;. esckþIseRmcTaMgenaHmanRbsiT§i)anEtenAkñúgrgVg;EdndIénXMu-sgáat;nimYy²rbs; xøÜneKEtb:ueNÑaH. esckþIseRmcTaMgenaHRtUvmin[pÞúyBIrdæFmμnuBaØ c,ab; RBHraCRkwtü nig sn§isBaØa nigkic©RBmeRBogGnþrCatieLIy. ebIBMudUecñaHeT esckþIsMercTaMgenaHnwgRtUvcat;Tuk CaemaX³. RkumRbwkSXMu-sgáat;RtUv)anpþl;GMNacRbtibtþi. BYkeKRtUv)anpþl;siT§iGMNac edIm,IGnuvtþ esckþIseRmcepSg²rbs;xøÜnEdlsßitenAkñúgRkbx½NÐéntYnaTI nigkarTTYlxusRtUvEdlRtUv)an pþl;CUn.

RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;RtUv)anpþl;tYnaTI nigmuxgar ³ tYnaTI nigkarTTYlxusRtUvEdlsMxan;CageKbMputrbs;RkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat; KWRtUvelIkkMBs; y:agskm μelIkarGPivDÆXMu-sgáat; nigsuxmalPaBrbs;RbCaBlrdærbs;eK. RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;RtUvEteRbIR)as;[)ansmrmünUvFnFan EdlRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;GaceFVI)an edIm,IbMerI esckþIRtUvkarrbs;XMu nigRbCaBlrdærbs;eK. RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;TaMgGs;mankatBVkic© bMerIkic©karnanakñúgmUldæan. kic©karTaMgenaH rYmman ³


23

1> RKb;RKgesvakmμsaFarN³sMxan;² nigeFVI[R)akdfa esvakm μTaMgenaHdMeNIrkareTA)an l¥ ]TahrN_ karRbmUlsMramnigkaksMNl;.

2> rkSakarBarbrisßan nigFnFanFmμCati mann½yfa KaMRTRbCaBlrdæedIm,IEfrkSaTenø nig brisßanPUmirbs;BYkeK b¤TIRbCMuCn[mansuvtßiPaB nigminmankarbMpøaj.

3> elIkkMBs;karGPivDÆsgÁmnigesdækic© mann½yfa RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;GacsRmbsRmYl kic©shRbtibtþikarN_l¥CamYysgÁmsIuvilepSg² eKGacelIkTwkcitþGaCIvkr edIm,IeFVI GaCIvkmμ nigCMnYjenAmUldæanrbs;xøÜn.

4> EklMGsßanPaBCIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaCn mann½yfa RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;caM)ac;RtUveFVI EpnkaredIm,IGnuvtþnUvGVIEdlRbCaCnyl;faCatRmUvkarGaTiPaBrbs;eK CaGaT××dUcCa TwkpwksuvtßiPaB esvakmμGb;rMnigsuxPaB.l.

5> elIkkMBs;PaBGt;F μt; nigkarEsVgyl;d¾l¥kñúgcMeNamRbCaBlrdæ enHmann½yfa RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; KYrCYykñúgkaredaHRsayCMelaHkñúgcMeNamRbCaBlrdæ.

6> rkSasnþisux nigsNþab;Fñab;sgÁm. kargarenHeKGaceFVIeTA)anenAkñúglkçN³GhwgSa. RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; minGacbegáItkgkmøaMgeyaFa b¤nKr)al)aneT.

elIsBIenH RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; mantYnaTI EdleKGnuvtþtagmanCMnYs[rdæaPi)alfñak;Cati. tYnaTITaMgenH eKehAfa : muggarCaPñak;gar : edayrYmmanTaMg karcuHbBa¢IrRbCaBlrdæenA kñúgXMu-sgáat;. kñúgkrNIRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;eFVIGVImYytagnamCMnYs[rdæ BYkeKKYrEtRtUv)an KaMRTedayrdæ. ]TahrN_ BYkeKRtUv)anbNþúHbNþal pþl;smÖar³ b¤hirBaØvtßúedIm,IGnuvtþ kargar.

EdnkMNt;rbs;GMNac ³ RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;GacedIrtYnaTIEtenAkñúgRkbxNÐénGMNac tYnaTI nigmuxgar EdleK)an pþl;eTA[BYkeK. enHmann½yfa BYkeKminGacedIrtYnaTIxusBIeKalkarN_ nigbTbBa¢aenH Edl)anEcgenAkñúgrdæFm μnuBaØ nigc,ab;déTeTot b¤GnuRkitü enH)aneT. sMrab;bBaðaxøHEdlCa karcab;Garm μN_ RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;minmanGMNacedIrtYrnaTIenAfñak;Cati)aneT. bBaðaTaMg enaH vafitenAeRkAkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;. smaCikRkumRbwkSaXMumñak;min manGMNacenAkñúgvis½ydUcteTA ³ rukçvb,kmμ esvakmμTUrKmnaKmn_nigéRbsNIy× karkarBar Cati snþisuxCati kic©karrUbIyvtßú nigeKalneya)aysareBIBn½§.


1.5.3

rcnasm<n§½rbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;

dUcmanEcgenAkñúgc,ab;RKb;RKgrdæ)alXMu-sgáat; RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;nimYy² KYrmanrcnasm<n§½ c,as;las; ³

Structure of the commune administration

Commune Planning and Budgeting Advisory Committee

Commune council

Commune Chief

Commune residents

Deputy Chief Deputy Chief

Commune Clerk

Village Chief

Village Chief

Village Chief

Advisory Committee

Advisory Committee

Advisory Committee

Advisory Committee

Article 28: A commune chief shall have the power to appoint various committees to provide advice and to assist affairs as it is necessary.

Ep¥keTAtamTMhMéntMbn; nigcMnYnRbCaBlrdærs;enA RkumRbwkSamanR)aMnak; R)aMBIrnak; R)aMbYn nak; b¤db;mYynak;. cMnYnBinitüR)akdrbs;smaCikRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;sMrab;XMu-sgáat; nimYy² RtUv)ankMNt;edayGnuRkitü.

XMu-sgáat;nimYy² manemXMumñak;. emXMuRtUvbMeBjParkic©bEnßmEdlbgðajenAxageRkam. RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;nimYy² manRbFanmñak; EdleKehAfa RbFanRkumRbwkSa. emXMu b¤

ecAsgáat;edIrtYnaTICaRbFanRkumRbwkSa. emXMumanCMTb;BIrnak; KWCMTb;TImYy nigCMTb;TIBIr. RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; eRCIserIsemPUmimñak;enAkñúgPUminimYy²enAkñúgRBMEdnXMurbs;xøÜn. RsþI

b¤bursTaMgLayEdlkøayCaemPUmi. emPUmiKWCaGñkTMnak;TMngpøÚvkarrvagPUminigRkumRbwkSa XMu-sgáat;.

24


emXMu b¤ecAsgáat; k¾Gaccat;taMgKN³km μaFikarpþl;RbwkSa)anEdr. KN³km μaFikarmYy KWCa RkummYyEdlmanmnusSy:agehacNas;bInak; Edlpþl;RbwkSa nigCMnYykareTAdl;Rkum RbwkSaXMu-sgáat;elIbBaða b¤RbFanbTCak;lak;. smaCikrbs;KN³km μaFikarGacCasmaCik RkumRbwkSa b:uEnþk¾GacCaGñkepSgeTot EdleKGnuBaØatiedIm,Ie)aHeqñatedIm,Icat;taMgCa smaCik. smaCikGacCaburs b¤RsþI. enAeBlEdlbuKÁlRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; edIrtYrCa smaCikKN³km μaFikar emXMu b¤ecAsgáat;RtUveFVI[R)akdfa smasPaBqøúHbBa©aMg smasPaBneya)ayénRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;.

XMu-sgáat;nimYy² manesμonmñak; EdlRtUv)ancat;taMg nigeFVIkarfitenAeRkamRkbxNÐ rdæ)alrbs;RksYgmhaépÞ. es μonXMu-sgáat;GaceqøIytb nigTTYlxusRtUvpÞal;cMeBaHRkum RbwkSaXMu-sgáat;. kñúgeBldMeNIrkarmuxgarrbs;xøÜn es μonXMu-sgáat; RtUvEtmanPaBGBüa Rkitü nigminlMeGogdac;xat ehIytYnaTIes μ IPaBcMeBaHRbCaBlrdæRKb;rUbEdlkñúgXMu-sgáat; RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; Rkumneya)ayénRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; nigKN³kmμaFikar. TaMgenH k¾mann½yfa esμonRtUvEtcat;Tukral;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;TaMgGs;es μ I²Kña edaymineGIeBIBI KN³bkSneya)ayEdleKCasmaCikenaHeT.

RkumRbwkSamYy GacCYlbuKÁlikepSgeTot EdlminenAkñúgRkbx½NÐrdæ. bBaðaenH KWeFVIeLIg edIm,ICYykic©kardl;RkumRbwkSa edayeyageTAtamtRmUvkarcaM)ac;Cak;lak; nigkarsMerccitþ rbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;enaH. karbMerIIkargarrbs;eK GacbnþedayGnuelameTAtamkar sMerccitþrbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;sMrab;GaNtþibnÞab;.

RsþI nigbursGacTTYlyktMENgTaMgenHEdl)anerobrab;dUcxagelI.

1.6.3

tYnaTI nigkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;buKÁlsMxan;²enAkñúgkarGPivDÆXMu

smaCikRkumRbwkSaXMu -sgáat;

RtUvR)akdfa RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;dMeNIrkaredaymanGMNac tYnaTI nigmuxgar

RtUvcUlrYmenAkñúgkic©RbCMurbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; RtUvTMnak;TMngCamYyGñke)aHeqñat

25


26

emXMu b¤ecAsgáat; eFVI[R)akdfa karseRmccitþrbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; RtUv)anyk eTAGnuvtþ

raykarN_RbcaMExBIkargarEdl)anGnuvtþeTAdl;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;

pþl;RbwkSa nigCYydl;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;kñúgkareFVIEpnkar fvikar nighVwkhat;kargarnigpþl;GMNacdl;smaCikRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;.

bMeBjkargard¾éTeTot sMeNIedayRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;.

RbFanRkumRbwkSa eFVICaGFibetyüenAkñúgkarRbCMurbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; eFVI[R)akdfa RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;CYbCMuKñay:agehacNas;mYyEx

mþg. eFVI[R)akdfa karRbCMudMeNIrkarGnuelameTAtam vin½y nigbT

bBa©aépÞkñúg.

CMTb;XMuTImYy

edIrtYnaTICaemXMu b¤ecAsgáat; kñúgkrNIGvtþmanrbs;emXMu b¤ecA sgáat;

CYydl;emXMu b¤ecAsgáat; kñúgbBaðaTaMgLayEdlTak;TgeTAnwg kargarhirBaØvtßú nigesdækic©rbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;.

bMeBjkargard¾éTeToteTAtamkarcat;taMgrbs;emXMu b¤ecAsgáat;.

CMTb;XMuTIBIr edIrtYnaTICaemXMu b¤ecAsgáat; kñúgkrNIGvtþmanemXMu b¤ecAsgáat; nigCMTb;TImYy.

CYydl;emXMu b¤ecAsgáat; kñúgkargarrdæ)al kargarsgÁm esvakmμ saFarN³ nigsNþab;Fñab;saFarN³.

bMeBjkargard¾éTeToteTAtamkarcat;taMgrbs;emXMu b¤ecAsgáat;.

KN³km μaFikar RkumRbwkSa

pþl;RbwkSa nigCYydl;kargarrbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; enAkñúgvis½y énRbFanbTmYyCak;lak; dUcCa kareFVIEpnkar nigkareFVIEpnkar fvika.

raykarN_RbcaMExBIkarrIkcMerIn.


27

pþl;Gnusasn_skmμPaB EdlRtUveFVIEdlCab;Tak;TgeTAnwgbBaða elIRbFanbTrbs;xøÜnerog²xøÜn.

emPUmi dak;sMeNI b¤eFVICatMNagrbs;GñPUmi CUncMeBaHRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;. dMeNIrkarkargarEdl)anRbKl;CUnedayRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;. eFVI[R)akdfa mankarGPivDÆesdækic© nigsgÁmenAkñúgPUmi. eFVI[R)akdfa mansNþab;Fñab;saFarN³.

esμónXMu-sgáat;

esμónXMu-sgáat; KWCasmaCikbuKÁlikmñak;enAkñúgRkbx½NÐrdæ)alrbs; RksYgmhaépÞ b:uEnþkñúgkarbMeBjkargarrbs;xøÜn RtUvfitenAeRkamkar dwknaMrbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;.

CYydl;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; nigCatMNagenAkñúgkarhVwkhat; GMNac tYnaTI nigmuxgaredayEp¥keTAtamc,ab;.

eFVIkargarrdæ)al. eFVI[R)akdfa karsMerccitþ nigkarGnuvtþrbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;

RsbeTAtamc,ab;. CYydl;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; kñúgkarerobcMnigGnuvtþrbs;RkumRbwkSa

XMu-sgáat; nigkarRbCMurbs;KN³kmμaFikar. cUlrYmral;karRbCMurbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; b¤KN³km μaFikar y:ag

ehacNas;RtUvmankarGnuBaØatiCamunBIRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; b¤enA eBlemXMu b¤ecAsgáat;Gvtþman.

pþl;eyabl;dl;emXMu b¤ecAsgáat;cMeBaHkarcaM)ac; nignitiviFIcMeBaH kare)aHeqñateRCIserIsemPUmi.

CYyRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; edIm,IbegáItkþarB½t’manmYy b¤BIr Edl saFarN³CnGacmkemIl)an y:agehacNas;kñúgeBlem:ageFVI kargar.

dak;bgðajral;kMNt;RtaTaMgLay EdlRkumRbwkSXMu-sgáat;tRmUv b¤cg;[dak;bgðaj dUcCa karsMerccitþrbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;.

CMrabCUndl;GPi)alRkug b¤extþPøam²kñúgkrNIRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; sMerccitþeFVIskmμPaBBin½yRbqaMgnwgRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; b¤bBaÄb;


28

nrNamñak;. CMrabCUndl;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;Pøam² GMBIeQ μaH nigkalbriecäT

e)aHeqñatsMrab;RkumRbwkSaf μ INamñak; kñúgkrNIKN³km μaFikar CatierobcMkare)aHeqñat)aneRCIserIsCMnYsRkumRbwkSa.

eRCIserIsRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; cUlrYmkñúgkic©karPUmi nigXMu-sgáat; tamry³nitiviFIEdl)an

begáIteLIg dUcCadMeNIrkarénkareFVIEpnkarGPivDÆn_. TamTarB½t’man PaBTTYlxusRtUv nigKNenyüPaBBIRkum

RbwkSaXMu-sgáat;. bg;Bn§ Bn§Ky nigéføQñÜl Edl)anEcgenAkñúgc,ab;. cUlrYmenAkñúgkarRtYtBinitükarGnuvtþKMeragGPivDÆn_.

saFarN³CnTUeTA

eFVIkMENnshKmn_mUldæan.

elIksÞÜykarGPivDÆesdækic©nigsgÁmrbs;shKmn_mUldæan. ts‘UmtiedIm,Ikarcab;GarmμN_rbs;RbCaCnEdleKtMNag[. TMnak;TMngCamYyRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; cMeBaHbBaðasMxan;² Edl

Tak;TgeTAnwgkarGPivDÆPUmi nigXMu-sgáat;. begáItkaryl;dwgdl;saFarN³Cn sþIGMBIvimCÄkar nigkar

RKb;RKgrdæ)alXMu-sgáat;.

GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al kñúgRsuk nigRkumCYy xøÜnÉg

TMnak;TMngCamYyRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; cMeBaHbBaðaEdlTak;Tg eTAnwgkarGPivDÆesdækic©rbs;XMu-sgáat;.

elIksÞÜykarGPivDÆesdækic©rbs;XMu-sgáat;. pþl;»kasbMerIkargarcMeBaHRbCaBlrdæ.

EpñkÉkCn shRKas kñúgRsuk .l.


1.7.3

bNþajKaMRTXMu-sgáat; rdæ)alnigkarRKb;RKgXMu-sgáat; KWCakargarRbQmmuxmYy. eTaHCa y:agenHkþI mansßabn½ nigGgÁkarCaeRcIn KaMRTdl;RkumRbwkSaXMusgáat;

EdleFVI[vimCÄkarTTYl)aneCaKC½y.

29

fñak;Cati RkumRbwkSaCatiedIm,IkargarRKb;RKgvimCÄkarnigvishmCÄkar ¬NCDD¦ RtUv)anbegáIteLIg. smasPaB GMNac nigmuxgarrbs; RkumRbwkSaenHRtUv)ankMNt;edayRBHraCüRkitü. RkumRbwkSaCatiedIm,I kargarRKb;RKgvimCÄkarnigvishmCÄkar TTYlxusRtUvedIm,ItRmg;Tis elIeKalneya)ay nigkarRtYtRtaelIkarEkTRmg;viMCmÄkarnigvish mCÄkar EdlrYmmanrdæmRnþIRksYgmhaépÞCaRbFan nigrdæmRnþIepSgeTot énKN³rdæmRnþI nigrdæmRnþIRksYgesdækic©nighirBaØvtßú rdæmRnþIRksYg GPivDÆn_CnbT rdæmRnþIRksYgEpnkar nigkic©karnarI RBmTaMgrdæelxa énrdæelxaFikarkargarsaFarN³ nigrdæelxaFikarénRksYgmhaépÞ. ebsskmμrbs; RkumRbwkSaCatiedIm,IkargarRKb;RKgvimCÄkarnigvish mCÄkar ¬maRtaTI 3¦ CasegçbrYmman ³

• karsnμt;muxgarrbs;KN³kmμaFikarCatiKaMRTXMu-sgáat; nigKN³kmμa FikarGnþrRksYg edIm,IBRgagc,ab;GgÁkar.

• karerobcMnigkarGnuvtþyuT§saRsþsMrab;GnþrPaB smahrNkmμ nigkar dkecjBIkmμviFIsilaenAcugqñaM 2006.

• karbegáIt nigkarGnuvtþkm μviFIfñak;CatiCMhantMbUgsMrab;karGPivDÆlT§i RbCaFib,etyüenAfñak;eRkamCati.

• karbegáItnigkarGnuvtþRkbx½NÐCMhandMbUg EpñkeBlevlaeRKag nigskmμPaBbeNþaHGasnñénkMENTRmg;vimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkar rhUtdl;c,ab;GgÁkar RtUv)anRbkas[eRbI.


30

• kareRKagnigbegáItCaGnusasn_sMrab;karbegáItmUlniFi edIm,IkMENTRmg; viMmCÄkar nigvishmCÄkar nigkareFVIkMENnnigkaréllkCMnYykarrbs; Gñkpþl;CMnYy.

• karerobcMkic©RBmeRBogrvagraCrdæaPi)al nigGñkpþl;CMnYyeTAelIkar KaMRTkMENTRmg;vimCÄkarnigvishmCÄkar edIm,IelIktMekIgkarcuHsRmug Kña nigPaBRsbKñatamlMdab;lMedayénkarKaMRTrbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYy.

• kareFVI[kan;EtCak;lak;énkarsRmbsRmYl kñúgcMeNamRkumRbwkSaCati edIm,IkargarRKb;RKgvimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkar nigRksYg-sßabn½mCÄwm enAkñúgkarepÞrPar³kic©muxgar GMNac nigFnFan [eTAdl;GgÁPaBfñak; eRkamCati.

• karcat;EcgevTikasmRsb sMrab;raCrdæaPi)al nigGñkpþl;CMnYy edIm,I sRmbsRmYlkargarshkarN_ nigkareFVIkMENnFnFankñúgkarKaMRT eTAdl;kMENTRmg;vimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkar.

eyagtamGaNtþirbs;naykdæanBIr KWnaykdæanrdæ)alTUeTA nignayk dæanrdæ)almUldæan RtUv)andak;bBa©ÚlKña edIm,IbegáItCaGKÁnaykdæan rdæ)almUldæan. naykdæanenHRtUv)antMeLIg[eTACardæelxaFikar énRkumRbwkSaCatiedIm,IRKb;RKgvimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkar edIm,IdMeNIr karCamYynwgsmtßkic©eBjelj.

naykdæanrdæ)almUldæan(DoLA) KWCacMNulbegÁalsMrab;bBaða TaMgGs; EdlBak;Bn§½eTAnwgvimCÄkar nigkargarRKb;RKgnigrdæ)alXMu-sgáat; enAkñúg RksYgmhaépÞ. naykdæanrdæ)almUldæan TTYlxusRtUv kñúgkarRtYtBinitü vaytMélnigraykarN_eTAelIsmtßPaBnigFnFan rbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu nigmRnþIEdl)ancat;taMg dUcCa esμonCaedIm. naykdæan rdæ)almUldæan RtUvEteFVI[R)akdRbCafa karvas;Evg smRsbsMrab;vKÁbNþúHbNþal nigkarksagsmtßPaB edayrab;bBa©Úl TaMgkarGb;rMsaFarN³EdlRtUv)aneKGnuvtþ.

RksYgfñak;CatiepSg² CYykñúgkarbegáIteKalneya)aysMrab;vimCÄkar nigkargarRKb;RKgnigrdæ)alXMu-sgáat;.


31

mankarebþCJacitþEp¥kelImUldæanTUlMTUlay kñúgcMeNamGgÁkarpþl;CMnYy GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alCati nigGnþrCati EdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarKaMRT dMeNIrkarvimCÄkar nigkargarRKb;RKgnigrdæ)alXMu-sgáat;. GñkTaMg Gs;enaH CYyenAkñúgmeFüa)ayCaeRcIn dUcCavKÁbNþúHbNþal nigkar ksagsmtßPaB.

fñak;extþnigfñak;Rsuk

mnÞIrrdæ)alnigbec©keTsextþ ³ RksYgmhaépÞ)anpþl;siT§iGMNac nig karTTYlxusRtUveTA[GPi)alextþ edIm,IKaMRTdl;RkumRbwkSaXMu nigedIm,I RKb;RKgpÞal;elIsñaédkargarrbs;BYkeK. buKÁlRkumRbwkSaXMuRtUvEt R)akdRbCafa mnÞIrbec©keTspþl;karKaMRT nigkarENnaMdl;RkumRbwkSa XMu.

RksYgmhaépÞ nwgbegáItkariyal½yrdæ)almUldæanfñak;extþ nigfñak; Rsuk edIm,IKaMRTdl;RkumRbwkSaXMu.

km μviFIGPivDÆn_ nigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alCaeRcIn mansaxarbs;xøÜnenA fñak;extþ nigenAfñak;Rsuk. saxaTaMgenaH RtUv)aneKrMBwgTukfa nwgpþl; karKaMRTtamry³vKÁbNþúHbNþal nigkarGb;rMsaFarN³cMeBaHbBaðaTaMg LayNaEdlBak;Bn§½nwgRkumRbwkSaXMu.

fñak;XMu-sgáat;

esμonXMu-sgáat; RtUv)ancat;taMgedayRksYgmhaépÞ edIm,ICYykic©kar rbs;XMu-sgáat; nigeFVI[R)akdRbCaBInirnþrPaBénkic©karrdæ)al.

GgÁkarmUldæan ¬km μviFIGPivDÆn_ GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alkñúgRsuk RkumCYy xøÜnÉg¦ GacKaMRTdl;RkumRbwkSaXMu enAkñúgkMENnénshKmn_mUldæan.


1.8.3

kargarsMxan;²rbs;RkumRbwkSa-sgáat;

32

dMeNIrkarRbCMu

karRbCMupþl;»kas ³ edIm,ITTYlykKMnitmñak;²sþIBIRbFanbTmYy

edIm,ITTYlkarKaMRTsMrab;KMnitmYy

edIm,IsegçbelIsac;erOg EdlnwgekItmaneLIg b¤)anekIteLIg edIm,IBiPakSa nigqøúHbBa©aMgeTAelIbBaðasMxan;²

edIm,ITTYlykkarpþl;RbwkSaBIRbCaCn EdlmancMeNHdwg

edIm,IeFVIesckþIsMerccitþ

karRbCMumYyEdlerobcM)anl¥ GacQaneTArkkarsMerccitþEdlKit)anl¥itl¥n; nigkarR)aRs½y Tak;Tgl¥kñúgcMeNambuKÁlRkumRbwkSa buKÁliknigGñkdéTepSgeTotEdlRtUv)anGeBa¢Ij[cUlrYm. karRbCMuMmYy EdlmankarcUlrYmy:agskm μ nig[tMéleTAelIkarcUlrYmcMENkénvtþmanrbs;buKÁl mñak;² elIkTwkcitþPaBRtwmRtUvmYyénPaBCam©as;sMrab;plsMercénkarRbCMu.

etIRbePTénkarRbCMuGVIxøH EdlRkumRbwkSaXMuman? vin½ynigbTbBa¢aépÞkñúgEcgfa RkumRbwkSaXMuGacmankarRbCMuBIrRbePT ³ karRbCMueTogTat; EdlRtUv RbRBwtþieTAy:agehacNas;mþgkñúgmYyEx nigkarRbCMuBiess EdleFVIeLIgedIm,IBiPakSaKñaBIbBaða BiessEdlTamTarkarykcitþTukdak;CaBiess b¤bnÞan;edayRkumRbwkSaXMu.

cUrcgcaMfa¡ ral;karlMGitEdlsMxan;sMrab;karerobcMnigkarRbCMurbs;RkumRbwkSa XMu RtUvEterobrab;enAkñúg : bTvin½ynigbTbBa¢aépÞkñúgsMrab;karRbCMurbs;

RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; nig KN³km μaFikarrbs;xøÜn :.


esμonXMu-sgáat; nigmRnþIRkumRbwkSaXMuepSgeTot RtUvEtmansiT§icUlrYmenAkñúgkarRbCMurbs; RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;. edIm,IBiPakSaBIbBaðaCak;lak;TaMgLay eKGactRmUv[mankar GeBa¢IjcUlrYmrbs;RbCaCnEdlmancMeNHdwg CMnajnigbTBiesaFn_ BiessdUcCacMeNHdwg xagbec©keTs sMrab;eRKagnUvKMeragmYyEdlRkumRbwkSaTTYleFVIkargarenaH. esμonnig RbCaBlrdæFm μta EdlminEmnCasmaCikrbs;RkumRbwkSa minRtUvGnuBaØati[cUlrYmenAkñúg dMeNIrkarsMerccitþ nige)aHeqñatenaHeT.

kargarepSgeTotkñúgGMLúgeBlRbCMu. manTRmg;karRsab; nigehtubc©½yEdlmanRkum RbwkSaXMu RtUvEtelIkeLIgenAkñúgkarRbCMurbs;eK ³

11.. RtUvGHGagBIPaBRsbc,ab;énkarRbCMurbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu 22.. RtUvBiPakSanigdak;cUleTAkñúgrebobvar³énkarRbCMu 33.. RtUvBinitüeLIgvijnigyl;RBmelIkMNt;ehtuénkarRbCMuBIelIkmun karcuHhtßelxaeTAelI

kMNt;ehtuedayRkumRbwkSaEdleFVICaGFibtIénGgÁRbCMu 44.. RtUvbegáItÉksarnigeqøIyqøgKñaEdl)andak;sMeNIsMrab;karBicarNa nigkarsMerccitþ 55.. bBaðaepSg²

kareFVIesckþIsMerccitþ RKb;RkumRbwkSaXMu RtUv)anGnuBaØatiedIm,I[e)aHeqñatenAkñúgral;karRbCMurbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu. kare)aHeqñateFVIeLIgedaykarelIkéd. cMnYnsMelgeqñatEdleBjcitþ nigcMnYnEdlRbqaMgeTAnwg sMeNIEdlelIkeLIg RtUvEtRbkasPøam² nigkt;RtaenAkñúgkMNt;ehtuénkarRbCMu.

karrkSaTuk nigkarerobcMeTAtamlMdab;énkMNt;Rta

33


34

etIGVIeTACakarrkSaTukkMNt;Rta? karrkSaTukkMNt;Rta mann½yfa karrkSaTukRbkbedaysuvtßiPaBnUvral;B½t’man sMrab;kareRbIR)as;naeBlxagmux nigCaÉksareyag esÞIrEtRKb;ÉksarTaMgGs; nwgsuT§Cakarsresr b:uEnþvak¾GacCakaEstExSGat; b¤kaEstvIedGU. karrkSaTuk

kMNt;Rta KWCaEpñkd¾sMxan;rbs;rdæ)alRkumRbwkSaXMu

etImanplRbeyaCn_GVIxøHénrkSaTukkMNt;Rta?

gayRsYlkñúgkarykB½t’man edIm,IENnaMRkumRbwkSaXMuenAkñúgkarBiPakSasMerc karbnþ KWfaB½t’manenAEtman eTaHbICamRnþIxøH)anecj ehIymRnþIfμ I)ancUl

mkCMnYsvijk¾eday. CakMNt;RtamYyénerOgr:av

tmøaPaBénRbtibtiþkarN_rbs;RkumRbwkSaXMuRtUv)anEklMG

etIGVIeTACa]TahrN_énRbePTkMNt;RtaEdlRtUvrkSaTuk? kMNt;ehtuénkarRbCMu kareqøIyqøgKñaeTAvijeTAmk EpnkarGPivDÆn_nigfvikarbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; kMNt;RtahirBaØvtßú snñiFiRTBüsm,tþirbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu esovePAGasydæan EdlrYmmaneQμaH Gasydæan elxTUrsBÞ½nigTUrsar TIkEnøg GIuEml

rbs;GñkshkarN_ nigédKU dUcCa GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al TIPñak;garpþl;CMnYy naykdæantamvis½yCaedIm.

sMeNIkic©snüa b¤skm μPaBérGgÁasmUlniFi. kargarkMBugdMeNIrkarEdlP¢ab;Tak;TgeTAnwgRsuk b¤tMbn; CaedIm.l. esovePATinñn½yPUmi dIkarXMu


karrkSaTukkMNt;Rta RtUvEteFVIeLIgtammeFüa)aymYyfμ I nigebIkcMhr EdlGac[saFarN³ gayTTYlyk nigyl;dwgGMBIB½t’man nigkMNt;Rta EdlCaGaTiPaBx<s; EdlpÞúyeTAnwgkarlak; kM)aMg. ebIsinNa RkumRbwkSaXMukMBugEtRbwgERbgedIm,IbegáIntmøaPaB nigKNenyüPaB BYkeK GaceFVIerOgCaeRcIn EdleFVI[R)akdfa saFarN³CnRtUv)aneKpþl;[dwgBIkarsMerccitþsMxan;² nigEpñkepSg²eToténB½t’manEdlCH\T§iBldl;BYkeK.

BYkeKGacerobcMQutqakenAkñúgkariyal½yrbs;RkumRbwkSa CaTIEdlRbCaCnGaceTA ehIy EsVgrkGVIk¾edayEdlBYkeKcg;dwg.

BYkeKGacpþl;dMNwgdl;RbCaCn BIkMNt;RtanigB½t’manenAkñúgkariyal½yrbs;BYkeK Edl ebIkcMhsMrab;saFarN³Cn.

RkumRbwkSaGaceFVIkargarenAkñúgmeFüa)ayebIkcMhmYy Edlpþl;B½t’man nigeqøIytbPøam² nigCaviC¢maneTAnwgsMNUmBrTaMgLaycMeBaHB½t’man. B½t’man KWCa]bkrN_KnøwHmYy sMrab;lT§iRbCaFib,etyü nigGPivDÆn_.

RtUve)aHBum<Éksar EdlGacerobcMeLIgeTAtamlMdab; eFVIdUcenHRbCaCngayRsYlkñúgkar TTYlykB½t’man.

kMNt;RtaTaMgLay RtUvEtrkSaTukenAkñúgkariyal½y[)anyUrdUcEdl)anEcgenAkñúg bTbBa¢aeTAtamlMdab;erog.

karepÞrPar³kic© nigEbgEckkargar nigkarTTYlxusRtUv

RkumRbwkSaXMu mankargarCaeRcInEdlRtUveFVI. ebIBYkeKepÞrkargar nigkarTTYlxusRtUveTAdl; GñkepSg enaHeFVI[GñkCaeRcIncUlrYmenAkñúgskmμPaBGPivDÆn_. enHCakarRbesIrsMrab;ehtuplBIr y:agKW ³

GaceFVIkargarkan;Et)aneRcIn mann½yfa GPivDÆn_kan;EtviC¢manenAkñúgXMu-sgáat;. RbCaCnkan;EteRcIn RtUv)ancUlrYm nigkMBugcUlrYm mann½yfa BYkeKnwgmanGarmμN_

RtwmRtUvkñúgPaBCam©as;. karepÞrPar³kic©énkargar KWminEmnCaerOggayenaHeT. vaminEmnRKan;EtCaerOgrujkargar[eFVI enaHeT. enHKWCabNþúMénCMnajTaMgLay EdlRbCaCnPaKeRcIn)aneronsURtedIm,IeFVIva[kan;Et l¥.

35


etIkarcaM)ac;GVIxøHEdlRtUvBicarNaedIm,I[R)akdfa karepÞrParkic©dMeNIrkareTA)anl¥? RtUvkMNt;kargar

[)anc,as;las; • etIkargarGVI[BitR)akd EdlbuKÁlmñak;RtUveFVI?

• etIbTdæanEbbNatRmUv[man?

• etIGñk)anpþl;dl;buKÁlmñak;enaH nUvral;B½t’mannigsmÖar³EdlcaM)ac; enAkñúgkarbMeBjkargarenaHEdrb¤eT?

• RtUvkMNt;eBlevla enAeBlNaedIm,IbBa©b;kargar. RtUvkMNt;[Bit

R)akdfa GñkNa KYreFVIkargarenH

• etImnusSb:unμanGñkEdltRmUv[eFVIkic©karenaH?

• etIkMritcMeNHdwg CMnajnigbTBiesaFn_RtwmNatRmUv[man? • etImanmnusSRKb;RKan;EdlmankMritcMeNHdwg bTBiesaFn_ b¤CMnaj

RtwmRtUvEdrb¤eT?

karRKb;RKgpÞal; • etIGVI nigenAeBlNa EdlGñkTaMgenaHRtUvraykarN_CUndl;Gñk?

• etIGñknwgpþl;esrIPaBb:uNÑadl;BYkeKedIm,IeFVIkargartammeFüa)ay rbs;eK? b¤etIkargarenaHRtUvsMerceTAtammeFüa)aymYyNa?

RtUvBinitüemIl BIkaryl;dwg

• RtUveFVI[R)akdfa buKÁlenaHdwgc,as;BIGVIEdlRtUveFVI. • RtUvGnuBaØatiþ[eKsYrsMNYr

sRmbsRmYlRbB½n§eFVIEpnkarXMu-sgáat;

maRta TI60 énc,ab;rdæ)alnigRKb;RKgXMu-sgáat; ³ : RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; RtUvEterobcM yl;RBm nigGnuvtþEpnkarGPivDÆn_XMu-sgáat;

enAkñúgeKalbMNgénkarkMNt;eKalTsSn³ kmμviFI nig karGPivDÆ XMu-sgáat;. :

RkumRbwkSaXMumñak;² RtUvEtbegáItEpnkarGPivDÆn_XMu enAkñúgqñaMTImYyénGaNtþirbs;xøÜn nigCa erogral;qñaM RtUverobcMkmμviFIvinieyaKrMkilbIqñaMmþgrbs;XMu. bBaðaenHvaGaRs½yeTAnwgRkumRbwkSaXMu shKmn_mUldæan nigRbCaBlrdæ edIm,IsMerc nigGnuvtþGVIEdlnwgekItmaneLIgenAkñúgEpñknimYy². karcUlrYmrbs;RbCaBlrdænigshKmn_mUldæan KWCalkçN³BiessénkareFVIEpnkarGPivDÆn_XMu-

36


sgáat;. enHmann½yfa karQanpÞal;eTAdl;bursnigRsþI GñkmannigGñkRk mnusScas;nigek μg EdlmankargareFVI nigKμankargareFVI.

enAeBlEdlGnuvtþKMerag nigkmμviFI RkumRbwkSaXMu RtUveFVI[R)akdfa GñkTTYlplRtUv)anCab; Bak;Bn§½RKb;RKan;enAkñúgkareRKaglMGiténKMerag nigkarRKb;RKgpÞal;RKb;KMeragTaMgGs;énEpnkar GPivDÆn_.

R)aMmYyExmunbBa©b;GaNtþirbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu lT§plnigplb:HBal;énEpnkarGPivDÆn_ RtUvEtvay tMél.

dMeNIrkareFVIEpnkarpøas;bþÚrrbs;XMu

37

vdþrbs;EpnkaryuT§saRsþsMrab;GPivDÆn_XMu dMeNIrkarénkareFVIEpnkarGPivDÆn_XMu dMNak;kalTI 1 ³ karviPaKTinñn½y nigkar):an;s μantRmUvkar CMhanTI 1 ³ karviPaKTinñn½y nigkar):an;s μantRmUvkarkMrit XMu-sgáat; CMhanTI 2 ³ kar):an;sμantRmUvkaredaymankarcUlrYm CMhanTI 3 ³ kar[GaTiPaBénbBaðaEdlRtUvGPivDÆn_

dMNak;kalTI 2 ³ karkMNt;yuT§saRsþ CMhanTI 4 ³ karkMNt;yuT§saRsþ nigKMerag

dMNak;kalTI 3 ³ karbegáItKMerag CMhanTI 5 ³ karbegáIt nigkarkMNt;témørbs;KMerag

CMhanTI 1 ³ BRgageRKagkarGPivDÆn_ nigfvikar CMhanTI 2 ³ karRbCMuBieRKaHelIkarGPivDÆXMu CMhanTI 3 ³ BRgagEpnkaryuT§saRsþGPivDÆn_XMu CMhanTI 4 ³ ÉkPaBelIEpnkaryuT§saRsþGPivDÆn_XMu CMhanTI 5 ³ vaytMélkarGnuvtþEpnkaryuT§saRsþ

GPivDÆn_XMu

CMhanTI 6 ³ karBüakrN_cMNUlmFüm vdþrbs;km μviFIvinieyaKXMu CMhanTI 7 ³ kareRCIserIsKMerag

CMhanTI 8 ³ sikçasalasmahrNkmμfñak;Rsuk CMhanTI 1 ³ karbegáItKMeragXMu nigkareRKagfvikar

dMNak;kalTI 4 ³ karbegáItKMerag CMhanTI 2 ³ sikçasalasmahrNkm μfñak;Rsuk

CMhanTI 9 ³ karbegáItkm μviFIsmahrNkmμ CMhanTI 3 ³ karpSBVpSay nigBieRKaHeyabl;CamYy

RbCaCnkñúgXMu CMhanTI 10 ³ karBRgagEpnkarGPivDÆn_XMu nigkm μviFI vinieyaKXMu

dMNak;kalTI 5 ³ begáIt[mankaryl;RBm CMhanTI 4 ³ yl;RBmelIkm μviFIvinieyaKXMu CMhanTI 11 ³ karyl;RBmelIEpnkarGPivDÆn_XMu

nigkmμviFIvinieyaKXMu CMhanTI 5 ³ karRtYtBinitü nigvaytMélkm μviFI vinieyaKXMu


kareFVI[R)akdRbCanUvkarcUlrYmCasaFarN³

enAkñúgdMeNIrkareFVIEpnkar

38

maRtaTI 64 énc,ab;rdæ)alnigRKb;RKgXMu-sgáat; ³ : Epnkar GPivDÆn_ XMu-sgáat; RtUvEtkMNt;BIviFIsaRsþ nigmeFüa)ayedIm,Ipþl;»kassMrab;karcUlrYmrbs;RbCaBlrd énXM-sgat;enAkgdMeNIrkarTaMgml. :

etIplRbeyaCn_énkarcUlrYmmanGVIxøH?

karcUlrYm KWeFVI[R)akdfa KMeragBitCa)anbgðajBIkarcab;Garm μN_ nigtRmUvkarrbs; RbCaCnBitR)akdEmn dUcenHBYkeKkan;EtTTYl)aneCaKC½y.

RbCaBlrdæ nwgmanGarmμN_kan;EtTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHKMeragenAkñúgmUldæanrbs;BYkeK enA eBlBYkeKRtUv)an[cUlrYmenAkñúgkareFVIesckþIsMerccitþ karGnuvtþ nigkarvaytMélBI skmμPaBGPivDÆn_.

karcUlrYmeFVI[RbCaCnkan;EtÉkraCüBICMnYyBIxageRkA BIeRBaHBYkeKcab;epþImKitBIkareFVI kargaredayxøÜneK EsVgrkdMeNaHRsaycMeBaHbBaðarbs;BYkeK nigkarpþÜcepþImeFVIskmμPaB.

karcUlrYmKaMRTdl;karxMRbwgERbgénkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk BIeRBaHRbCaCnk¾)ancUlrYm Edr.

dUcenH karcUlrYmk¾CYydl;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; edIm,IeRbIR)as;FnFanrbs;eKkan;Etman RbsiT§PaB nigRbsiT§pl.

etIkarlM)akenAkñúgkarcUlrYmrbs;saFarN³CnGacmanGVIxøH?

eKalKMniténkarcUlrYm KWfμIsMrab;eyIgmñak;² dUcCabuKÁlRkumRbwkSamñak;²RtUvEteronBIrebob sRmbsRmYlkarcUrlrYm ehIyRbCaCnRtUveronBIdMeNIrkaredIm,IcUlrYm.

RbCaCnEdleK[cUlrYmpÞal;enAkñúgkareFVIesckþIsMerccitþ GacRKbdNþb;elIGñkepSg.


GacmanRbCaCnxøH dUcCaRsþI GñkRkIRk CnBikar CaedIm Edlminh‘anbeBa©jmtiBItRmUvkar rbs;BYkeK ehIyGñkEdlminxøac edaysarEtPaBRbesIrelIslubenAkñúgsgÁm GacttaMg edIm,IkarBarkarcab;Garm μN_rbs;BYkeK.

etIGacmanmeFüa)aysmRsbGVIxøH edIm,IelIksÞÜykarcUlrYmrbs;saFarN³Cn?

enAkñúgkarRbCMufñak;PUmi RbCaBlrdæTaMgGs; eKRtUvGnuBaØati[Kat;man»kasedIm,IBiPakSaBI tRmUvkar nigkarcab;GarmμN_rbs;BYkKat;. RtUveFVI[R)akdfa RKb;v½yrbs;RbCaBlrdæ TaMg RsþInigburs TaMgcas;nigekμg TaMgGñkmannigGñkRk CaedIm RtUv)anpþl;»kasdl;BYkeK edIm,I sMEdgecjBItRmUvkar nigkgVl;rbs;BBYkeK.

GgÁkarsgÁmsIuvil GaccUlrYmenAkñúgkarerobcMEpnkarGPivDÆXMu-sgáat; nigkm μviFIvinieyaK XMu-sgáat; edayeFVICatMNag[karcab;Garm μN_rbs;shKmn_mUldæan nigRkumCak;lak; TaMgLayNamYy dUcCa RbCaCnRkIRk RsþI shKmn_GenþaRKam CaedIm.

GgÁkarsgÁmsIuvil GacEckrMElkcMeNHdwg nigKMnitenAkñúgkarerobcMEpnkarGPivDÆn_XMu-sgáat;.

RbCaCnKYrEteKpþl;»kasdl;Kat;edIm,Ipþl;Caeyabl;cMeBaHEpnkarGPivDÆn_XMu-sgáat;. RbCaBlrdæ KYrEteK[cUlrYmenAkñúgkarRtYtBinitükarGnuvtþEpnkarGPivDÆn_XMu-sgáat;.

karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúXMu-sgáat;

maRtaTI 73 énc,ab;rdæ)alnigRKb;RKgXMu-sgáat; ³ : XMu-sgáat; RtUvEtmanRbPBFnFanhriBaØvtßú fvikar nigRTBüsm,tþi

rbs;xøÜn : .

maRtaTI 82 énc,ab;rdæ)alnigRKb;RKgXMu-sgáat; ³ : XMu-

sgáat; KYrEtbegáItRbBn§½mYy sMrab;RKb;RKg RtYtBinitü nigtamdan hriBaØvtßúrbs;xøÜn : .

RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; RtUv)aneKpþl;GMNacedIm,IRKb;RKgRbPBFnFanhirBaØvtßúrbs;eK. BYkeKRtUv )aneKpþl;karTTYlxusRtUv edIm,IRKb;RKgFnFanTaMgenHRbkbedaykareCOCak; nigkarTTYlxus

39


40

RtUvx<s; dUcenHsaFarN³CnGacTukcitþelIBYkeK)an. minGacmanGVIekItmaneLIgcMeBaHPaBmin eCOCak;rbs;saFarN³CneT dUcCakarsYrGMBIluyEdl)ancMNay.

etIRbPBcMNUlsMxan;²rbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;manGVIxøH?

RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;manRbPBcMNUlbIsMxan;² ³

BYkeK)anpþl;GMNacedIm,IRbmUlcMNUlpÞal; dUcCa kMNt;Bn§elIdIFøI b¤GaKar. BYkeKRtUv)an GnuBaØati[ykéføQñÜl enAeBlBYkeKpþl;esvakm μ. c,ab;k¾)anEcgEdrfa karlMGitTaMg LaynwgmanEcgenAkñúgc,ab;dac;edayELkmYy.

BYkeKk¾nwgTTYlpgEdrnUvcMENkmYyénmUlniFiXMu-sgáat;. mUlniFienH nwgRtUvbegáIteLIg edIm,IepÞrFnFanBIfñak;CatieTA[RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;. mUlniFinwgmancMENkmYysMrab;kar cMNayrdæ)al nigcMENkmYysMrab;karcMNaysMrab;karGPivDÆrbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;. cMENkénmUlniFirbs;XMu-sgáat; EdlnwgRtUvTTYledayRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;mñak;² nwgRtUv eKkMNt;edayviFImYy tamrUbmnþRbkbedaytmøaPaB.

BYkeKRtUv)anGnuBaØati edIm,ITTYlykéføQñÜl enAeBlEdlBYkeKbMeBjtYnaTIrbs;xøÜn kñúgmanrdæaPi)alfñak;Cati. enHKWRtUv)ankMNt;Ca : muxgarrbs;TIPñak;gar : .

RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;RtUvEtGnuvtþtamRbePTCaeRcInénnitiviFI edIm,IeFVI[R)akdfa FnFanRtUv)an cMNaykñúgrebobmYyRbkbedaytmøaPaB nigKNenyüPaB.

11.. fvikaXMu-sgáat; 22.. RbBn§½KNenyüPaBrbs;XMu-sgáat; 33.. r)aykarN_hirBaØvtßú 44.. vdþ b¤xYbénkarcMNay

55.. bTvin½yénltkmμ 66.. RTBüsm,tþiyUrGEgVgrbs;XMu-sgáat; 77.. svnkmμKNnIXMu-sgáat; nigRbtibtþikarN_KNnI


karbegáItEpnkarskm μPaB Epnkarskm μPaBmYy KWCaÉksar EdlbgðajBImeFüa)aylMGit faetIRbCaCn

cg;)anGVI[ekItmaneLIgy:agdUcemþc. vaKWCabBa¢IrskmμPaBTaMgLay EdleK

manbMNgcg;eFVIkñúgGMLúgeBlmYy. vabgðajBI GVI EdleKcg;eFVI eBlNaEdleK

cg;eFVIva nignrNaCaGñkeFVIva.

RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;mankargarCaeRcInedIm,IeFVI[sMerc. TaMgenH KWTamTardak;vaeTAtamlMdab; lMeday eFVIdUcenHmñak;²GacdwgfanwgmanGVIekIteLIgenAeBlxagmux. vamansar³sMxan;Nas; edIm,IdwgfaGñkTTYlxusRtUvkargarepSg² nigGñkEdlRtUveFVIGVI nigenAeBlNa. Epnkarskm μPaBsMrab; ³

ENnaMskm μPaBnaeBlxagmux

rMlwkdl;RbCaCnGMBIskm μPaBTaMgLay edIm,IGac[eKeRtomlkçN³Camun. CYydl;buKÁlikfμ I nigGñkxageRkA[dwgnUvGVIEdlmñak;²nwgRtUveFVI.

karRtYtBiinitü nigvaytMél karRtYtBinitü KWCadMeNIrkarmYykñúgkarRbmUlB½t’man sþIGMBIkarrIkcMerInrbs;kargar

nigkareRbIR)as;B½t’manTaMgenH edIm,IeFVIkarsMerccitþ nigeFVIEpnkar)anl¥RbesIr naeBlxagmux. karRtYtBinitü CYy[emIleXIjnUvGVIxøHEdlkMBugdMeNIrkarl¥ nigGVIxøH

EdlcaM)ac;RtUvpøas;bþÚr b¤EklMG.

RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; CaBiessRtUv)aneKesñI[RtYtBinitü dUcteTAenH ³ karGnuvtþEpnkar km μviFI KMerag nigesvakmμepSg² Edl)anpþl;sMrab;suxmalPaBrbs;

RbCaBlrdæ.

41


42

hirBaØvtßú ]TahrN_ dUcCakarGnuvtþKNenyü karRKb;RKgRTBüsm,tþi karRKb;RKgsvnkmμ nigkarRKb;RKghirBaØvtßú.

karRtYtBinitüCYy ³ kñúgkarBiinitüsegátBIrebobEdlerOgr:avkMBugdMeNIrkar b¤rIkcMerIn.

kñúgkarkMNt;bBaða nigerOgr:avEdlkMBugekIteLIg b¤dMeNIrkarminRtwmRtUv.

kñúgkarsMerccitþsMrab;karpøas;bþÚrsmRsb edIm,IeFVI[erOgr:avTaMgLayRtLb;mkRtwmRtUvvij kñúgkareRbIR)as;FnFankan;EtmanRbsiT§PaB nigRbsiT§pl. kñúgkarEfrkSaKuNPaB[l¥.


43

Éksareyag

1. Caroline Rusten et al. 2004: the challenges of the decentralization design in Cambodia

2. David Ayres 2001: literature review on decentralization, CCSP

3. Diana Conyers 1983, IDS: decentralization: the last fashion in development

administration?

4. El Mensi: a study on communes' own source revenue in Cambodia

5. NCDD is established by a Royal decree No. 0806/355 Kingdom of Cambodia

6. Patrick Stoop 2002: assessment of the recent decentralization policies of the Lao PDR government

7. Parker 1997: Promoting Good Local Governance through Social Funds and

Decentralization

8. Paul Erickson et al.1999: devolution and electoral politics

9. Prum Sokha: Secretary of State of Ministry of Interior, Cambodia

10. Rondinelli 1999 (a): democratic decentralization and local participation: a review of recent research

11. Rondinelli 1999 (b): concept of fiscal decentralization a worldwide overview

kmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan

m:UDulTI 2

eKalbMNgrbs;m:UDul edIm,Ipþl;cMeNHdwg nigkarEsVgyl;BIc,ab; cMeBaHGtßn½yTUeTAénkarpþl;esvakmμsaFaeN³ Edl TTYldwgedayrdæaPi)al nigeKalTsSn³nigeKalneya)ayrbs;rdæaPi)al cMeBaHkarpþl;esvakmμ saFarN³.

karrMBwgTukrbs;m:UDul eKrMBwgfa enAcugbBa©b;énemeronenH sikçakamnwgmankaryl;dwgCamUldæanGMBI ³

eKalTsSn³ eKalbMNg nigkarebþCJacitþrbs;rdæaPi)alcMeBaHkarpþl;esvakm μsaFarN³.

Gtßn½yénBaküesvakmμsaFarN³ nigviFIsaRsþnigynþkarepSg² sMrab;karpþl;esvakm μ saFarN³.

Rkbx½NÐc,ab; nigkic©shRbtibtþikarN_ edIm,Ikarpþl;esvakm μsaFarN³Rbkbeday RbsiT§iPaB.

karRbQmmuxTaMgLayenAkñúgkarpþl;esvakm μsaFarN³enAfñak;mUldæan.

kMNt;sMKal; ³ m:UDulenH RtUv)anEksRmYlecjBIeKalneya)ayrbs;rdæaPi)alkm<úCa cMeBaHkarpþl;esvakmμsaFarN³ ¬bMerIRbCaCnkan;EtRbesIr¦ edaydk Rsg;TaMgRsugrbs;KN³rdæmRnþI RbeTskm<úCa enAEx]sPa qñaM 2006.

44


2.1 .3

eKalTsSn³rdæaPi)alcMeBaHkarpþl;esvakm μsaFarN³ yuT§saRsþ nigkmμviFITaMgLay EdldkRsg;ecjBIeBlb:un μanqñaMf μI²enH dUcCa EpnkaryuT§saRsþ GPivDÆn_Cati nigEpnkarskmμPaBGPi)alkic©elIkTIBIr )anbgðajeKalbMNgmYyy:agc,as; nig )anedIrtYrCaRtIvis½ymYy eq<aHeTArkkarGnuvtþvis½ykMENTRmg;CaGaTiPaBrbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa Edl)anEcgenAkñúgyuT§saRsþctuekaN. RbeTskm<úCa minmanCMerIs[RbesIrCaCagkMENTRmg; enAeBlxøÜnfitkñúgbribTmYyénkarekIn eLIgGtßRbeyaCn_BIsnþiPaB nigesßrPaBenaHeT. rdæ)alsaFarN³bc©úb,nñ RtUv)anelIkTwkcitþ eqñaHeTArkkMENTRmg;[kan;Etgayyl; nigsIuCeRmA eFVIdUcenHedIm,IkøayeTACaGñkpþl;esvakmμ mYyRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB nigRbsiT§pl ehIyCaédKUGPivDÆn_mYyKYr[eCOCak; edIm,IbMeBjnUv ebskkmμ : énkarpþl;esvakmμkan;EtRbesIrdl;RbCaCn : EdlCakarmanRbsasn_rbs; semþcnaykrdæmRnþI h‘un Esn. enAkñúg»kasenaHEdr RKb;RksYgnigsßabn½TaMgGs; nigGñkBak;Bn§½rdæ)alsaFarN³TaMgGs; RtUvEteKarBkargar sMedAsMerckarpøas;bþÚrRbkbeday nirnþrPaB nigBRgwgPaBCaGñkdwknaM nigPaBCam©as;rbs;RbeTskm<úCa. semþcnaykrdæmRnþI hu‘n Esn )anmanRbsasn_kalBIéf¶TI 6 Exmifuna qñaM 2006 fa rdæ)alsaFarN³KYrEtmanlkçN³sMxan;bYny:agdUcxageRkam ³

karelIkTwkcitþ nigkarCMrujxøaMgxøaedIm,IGnuvtþkargar ³ rdæ)alsaFarN³RtUvEtmanPkIþPaB cMeBaHkargar nigelIkkMBs;kargarrbs;mRnþIraCkarsIuvil.

PaBesμaHRtg; ³ rdæ)alsaFarN³EdlCaCMnYykarrbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa nigCasßab½nrdæ RtUvEtesμaHRtg;cMeBaHrdæ nigRbCaBlrdæ.

karepþatelIesvakm μ ³ rdæ)alsaFarN³RtUvbMElgBIGñkcat;karrdæ)al eTACaGñkpþl;esvakmμ ehIyRtUvEtyutþiFm’kñúgkarRbtibtþi nigeqøIytbeTAnwgtRmUvkarBitR)akdrbs;RbCaCn. viC¢aCIv³niym ³ rdæ)alsaFarN³RtUvEtGnuvtþkargar rbs;xøÜnRbkbedaytmøaPaB smtßPaB nigRbsiTi§PaB.

45


criklkçN³rbs;rdæ)alsaFarN³Edl)anbgðajdUcxagelI minGacseRmc)aneT luHRtaEt TMlab;kargar nig\riyabTrbs;mRnþIraCkarsIuvilRtYv)anpøas;bþÚr. kareCaKC½yénkMENrTRmg; vaGaRs½yeTAnwgel,Ónénkarpøas;bþÚrenH mann½yfa meFüa)ayénkarBicarNa nig\riyabTrbs; mRnþIraCkarBIGñkcat;karrdæ)aleTACaGñkpþl;esvakm μ kñúglMnaMkan;EtmanRbsiT§iPaB ehIyCa Biess KWepþateTAelIcMNucdUcxageRkam ³

PaBGacrk nigTTYlesvakmμrbs;GñkeRbIR)as; PaBrak;Tak; søÚtbUt nigkarykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHtRmUvkarrbs;GñkeRbIR)as; karpþl;esvakmμTan;eBl manRbsiT§iPaB nigsøÚtbUtcMeBaHGñkeRbIR)as; karBnül; nigkareqøIytbeTAnwgcm¶l;TaMgLayGMBIesvakmμ nigkart¥ÚjEt¥.

esckIþbEnßmeTAelIGtßbTénEpnkarskm μPaBGPi)alkic©TI 2 EdlKN³rdæmRnþI)anGnum½tenAéf¶ TI 03 Ex kumÖ³ qñaM 2006 RkumRbwkSakMENTRmg;rdæ)al)ankMBugbegIáteKalneya)ayCaeRcIn edIm,IBRgIk nigeFVI[kan;EtsIuCeRmAeTAelIvis½ykMENTRmg; ehIyeFIV[R)akdRbCanUvPaBeCaKC½y ényuT§saRsþctuekaN. TaMgenH KWCaeKalneya)aysIþGMBIkarpþl;esvakmμsaFarN³ eKalkarN_ rYménkarpþl;esvakm μsaFarN³tamry³ynþkarénkariyal½ybg¥ÜcEtmYy eKalneya)aysIþGMBI

karRKb;RKgFnFanmnusS eKalneya)ay sþIGMBIkarGPivDÆFnFanmnusS eKalneya )aysIþGMBIkarpþl;plRbeyaCn_enAkñúgkarga eKalneya)aysIþGMBIkarRKb;RKgnieyaCit Rkbx½NÐRKb;RKgsMrab;GPivDÆn_smtßPaB nigbec©kviC¢aB½t’man nigR)aRs½yTak;Tg. neya)ayTaMgenH nwgCYyEklMGdl;karpþl; esvakmμsaFarN³.

raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa )anGPivDÆnigebIkyuT§nakarelI km μviFICatiry³eBl5qñaM ¬2004-2008¦ sMrab;kMEN TRmg;rdæ)al Edl)ankMNt;y:agc,as;;nUveKalbMNgd¾ sMxan; KW :karbMerIRbCaBlrdæ[kan;Etl¥ RbesIreLIg : yuT§saRsþénkmμviFIenH KWEp¥kelI eKalkarN_sMxan;²bYn ¬1¦karEklMGkarpþl;esvakmμ ¬2¦begáInR)ak;ebovtS nigkargareFVI ¬3¦GPivDÆn_smtßPaB ¬4¦elIkkMBs; bec©kviC¢aB½t’mannigkarR)aRs½yTak;Tg. Rkumebskkmμ GaTiPaB (PMG) CacMNucsñÚlényuT§saRsþenH.

eKalneya)aysIþGMBIkarpþl;esvakmμsaFarN³ CalT§plénkarBiPakSarYm nigkarpøas;bþÚrKMnitKña rvagRksYg saßb½n enAkñúgkic©RbCuMGnþrRksYg eq<aHeTArkkarGnum½tedayKN³rdæmRnþI nasm½yRbCuMeBjGgÁenAéf¶TI 05 Ex]sPa qñaM2006. neya)aydak;ecjnUvniymn½yRbePT esvakmμsaFarN³rbs;rdæ TisedA nigyuT§saRsþ ynþkarénkarGnuvtþ karEklMGenAkñúgKMeragc,ab; nigkarsMrbsMrYlénkarRbtibtiþ. vaminRKan;EtsMrab;bgðajpøÚvcMeBaHfñak;dwknaMCan;x<s; nigmRnIþ

46


bMerIkarsIuvilenaHeT bu:EnþEfmTaMgbgðajnUvskmμPaBCaGaTiPaBd¾eRcIn EdlrdæaPi)aleFIVkar EkTRmg;rdæ)al edIm,IeFIV[rdæ)alsaFarN³mansmtßPaB edIm,IbMerIRbCaBlrdæ[kan;Etl¥RbesIr.

2.2 .3

eKalneya)ayrdæaPi)alcMeBaHkarpþl;esvasaFarN³ niymn½y nigRbePTénkarpþl;esvasaFarN³ eKalneya)aycMeBaHkarpþl;esvakm μsaFarN³dak;ecjCaniymn½y nigRbePTepSg²énesvakm μ saFarN³rbs;rdæ eKalbMNgnigyuT§saRsþ ynþkarRbtibtiþkarN_ karEklMGRbBn½§c,ab; karsRmbsRmYlénkarGnuvtþc,ab;. elIsBIenH eKalneya)ayenH KWCaÉksareKalsMrab; karGnuvtþkMENTRmg;epSg² edIm,IEklMGkarpþl;esvakmμedayEp¥keTAelIbTBiesaFl¥²BImun nigbc©úb,nñ.

TIPñak;garmansmtßkic© ³ KWsMedAeTAsßab½nrdæ b¤TIPañk;garrdæ b¤ GaCJaF½rrdæ;RKb;lMdab;fñak; EdleFIVkar kñúgtMbn;rbs;BYkeK Edlmansmtß kic©kñúgyutþaFikar.

esvakm μsaFarN³ RtYv)an[niymn½ydUcxageRkam ³ skm μPaBTaMgGs;Edl)anGnuvtþ edayTIPñak;garmansmtßkic©nigepÞrsiT§i [kñúgbMNgedIm,IbMerIplRbeyaCn_ saFarN³ KWCaesvakmμsaFarN³. niymn½y

TIPañk;garTTYlPar³kic© ³KWsMedAeTAelIGgÁPaBenAkñúgEpñkÉkCn b¤sgÁmsuIvil Edl)anepÞrkargar nigkarTTYlxusRtUv BiessBIrdæ b:uEnþsßitenAeRkamRtYtBinitürbs;rdænigTIPñak;gardæ. karRtYtBinitüedayrdæ nigTIPñak;gardæénEpñkÉkCn b¤ GgÁkarsgÁmsIuviledayEp¥keTAelIkic©RBmeRBog b¤ kic©snüac,as;las;rYmTaMgskmμPaBkargar lT§pl EdlGacsMec)an TisedA nigplb:HBal;sgÁm d_éTeTot.

47


48

RbePTénesvakmμsaFarN³

esvakmμsaFarN³ RtUv)aneKEcgdUcenAxagelIEdlfitenAkñúgc,ab;enH RtUv)aneKEckCaR)aMBIr RbePT edayEp¥kelIEpñk nigkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;RksYg b¤sßab½ndUcxageRkam ³ • esvakmμEdlTak;TgeTAnwgGFibetyürbs;rdæ • esvakmμEdlTak;TgeTAnwgsnþisux sNþab;Fñab;saFarN³ nigsuvtißPaBsgÁm • esvakmμEdlTak;TgeTAnwgyutiþFm’ nigkarvinicä½ytampøÚvc,ab;

esvakmμEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarbegáInkargarBaNiC¢km μ shRKa•

vinieyaKTun nigkarcYlrYmrbs;vis½yÉkCnkñúgkarksag nigCYlCulehdæarcnasm<½n§ esvakmμsgÁm vb,Fm’ nigkic©karRsþI

sFuntUc nigmFüm briyakas

•

ehdæarcnasm<½n§rUbvnþ½ mehtuplénkarcMNay nig

vakmμEdlTak;TgeTAnwg esvakmμEdlTak;TgnwgGFibetyüPaBrbs;rdæ edayminrab;

svakmμEdlTak;TgeTAnwg

nTMnak;TMngeTAnwgsnþisux sNþab;Fñab;

• esvakmμEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarGPivDÆ• esvakmμEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarRbmUlR)ak;cMNYl PaBs

karcMNay.

esGFibetyürbs;rdæ bBa¢ÚlkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;rdæ ehIyRtUv)anpþl;edayTIPñak;gar

rbs;rdæ b¤GgÁPaBrdæEdlfitenAeRkamc,ab;saFarN³ rdæ)an epÞrsiT§iGMNacedIm,IGnuvtþesvakm μenaH. esvakm μenHrYmman ³ lixitGnuBaØati GaCJab½NÑ lixitGaBah_BiBah_ sMbuRtkMeNIt bNÑebIkbryanynþ lixitbBa¢ak;muxgar GtþsBaØaNb½NÑ sBa¢atiEx μr esovePARKYsar nItüanukUlkm μ.l. cMeBaHesvakmμ TaMgenH karcat;EcgnigkarRbtibtþi KWCakarTTYlxusRtUvrbs; rdæ b¤Pñak;garrdæ.

esvakmμTaMgenHmaesnþisux sNþab;Fñab; saFarN³ nigsuvtißPaB sgÁm

saFarN³ karsñak;enA kareFIVdMeNIr karR)aRs½yTak;Tg nig suvtßiPaBsgÁm. TaMgGs;enH KWfitenAkñúgsmtßkic©rbs;GaCJaFr mansmtßkic© nKr)al kgsnþisux nigkgkMlaMgRbdab;GavuF. esvakmμTaMgenHmansar³sMxan;Nas; edIm,IkarBarbriyakas GPivDÆn_RbeTs karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigsuPmgÁlrbs;


49

RbCaCnnigPaBsuxsanþ esßrPaBnigPaBR)adkRbCasMrab;Gñk vinieyaKnigGaCIvkrenAkñúgmuxCMnYj. cMeBaHesvakmμTaMgenH karcat;Ecg nigkarRbtibtikarN_rbs;BYkeK KWCakarTTYlxus RtUvrbs;rdæ nigPñak;garbs;rdæ.

esvakmμEdlTak;TgeTAnwg vakmμTaMgenHTak;TgeTAnwgyutiþFm’nigkarvinicä½ytampøÚvc,ab;

TminRBmTTYlyk

MnukcitþénGñkeRbIR)as;esvakmμ nigGñkBak;Bn§½d¾éTeTot KW

esvakmμEdlTak;TgeTAnwg arbegáInkic©karBaNiC¢kmμ ³aRsþ nigCaGñkdwknaMéndMeNIrkar

yutiþFm’ nigkarvinicä½ytam pøÚvc,ab;

esrvagBlrdænigBlrdæ b¤BlrdænigesvakmμsIuvil b¤Blrdænig EpñkÉkCn b¤esvakmμsIuvilnigEpñkÉkCn.l. esvakm μTaMg enH RtUv)anEbgEckCaBIrsßabn½ ³

1¦ RkumRbwkSaGaCJakNþal CaGñksMrbsMrYledIm,IedaHRsay ¬nUvvivaTbnÞab;bnSMrvagPaKITaMgBIreRkARbB½n§tulakar nigkat; bnßybnÞúkénvivaTEdlmanenAkñúgtulakar. ¬2¦ kñúgtulakar ³ enAkñúgkrNIGñkmanvivadMeNaHRsayEdleFIVeLIgedayGaCJakNþal BYkeKnwgrkpøÚv edaHRsaytamry³tulakar. TÉkraCü edayQrelIkarRbtibtiþc,ab;RbkbedayRbsiTi§PaB KuNPaB Fm μcriya yutiþFm’ nigtmøaPaB kñúgbribTEdlrkSanUv viFanc,ab; dUecñHskmμPaBTaMgGs;sMrab;karEklMGkargar KYEt RtUv)anerobcMbnþicmþg²edayRbugRby½tñ edIm,IbegáInKuNPaB nigRbsiT§iPaBénesvakmμtulakar.

karbegáInkargarBaNiC¢kmμ shRKasFuntUcnigmFüm briyakas vinieyaKTun nigkarcYlrYmrbs;vis½y ÉkCnkñúgkarksag

kraCrdæaPi)al KWCaGñkyuT§sGPivDÆn_ EdlTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarbegIátbriyakasmYyedIm,I begIánshRKasÉkCn edayKitfaEpñkÉkCnKWCak,alm:asIun sMrab;karrIkcMerIn. GaTiPaBBiess RtUv)anpþl;[kñúgkarerobcM vas;EvgEdlbegáItnUvbriyakasTUeTA EdleFVI[mankarGPivDÆ


50

nigCYlCulehdæarcnasm<½n§ aFarN³

dækar

½n

¥ÜcmYy

hRKasFuntUc nigmFüm

Æn_shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm

untUc nigmFüm

§RKb;RbePT nigkarcab;epþImtMbUg

;skm μPaBnaMecjnaMcUl edayeFIVTMrg;kar

ßykarsIueBl nigkarKitéføesvakmμcMeBaH

hRKas

rvagshRKasFuntUc nig

EpñkÉkCn RtUvqøgkat;tMNak;kalc,as;las; ³ karBRgwgTaMgGPi)alkic©saCIvkm μ nigs karkat;bnßykariyal½yFibetyü nigkic©karr

enAkñúgRksYg b¤sßab½n edayKitKUBIkarnaMecjnaMcUl karbM)at;ecalnUvkargarRtYtsIuKñarbs;RksYg b¤sßabedayCMrujdMeNIrkarRtYtBinitüEtmþgcb; karEklMGkarGnuvtþynþkarkariyal½ybgenARckRBMEdnGnþrCati

sraCrdæaPi)albnþEklMGGPivDedayqøgkat;eKalneya)aydUcxageRkam ³

RtUvelIkTwkcitþkarGPivDÆshRKasFCaBiess tamry³karpþl;hirBaØvtßú ry³eBlEvg nigry³eBlmFüm RtUvTb;sáat;karrt;Bn

RtUvkat;bnßyEbbbTcuHbBa¢Ir rbs;Rkumh‘un RtUvsRmYldl[samBaØ dUcCakarecjGaCJab½NÑ niglixitGnuBaØati déTeTot RtUvkat;bnkarGnuBaØati sMrab;RbtibtiþkarN_plitkmμshRKas FuntUc nigmFümedayqøgkat;tamynþkarkariyal½y RckecjcUlEtmYy ¬One Window Office¦ RtUvpþl;karKaMRTkñúgkarkarBaredIm,IeRCIserIsskñúgGMLúgeBlsmRsb RtUvCMrujkarcgsm<½n§PaBmFüm nigshRKasFM².l.


51

edIm,IsMerc)annYveKalbMNgxagelI rdæaPi)alRtUvepþatkaryk

itþplitplkñúgRsuk edIm,ICMnYskarnaMcUl

a

♦ tßPaBRbkYt

♦ áItEpnkarskm μPaB nigbTbBa¢aepSg² edIm,I

briyak

esvakmμkic©karsgÁm B

citþTukdak;eTAelI ³ ♦ karelIkTwkc

nigedIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgyuT§saRsþsMrab;karbegáIt[ manplitplkñúgRsuk edayGnuelameTAtambriykasTUeTAéntMbn; nigsklPavUbnIykmμ karbegáItyuT§saRsþmYy edIm,IeFIV[smRbECgrbs;shRKasFuntUc nigmFümkan;EtRbesIr eLIg karbegCYyKaMRT nigRtYtBinitükargarrbs;shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm. asvinieyaK nigkarcUlrYmrbs;vis½yÉkCn kñúgkar

ksag nigCYsCulehdæarcnasm<½n§ cMeBaHkic©karenH raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCanwgRtUvGnuvtþkarvas;Evg caM)ac; edIm,IEklMGbriyakasvinieyaK nigCMnYj. karvas;Evg rYmman eKalneya)ayelIkTwkcitþ bTbBa¢apøÚvkar nigCMruj karcUlrYmEpñkÉkCnkñúgkarsagsg; nigCYsCulehdæarcna sm<½n§. rcnasm<½n§énesvakm μTaMgLaydak;CaRkum EdlminTan;eqøIy tbRKb;RKan;cMeBaHtRmUvkarcaM)ac;sMxan;²enAeLIy kñúgkar sRmbsRmYlRbtibtþikarN_GaCIvkmμ karvinieyaK nigkar GPivDÆvis½yÉkCn RtUvEtpøas;bþÚr[)ansmRsb nigbnÞan; edIm,I[RsbeTAtamsßanPaBCak;Esþg nigFnFanEdlman.

esvakmμTaMgenaHrYmman ³ esvakm μGb;rM ¬elIkkMBs;KuNPavb,Fm’ nigkic©karRsþI Gb;rMTaMgGs; smÖar³sikSa nigsiTi§TTYlykkarGb;rMCamUldæan¦

esvakmμsuxPaBnigGnam½y ¬PaBGacTTYl)an KuNPaB nig RbsiT§PaBkñúgkarpþl;esvakm μsuxPaBEdlmansmFm’ nigesvakmμsuxPaBbzm CaBiesssMrab;GñkRkIRk nigCngay


52

rgeRKaHbMput¦ esvakMsanþ esvakmμsgÁm esvakmμEdlpþl; karkarBardl;ek μgkMRBa ek μggayrgeRKaH CnBikar esvakmμ EdlbegáInkarcUlrYmrbs;RsþIenAkñúgkarGPivDÆesdækic© nigesva km μdéTeTotEdlCYykat;bnßyPaBRkIRk.

esvakmμEdlTak;TgnwgkarGPivDÆehdæarcna

esvakmμEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarGPivDÆehdæarcnasm<½n§

sm<½n§ Cak;Esþg WCaGaTiPaBcMbgrbs;raCrdæaPi)alkñúgkarCMruj nigkarBenøÓn

øÚvrfePøIg

esvakmμEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarRbmUlR)ak;cMNYl

Kg ak;cMNUl RbB½n§bg;R)ak; nigkarcMNaykan;EtmantmøaPaB

rUbv½nþ KkarlUtlas;Epñkesdækic© nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. karGPivDÆehdæarcnasm<½n§ Cak;EsþgRtUvEtepþatelIkarksag eRcIneToténRbBn½§dwkCBa¢ÚndUcCa ³ pøÚvfñl; s<an ppøÚvTwk kMBg;Ep Gakasyandæan nig mnÞIreBTü salaeron GNþÚgTwk RbB½n§Twks¥at RbB½n§FarasaRsþ GKÁIsnI famBl B½t’manviTüa éRbsnIy×nigTUrKmnaKmn_.l. cMeBaHesvakm μ TaMgenH raCrdæaPi)alCMrujeKalneya)ayelIkTwkcitþedIm,IelIk TwkcitþkarcUlrYmBIGñkBak;Bn§½TaMgGs;CaBiessEpñkÉkCn.

esvakmμTaMgenHmanTMnak;TMngeTAnwgkarEklMG karRKb;R

PaBsmehtuplén karcMNay nig karcMNay

R)nigRbsiT§PaBEfmeTot nigTMrg;karepSg² edIm,Ikat;bnßy karlM)akrbs;GñkeRbIR)as;esvakm μ. enAkñúgkarsRmbsRmYl dl;karGnuvtþ RksYg b¤sßab½nEdlTTYlxusRtUvénRbePT esvakmμTaMgR)aMBIrxagelI RtUvEterobcMnigcgRkgbBa¢Iresvakmμ TaMgenH[)anl¥. kñúgkrNImankarrIkcMerInxøHkñúgesdækic©TIpSa bec©kviC¢aTMenIb nigtRmUvkarCak;Esþg CalT§plénclnavivtþn_ rbs;sgÁm esvakm μsaFarN³TaMgenH nwgRtUvkMNt;eLIgvij EdlbNþalmkBIkarvivtþn_enaH. karpþl;RKb;RbePTnUvesvakm μ saFarN³edayminKitBIynþkar TIkEnøg nigkal³eTs³ RtUvEtRbugRbytñ½ cMeBaHviFIEdlKaMRTkarGacTTYlykrbs; GñkRkIRk CnBikar cas;Cra nigek μg²TaMgenATIRkug nigCnbT.


53

eKalbMNg nig viFIsaRsþ

albMNgCayuT§saRsþrbs;raCrdæaPi)alkñúgkarpþl;esvakm μsaFarN³ KW :edIm,IbMerIRbCaCn[ enHmann½yfa rdæ)alsaFarN³RtUvEt ³

ñúgbMNgka vakmμkñúgkarEsVgrkesvakm μedayxøÜneK nigkar

enAkñúgGtIt t;CamunnUvRbePTesvakmμEdl anpþl;eTA[

alsaFa dlBYkeKRtUvkar elIkElgEtkñúgkrNI lBYkeKmi μÉkeTsEdlmantMélx<s;pþl;nUvkarvHkat;

kmμEdlmantmøaPaB nigkarTTYlxusRtYv

eKalbMNg ³ eKkan;Etl¥RbesIr : . 1. karGacTTYlyk)ancMeBaHesvakmμ

pþl;nUvB½t’manRKb;RKan; c,as;las; nigGacyl;)an. kat;bnßykariyal½yFib,etyü nigrdæakr k t;bnßykarlM)akdl;GñkeRbIR)as;eskat;bnßykarbg;R)ak;bEnßmsMrab;dMeNIrRbtibtiþeRkApøÚvkar.

2. karepþatelItRmUvkarCak;EsþgénGñkeRbIR)as;esvakmμ

kal mRnþIraCkarsIuvil dUcCaGñkrdæ)al RtUv)ankMNGñkeRbIR)as; eTaHy:agenHkþI esvakm μxøHmin)anbMeBjeTAtamtRmUvkarrbs;BYkeK )

TaMgGs;enaHeT. \LÚvenH kñúgnamCaGñkpþl;esvakm μ mRnþIraCkarsIuvilRtUvEtpaøs;bþÚr\riyabT kargar nigkMNt;RbePTesvakmμedayEp¥kelItRmUvkarrbs;GñkeRbIR)as; nigTIpSar. 3. esvakmμTUlMTUlaydl;TIkEnøgEdlcaM)ac;

rdæ) rN³ RtUvEtpþl;esvakmμeTATIkEnøgNaEnGaceFIVeTA)an. ]TahrN_ esvakmEd

ebHdUg EdlGaceFIVeTA)anEtenABIrbIkEnøg Gacniyay)anfamanEtenATIRkugPñMeBj. cMeBaHbBaða TUeTA rdæ)alsaFarN³KYrEtykRbCaBlrdæCamUldæansMrab;karpþl;esvakmμ. ]TahrN_ RbCaBlrdæRtUvkarRbePTesvakm μmYyNa enATIkEnøgxøH enaHrdæ)alKYrEtkMNt;RbePTesvakm μ TaMgenaH edIm,Ipþl;[dl;TIkEnøgenaH. enaHKWGaceCosvagkaredIrEsVgrknUvesvakm μEdlenAq¶ay BIshKmn_rbs;BYkeK. 4. karpþl;esva


Gñkpþl;esvakm μRtUvEtpþl;ral;B½t’manedaycMhnigRKb;RCugeRCay

54

edayminerIseGIgBUCsasn_ igepþateTAelIKuNPaBénkarpþl;[Tan;eBlevlaCamYynwgkarTTYlxusRtUvx<s;. Gñkpþl;

;esva kMNt;. enHmann½yfa GIVEdl)an μ

Im,IsMerceKalbMNgEdl)anelIkeLIgxagelI manyuT§saRsþFMBIr sMrab;dMeNIrkarRbtibtþi ³ bþÚrGakb,kiriya nig\riyabTkargarrbs;esvakmμsIuvilBIrdæ)aleTACaGñkpþl;esva.

Ca

nesvakmμ RtUvEtpþl;B½t’mannig»kas edIm,IRtYtBinitü nigyl;dwgBInitiviFI riHKn; nigt¥ÚjEt¥r b¤EsVgrkkarEklMGcMeBaHkarpþl;esvakm μ edIm,IeqøIytbnUvtRmUvkarrbs;BYkeK nigeFIV[RbesIr eLIgnUvRbsiT§pl RbsiT§iPaB nigtmøaPaB dUecñHKWRbkan;x¢ab;nUveKalkarN_GPi)alkic©l¥. 5. KuNPaB RbsiT§ipl nigRbsiT§iPaBénesvakmμ

Gñkpþl km μRtUvEteqIøytbeTAnwgbTdæanesvakmμEdl)anpþl;dl;GñkeRbIR)as;RtUvGnuelameTAtambTdæantMél eBlevla nigKuNPaB. KuNPaBesvakmRtUv)ankMNt;edayEp¥keTAelIkareBjcitþrbs;GñkeRbIR)as; TIkEnøgEdlesvakm μeqøIytbeTAnwg tRmUvkar nigplRbeyaCn_saFarN³rbs;GñkeRbIR)as;. ebIsinrdæ)alsaFarN³minGacpþl; b¤éllkbegáItnUvesvakmμenHeT rdæGacEsVgrkédKUrGPivDÆn_ EdlGacCYypþl;dl;tRmUvkar rbs;GñkeRbIR)as;. viFIsaRsþ edTImYy KWpøas;enHKWCacMNucsMxan; BIeRBaHedayehtufamanKMrUl¥ nigTRmg;karl¥ sMrab;Gnuvtþ ebIsinmRnþIraCkarsIuvilmincg;pøas;bþÚrGakb,kiriyarbs;BYkeK enaHKuNPaBénkarpþl;esvakmμminGac naMmknUvpll¥ nigRbsiTi§PaB)aneT. Gñkpþl;esvakmμRtUvman\riyabTl¥ edIm,IbMerIGñkeRbIR)as; edayrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkareRbIR)as;BaküsMdI nigGakb,kiriyaTMnak;TMngkargarTUeTA. edIm,Ipþl; esvakmμRbkbedayKuNPaB RbsiTi§pl nigRbsiT§iPaB CatMbUgTamTar[mRnþIraCkarsIuvilman karyl;dwgc,as;las; GMBIeKalTsSn³rbs; :Gñkpþl;esvakm μ : nig :GñkeRbIR)as;esvakm μ : dUcenH KWGacpøas;bþÚrviFIsaRsþénkarKitKUrEdlmaneKalbMNgkat;bnßykariyal½yFib,etyü nigrdækar kñúgkarpþl;esvakmμ. karpøas;bþÚrviFIKitKUrnigGakb,kiriyarbs;mRnþIraCkarsIuvil [ecjq¶ayBI bBaðaTaMgenHEdl)ancak;bJsy:ageRCAeTAkñúgeKalKMnitCaGñkrdæ)al KWTamTarry³eBlevlayUr sml μmmYy.


55

TIBIr KWkarpøas;bþÚrdMeNIrkarkargarBI :TRmg;karmuxgar : eTACa :TRmg;karRbtibtiþ :. viFIenH WepþateTAelIkarEklMG\riyabTkargarenAkñúgrdæ)alsaFarN³eq<aHeTArklT§pll¥. bc©úb,nñ

ariyal½yCYrmuxTak;TgpÞal;CamYyGñkeRbIR)as;. edIm,IeFIV[kariyal½yCYrmuxmansmtßPaB kñúgkarpþl;esvakmμdl;RbCaCn nigGtifiCn mRnþIraCkarsIuvil b¤Pñak;garEdlCYl[eFIVkarkñúg

ariyal½yCYreRkayCakEnøgsMxan;CYyKaMRTkareCaKC½ydl;kariyal½yCYrmux. kariyal½yCYr eRkay mantYnaTIIBinitüBaküesIñIsMu nigÉksardéTeTot kardak;sMeNInigbBa¢ÚnÉksarTaMgenaH

FnFanmnusS arpþl;esvakmμsaFarN³[RtUveTAnwg

RbsiT§pl nigRbsiT§PaB edaykarpøas;bþÚr\riyabT nigGakb,kiriya

K\riyabTkargarenAkñúgTRmg;karmuxgarGnuelameTAtamnitiviFI nigbTbBa¢aEdl)ankMNt;eday K μankarKitKUrBIlT§pl RbsiT§pl nigRbsiT§PaB nigkareBjcitþrbs;GñkeRbIR)as;esvakmμ. rcna sm<n§½RbtibtþikarN_RtYv)aneKGnuvtþeTAtameKalTsSn³BIr KW :kariyal½yCYrmux : nig :kariyal½yCYreRkay :. kariyal½yCYrmux k

EpñkenH RtUvEtmansmtßPaB nigkaryl;dwgl¥Tak;TgeTAnwgesvakmμsaFarN³ manGakb,kiriya l¥ epþatGarm μN_eTAelItRmUvkarrbs;GtifiCn ehIyBnül;nUvcMNucsMxan;²énesvakm μrbs;BYkeK ehIyGacedaHRsaybBaðarbs;GñkeRbIR)as;. kariyal½yCYrmux mantYnaTIpþl;B½t’man Bnül;ral; TRmg;karsMrab;kareFVIltkm μnigkarpþl;esvakm μ karbBa¢ÚnÉksarÉkeTssMxan;² karTTYlR)ak; QñÜlesvakm μ ehIypþl;lT§plnigesckþIsMerccitþ EdlTak;TgeTAnwgsMeNIrEdl)ancuHeQ μaH edayGñkeRbIR)as;. kEnøgEdlcaM)ac; karENnaMnigCMnYybEnßm KYrEt)anpþl;[nigCYybMeBjBakü esñIsMudl;GñkeRbIR)as; Edlminyl;dwgkñúgkarbMeBjEbbbT b¤minGacGannigsres)an.

kariyal½yCYreRkay k

eTAGñkEdlGacsMerc bnÞab;mkepJIRtLb;mkkariyal½yCYrmuxvij. GgÁPaBrbs;kariyal½yCYrmuxKYrEtEp¥kelIktþasMxan;R)aM ³

mRnþIraCkarsIuvilRtUvEtyl;dwgGMBIeKalTsSnfμ I énkbTdæanKuNPaBkargar BI :rdæ)al : eTACa :Gñkpþl;esvakm μ : ehIyBYkeKKYrEtTTYlkarhVwkhVWn edIm,IbegáInsmtßPaB BRgwgviC¢aCIv³kmμ nigbegáIncMeNHdwg nigcMeNHeFIV. BYkeKKYrEt TTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarpþl;esvakmμedIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgtRmUvkarTIpSa. kñúgbribTénkarRKb;


56

RKgFnFanmnusS GaTiPaBKYrEtpþl;[mRnþIraCkarsIuvilNaEdlsMerc)annUvsñaédl¥ kñúgkar tMeLIgfan³ karpþl;emday nigeRKOgelIkTwkcitþdéTeTot. FnFanhirBaØvtßú FnFanhirBaØvtßúKYrEtGnuelameTAtamEpnkarkargar nigsk

mμPaBRbcaMqñaMénvis½ynimYy² tiþkarN_sac;R)ak;KYrEtRbRBwtþieTAtameBlevlaEdl)ankMNt;.

;esvakm μ yRbsiT§pl RbsiT§PaB KuNPaB nigTan;eBlevla. EpnkarrYmman ³

Ikarpþl;esvakm μsaFarN³ RtUv)anerobcM RtYtBinitü dIm,IeRbobeFobCamYynwglT§plrMBwgTuk Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúg

¢aTMnak;TMngB½t’man KWCaviFIsaRsþTMenIb sMrab;karpøas;bþÚrsMxan;² vag Bn½§rdæ)alsaFarN³ nigGñkeRbIR)as;esvakm μ. bec©k

edays nigkariyal½yCYreRkay

lRtUv)ansRmbsRmYlenARKb;tMNak;kal edIm,IsMerc)annUveKalbMNgBitR)akd ³ :karbMerI

nþkarRbtibtiþkarN_)anKUsbBa¢ak;eKalbMNgsMxan;² dUcxagxageRkam kñúgkarsRmbsRmYl b½nedIm,IEklMGnigbegáItnUvbTdæan. eTaHCay:agNak_eday karGnuvtþ

énynþkar KWGaRs½yeTAtamkal³eTs³ nigsßanPaBCak;Esþg enAkñúgRbB½n§rdæ)alsaFarN³rbs;

elIsBIenH RbtibEpnkar kariyal½yCYreRkayKYrbegáItEpnkaryuTÁsaRsþnigRbtibtiþkarN_ sMrab;karpþlRbkbedaEpnkarkargar EpnkarskmμPaB Epnkarfvikar EpnkarhirBaØvtßú lT§plrMBwgTuk nigkar):an;RbmaNBIhaniP½y. svnkm μ nig karvaytMél karGnuvtþEpnkarskm μPaBedIm,vaytMél nigeFIVsvnkmμ eEpnkarskm μPaB. bec©kviC¢aTMnak;TMngB½t’man ICT kareRbIR)as;bec©kviCkñúg\riyabTR)aRs½yTak;Tgr RbviC¢aB½t’mannigR)aRs½yTak;Tg RtYv)aneKeRbIR)as; edIm,Ikat;bnßykariyal½yFib,etyü nigkarcMNayeBl begáIntmøaPaB RbsiT§PaB nigRbsiT§pl ehIyedIm,IeFIV[R)akdfa gayTTYlykB½t’man nigTItaM eBlevlaénesvakmμEdlRtUvkar.

egçb KYrEtmanGnþrGMeBId¾rlUnrvagRbtibtiþkarN_kariyal½yCYrmuxEdRbCaBlrdæ[kan;Etl¥RbesIreLIg : . ynþkarénRbtibtþikarN_ ykargarrbs;RksYg b¤sßa


57

RbeTskm<úCa. eCaKC½yénkarpþl;esvakmμsaFarN³ KWEp¥keTAelIdMeNIrkarnigynþkar kar kMNt;eBlevlaénkarGnuvtþ nigtMélsMrab;esvakm μEdlpþl;dl;RbCaBlrdæ. ynþkarTaMgLay xageRkam GaceFVIeTA)anedIm,Ikarpþl;esvakmμsaFarN³. karEklMGdMeNIrkarénkarpþl;esvakmμsaFarN³ dMeNIrkarEklMGénkarpþl;esvakmμ KWCaynþkarsMxan;mYyedIm,IEklMGkarpþl;esvakm μsaFarN³.

argarenHRtUv)aneFIVkñúgRksYg b¤sßab½n nigTIPñak;garrdæ edaylb;bM)at;ecalnUvkargarRtYtsIuKña b¤ repþatykcitþTukdak; KYrEteFVIkareTA

s;RbCaBlrdæcMeBaHesvakmμqøgkat;tamTRmg;karsamBaØ tmøaPaB RbsiT§pl RbsiTi§PaB nig bmUlpþMúesvakm μsaFarN³

aTiPaB Edl)anEcgenAkñúg agkaryuT§saRsþsIþGMBIvimCÄkarnigvishmCÄkar RtUv)anGnum½tedayraCrdæaPi)al nasm½y

17 mifuna qñaM 2005. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday : vish

kCRmHecalnUvPaBminc,as;las;énkargarnigTRmg;kar. kaelITRmg;kar nigdMeNIrkarkargar eBlevlaEdleRbIR)as; éføesvakm μ RbsiT§plnigRbsiT§PaB RBmTaMgKuNPaBénesvakmμsaFarN³ nigkareCOCak;. kariyal½yRckecjcUlEtmYy ¬One Window Office¦ kariyal½ybg¥ÜcmYy KWCaynþkarsMrab;karpþl;esvakm μsaFarN³EdlsRmbsRmYlkarTTYlyk rbkarTTYlykeKalTsSn³nigtRmUvkarrbs;GñkeRbIR)as;. ynþkarenHRnigpþl;RckcUlenAmYykEnøgsMrab;kardak;esñIsMu nigTTYlesvakmμ edaykMNt;bTdæaneBlevla sMrab;kareRbIR)as; karpþl;esvakm μ nigkarkMNt;éføCak;lak;sMrab;esvakmμ. karGnuvtþl¥ KW)aneronsUtBIkarRbtibtiþBIeBlmun EdlRtUv)aneRbICaKMrUmYysMrab;kareFIVCafμ ITUTaMgRbeTs. kariyal½ybg¥ÜcmYy KYrEterobcMkarEbgEcktYnaTI[)anc,as;las; muxgar nigsmtßPaB RbkYtRbECg. karcat;Ecg muxgar eRKagkar eKalkarN_ TRmg;kar nigrcnasm<½n§ kariyal½ybg¥ÜcmYy edayEp¥keTAelIkarsMerccitþrbs;rdæaPi)al. vishmCÄkaresvakmμsaFarN³ karcat;EcgRbB½n§rdæ)alsaFarN³ KWCakic©karCayuT§saRsþnigCaGeRKRbCMueBjGgÁrbs;KN³rdæmRnþIkalBIéf¶TI mCÄkar : enAkñúgeKalneya)ayenH )ankMNt;esvakmμsaFarN³ nigkarpþl;esvakm μsaFarN³ lMdab;fñak;eRkamCati qøgkat;RbB½n§rdæ)alrYmKña. RbB½n§rdæ)alrYménsalaextþ-Rkug nigRsuk-


58

x½NÐ nigCYysRmbsRmYlskmμPaBrdæ)alsaFarN³TaMgGs; kñúgEdndIerog²xøÜn CamYyTsSn³ edIm,IelIkTwkcitþkarGPivDÆ nigkarpþl;esvakm μkñúgkareqøIytbeTAnwgtRmUvkarRbCaBlrdæ.

vimCÄkaresvakmμsaFarN³ dUc)anEcgenAkñúgc,ab;RKb;RKgrdæ)alXMu-sgáat; Rbkas[eRbIedayRBHraCRkm RK/0301/05 cuH

Mu-sgáat;mantYnaTIBIr EdlRtUvbMeBj ³

maR arbMeBj

YnaTITaMgBIrxagelI. XMu-sgáat;RtUvEtcat;Ecgkarpþl;esvakm μsaFarN³bnþicmþg². kargarenH

wHsßansaFarN³EdlmancrwtlkçN³rdæ)al KWCaTRmg;mYyepSgeToténynþkarsMrab;karpþl; hirBaØvtßúEdl)anÉkPaB nigCanItibuKÁl

nH RtUvEp¥kelIlkçN³vinicä½ydUcxageRkam ³ ;sßab½n nigkariyal½y

b;RKgRbtibtiþkarN_edayeRbIrebobénkarRKb;RKg

éf¶TI 19 Ex mina qñaM 2001 rdæ)alX1> RKb;RKgkic©karenAmUldæan edIm,IbMerIplRbeyaCn_rbs;XMu-sgáat; nigRbCaBlrdærbs;XMu-

sgáat;enaH. 2> dMeNIrkarCaPñak;garrdæeRkamkarcat;taMg b¤epÞrsiT§iGMNacrbs;GaCJaFrfñak;rdæ.

ta 43 nig44 énc,ab;RKb;RKgrdæ)alXMu-sgáat; Ecgfa Parkic©rbs;XMu-sgáat;kñúgktKYrEtEp¥keTAelIsßanPaBCak;EsþgénkarGPivDÆesdækic© nigtRmUvkarrbs;GñkeRbIR)as;. RKwHsßansaFarN³EdlmancrwtlkçN³rdæ)al RKesvakmμsaFarN³. TaMgenH KWCas½VyPaBrdæ)al nigeRkamc,ab;enH EdlTTYlxusRtUvcMbg cMeBaHkarpþl;esvakmμrdæ)al sgÁm suxPaB vb,Fm’ viTüasaRsþ b¤esvabec©keTs.

dUecñH sßab½nsaFarN³Ebbe1> namrbs2> eKalbMNgénskmμPaB ¬esckþIEføgénebskkmμ¦ 3> RkumRbwkSaPi)alEdldwknaM nigRK

rbs;xøÜn 4> fvikaxøÜnÉg


59

5> FnFansMrab;Gnuvtþskm μPaBEdl)aneRKagTukkñúgesckþIEføgénebskkmμ tßelxa nigGacBaMnaMvivaT b¤karkarBarkþIenAkñúgtulakar

agRsbc,ab;

RKwHsßan GnuRkit edayGnuelameTAtam

MeNIrYmrbs;RksYg b¤GaCJaFrGPirkSbec©keTs nigRksYgesdækic©nighirBaØvtßú. RKwHsßan

hRKassaFarN³ KWCaEpñkmYyénynþkarkñúgkarpþl;esvakm μEdlGnuvtþedayrdæ ehIyRtUv)an ItiÉkCnnignItisaFarN³. vaCaGgÁPaBÉkraCüEpñkhirBaØvtßúRsbc,ab;

N³EdlmanlkçN³esdækic©

unedaypÞal; b¤edayRbeyal b¤mansiT§i 1°

sh r saFarN³ edayeyageTAtamRbePTénskmμPaBrbs;shRKas.

6> smtßPaBedIm,IcuHh7> TTYlxusRtUveRkamc,ab;rdæb,evNI nigc,ab;RBhμT½NÐedIm,Iskm μPaBrbs;tMN

b¤nieyaCitrbs;BYkeKEdlkMBugeFIVkarsMrab;sßab½nenaH.

saFarN³EdlmancrwtlkçN³rdæ)alRtUv)anbegIátedayssaFarN³ RtUvEtkMNt;CaBiessnUvebskkmμ GP½yÉksiTi§ katBVkic© smasPaBénRkumRbwkSa Pi)alnayk nigbTvin½yBiesssMrab;;karRbtibtþikargarRKb;RKg nigRtYtBinitüRKwHsßan ehIyRtUv EtkMNt;RksYgGPirkSenaH b¤GaCJaFrenaH. lkçxNÐ nigeKalkarN_kñúgkarbegáItRKwHsßan saFarN³mancrwtlkçN³rdæ)al RtUvGnuelameTAtamRBHraCRkwtü n s r k t cuHéf¶TI 31 ExFñÚ qñaM1997 sþIGMBIlkçnþik³énkarbegáItRKwHsßansaFarN³EdlmanlkçN³rdæ)al.

shRKassaFarN³ sbegáIteLIgeRkamc,ab;sþIBInmYy ehIymUlFnPaKeRcIn b¤TaMgGs;Carbs;rdæ. ebskkmμrbs;shRKassaFarN³ KWedIm,IelIk kMBs;esdækic©rbs;RbeTs nigkarGPivDÆsgÁm eBalKWtamry³karbegáIntMélFnFanFmμCati nigkarbegáItkargar. shRKassaFarN³manTRmg;dUcxageRkam ³

1> RKwHsßansaFar2> Rkumh‘unrbs;rdæ 3> karcUlh‘unKñaEdlenAkñúgenaHrdæRtUvmanedImT

e)aHeqñat elIsBI5RKassaFarN³RtUvsßitenAeRkamkarTTYlxusRtUvEpñkbec©keTsrbs;RksYg b¤GaC£aF

1> RKwHsßansaFarN³Edlmancrwtesdækic©


60

RKwHsßansaFarN³Edlmancrwtesdækic© KWCaGgÁPaBRsbc,ab;EdlsßitenAeRkamnItisaFarN³

> Rkumh‘unrbs;rdæ Rkumh‘unmYyEdlmUlFnTaMgGs;Carbs;rdæ. Rkumh‘unrbs;rdæ KWCaynþkarmYy

iFIrbs;RKwHsßanb¤Rkumh‘un

meRBogBIRksYgesdækic© nighirBaØvtßú

;edayEp¥keTAtameKalkarN_ nignItiviFITaMgLayEdlsßitenA

> Rkumh‘unPaKh‘unrYm ¬karrksuIrYmKña¦

eRkameKalkarN_ nignItiviFIEdl)anbBa¢ak;ya:gc,as;

ehIymanÉkraCüPaBhirBaØvtßú. sßab½nTaMgenHplitTMnij b¤lk;esvakmμenAelITIpSar. RKwHsßan saFarN³Edlmancrwtesdækic©RtUv)anbegáIteLIgedayGnuRkwtü ehIymansMeNIrYmBIRksYg esdækic©nighirBaØvtßú nigGaC£aFr b¤RsYgEdlmanPar³TTYlxusRtUv. GnuRkwtü)ankMNt; karTTYlxusRtUv mUlFn GaC£aFr b¤RksYgEdlmanPar³TTYlxusRtUv smasPaBRkumRbwkSanayk karRKb;RKgrdæ)alnighirBaØvtßú nigviFanRbtibtþirbs;RKwHsßan. 2Rkumh‘unrbs;rdæ KWCasMrab;pþl;esvasaFarN³. Rkumh‘unenHRtUvRbkYtRbECgenAelITIpSar nigRtUvRbtibtþieday ÉkraCü. Rkumh‘unrbs;rdæRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedayGnuRkwtü ehIymansMeNIrYmBIRksYgesdækic© nighirBaØvtßú nigGaC£aFr b¤RsYgEdlmanPar³TTYlxusRtUv. enAkñúgGnuRkwtüenaH )anbBa¢ak; ya:gc,as;BIeKalbMNg nigCaGgÁPaBRsbc,ab; CaGaC£aFr b¤RksYgEdlmanPar³TTYlxusRtUv Casßab½nGnuvtþnUvRbB½n§RtYtBinitü nigmansmasPaBRkumRbwkSanayk. GaC£aFr b¤RksYgEdlmanPar³TTYlxusRtUvEpñkbec©keTs RtUvGnuvtþnItivdUcmanEcgxageRkamenHedIm,I[)aneCaKC½y ³ erobcMlkçnþik³Rkumh‘unedaymankic©RB erobcMcuHbBa¢IBaNiC¢km μ

bMeBjRKb;TRmg;TaMgGseRkamc,ab;sþIBIRkumh‘unBaNiC¢km μ

3karcUlh‘unrksuIrYmKña RtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAkñúgc,ab;Tak;TgnwgRkumh‘unBaNiC¢km μ EdlmUlFnsrubCakmμsiT§irYmrbs;GgÁPaB b¤buKÁl Rsbc,ab; nigGgÁPaBRsbc,ab;rbs;rdæ. RbsinebImUlFn b¤siT§ie)aHeqñatelIsBI 51° Edl)an mkBIEpñksaFarN³ sßab½nEdl)ancUlh‘unKñaenaHRtUv)ancat;TukfaCashRKassaFarN³ b¤ shRKasrbs;rdæ.


61

GñktMNagRKwHsßansaFarN³ b¤RKwHsßanrbs;rdæ RtUv)anEtgtaMgedayrdæa Pi)aleTAtamsMeNI EdleFVIeLIgedayRksYgesdækic© nighirBaØvtßú. karTTYlxusRtUvelIbMNul rbs;GñktMNagenAkñúg karbMeBjParkic©rbs;eKRtUvFøak;mkelIrdæ RKwHsßansaFarN³ nigRkumh‘unrbs;rdæ b:uEnþBYkeK RtUvTTYlxusRtUvbTelμ IsRBhμT½NÐedayxøÜnÉg. lkçxNÐ nigeKalkarN_kñúgkarbegáItshRKassaFarN³ EdlmanTRmg;CaRKwHsßansaFarN³ Edlmancrwtesdækic© Rkumh‘unrbs;rdæ b¤CakarcUlh‘unKñaEdlrdæmanmUlFn b¤siT§ikñúgkar e)aHeqñatelIsBI 51° enaHRtUv GnuelameTAtamc,ab;sþIBIlkçnþik³TUeTArbs;shRKassaFarN³ EdlRtUv)anRbkas[eRbIeday Rkm CS/RKM elx 0609 ¼03 cuHéf¶TI17 Exmifuna qñaM1996 nigGnuRkwtü elx 41 ANKR.BK cuHéf¶TI 06 Exkkáda qñaM1997 elIkarGnuvtþ RkmsþIBIlkçnþik³TUeTArbs;shRKas saFarN³. karcuHkic©snüa karcuHkic©snüa KWCaynþkarmYysMrab;pþl;esvasaFarN³ EdlkñúgenaHrdæminmanlT§PaBcMNay elIesvakm μsaFarN³. ynþkarkñúgkarcuHkic©snüaKYrEtbgðajlkçxNÐkargar[)anc,as; eday Ep¥kelIlT§plEdlrMBwgTuk lkçxNÐénkarGnuvtþ nigFnFancaM)ac; edIm,ICYy[dMeNIkarTaMgenH ekIteLIg karRtYtBinitü nigvaytMél. PaKIkñúgkic©snüaRtUvCYlmRnþIraCkarenAkEnøgeFVIkarrbs;xøÜn ehIypþl;R)ak;]btßmÖGaRs½yeTAtamsmtßPaB karTTYlxusRtUv niglT§plEdlsMerc)an. kñúgkrNIcaM)ac; PaKIkñúgkic©snüaGacCYlbuKÁlikbEnßmeToteRkABImRnþIraCkar edIm,IbMeBjtam tRmUvkarEdlRtUvkarkmøaMgbEnßm. esckþIsMercedIm,Ipþl;esvasaFarN³tamry³ynþkarénkarcuH kic©snüaenH RtUv)aneFVIeLIgedaymanKMnitpþÜcepþImBIsßab½n b¤RksYgBak;B½n§ ehIyRtUv)anGnum½t edayraCrdæaPi)al. TIPñak;garRbtibtþikarBiess EpñkRKb;RKg nigEpñkpþl;esvakmμsaFarN³tamry³ynþkarrbs;TIPñak;garRbtibtþikarBiess KWCa eKalTsSn³f μ ImYy EdlRtUvkar[mankarGPivDÆn_bEnßmeTot. TIPñak;garRbtibtþikarBiess KWCaGgÁPaBmYyrbs;RksYg b¤sßab½nEdlRtUv)anEtgtaMg edIm,IeFVIya:gNasMerc[)annUv eKalbMNgsMxan;rbs;raCrdæaPi)al. TIPñak;garenHRtUv)anbegáIteLIgeRkamlkçxNÐepSg² edIm,I bMeBjebskkmμrbs;xøÜnRbkbedaykarGnueRKaH nigmankarbt;EbnbMputenAkñúgGgÁPaB nig


62

karbMeBjmuxgar rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkarRKb;RKgFnFanmnusS nighirBaØvtßú. vamanlkçN³xusEbøk BIGgÁPaBdéTeTot sUm,IEtenAkñúgsßab½n b¤RksYgk¾eday. eKalbMNgénkarbegáItTIPñak;garRbtibtþikarBiessenH KWedIm,IelIkkMBs;RbsiT§PaB nigRbsiT§pl kargar BRgwgkarTTYlxusRtUvnigCMruj[manKMnitpþÜcepþIm nigriHrkGVIEdlfμI edIm,IEklMGvb,Fm’ [ecHepþatkarykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHesvakmμGtifiCn. lkçxNÐrbs;ebskkm μEdlTIPñak;garRbtibtþikarBiessRtUvGnuvtþEp¥kelImUldæan 4 ya:gdUcxag eRkam ³

1>

2>

3

4>

epþatkarykcitþTukdak;xøaMgeTAelItRmUvkarénesvakm μGtifiCntamry³karkMNt; RbePTKuNPaB nigtMélkñúgkarpþl;esvakm μ[)anc,as;

RtUvkMNt;[)anc,as;nUvlT§plEdlrMBwgTuk nigFnFancaM)ac;TaMgGs;

> RtUvkMNt;[)anc,as;nUvGgÁPaB nigmuxgarrbs;Pñak;garenH

RtUvkMNt;[)anc,as;nUvynþkarRKb;RKg RtYtBinitü nigvaytMél ÉkCnPavUbnIykmμ kñúgkrNIcaM)ac; ÉkCnPavUbnIykm μGacRtUv)aneRCIserIsCaynþkarmYysMrab;sRmbsRmYlCamYy GtifiCn nigkarpþl;esvakm μ. ÉkCnPavUbnIykm μ KYrGnuelameTAtambTbBaØtiþEdldak;ecj[ eRbIR)as;nigpSBVpSayCasaFarN³ Tak;TgnwgdMeNIrkar nigkarRbtibtþi. ÉkCnPavUbnIykm μ RtUvGnuvtþeTAtamesckþIsMercrbs;rdæaPi)al rYmCamYynwgsMeNIrbs;sßab½n nigRksYgBak;B½n§ epSg². karEklMGRkbx½NÐc,ab; nigkarsRmbsRmYlkarRbtibtþi karEklMGRkbx½NÐc,ab;


63

edIm,IEklMGesvasaFarN³[kan;EtmanRbsiT§iPaB nigeCaKC½yEfmeTotenAkñúgkarRbtibtþienaH KYrEtEklMGTRmg;kargarc,ab;EdlmanRsab; b¤begáItTRmg;kargarc,ab;f μ I EdlbgðajBItRmUvkar caM)ac;. xageRkamenH KWCaParkic©EdlRtUvbMeBj ³

♦ RtUvBinitümuxgarTaMgLayNaEdlRtYtsIuKña nigbdivaTkmμEdlraraMg b¤naM[manPaBmin c,as;las;kñúgkarpþl;esvakmμsaFarN³ ehIyeFVIya:gNa[nItiviFIenaHRtUvKña edIm,I[ dMeNIrkarpþl;esvaenHRbRBwtþeTAkan;EtrlUnEfmeTot.

♦ RtUvsRmYlnItiviFI nigEbbbTTaMgLayEdls μ úKsμaj[manlkçN³samBaØ ♦ RtUvEksMrYlbTbBaØtþiEdlmanRsab;edIm,IsRmbeTAtamtRmUvkarCak;Esþg

RtUvbegáItbTbBaØtþifμIGnuelameTAtamRbePTesvakmμsaFarN³ ♦

AkñúgkarEksRmYlTRmg;kargarc,ab;EdlmanRsab; b¤begáItTRmg;kargarc,ab;f μ I sßab½n b¤RksYg

arsRmbsRmYlkarRbtibtþi )anrdæaPi)alpþl;Parkic© nigtYnaTIkñúgkarriHrkKMnitpþÜcepþIm

sYg-sßab½n nigGaC£aFrextþ-Rkug RtUvshkarya:gCitsñiT§CamYyRkumRbwkSakMENTRmg;rdæ)al

enBak;B½n§TaMgGs;RtUvshkarya:gCitsñiT§CamYyRkumRbwkSakMENTRmg;rdæ)al edIm,IFana[mankar EklMGTRmg;kargarc,ab; manPaBR)akdRbCa nigRsbeTAtameKalkarN_sþIBIkarpþl;esvakm μ saFarN³. kRkumRbwkSakMENTRmg;rdæ)alRtUvkarsRmbsRmYl karCMruj nigGegáttamdanemIlbTBiesaFn_ nigkarRbtibtþiEpñkbec©keTs edIm,IeFVIya:gNa[karGnuvtþeKalkarN_esvakm μsaFarN³enHRbkbedayeCaKC½y. RkedIm,I[dMeNIrkarGnuvtþn_manRbsiT§PaB TTYl)anEpøpáa nigedayeCaKC½y. elIsBIenHeTAeTot RksYg-sßab½n nigGaC£aFrextþ-Rkug RtUvTTYlxusRtUvelIKuNPaB nigkarpþl;esvakmμsaFarN³ CamYynwgsiT§isMercRbkbedaysmtßPaBx<s;. RkumRbwkSakMENTRmg;rdæ)al nigsßab½n-RksYgnana RtUvEtshkarKñakñúgkarpSBVpSayeKalneya)ay nigbNþúHbNþalmRnþIraCkar[)an yl;dwgBIeKalneya)ayenH. eKalneya)ayenHRtUvEtdak; bBa©ÚlkñúgkmμviFIsikSaenAsala PUminÞrdæ)alpgEdr.


64

edIm,IGnuvtþeKalneya)aypþl;esvakm μsaFarN³enH[)aneCaKC½y KWtRmUv[mankarcUlrYm ya:gskm μBIsßab½n b¤RksYgnana GaC£aFrEdndIRKb;lMdab;fñak; mRnþIraCkar sgÁmsuIvil kgkmøaMgRbdab;GavuF nigGñkBak;B½n§TaMgGs;rYmTaMgédKUGPivDÆn_RbeTskm<úCanaeBlknøgmk edayQrelITsSn³mYy KWedIm,IbMerIplRbeyaCn_RbCaBlrdæ[)ankan;EtRbesIreLIg.

Gtßn½yénBaküKnøwH KuNPaBl¥ ³ sMedAeTAelIesckþIeBjcitþkñúgkarpþl;esvakmμdl;GtifiCn enAeBl

esvaenaHGaceqøIytbeTAtamlkçN³vinicä½yEdl)ankMNt; ¬dUcCa nItiviFI eBlevla nigtMél¦ nigtRmUvkar nigkarrMBwgTukrbs; GñkeRbIR)as;.

tMélefak ³ sMedAeTAelIkarcMNayelIéføesvakm μ Edl)ankMNt;kñúgGRta smRsbGnuelameTAtamTIkEnøg niglT§PaBcMNayrbs;Gñk eRbIR)as;.

ry³eBlxøI ³ sMedAeTAelInItiviFIénkarpþl;esvakmμ tamry³KMeragRbtibtþieday lubbM)at;nUvkariyaFibetyüEdlmincaM)ac;.

samBaØ ³ mann½yfaCalkçxNÐTaMgLay EdlGñkeRbIR)as;esvakm μEsVgrk edIm,I[yl;BIrebobeRbIR)as;esvakm μenaH TaMgTRmg;EbbbT nig nItiviFI.

GaceCOCak;)an ³ karpþl;esvakmμRtUveKarBeTAtambTbBaØtþi nignItiviFIEdl)ankMNt; Camun ehIyEdl)anENnaMCasaFarN³. RbsinebIGñkpþl;esvakmμ RbRBwtþpÞúyBIGVIEdlrMBwgTukenaH GtifiCn b¤GñkeRbIR)as;TaMgGs; nwgRtUv)at;bg;CMenOTukcitþ.

kareqøIytbeTAnwg tRmUvkar nigeBlevla ³

RbePTesvakm μ nItiviFI nigeBlevlaénkarpþl;esvaRtUv)ankMNt; edayEp¥kelIkarTamTar b¤cg;)anrbs;GñkeRbIR)as;EdlsßitenA eRkamKMeragGaTiPaB.

GacTTYlyk)an ³ Gñkpþl;esvakm μRtUvpþl;karsRmbsRmYldl;GñkeRbIR)as;esvakm μtamry³karR)aRs½yTak;Tg EbbEpn b¤karGnuvtþnana nigkarTTYl


esvakmμtamGVIEdlCatRmUvkar.

2.3 .3

karRbQmmuxcMbg²kñúgkarpþl;esvakmμsaFarN³fñak;mUldæan eTaHbICamanesvakm μsaFarN³epSg²CaeRcInRtUv)anpþl;CUnenAfñak;XuMk¾eday karerobcMrbs; sßab½n edIm,Ipþl;esvakm μTaMgenaHmin)aneFVI[eKyl;c,as;enAeLIyeT. elIsBIenHeTAeTot karcUlrYmedaypÞal;BIRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;kñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;esvakm μTaMgenaHminRtUv)aneKemIleXIj famanlkçN³CaRbB½n§enaHeT. emeronCaeRcIn Edl)anmkBIkarRsavRCavsþIBIkarpþl;esvakmμ fñak;mUldæan nigtYnaTIrbs;RkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat;)anbgðaj[eXIjfa karpþl;esvakmμfñak;mUldæan GacmanlkçN³l¥RbesIrCagmun tamry³karcUlrYmrbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; manRbsiT§PaB eRcInCagmun. karpþl;esvakmμsaFarN³fñak;mUldæanRbkbedayRbsiT§PaBmYyEbbeTot enaH KWkarTamTar[mankarcUlrYmBIEpñkBak;B½n§nana rYmTaMgkareFVIEpnkar kareFVIKMeragfvika karpþl;hirBaØvtßú plitkm μ nigkarRtYtBinitü nigkarvaytMél. TaMgGñkmantRmUvkar nigTaMgGñk pÁt;pÁg; TamTar[manesvakm μsaFarN³enH. eK)anbgðaj[eXIjfa tRmUvkarrbs;GñkeRbIR)as; epSg²RtUv)ankMNt;CarYm CaCag[buKÁlmñak;²bgðajBItRmUvkarrbs;BYkeKcMeBaHesvakmμsaFa rN³enaH. tYnaTImYyEdlGaC£aFrmUldæanGacbgðajenAkñúgdMeNIrkarenH KWRtUvRbmUlpþúMtRmUvkar esvakmμsaFarN³TaMgGs;rbs;RbCaBlrdæenAmUldæan BIeRBaHGaC£aFrmUldæanmanPaBCitsñiT§ CamYyRbCaBlrdæCagfñak;extþ b¤fñak;mCÄwm dUecñHBYkeKGac )a:n;RbmaNtRmUvkarrbs;RbCaBlrdæ manRbsiT§PaBCag. karRbQmmuxcMbg² EdlTak;Tgnwgesvakm μsaFarN³bgðajCasegçbdUcxageRkam ³

mankgVHxatCaTUeTAkñúgkarGHGag b¤bgðaj[)anlMGitnUvGVIEdlCaParkic©CMerIs nigGVI EdlCaParkic©caM)ac;kñúgkarpþl;esvakm μ. cMNucenH)anbgðajBIplb:HBal;GviC¢mancMeBaH karTTYlxusRtUv niglT§PaBbegáItTMnak;TMngrvagmuxgar nigkarerobcMmUlniFi.

65


66

manplvi)aksMrab;GaC£aFrtamlMdab;fñak;nImYy²kñúgkareqøIytb nigpþl;esvakm μRbkb edayRbsiT§pldl;EpñkepSg²KñaTaMgTMhM nigsmtßPaBpþl;esvakmμrbs;RkumnImYy².

GaC£aFrfñak;extþBuMmanrgVan;elIkTwkcitþedIm,IGPivDÆkm μviFI-KeRmagGPivDÆn_[)anl¥enaHeT edaykgVHxatmUlniFi. ehdæarcnasm½<n§saFarN³fñak;extþBwgEp¥kelIhirBaØvtßú nigKMerag EfTaMtamEpñknanarbs;rdæaPi)alfñak;mCÄwmEtb:ueNÑaH. KeRmagpþl;esvakm μsaFarN³ EdlmantmøaPaB nig)anGnum½trYcehIyenaHElgmanteTAeTotehIy.

RbB½n§epÞresvakmμ nigRbB½n§pþl;esvakmμEbbmCÄkarminTan;bMeBjtRmUvkar[)anRKb;RKan; ehIykargarGaTiPaBnanakñúgmUldæan PaBbt;Ebn nigkarEktRmUvepSg²minRtUv )anFana enAeLIy.

manplvi)akkñúgkarvinicä½yKuNPaBénkarpþl;esvakmμ ehIyeBlxøHminGacTTYlyk)an. RbB½n§RtYtBinitükarbMeBjkargarenAmankMritexSayenAeLIy.

karcMNayeRkApøÚvkarepSg²køayeTACaerOgsamBaØeTAehIyenAtamEpñkmYycMnYn. RtUvEt mankarbBa¢ak;[)anc,as;nUvtMbn; nigEpñkTaMgLayEdlRtUveFVIkarcMNayeTAelITaMgpøÚvkar nigminpøÚvkar nigbBa¢ak;[)anc,as;BITIkEnøgEdlesvakmμRtUv)anpþl;CUnedayminKitkMér.


m:UDulTI 3

eKalbMNgrbs;m:UDul edIm,I[sikçakamyl;c,as;faetIkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæanCaGVI EdleFVI[BYkeK rYmshkarKñakñúgkMLúgeBlGnuvtþkargar. karrMBwgTukrbs;m:UDul enAcugbBa©b;énemeronenH sikçakamTaMgGs;nwgyl;dwgBImUldæanRKwHsþIBI ³

ehtupl nigbTbBaØtþic,ab;sþIBIkarTTYlxusRtUvkñúgsgÁm nigkarpþl;esvakmμsMxan;²fñak;XuM km μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæanCaGVI? etIvapþl;nUvGVIxøH? etIRtUveFVIGVIxøHeRkayBI

km μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæanenH? eKalTsSn³nigyuT§saRsþ eKalbMNgniglT§plrMBwgTuk nigviFIsaRsþrbs;r)aykarN_

vaytMélrbs;RbCaBlrdæ EpñkepSg²mYycMnYneTotrbs;km μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan

3.1 .3

esckþIepþIm siT§icUlrYmrbs;RbCaBlrdækMritGb,brmakñúgsgÁmRbCaFibetyü KWedIm,Ie)aHeqñateRCIserIsfñak; dwknaM nigGñktMNagenAkñúgGMLúgeBle)aHeqñat. ]TahrN_ kñúgRbeTskm<úCaRbCaBlrdæe)aHeqñat eRCIserIsmRnþIRkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat; nigGñktMNagraRsþ. esckþIrMBwg KWfaenAeBlCab;eqñatehIy fñak;dwknaMrdæaPi)alnwgtak;EtgeKalneya)ay erobcMkm μviFIneya)ayepSg² nigeFVIesckþIsMerc edayGnuelameTAtammtisaFarN³PaKeRcIn b¤ya:gehacNas;RtUvEp¥kelItRmUvkarrbs; RbCa

67


BlrdæEdl)ansMEdgecjmk. b:uEnþkarBit karcUlrYmkñúgvis½yneya)aytamry³kare)aHeqñat )anpþl;\T§iBltictYcNas;dl;RbCaBlrdæ kñúgnamCaGñkeFVIesckþIsMerccitþenaH. RbsiT§PaBén kare)aHeqñatEdleKdwgCaTUeTAfaCaynþkarsMxan; sMrab;karTTYlxusRtUvenaH )anEsþg[eXIjfa Ca]bkrN_d¾kMesay nigK μanRbsiT§iPaBkñúgkarRKb;RKgmRnþIrdæaPi)al nigbuKÁlikTaMgGs;EdlRtUv TTYlxusRtUvral;TegVIrbs;BYkeK.

r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_rbs;FnaKarBiPBelakenAqñaM2001snñidæanfa ³ tamTsSn³rbs;RbCaBlrdæRkIRkenAelIBiPBelakbgðajfa enAman vibtþiEpñkGPi)alkic©. sßab½nTaMgLayrbs;rdæ minfatMNageday RksYgnanarbs;rdæaPi)alfñak;mCÄwm b¤fñak;bnÞab;enaHeT rcnasm<½n§ TaMgenaHCaerOy²min)aneqøIytb ehIyk¾KμankarTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaH RbCaBlrdæRkIRkEdr. CagenHeTot r)aykarN_)anbgðajya:g lMGitfa PaBRkGWtRkTm nigkarmak;gayRtUv)anRbRBwtþmkelI RbCaBlrdæRkIRkTaMgenaH.

RbCaBlrdæRkIRkrMBwgtictYcNas;elIcMNat;karrbs;sßab½nrdæBak;B½n§nwgRbB½n§yutþiFm’ ]Rkidækmμ karrMelaPsiT§i nigGMeBIBukrlYy. vaK μanGVIP£ak;ep¥IleT EdlbursnigRsþIRkIRkxVHCMenOTukcitþ eTAelIsßab½nrbs;rdæ b:uEnþeTaHCaya:genHk¾eday BYkKat;enAEtbgðajqnÞHeFVICaédKUCamYy sßab½nTaMgenaH edaysgÇwmfanwgmanc,ab;EdlmanPaByutþiFm’CagenH. [Narayan, et al

2000:172] . sMrab;RbCaBlrdæPaKeRcIn karRbQmmuxedaypÞal;rbs;rdæ b¤rdæaPi)al KWkarpþl; esvakmμsaFarN³ nigkarmineBjcitþrbs;RbCaBlrdæcMeBaHsßab½nesvakm μsaFarN³EdlBak;B½n§ nwgkarTTYlxusRtUv. RbCaBlrdæRkIRkeCOCak;fa sßab½nrbs;rdæ ¬TaMgEpñkpþl;esvakm μ pþl;karkarBar b¤RbB½n§yutþiFm’ b¤CaGñkeFVIesckþI sMercEpñkneya)ay¦ KμankarTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaH buKÁlNamñak;eLIy b¤mankarTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHEtGñkman nigGñkmanGMNacEtb:ueNÑaH [Narayan: 2000:177] . edaysarEtmancMNab;Garm μN_xøaMg kñúgkarcUlrYmrbs;RbCaBlrdæ kñúgkargarGPi)alkic©fñak;mUldæanenATUTaMgBiPBelak ynþkarEbbRbCaFibetyümYycMnYnkMBug RtUv)anGnuvtþ edIm,IsRmYl[mankarcUlrYmya:gpulpusrbs;RbCaBlrdæ enAkñúgdMeNIrkarénkar

68


69

sMerccitþfñak;mUldæan nigedIm,I[GaC£aFrTaMgGs;mankarTTYlxusRtUv nigeqøIytbcMeBaH RbCaBlrdæ.

enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCabc©úb,nñ mankMeNInBIkarRBYy)armÖCuMvijkarGnuvtþkargar nigkarTTYlxusRtUv rbs;Pñak;garrdæaPi)alEdlmanPar³pþl;esvakmμ begáIteKalneya)ay nigeFVIesckþIsMerccitþ CaBiess sMrab;RbCaBlrdæRkIRknigGñkTn;exSay. ktþacg¥úlbgðajBIkarbMeBjParkic©PaKeRcIn epþateTAelIFnFan nigkMriténkarcMNay b:uEnþelIsBIenHeTot KWenAmanplvi)akkñúgkarEsVgrk B½t’man bgðajBIKuNPaBénkarpþl;esvakmμB½t’manBIPaBsmrmürbs;eKalneya)ay nignItiviFI Edl)anbegáIt nigkaryl;dwgBIcMNucxøaMg nigcMNucexSaykñúgkar bMeBjmuxgarxagkñúgrbs; GaC£aFrmUldæan. GRtaecHdwgeTAelIkarpþl;esvakm μsaFarN³enAmankMritenAeLIy enAkñúg RbeTsenH CaBiessBYkeKmin)andwgc,as; faGVIEdlBYkeKeFVIenaHGaceqøIytbeTAnwgtRmUvkar rbs;GñkTaMgenaHEdrb¤eT. karyl;dwgBIbBaðaenH tamr)aykarN_sþIBIPaBeCOnelOnényuT§saRsþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkfñak;Cati rbs;RbeTskm<úCafμI²enH naM[mankarRbQmmuxCamYyGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al EdlmanPar³CYyeFVI karRtYtBinitüskmμPaBkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkrbs;rdæaPi)alkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. CMerIsmYy Edlpþl; Gnusasn_tamry³r)aykarN_ KWcg;[GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alerobcM karsÞabsÞg;elIkmμviFI b½NÑB½t’manshKmn_; edIm,IeFVIya:gNa[saFarN³Cnyl;c,as;BIbBaðasMxan;²dUcCa vimCÄkar nigedIm,IBaMnaM karRBYy)armÖTaMgLayRtLb;eTA[GñkbegáIteKalneya)ayTaMgGs;enaHvij. eRkABIenH r)aykarN_k¾)an bBa¢ak;pgEdrfa vaCabBaðasMxan;edIm,IkMNt;BImeFüa)ay EdlRbCaBlrdæRkIRk nigRkumEdlgayTTYlrgeRKaHGaccUlrYmkñúgdMeNIrkarenH BIeRBaHbBaða TaMgenH b:HBal;dl;RbCaBlrdæRkIRkTaMgenaH muneK. tRmUv[mankarKiteLIgvij edIm,IriHrkviFIepSg²eFVIya:gNa[RbCaBlrdæman»kasbeBa©jsMelg rbs;BYkKat;[saFarN³)andwg. ehtuenH eyIgRtUvkarksagbNþajkargarmUldæan[)anrwgmaM edIm,ITamTar[mankarKaMRTdl;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk nigkareqøIytbedayyutþiFm’ nigkarTTYlxus RtUv.


karcUlrYmd¾manGtßRbeyaCn_rbs;RbCaBlrdænwgnaM[mantRmUvkaresvakmμ nigesckþIrMBwgeRcIn nigbegáInsm<aFeTAelIRbB½n§rdæ)alnigneya)ay. drabNaRbB½n§enaHminGaceqøIytb)aneT skmμPaBcUlrYmkan;EteRcIn naM[manPaBmineBjcitþkan;EteRcIn ehIyGacnaM[manPaBRBegIy kenþIy b¤kardkfy b¤GacnaM[mankarRbQmmuxkan;EtxøMageLIg EdlGacbgá[manGesßrPaB neya)ay. CakareqøIytbnwgcMNat;karedIm,IBRgwgsgÁmsuIvil karcUlrYmrbs;RbCaBlrdæ \T§iBlenAkñúg kareFVIvimCÄkar nigKMeragKaMRTRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; CaGñknaMmuxeKkñúgkarGnuvtþkm μviFI mtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic© mUldæankñúgRbeTskm<úCa. viFIsaRsþenHRtUv)aneKykeFVICaKMrU bnÞab;BIb½NÑB½t’manshKmn_ RtUv)ansVaKmn_CaGnþrCati ehIy)anGnuvtþmuneKenATIRkugbwghÁaLÚ RbeTs\NÐa ehIy karsÞg;mtirkPaBeBjcitþrbs;RbCaBlrdæ RtUv)anGnuvtþenARbeTshVIlIBIn. enAkñúgkarGnuvtþ CaGnþrCati b½NÑB½t’manshKmn_ nigkarsÞg;mtiCaFmμta RtUv)an GnuvtþCalMhat;fñak;Cati edaymankarRbmUlTinñn½yBIxageRkAenAfñak;PUmi. b:uEnþlkçN³ Biessrbs;kmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan KW)anGnuvtþlMhat;sþIBI b½NÑB½t’man shKmn_fñak;mUldæan edaymankarRbmUlpþúMRbCaBlrdæ tamXuM eFVIkarviPaK nigGnuvtþeTAtam lT§plEdlEsþg[eXIjtamry³KMnitpþÜcepþIm. lMhat;enH )anGnuBaØati[RbCaBlrdæ vas;EvgkMritkargarrbs;RkumRbwkSaXuM ehIyvaCa]bkrN_mYy sMrab;[ RbCaBlrdæcUlrYmenAkñúg skmμPaBRtYtBinitü nigvaytMélBIGPi)alkic©l¥tammUldæan EdlCasiT§I mUldæanrbs;GgÁkar eRkArdæaPi)al)ankMBugEtCMruj.

3.2 .3

bTbBaØtþisMrab;KNenyüPaBsgÁm nigkarpþl;esvakmμcMbgenAfñak;XMu RbeTskm<úCa c,ab;Edl)anGnum½tedayrdæsPaCatikalBIéf¶TI12 Exmkra qñaM2001 sþIBIkarRKb;RKgrdæ)al XuM-sgáat; )ankMNt;fanItiviFIrdæ)al nigkarRKb;RKgXuM-sgáat;RtUveKarBeTAtameKalneya)ay vimCÄkarrbs;rdæaPi)al.

70


71

maRtaTI1 énc,ab;RKb;RKgrdæ)alXMu-sgáat;)anbBa¢ak;ya:gc,as;fa RkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat;RtUvTTYl xusRtUvRbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;enAkñúgXuMrbs;xøÜn. maRtaTI12 )anbBa¢ak;fa RkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat;RtUvCMruj nigsRmbsRmYl[mandMeNIrkarlT§i RbCaFibetyüenAkñúgXuMtamry³karbegáItdMeNIrkarBieRKaHeyabl;CamYyRbCaBlrdæ sgÁmsuIvil nigshKmn_nana. esckþIsMerc nigkarRKb;RKgrdæ)alrbs;RkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat;RtUvebIkcMh nigmantmøaPaB. dUecñHRbCaBlrdæenAkñúgXuM-sgáat;GaccUlrYmenAkñúgkic©RbCuMRkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat; nigcUlrYmriHrkKMnitpþÜcepþImedIm,IeFVIEpnkarGPivDÆn_. maRtaTI66 énc,ab;sþIBIkarRKb;RKgrdæ)alXuM-sgáat;)anbBa¢ak;fa RkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat;RtUvRtYt Binitü RKb;RKg nigvaytMélkarGnuvtþEpnkar km μviFI KMerag nigkarpþl;esvakm μedayman KNenyüPaB nigRbkbedaytmøaPaB. GgÁkarsgÁmsuIvilTaMgGs;GaccUlrYmkñúgkarerobcMeFVIEpnkarGPivDÆn_XuM-sgáat;nigkmμviFIvinieyaK ehIyRtUvTTYlxusRtUvtMNag[plRbeyaCn_rbs;shKmn_mUldæan nigCaBiesssMrab;GñkBak;B½n§ eKaledAnana dUcCaRsþI yuvCn nigRkumCnCatiPaKtic nigGñkdéTepSg²eTot. GgÁkarsgÁm suIvilTaMgGs;RtUvcUlrYmEckrMElkcMeNHdwg eyabl;kñúgerobcMeFVIEpnkarGPivDÆn_XuM. dUc)an bBa¢ak;enAkñúgRbkasGnþrRksYgelx 98 rbs;RksYgmhaépÞ nigRksYgEpnkar sþIBIkareFVIEpnkar GPivDÆn_XuM-sgáat; CMhandMbUgenAkñúgdMeNIrkareFVIEpnkarGPivDÆn_ KWkar)a:n;RbmaNkMrit RbCaBlrdæbc©úb,nñEdlGaceRbIR)as;esvakmμsgÁmCamUldæan [maRtaTI13]. enAkñúgmaRtaTI26énc,ab;dEdlenHbBa¢ak;ya:gc,as;fa enAcugbBa©b;énqñaMsareBIBn§nImYy² RbFan XuM b¤ecAsgáat; nigKN³kmμaFikarTTYlbnÞúkeFVIEpnkar nigRKb;RKgKMeragfvikaRtUvdak;CUnr)ay karN_RbcaMqñaMeTARkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat;. enAkñúgr)aykarN_KYrmankarBN’naGMBIbBaðaTaMgLay Edl)anCYbRbTHkñúgeBlpþl;esvakmμsgÁmsMxan;²CUnRbCaBlrdæenAkñúgXuM-sgáat; RBmTaMg bgðajGnusasn_nanaedIm,IEklMGskmμPaBpþl;esvakmμenaH[)anRbesIrCagmun. CagenHeTot enAkñúgmaRtaTI30 )anbBa¢ak;BIsiT§irbs;RbCaBlrdæmñak;²kñúgkarcUlrYmRKb;kic©RbCuMTaMgGs;rbs; RkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat; eTaHbICaRbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;enaHminGaccUlrYmkñúgkare)aHeqñatk¾eday. enAkñúgCMhandMbUgéndMeNIrkareFVIEpnkarGPivDÆn_XuM-sgáat; RkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat; RtUveFVIkar)a:n; RbmaNkMritRbCaBlrdæbc©úb,nñEdlGaceRbIR)as;esvakm μsgÁmCamUldæan ehIyenAcugbBa©b;énqñaM


sareBIBn§nImYy² RtUveFVIkarRtYtBinitüeLIgvij nigraykarN_BIbBaðaTaMgLayEdl)anCYbRbTH kñúgdMeNIrkarpþl;esvakm μsgÁmCamUldæandl;RbCaBlrdæenAkñúgXuM-sgáat; RBmTaMgpþl;Gnusasn_ edIm,IEklMGskmμPaBpþl;esvakm μTaMgenaH. yuT§saRsþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkfñak;Catirbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa )anKUsbBa¢ak;fa karbegáInkMritCIv PaBrs;enArbs;RbCaBlrdæenAtamCnbT KWCaskm μPaBGaTiPaBkñúgkarpþl;esvakmμkMritmUldæan RbkbedayRbsiT§PaB. vaCaktþad¾sMxan;eq<aHeTArkPaBeCaKC½yrbs;KMnitpþÜcepþIm. c,ab;sþIBI karRKb;RKgrdæ)alXuM-sgáat; cg;eXIjRkumRbwkSatammUldæaneFVICaKMrUenAkñúgkarpþl;esvakmμ nig karGPivDÆmUldæan. ckçúvis½yenHmansarsMxan;cMeBaHkarGPivDÆ karTTYlxusRtUvkñúgmUldæan BIeRBaHenAeBlRkumRbwkSaTaMgenaH RtUv)aneKpþl;karTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarpþl;esvakmμCUnRbCa Blrdæ RkumRbwkSaRtUvFanafamanFnFanRKb;RKan;sMrab;karbMeBjkargarenaH. eTaHCaya:genHkþI c,ab;enAEtmanlkçN³TUlMTUlaykñúgkarkMNt;karTTYlxusRtUv[)anCak;lak;. dUecñHvaCakar sMxan;Nas;EdlRtUvyl;dwgBImeFüa)ayp00FEl;esvakmμkñúgmUldæaneBlbc©úb,nñ nigmeFüa)ayEdl RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;GaceFVIGnþraKmn_edIm,IEklMGlMhUrénkarpþl;esvakm μ.

3.3 .3

kmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan etIkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæanKWCaGVI?

• Cakar)a:n;RbmaNEdlRtUv)ancgRkgCaÉksarnigmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§eTAelIesvakm μsgÁm nigbBaðaGPi)alkic©epSgeTot tamry³karpþl;B½t_manRtLb;BIRbCaBlrdæ.

• CakarvaytMél GMBIkareBjcitþrbs;RbCaBlrdæeTAelIkarpþl;esvakm μ nigkMNt;rknUvkarlM)akEdlRbQmmux. • CakarRbmUlnigkarerobcMB½t_manRtLb;rbs;RbCaBlrdæ EdllT§plrbs;vaCacMNuceronsURt sMrab;ykeTAGnuvtþelIkarKaMRT

karts‘UmtienAkMritmUldæan. • CaB½t_manRtLb;EdlRtUv)ancgRkgehIyGaceCOCak;)anGMBIbBaðarbs;Gñkpþl;esvakmμ EdlRbCaBlrdæTUeTAFøab;CYbRbTH. • Ca]bkrN_vaytMélsamBaØ EdlRtUv)anerobcMCaTRmg;sMrab;TMnak;TMngtamEbbsamBaØ. • CakarsRmbsRmYlkarcUlrYmrbs;RbCaBlrdæedIm,IBRgwgGPi)alkic©enAfñak;XMu. • CacMNuccab;epþImsMrab;eFVIskmμPaBEklMGrnigqøúHbBa©aMg. • CakarerobcMB½t_manRtLb;rbs;saFarN³EdlCaEbbbTénkarbeB©ajeyabl; edIm,ITamTarKNenyüPaBsaFarN³[kan;Et

xøaMgkøaeT,Ig. • CaCMnYysMrab;BRgwgelIkarpþl;esvakmμ nigGPi)alkic©enAfñak;XMu. • minEmnCakareFVI[Gam:as; b¤sresIrGñkpþl;esvakm μ nigGñkedIrtYUrsMxan;elIGPi)alkic©mUldaænenaHeT. • mindUcnwgbTBiesaFn_GnþrCatiEdlmankarpþÜcepþImCaRbB½n§ ¬dUcCab½NÑr)aykarN_BIRbeTs\NÐanigRbeTshVIIlIBIn¦ km μviFImti

RbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan CaEbbbTKMrUrbs;RbeTskm<úCa vaKWCaTRmg;EbbbTkñúgRsuk EdlRbCaBlrdæ kñúgRbeTs begáIt[mankarerobcM nigeFVIskm μPaBsMrab;yklT§plbBa©ÚleTAkñúg km μviFImti RbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan.

72


etIkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæanpþl;nUvGVIxø³?

73

• kMriténkareBjcitþrbs;RbCaBlrdæelIKuNPaBénesvakm μ b¤k¾karGnuvtþenAkñúgbBaðaGPi)alkic©. • kareRbobeFobelIkareBjcitþrvagGñkTTYlpl nigGñkpþl;esvakm μ. • mUlehtuénkarpþl;esvakmμ b¤karGnuvtþmin)anl¥. • Gnusasn_sMrab;BRgwgkarpþl;esvakm μ b¤k¾CMrujkarGnuvtþelIbBaðaGPi)alkic©EdlRtUv)aneKpþl;[. • CYysRmYldl;sgÁmsIuvilenAfñak;XMu edIm,I):an;RbmaNnUvbBaðaGPi)alkic©sMxan;²EdlRbCaBlrdæTUeTA Føab;

)anCYbRbTH. • sþIBIkarrMelcnUvEbbEpnKMrUrbs;RbeTskm<úCa EdleFVI[dMeNIrkarb½NÑr)aykarN_man TRmg;sMxan;²

lkçN³Car)aykarN_kñúgRsuk. enAkñúgEbbbTKMrUenH RbCaBlrdækñúgRbeTskm<úCabegáItkaryl;dwg ehIy nwgGnuvtþTinñn½yEdlBYkeKRbmUl)an. enHCakarERbRbYld¾sMxan;mYy EdlecjBIbTBiesaFn_GnþrCati cMeBaHb½NÑB½t’manshKmn_ ehIyb½NÑB½t’manshKmn_enHPaKeRcInCakarGnuvtþEdlpþÜcepþIm manlkçN³ Cati EdlmanGñkRsavRCavmkBIxageRkAerobcMkarGnuvtþenH. kmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan GacRbkasya:geBjTMhwgfa CaeKalbMNgrbs;GnþrCatielIkTI1 edIm,IeFVI[b½NÑB½t’manshKmn_ manlkçN³kñúgRsuk edaymankarføwgEføgCalkçN³Cati.

etIRtUveFVIGVIbnÞÞab;BI)ankm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan?

• BiPakSalT§plCamYyTIPñak;garpþl;esvakm μ b¤k¾GgÁkarBak;B½n§ b¤k¾Ca mYyRkumRbwkSaXMu

• pSBVpSayB½t_mantamRbB½n§pSBVpSay rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkarpSBVpSayCa lkçN³sil,³.

• eKogKrGgÁkarshKmn_mUldæan edIm,I[pSBVpSaykarrkeXIj nigbegáIt ktþaCMrujEpñksgÁmkñúgeKalbMNgénkMENTRmg;nigkarpøas;bþÚr.

• tamdanRtYtBinitüskmμPaB edIm,IBRgwgesvakmμ nigbBaðananaEdlkMBug elIkeLIgenAkñúgkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan.


3.4 .3

eKalKMnit nigyuT§saRsþénkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan eKalKMnit km μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan KWCaynþkarEdlbBa©Úlrebobfμ I ehIyQanmuxeK bg¥s; EdlkmμviFIenHRbmUlpþMúnUvkaryl;eXIjrbs;GñkeRbIR)as; PaBgayRsYl kareBj citþ nigPaBsmrmüénesvakmμ RBmTaMgeTAelIKuNPaBénkarcUlrYmenAeBlRbCMuRkumRbwkSaXMu. km μviFIenHCaTinñn½ynigB½t_mand¾BiessvisalsþIGMBIkareBjcitþrbs;RbCaBlrdæ EdlRtUveRbI eFVICacMNuceronsURt edIm,IbegáItktþaCMrujEdlGacEckrMElk)an ehIynaM[mRnþIfñak;XMu nigGñkpþl; esvakmμmankareqøIytbCaviC¢maneTAnwgkarTamTarrbs;RbCaBlrdæ edIm,IeFVI[RbesIreLIg nUvkarpþl;esvakmμ nigkarerobcMkarRbCMuRkumRbwkSaXMu. km μviFIenH vapþl;EbbbTEdlGacpøas;bþÚr)ankñúgkarpSarP©ab;TMnak;TMngrvag RbCaBlrdæ nigrdæaPi)al. vaCMruj[manPaBRsbKñaeTAnigRbCaFibetyütamEbbtMNag EdlRbCa Blrdæ TTYl)an»kasTUlMTUlaykñúgkarbgðajtRmUvkarrbs;BYkeKGMLúgeBle)aHeqñateRCIserIs tamGNitþ ehIybnaÞb;mkeTot vaeFVI[mRnþIrbs;rdæmanKNenyüPaBcMeBaHPaBCatMNag Edl RtUv)anRbCaCne)aHeqñat[. r)aykarN_vaytMélenH CMruj[RbCaBlrdæcUlrYmenAkñúgbribT vimCÄkar EdlsßitenAkñúgKMeragkarsiT§mnusSd¾TUlMTUlay. tamry³kmμviFIenH nwgeFVI[RbCaBlrdæcUlrYmedaybegáItB½t_man nigeRbIR)as;B½t_man edIm,I[man\T§iBlelIeKalneya)ay nigkareFVIEpnkar. km μviFIenH CYyCMrujkargarCaeRcIn elIsBIeKalKMnitEdlRtUvkar[mankarcUlrYmenAkñúgkarGnuvtþKMerag nigerobcMEpnkarGPivDÆ eTAeTot. lT§plénkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæanenH GacbMerI [manmUldæanRKwH sMrab;eFVIkarBiPakSaCak;lak;CamYymRnþIrdæaPi)al nigGñkeFVIesckþIsMerccitþ epSgeTot. lT§plnwgRtUvEckrMElkeTA[GñktMNagrbs;RbCaBlrdæ GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nig tambNþaj pSBVpSayB½t_manepSg². GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alTaMgLay b¤RkumGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al EdleRbIR)as;kmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæanenH rMBwgfanwgRtUveFVIkarbNþúHbNaþl erobcM eKogKrbNþajpSBVpSayB½t_maneTAdl;Rkumcab;GarmμN_saFarN³epSgeTot nig

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75

RbCaBlrdæRKb;RsTab; edIm,IsRmbsRmYlynþkar énkarbeBa©jmtirbs;RbCaBlrdæ kñúgkic©kar GPivDÆn_ RBmTaMgelIkkMBs;dl;BYkeKpÞal;. km μviFIEdlmankarpþÜcepþImenH RtUveFVICaxñatKMrUsMrab;vas;EvgPaBRbesIreLIg nigCakarGnuvtþ ry³eBlknøgmkpgEdr. lT§plénkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæanenH GaceRbI CacMNuceronsURtsMrab;KaMRTdl;kMENTRmg nigkarpøas;bþÚr. BitEmnehIy r)aykarN_vaytMél rbs;RbCaBlrdæ GacemIleXIjFatubEnßm edIm,IeFVI[manRbtikmμ sMrab;ksagcMeNHdwg elIGPi)alkic©EdlmankareqøIytb. Cakic©cab;epþIm GñkGnuvtþmkBIxageRkA GaceRbIKMnit pþÜcepþImenH edIm,IbegáIt nigeFVI[GgÁkarsgÁmsIuvilenAmUldæan nigRbCaBlrdæ kan;EtskmμeT,Ig kñúgkarTamTar[mankarpþl;esvakmμRbkbedayKNenyüPaB nigmanRbsiT§iPaB. eyagtamcMeNHdwgEdlepÞrCUnGgÁkarsgÁmsIuvilenAmUldæannwgGaceFVIkarRbkbedayÉkraCüPaB CamYyRbCaBlrdæ. enAxN³Edlmankaryl;dwg nigmankarekIneLIgelIPaBCam©as; eBlenaH RbCaBlrdæxøÜnÉgGaccUlrYmBak;B½n§ b¤k¾crcary:agskmμCamYynwgrdæ)alfñak;mUldæan edIm,I[ mankarpþl;esvakm μmUldæanRtUvnwgtRmUvkarrbs;RbCaBlrdæ. edayehtufa eBlknøgmkenH RkumRbwkSaXMuKYrEtmanB½t_manRKb;RKan;sMrab;RbCaBlrdæ minRKan;EtmankareqøIytbcMeBaH RbCaBlrdæb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþEfmTaMgeFVI[mankarRtYtBinitü nigkarsRmbsRmYlkarTTYlxusRtUv elIkarpþl;esvakmμrbs;Pñak;garCMnaj vishmCÄkarnanarbs;rdæaPi)al EdlTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkar pþl;esvakmμenAelIEdndIXMu. lT§plEdlcg;)anelIkareFVIGnþraKmn_rbs;KMeragkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan Gacnwg cMNayry³eBlxøI b¤EvgedIm,IerobcMsMPar³. vaBwgEp¥kCacMbgelIkMriténsmtßPaB nigkarPJak; rlwkrbs;RbCaBlrdæmUldæan b¤k¾rdæ)alfñak;mUldæan.


76

RkumRbwkSaXMuxøÜnÉgpÞal;yl;dwg nigGaceqøIytbenAkñúgkarsRmbsRmYl nigkarpþl;esvakm μsaFarN³enAmUldæan

RkumRbwkSaXMu

RbCaBlrdæmanPaBskm μelIkarbeBa©jeyabl;EdlTamTar [pþl;esvakmμmanRbsiT§iPaBehIyTMnak;TMngCamYy RkumRbwkSaXMuRbkbedayÉkraCPaB

RkumRbCaBlrdæ RkumRbwkSaXMu

GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alenAmUldæanGaceFVIkar ÉkraCüCamYyRbCaBlrdæ nigRkumRbwkSaXMu edIm,Ipþl;esvakm μ

GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al enAmUldæan


RtUvkarRCMuERCg BIxageRkA

GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al fñak;Cati

GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al enAmUldæan


yuT§saRsþ km μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan EdlRtUv)anKaMRTedayKMeragKaMRTRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; KWCayuT§saRsþrkeXIjf μ IsRmab;eFIVkarbegáIn\T§iBlrbs;RbCaBlrdæ kñúgkareFVI[RbesIreLIgnUvkareqøIytb rbs;Pñak;garpþl;esvakm μnana RBmTaMgkarFana[manKNenyüPaBx<s;BIsMNak;rdæaPi)al edaycab;epþIm BIfñak;XMu-sgáat;eLIgeTA. kmμviFIenH bgðajminEmnRtwmEtCakarBieRKaHeyabl;rbs;RbCaBlrdækñúgkar eFVIEpnkarGPivDÆn_b:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþEfmTaMgCakarshkarKña kñúgkarseRmccitþEdlRtUvkarnYv\T§iBl nig GMNacrbs;BYkeKpgEdr. elIsBIenHeTot vak¾CYyelIksÞÜysmtßPaBénPaKI kñúgkarTamTar[køayCa kmøaMgcMbgmYy kñúgkarCMruj[mankareqøIytbBIrdæ)alfñak;mUldæan. niyayCarYm kmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan RbmUlpþMúnUvTsSn³rbs;GñkTTYlpl GMBIkar yl;dwg PaBgayRsYl kareBjcitþnigPaBsmrmüénesvakm μepSg² nigKuNPaB énkarcUlrYmcMENk enAkñúgGPi)alkic©mUldæan RBmTaMgRbmUlcgRkgB½t’manTaMgenaH edIm,IbegáItkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBI GPi)alkic©mUldæanenH. r)aykarN_sþIBIkarcUlrYmmtiTaMgenH nwgRtUv)anelIkykmkBiPakSa edayRbCaBlrdæxøÜneKpÞal; CamYynwgGñkeFVIkarseRmccitþ nigGñkpþl;esvakm μEdlBak;B½n§cMnYneTot. vak¾)anksagmUldæan EdlmanEpøpáa b¤lT§PaBl¥kñúgkarpþl;nUvcMNuceronsURt nigkaryl;dwgnana dl;RbCaBlrdæ edIm,ITamTar nUvesvakmμmUldæanCaeRcIn.

kMriténsmtßPaBnigkarPJak;rlwk

karEsVgrkGnþraKmn_


tamry³karGnuvtþkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan Gacpþl;karyl;dwgGMBIesvakmμsgÁmepSg² EdlmanRsab;enAkñúgXMu-sgáat; dl;RbCaBlrdæRBmTaMgpþl;dl;BYkeKnUv»kas edIm,IeFVIkarvaytMélelI karGnuvtþCarYmrbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; tamry³kMriténkareBjcitþrbs;RbCaBlrdæeTAelIesvakmμsgÁm sMxan;² EdlmanenAkñúgXMu-sgáat;. bnÞab;mk BYkeKnwgbeBa©jTsSn³epSg² sþIGMBIrebobEdlbBaðamYy cMnYnGacRtUv)aneFVI[RbesIreLIg nigesñIsuM[manktþaCYysRmbsRmYl EdlRbCaBlrdæenAtamXMu-sgáat; GacmanlT§PaBkan;EtRbesIreT,Ig kñúgkarTTYl)annUvesvakmμsgÁmnana. CMhand¾sMxan;mYyEdlRtUv)an GnuvtþedayGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alCaédKUrbs;KMeragKaMRTRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; cMeBaHkarGnuvtþkmμviFIenH KWedIm,ItRmg;Tisdl;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgááat;dl;GñkdwknaMeRkApøÚvkarsMxan;² nig RbCaBlrdæ sþIGMBIehtupl sMrab;karGnuvtþKMnitpþÜcepþImTaMgenaH. viFankarenHRtUv)aneKcat;TukfasMxan; xøaMgNas; kñúgkarBicarNaGMBIkarKaMRTrbs;rdæ)alfñak;mUldæannigRbCaBlrdæ EdlCaynþkard¾sMxan; sMrab; PaBC½yCMnHénkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæanenH. kñúgGMT,úgeBlénkarGnuvtþenH RbCaBlrdæenAtamXMu-sgáat;CaeRcIn sEmþgnUvkareBjcitþ nigkarmineBjcitþrbs;BYkeK cMeBaHesvakm μ sgÁm nigKMeragehdæarcnasm<½n§nana bgðajnUvehtuplelIkarmineBjcitþrbs;BYkeK bBa©ak;ya:gc,as; nUvkgVHxat nigcMNucexSaynana nigkareFVI[rMxandl;karpþl;esvakmμ ehIybnÞab;mkeTot KWpþl;nUvGnusasn¾mYycMnYnsþIGMBIviFI edIm,IeFVI[RbesIreLIg. yuT§saRsþkñúgkarGnuvtþenH KwRtUvbNþúHbNþal dl;GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alenAtam bNþaextþnana EdlkMBugeFVIkarCamYyGgÁkarshKmn_mYldæanenAtamXMu-sgáat;epSgeTot tamry³skm μPaBeronsURtepSg² EdlRtUv)anpþl;CUnRKb;KMeragTaMgGs;. GgÁkareRkA rdæaPi)alkñúgRsukTaMgenH nwgRtUv)aneKbNþúHbNþal[dwgBImUlehtu TsSn³ nigviFIsaRsþénkm μviFI mtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan. bnÞab;mkeTot BYkeKnWgbNþúHbNþal nigCYyRbCaBlrdæ enAtamXMu-sgáat;[ecHGnuvtþkm μviFIenH sMrab;karRbmUlnigkarviPaKTinñn½y nigkarvaytMélkarbgðaj tamry³karRbCMu nigevTikanana. dUcKñaenHEdr GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alnananWgbNþúHNþal ehIybgðat;bgðajGgÁkarshKmn_ mUldæan[ecHpSarP¢ab;TMnak;TMngCamYyRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; tamry³karBiPakSanana nigEbbbTepSg² énkargarEdlBak;Bn§½CamYynwgkarKaMRTkarts‘Umti CasaFarN³enAmUldæan. eRkABIkarBRgIgsmtßPaBrbs; GñkGnuvtþenAtamtMbn; nigkarbegáItRBmTaMgkar bgðat;beRgondl;RkumRsavRCavXMu-sgáat; edIm,I[ecHGnuvtþ karRsavRCav nigdwknaMKMnwtpþÜcepþIm sþIBIkar KaMRTkarts‘Umti GñkGnuvtþkmμviFIenH shkarCitsñiT§CamYyRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;.

3.5 .3

eKalbMNg lT§pl nigviFIsaRsþ

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78

eKalbMNg niglT§pl km μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan maneKalbMNgcMbg KWpþl;nUvkarvaytMél EdlRtUv)ancgRkgCaÉksar nigerobcMCaRbB½n§eTAelIesvakmμsgÁmsMxan;² esvakm μrdæ)al KMeragksag ehdæarcnasm<½n§ karcMNayfvika b¤karGnuvtþnana.l. enAtambNþaXMu-sgáat; k¾dUcCa eTAelIkarBRgwgsmtßPaBrbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; edIm,ICMruj[mankarcUlrYm BIRbCaBlrdæenA kñúgkarRbCMurbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;. dUcKñaenHEdr kmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæ sþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan xwtxMRbwgERbgya:gxøaMg edIm,IbegáItRkumGñkGnuvtþkargarenAfñak;XMu-sgáat; EdlpSaP¢ab;eTAnwg KNenyüPaBsgÁm. CadMbUg KMeragnwgRtUv)anvaytMél BIrebob EdleFVI[manlT§plRbesIreLIg b¤rebobEdlnwgRtUvBRgwg eKalneya)aymYycMnYnrbs; rdæaPi)al EdlekItecjBIyuT§nakar nigkarbBa©úHbBa©Úlrbs;RbCaBlrdæ. cugeRkay KMerag enH begáIt[mankarBiPakSaEdlRbkbeday karsßabna nigkarP¢ab;TMnak;TMng rvagRbCaBlrdæ RkumkargarenAtamshKmn_mYyEpñk ehIymYyEpñkeTotrvagmRnþIRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; nig Gñkpþl;esvakm μepSg²eTot. KMeragenHk¾ RtUv)aneKsgÇwmpgEdrfa vanwgman\T§iBlelIKMnit pþÜcepþImtamvis½ynimYy² edIm,IeFVI[karpþl; esvakm μ)ankan;Etl¥RbesIr eLIg. enATIbMput km μviFI mtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæanrMBwgfa nwgbegáInnUvkaryl;dwgdl; RbCaBlrdæEdlfa karcUlrYm KWCaktþasMxan;sMrab;lT§iRbCaFibetyü d¾rwgmaMmYyenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. KMeragkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæanman eKalbMNg 3 dUcxageRkam ³

1> edIm,IbegáItRbB½n§sMrab;CYysRmYldl;karvaytMélesvakmμsgÁmnana EdlRtUv)ancgRkgCaÉksarnigerobcMCaRbB½n§ nigTidæPaBepSg²eToténGPi)alkic©l¥ KWeRbIR)as;B½t’manRtLb;rbs;RbCaBlrdæ.

2> edIm,IbegáItTinñn½y nigB½t’manKMrUedIm,Ivas;EvgkarrIkcMerIn nigkarGnuvtþknøgmk. 3> edIm,IelIksÞÜysgÁmsIuvil karBiPakSarbs;rdæaPi)alsþIGMBIbBaðasMxan;²EdlmaneKal

bMNgenAkñúgkMENTRmg;sßab½n.

lT§plrMBwgTukénkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan ³ 1> begáInkaryl;dwgrbs;RbCaBlrdæelIkarcUlrYmeBjelj EdlCaFatud¾sMxan;mYy enAkñúg

lT§iRbCaFibetyü.


2> karvaytMélBITMhMénkarpþl;esvakm μsaFarN³ RBmTaMgFatuepSg²eToténGPi)alkic© mUldæan ¬]TahrN_dUcCakarcUlrYm¦.

3> erobcMRkumsgÁmsIuvilenAtammUldæan edIm,IbegáItCasm<aFkñúgkarvaytMéleTAdl;TI Pñak;gar GgÁPaBnanarbs;rdæaPi)al RBmTaMgRkumBak;B½n§déTeTot edIm,I[eqøIytb CaviC¢maneTAtamkarTamTarrbs;RbCaBlrdæ kñúgkarEklMGkarpþl;esvakm μ nigkMEN TRmg;epSg².

viFIsaRsþmYycMnYn km μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæanrYmmanCMhansMxan;cMnYn4 KW ³

karbNþúHbNþal

karerobcM nig karENnaM

skm μPaBCak;Esþg enAmUldæan nig

karvas;EvgvaytMél

RbsinebIminrIkcMerInkarvaytMélelIkar rIkcMerIn nigkarGPivDÆ

karbgðaj evTika

karBiPakSa nig yuT§nakar KaMRTkarts‘Umti

viFIsaRsþkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan kMNt;ykcMNucsamBaØmYycMnYndUcxageRkam ³

karvaytMél[)anqab;rh½seTAelIPaBsmrmü kMNt; nigeRCIserIs XMu-sgáat;RBmTaMgesvakm μcaM)ac;mYyb¤eRcIn kMNt;TMhMkargar nigeKalbMNg eRCIserIs nigerobcMRkumGnuvtþkargarenAmUldæan nigRkumRsavRCavXMu-sgáat; begáItbBa¢IsMNYr

erobcMkarbNþúHbNþal nigkarhVwkhVWn

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80

begáItKMrUsMNak dMeNIrkarvas;sÞg;kmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan

©mUldæan k;CUnRkumRbwkSaXMu

©keTs ImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan

sURtsþIGMBIkarKaMRTkarts‘Umtifñak;mUldæan

dæan. vaGacCakar Þab;sÞg; EdlmankarpþÜcepþImeTAelIesvakm μsgÁÁmCamUldæan esvakmμEpñkrdæ)alepSg²

1> kareFVIGegátecaH²eTAtampÞHsEm,gmYycMnYn kñúgeKalbMNgvaytMéleTAelIesvakmμ ;dwg PaBgayRsYl nigkareBjcitþ.

3> amkMENTRmg;

kñúgdMNak;kalénkarGnuvtþn_kargarenAtamtMbn; TaMgGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alkñúgRsuk GgÁkarsgÁm

Iuvil b¤RkumRbCaBlrdænwgcUlrYmGnuvtþKMeragr)ayN_karvaytMélrbs;RbCaBlrdæ edayeFVIkar

dMeNIrkarviPaKelITinñn½yénkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic karpSBVpSaylT§plénkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan KWda

karRbCMuCasaFarN³ nigbNþajpSBVpSayB½t’man. kMENTRmg; b¤pøas;bþÚrkarts‘Umti edayEp¥kelIlT§plénr)aykarN_vaytMélrbs; RbCaBlrdæ begáItRkumCMrujkargarfñak;mUldæan pþl;CMnYybec

nigRtYtBinitüelIkarGnuvtþn_énkmμviF pþÜcepþImskmμPaBeron

manRckcUlCaeRcInsMrab;KMeragkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUlsKMeragehdæarcnasm<½n§ epSg² karcMNayfvika nigdMeNIrkar.l. EdlmYyNak¾eday [EtTak;TgxøaMgCamYy RbCaBlrdæenAmUldæan edayminKitfaGñkNakMBugeFVI b¤kMBugpþl; esvakmμTaMgenaHeLIy. dMeNIrkarcUlrYmmYysMrab;kareRCIserIsXMu-sgáat;NamYyCaeKaledA RtUveFVIeLIgedayeRbI ]bkrN_vaytMélEdlqab;rh½smYy edIm,IvaytMélelIPaBsmRsb rbs;XMu-sgáat;sMrab;Gnuvtþ kmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan. nItiviFIGnuvtþCak;EsþgsMrab;karRbtibtþiKMerag

tamry³karvas;EvgepSg²énkaryl2> karsÞabsÞg;BIeKalKMnitrbs;RbCaBlrdæ GMBIdMeNIrkarTUeTArbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;.

karsÞabsÞg;BIRbCaBlrdæelIkarrIkcMerInénCIvPaBrbs;BYkeK EdlsßiteRkGPi)alkic©mUldæan.

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81

cat;Ecg nigerobcMRkumRsavRCavXMu-sgáat;mYy edaymankarbNþúHbNþalenAtammUldæan sþIGMBI dMeNIrkarnanarbs;KMeragkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan sRmbsRmYlkarRbmUl Tinñn½yCak;Esþgcat;EcgnigviPaKTinñn½y nigbBa©ÚlTinñn½yTaMgenaH[eTACakm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæ sþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan eFVIkarbgðajkm μviFIenH eTAdl;RkumGñkeFVIkarseRmccitþsMxan;² enA fñak;XMu-sgáat; RBmTaMgkarebIkyuT§nakar KaMRTkarts‘UmtiCasaFarN³ edIm,IelIkeLIg nUvbBaðaTaMgLay Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkmμviFI enH.

GMLúgeBlGnuvtþn_kargar enAtamXMu-sgáat; nimYy² GñkGnuvtþkargarnwgCYysRmbsRmYl l;kareRCIserIs nigkarerobcMRkumRbCaBlrdæ Edd lrs;enAtamtMbn;enaH [eFVIVCaédKUshkar

;RkumRsavRCavXMu nwgCYysRmYldl; arvaytMélral;esvakmμenAkñúgbNþaXMueKaledA. karvaytMélenHrYmman karerobcMB½t’manén

EdlnwgRtUvbegáIteTACaRkumRsavRCavXMu-sgáat; edaymanParkic©Gnuvtþkargar EpñksÞabsÞg; karcUlrYmenAtamXMu-sgáat;. enAkñúgXMu-sgáat; nimYy² RkumRsavRCavXMunwgTTYlkarbNþúH bNþalbnþBIbNþaGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alkñúgRsuk nanaenAkñúgbNþaextþmYycMnYn. eKalKMnitén karbegáItRkumRsavRCavXMu KWedIm,IbegáItrcna sm<½n§RbCaBlrdæenAtammUldæan EdlCaRkum CYyCMrujenAkñúgXMunimYy² edIm,Ikt;RtaCaRbcaM nUvral;bBaðaBak;B½n§TaMgLay Edlmanpl b:HBal;dl;;karrs;enArbs;eK ehIybegáItkarKaMRT karts‘UmtiCasaFarN³sMrab;RbCaBlrdæ samBaØ edIm,ITamTardMeNaHRsay nigPaBRbesIreLIg. GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alkñúgRsuknanarYmKñaCamYysmaCikrbskesvakmμtammUldæanEdlmanRsab; karkMNt;GñkTTYlpl b¤GñkeRbIR)as;esvakm μTaMgGs; nigkarRbQmmux b¤bBaðasMxan;² kúñgkarpþl;esvakmμEdl)ankMNt;Tuk. edayEp¥kelITinñn½y TaMgenH GñkGnuvtþn¾kargar nigGñksÞabsÞg; GacbegáItnUvkalviPaKBRgagsMrab;karsmÖasn_mYy EdltRmUv[sakl,gCamun muneBlGnuvtþCak;Esþg.

enAfñak;XMu-sgáat; r)aykarN_vaytMélrbs;RbCaBlrdæGac RtUv)aneKykmkGnuvtþ edayEp¥kelIkar)a:n;RbmaNfa ³ ♦ enATIenaH manGgÁkareFVIkarenAtamXMu-sgáat;mYycMnYn EdlnwgeFVIkarCamYyGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alCaédKUdéT eTot

enAkñúgdMNak;kalénkarGnuvtþkargarenAtam tMbn;enH. ebIsinminmanGgÁkarTaMgenaHeT enaHKYrEt manRbCaBlrdæenAtamXMu-sgáat;ya:gehacNas; 10 nak; Edlcab;Garm μN_[eFVIkarsaksYrB½t’manenAtam tMbn;enaH.

♦ RkumsRmbsRmYlrbs; km μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBI GPi)alkic©mUldæanmYyRkumnwgeFVIkarTUTaMgextþ b¤XMu-sgáat; EdlCatMbn;eKaledAkñúgGMLúgeBl énkar RsavRCavenAkñúgtMbt;enaH edIm,Ipþl;nUvCMnYykar bec©keTs ehIyedIm,ICYysRmbsRmYldl;kar edaHRsaybBaða EdlTak;TgeTAnwgbBaðaenAkñúgtMbn;


82

RBmTaMgkgVl;EdlRbCaBlrdæGacnwgCYbRbTH kñúgGMLúgeBleFVIkargar enH. ♦ K k¾ dUcCaskm μPaBepSg² édKUGnuvtþkargar shKmn_ b¤RkumRbCaBlrdæTaMgGs; nwgRtUveKelIkTwkcitþ[erobcMkm μviFIkargarrbs;e

EdlnwgRtUverobcMeLIg edIm,I eFVIcb;sBVRKb;Tan;eBlevla.

ñkGnuvtþ GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alfñak;extþnigfñak;Cati GgÁkarsgÁmsIuvilnigRkumRbCaBlrdæ GacsRmbsRmYl nigGnuvtþkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan.

G

GgÁkarTaMgenHRtUv)anelIkTWkcitþ[GnuvtþKMnitpþÜcepþImrbs;kmμviFIedayEp¥kelIqnÞ³rbs;BYkeK edIm,IeFVIr)aykarN_enH enAkEnøgNaEdlBYkeKeFVIkar.

tMbn;CaeKaledA

tMbn;eKaledAénKMnitpþÜcepþImenH KWenAtamXMu-sgáat;. cMeBaHkareRCIserIsXMu-sgáat; RkumeKaledAmRnþI RkumRbWkSaXMu-sgáat; tMNagGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alkñúgRsuk RkumRsavRCavXMu RBmTaMgfñak;dWknaMmUldæanTaMgGs; RtUv)anGeBa¢Ij nigelIkTWkcitþ[cUlrYmkñúgdMeNIrkarvaytémø PaBsmRsbEdlnaMeTArkkar kMNt;XMu-sgáat;CaeKaldA. karvaytémønwgRtUveFVItamrebobb½NÑdak;BinÞú cMeBaHkarvaytémøbnÞan;. dMeNIkarénkareRCIserIsenH RtUvemIleTAelIlkçxNÐ dMbUg EdlRtUvKñanwgqnÞ³rbs;RkumRbWkSaXMu-sgáat; edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgB½t’man RtLb;rbs;RbCaBlrdæenAkñúgXMu-sgáat; RBmTaMgvtþman nigPaBrwgmaMrbs; GgÁkarsgÁmsIuvilenAtamXMu-sgáat;. GñkGnuvtþn¾kargarGaceRCIserIsXMu-sgáat;eKaledAEdlmanRsab; XMu-sgáat;fμ INamYyEdlBYkeKmanKeRmag eFVIkarCamYy KWRtUvcab;epþImGnuuvtþBI1XMurhUtdl;cMnYnXMuEdleKyl;faGac RKb;RKg)an.

RkumCaeKaledAnig GñkTTYlpl

cugeRkaybg¥s; GñkTTYlplénKeRmagenH KWCaRbCaBlrdæFm μta ¬GñkeRbI R)as;esvakm μ¦ enAkñúgXMu-sgáat; EdlmancMeNHdWg nigkaryl;dWgGMBIsiT§i nigkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;BYkeKkñúgnamCaRbCaBlrdæ edIm,IeFVIkarpøas;bþÚr nig EklMG tamry³karpþl;B½t’mannigkarGb;rM nigtamry³karGnuvtþKMnitpþÜcepþImnana edIm,ITamTar[mankarqøIytbnigmanKNenyüPaBBIGñkEdlBYkeK)ane)aHeqñat[kan;GMNac. kmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan k¾RtUv kMNt;eKaledArbs;GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alkñúgRsuk EdlmanmUldæan enAtam bNþaextþ nigRsuk EdlmansmtßPaBkñúgkarCMruj[manKNenyüPaB cMeBaH kic©karsgÁmrbs;eK GacnwgRtUvEklMGtamry³skm μPaBeronsURtepSg². rdæ)almUldæan kñúgRsukk¾dUcCaTIPñak;garpþl;esvakm μEdr KWCaeKaledAKaMRT


83

karts‘UmticMeBaH KMnitpþÜcepþImedaysMu[manKNenyüPaB cMeBaHkic©karsgenH. cugeRkaybg¥s; bNþajpSBVpSayB½t’man EdlmanRTg;RTayFM RtUv)ankMNt;eKaledAfa CaynþkarsMrab;karKaMRT ehIyRtUv)aneKrMBWgfa nwgedIrTYnaTIsMxan;mYykñúgkar bBa¢ak;R)ab;[c,as; GMBIbBaðaTaMgT,ay EdlBak;Bn§½nwgkarKaMRTkarts‘UmtiEdl )ankMNt;edaykmμviFImtiRbCaBlsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan.

Ám

rdæ

EpnkarGnuvtþskmμPaB

rGnuvtþkargarRsavRCavenAtammUldæan nigskmμPaBénkarKaMRT arts‘Umti b¤KaMRTmtiepSg²[)anrlUn GñkGnuvtþkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan

ambNþaXMu-sgáat;sþIGMBIPaBsmRsbénKMnit pþÜcepþImrbs;kmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan.

bs;kmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæ

3> edIm,IpSBVpSayKMnitpþÜcepþImrbs;

4>

;

edIm,IsRmbsRmYldl;kakRtUvEterobcMEpnkarskm μPaB edIm,IdwknaMkarGnuvtþtamtMbn;eKaedAepSg². GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al kñúgRsukRtUvEbgEckeBl[)anRKb;RKan;kñúgkarbegáItEpnkarskm μPaBnana EdlGacbt;Ebn)an edayeFVIkarBicarNaeTAelIkarBitCak;Esþg EdlGacekIteLIgedaymin)aneRKagTukenAkñúg mUldæan. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday sUmCUnCaeyabl;fa RKb;GñkGnuvtþEpnkarskm μPaBTaMgGs; ya:gehacNas;RtUvEtbBa©ÚlParkic©dUcxageRkam ³

1> erobcMkarvaytMél[)anqab;rh½senAt

2> kMNt;GtþsBaØaN nigeRCIserIsGñkGnuvtþkargarenAkñúgmUldæan b¤RkumRsavRCavXMu b¤RkumRbCaBlrdæenAtamXMu-sgáat; [ykKMnitpþÜcepþImrsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan ykeTAGnuvtþ. kMNt;GtþsBaØaN nigeRCIserIsXMu-sgáat;CaeKaledA RBmTaMgcrcar nigbBa©úHbBa©Úl CamYyRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;sMukaryl;RBmkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan. kMNt;GtþsBaØaN eRCIserIs nigeFVI[esvakm μsMxan;nana[mansuBlPaB RBmTaMgerobcMbBa¢IrsMNYr.

5> erobcMGnusSarN³énkarRBmeRBogCabnÞan;sMrab;Gñkem:Akar RbsinebIcaM)ac


84

6> ebIkvKÁbNþúHbNþaltMrgTis[sÁal;BIeKalKMnit nigviFIsaRsþmYycMnYn dl;Rkum Gnuvtþkargar GgÁkareRkAedæaPi)al RkumRsavRCavXMu RkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; nigGñkpþl;esvakmμ.

7> eFVI[RkumRbwkSaXuMcUlrYmkñúgral;dMNak;kaléndMeNIrkarTaMgGs.; 8> CMruj[mankm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæanenAtamXuM-

sgáat;nigCasaFarN³. 9> eFVIEpnkarsþIBIkarsÞabsÞg;eTAelIkarcUlrYmmtienAtamtMbn;BitR)akd rYmmankar

Bnül;ENnaMGBIkarsÞabsÞg;nigviFIsaRsþKMrU karENnaMdl;GñkeqøIysMnYr kardak; Parkic©[smaCikRkumRsavRCavXMu eFIVsmahrNkm μnig eFVI[Tinñn½ynigB½t’man epSg²mansuBlPaB.l.

10> CYybec©keTsenAtammUldæan edaybgðat;bgðaj nigENnaMdl;GñkGnuvtþkargar enAkñúgmUldæan edIm,IENnaMBIkarbegáItbBa¢IsMNYr karGnuvtþkarsÞabsÞg;mtienAtam mUldæan karviPaKTinñn½yeFVI[lT§plepSg²mansuBlPaB nigerobcMlT§pl km μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan edIm,IBnül; nigbgðajkñúgGMLúg eBlGnuvtþkargar.

11> Bnül;ENnaM ebIkevTikasaFarN³ nigBiPakSa edIm,IbgðajCUn nigeFVI[lT§pl rkeXIjmYycMnYneTot EdlTTYl)anBIkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan mansuBlPaB.

12> pSBVpSayB½t’manGMBIlT§plkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan dl;GñkcUlrYm nigbNþajpSBVpSayB½t’mannana.

13> bNþúHbNþalGMBIkarts‘Umtidl;RbCaBlrdæfñak;eRkam nigkareRbIR)as;lT§pl km μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan CacMNuceronsURtsMrab; yuT§nakarts‘U mtinana edIm,IelIkeLIgnUvbBaðaTaMgLay Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkmμviFIenH.

14> pSBVpSayviFIsaRsþ nigbTBiesaFn_nanaénkarGnuvtþkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBI GPi)alkic©mUldæan CUndl;RkumGñkKaMRTCaRTg;RTayFM edIm,IelIkTwkcitþ[mankar GnuvtþeLIgvijnUvdMeNIrkarEdlTak;TgnwgGñkcUlrYm nigbNþajpSBVpSayB½t’man nana nigCYbRbCMurYmKñamYyenAtamXMu-sgáat;.

15> Binitü nigvaytMélskmμμPaBnana nigFana[)annUvnirnþrPaB. 16> BRgwgbNþajRkumkargarenAtammUldæan.


85

17> eFVIkarCamYybNþajpSBVpSayB½t’man nigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)aldéTeTot elIkarKaMRT eKalneya)ay.


86

Éksareyag 1. Narayan 2000: Voice of the poor

2. Royal Government of Cambodia, 2004: progress report on implementation of

national poverty reduction strategy

Module 4:


m:UDulTI 4

87

eKalbMNgrbs;m:UDul edIm,IeFVI[sikçakamyl;dwgGMBIdMeNIrkar nigskm μPaBenAkñúgkarGnuvtþ kmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæ sþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan. karrMBwgTukrbs;m:UDul RtUv)anrMBwgTukfa enATIbBa©b;énEpñkenH sikçakamnwgmancMeNHdwgCamUldæansþIBI ³

vdþéndMeNIrkarkñúgkarGnuvtþkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan niglMhUr énskmμPaB EdltRmUvedIm,IGnuvtþ.

karB’NnalMGitBIrebobskmμPaBnimYy²EdlnwgRtUveFVI.

»vaTmYycMnYnsMrab;PaBeCaKC½y.

karRKb;RKg nigGnuvtþn_km μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan.


4.1

.3

dMeNIrkarénkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan

karbNþúHbNþal karerobcM nig kartRmg;Tis

skm μPaBCak;EsþgenA mUldæan nigkarvas;Evg vaytMél

karbgðaj evTikar karBiPakSa nigyuT§nakar KaMRTkarts‘Umti

karvaytMélelIkarrIkcMerIn nigkarGPivDÆ ebIminrIncMerIn

dMNak;kal nigbNþúMénskmμPaB bNþúMskmμPaBeKmincaM)ac;dak;eTAtamlMdab;lMdab;lMedayénkarGnuvtþeT KWmann½yfa eKGac bt;Ebn)an. skmμPaBxøHeKGacGnuvtþvaCabnþ\tQb; ehIyGnuvtþRKb;dMNak;kalTaMgGs; rIÉskmμPaBxøHeTot eKGacGnuvtþvakñúgeBldMNalKñaEtmþg. karGnuvtþskm μPaBTaMgenaH Kwva GaRs½yeTAelI faetIGñkNaCaGñkGnuvtþva. dMNak;kalTI 1 ³ karbNþúHbNþal karerobcM nigkarENnaMdMbUg

kar)a:n;RbmaNy:agqab;rh½senAkñúgXuMedIm,IkMNt;nUvPaBsmRsbkñúgdMeNIrkarén km μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan.

karkMNt; nigeRCIserIsbNþaXuMEdlCaRkumeKaledA karcrcar nigbNþúHbNþaledIm,ITTYlkaryl;RBm nigcab;epþImdMeNIrkar karkMNt; kareRCIserIs nigkarbBa¢ak;BIesvakmμCamUldæan karbegáItbBa¢IsMNYr kareRCIserIsGgÁkarGnuvtþkñúgRsuk

karerobcMbegáItRkumGñkRsavRCavfñak ;XuM

88


karerobcMkic©snüa nigGnusarN³eyagpøÚvkar Mnit nigviFIsaRsþ.

RbwkSaXuM

MNak;kalTI2 ³ kareFVIGegátelIkarvaytMélrbs;RbCaBlrdæ ¬skm μPaBcuHdl;kEnøg ¦

n;

nigkarENnaMdMbUg sresrr)aykarNvaytMélkmμviFIenH

kSa karBieRKaH nigyuT§nakarénkarts‘Umti RbCuMCamYyRkumRbwkSaXuM nigGñkpþl;esvakmμdéTeTot

þrPaB

skmμPaBénkarvaytMél

karebIkvKÁbNþúHbNþalRKUbegÁal sþIGMBIeKalK karCMurujkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæankñúgcMeNamRkum

nigsaFarN³Cn.

d erobcMEpnkarskmμPaBsMrab;kareFVIGegátelIkarvaytMélrbs;RbCaBlrdæenAtamtMb

eKaledA. eRKagsMNak;énGñkpþl;cemøIy

pþl;karbNþúHbNþal karhVwkhVWnbBa¢ak;BIlT§pl viPaKTinñn½y nig _RtYtBinitü nigbnþpþl;CMnYyKaMRTEpñkbec©keTs

dMNak;kalTI 3 ³ karbgðajlT§pl kareFVIevTikarBiPa

karerobcMkargarts‘Umti begáIt nigBRgwgbNþajkargarkñúgRsukRBm nigrkSanirn

dMNak;kalTI 4 ³ karvaytMélelIdMeNIrvivtþn_ nigkarrIkcMerIn

karpSBVpSay nigkarpSaybnþ

89

4.2 .3

etIRtUvGnuvt ImYy²y:agdUcemþc?

þskmμPaBn


90

km μPaB TI1 ³ kar)a:n;RbmaNPøam²rbs;XuMcMeBaHPaBsmRsbsMrab;

GgÁkarGnuvtþénKMnitpþÜce YrEt)a:n;RbmaNPøam² Im,I kMNt;PaBsmRsbkñúgkarGnuvtþdMeNIkarenHenAkñúgXuM. kar)a:n;RbmaNenH KWCa»kassMrab;

aBERbRbYlrbs;RbCaBlrdæenAkñúgXuM

skm μPaBEdlerobrab;xageRkamenH minRtUv)anerobcMeTAtamlMdab;lMedayenaHeT¡ skm μPaBTaMgLaymincaM)ac;erobeTAtamlMdab;lMedayenaHeT KWGacbt;Ebn)an. skmμ

PaB t xøHeKGacGnuvtþvaCabnþ ehIyqøgkat;RKb;dMNak;kalTaMgGs; rIÉskm μPaBxøHeTo

eKGacGnuvtþvaRBmeBlCamYyKñaEtmþg. GgÁkarGnuvtþskm μPaBGaceRCIserIs faetIeKcg; GnuvtþskmμPaBNamunGaRs½yeTAtamPaBgayRsYlsMrab;BYkeK. skmμPaBTaMgenH KWva GaRs½yeTAelIfaetIGñkNaCaGñkGnuvtþva . s


pþImkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan KedeFVIkarsegát nigvaytMéleTAelITsSn³rbs;RkumRbwkSaXuM RbCaBlrdæenAkñúgXuM nigGñkGPivDÆn_ kñúgmUldæan EdlTak;TgeTAnwgkareRCIserIsXuMsMrab; dMeNIkarkm μviFIenH. vaTamTar[man kareRbIR)as;nitiviFIEdlmankarcUlrYm edIm,IbgálkçN³[RkumRbwkSa XuM-sgáat; fñak;dwknaM kñúgrdæGMNacmUldæan GñktMNagsgÁmsIuvil nigRbCaBlrdæ edIm,I)a:n;RbmaN eTAelIPaBsmRsbkñúgkarQaneTAkMNt;eRCIserIsXuMeKaledA sMrab;GnuvtþKMnitpþÜcepþImr)ay karN_vaytMélrbs;RbCaBlrdæ. kar)a:nRbmaNenH RtUv)aneFVIeLIgtamry³kareRbIR)as;b½NÑ dak;BinÞúr nigRtUvemIlbNþalkçxNÐEdlmanCamunmYycMnYndUcxageRkamenH etIGacbMeBj)an Edrb¤eT ³

qnÞ³rbs;mRnþIRkumRbwkSaXuMkñúgkareqøIytbeTAnigB½t’manRtLb;BIRbCaBlrdæ kMriténP vtþman nigPaBxøaMgrbs;GgÁkarsgÁmsIuvilkñúgRsukEdlmanenAkñúgXuM esvakmμsgÁmCamUldæanEdlmanRsab; PaBsmRsb eBlevla PaBsaTr


kk CMrujdéTeT

91

þa ot

R ñúgkarerobcMb½NÑdak;BinÞú nigsMnYr nigkarerobcMkarNat;CYbCamun. GgÁkar R bcMkarRbCuMdac;edayELkCamYymRnþIRkumRbwkSaXuMnana b¤RbCuMrYmKña

skm

epþImenH. bnÞab;BIskm μPaB nkar)a:n;RbmaNPøam²RtUv)anbBa©b; GgÁkarGnuvtþskm μPaBenHGackMNt;)anfa etIXuMNaxøH

dleKman

buKÁlik tUvKaMRTenAkGnuvtþe kArdæaPi)alKYrEterok¾GaceFVIeTA)anEdr. eRkABIbuKÁlikenH GgÁkarGnuvtþeRkArdæaPi)alGacesñIsuMemPUmi RkumRbwkSaXMu GgÁkarsgÁmsuIvilenAkñúgRsuk b¤k¾RbCaBlrdæ[CYykñúgkareRtomerobcMenH.

μPaB TI2 ³ GtþsBaØaNkmμ nigkareRCIserIsXMueKaledA

XuMKWCacMNuceKaledAtMbUg nigCacMNuccab;epþImkñúgkarGnuvtþKMnitpþÜcéEdlmanlkçN³smRsbsMrab;dMeNIkarkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan. kareRCIserIs nwgRtUveFVIeLIgedayEp¥kelIlkçN³vinicä½yEdl)ankMNt;. GgÁkarGnuvtþskm μPaB enHGaceRCIs erIsykXuMEdlxøÜnkMBugeFVIkarenAkñúgenaHRsab; b¤k¾XuMfμ IepSgeTot EEpnkar nwgRtUveFVIkarCamYy edIm,IeFVICaXuMeKaledA. eFVIrebobenH eKGaccab;epþIm BIXuMmYyb:ueNÑaHCadMbUg rhUtTal;Et mankareBjcitþeTAnwgcMnYnXuMEdleKcg;)an sMrab;eFVICa XuMeKaledA. cMnYnGtibrimaénXuMEdlkMNt; CaXuMeKaledAGaRs½yeTAelIkarvaytMél GMBIsmtßPaBénkarRKb;RKgrbs;XuMTaMgenaH. kareRCIs ykXuMrvagBI 3 eTA 5 XuM KYrEtCacMnYn EdlGacRKb;RKg)aneday GgÁkarGnuvtþskm μPaBenH. kardak;kMritkñúgkareRCIserIs KYrEtEp¥keTAelIlT§plénkar)a:n;RbmaNPøam² b¤k¾B½t’manBI karGegátedImdMbUg EdlkñúgenaH GgÁkarGnuvtþskm μPaB )anbegáIt[manCalkçN³vinicä½yEbbgay NamYyeTAtamkarcg;)an rbs;xøÜn. kñúgkrNIEdleKcg;eRCIserIsykXuMfμ I enaHGgÁkarGnuvtþ skm μPaBGacBwgBak; RkumRbwkSaXuM edIm,Iyl;RBmnigGnum½tCapøÚvkar b¤rdæGMNacfμak;Rsuk b¤k¾kariyal½yrdæ)al mUldæanextþ[CYy. CadMbUn μan GgÁkarGnuvtþskmμPaB KYrEtTTYlyk cMnYnXuM[)aneRcIn ykmkeFVIkarBicarNa ehIybnÞab;mkqøgkat;karBinitü karviPaK eRCIsyk XuMkñúgcMnYnNamYy EdlxøÜncg;)anmkeFVICaXuMeKaledAsMrab;karGnuvtþKMnitpþÜcepþImenH. XuMTaMgLayEdl)an eRCIserIs RtUvEtbMeBj)antamlkçN³vinicä½y y:agehacNas;cMnYnBak;kNþal kñúgcMeNam lkçN³vinicä½yTaMgGs;Edlerobrab;dUcxageRkam .


92

kMNt;sMKal; karkMNt; nigkareRCIserIsXuMeKaledA KWTak;Tgy:agxøaMgeTAnwgPaBgay RsYl μúRKsμajénkarGnuvtþkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan. cMnYnXuM

lRtUv eRCIserIsKYrEtmanlkçN³smRsbeTAnwgsmtßPaBkñúgkarGnuvtþ skm μPaBkargarrbs;

cä½ysMrab;kareRCIserIsenHeT.

lkçN³vinicä½ysMrab;eRCIserIsRkumXuMeKaledA ³ • qnÞ³rbs;RkumRbwkSaXuMkñúgkareqøIytbeTAnwgB½t’manRtLb;BIRbCaBlrdæ • PaBnaMmuxkñúgkardwknaMrbs;RbFanRkumRbwkSaXuM • kMriténPaBERbRbYl b¤PaBskm μrbs;RbCaBlrdæenAkñúgXuM • vtþman nigPaBxøaMgrbs;GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al GgÁkarshKmn_mUldæan.l. • PaBmanRsab; b¤PaBGacrk)anénesvakmμCamUldæan • tRmUvkarkñúgRsukx<s; • kMritGPivDÆn_TabeBk • karmineBjcitþkñúgkMritx<s; • PaBsmRsb • eBlevla • PaBsaTr • PaBEdlrk)annUvRbB½n§pSBVpSay • kkþaCYydéTeTot

b¤sEdGgÁkarGnuvtþ smtßPaBnigcMnYnbuKÁlik RbPBFnFanhirBaØvtßú eBlevlarYmTaMgsmtßPaB kñúgkarRKb;RKgpgEdr. GgÁkarGñkGnuvtþskm μPaBRtUvEtRbkas[c,as;fa ral;karBak;B½n§eTAnwgneya)ay miinRtUv)an BicarNaenAkñúglkçN³vini

skm μPaB TI3 ³ karcrcar nigkarbBa©úHbBa©ÚledIm,Ikaryl;RBm nigcab;epþIm


karcrcar nigkarbBa©úHbBa©Úl siT§irbs;RbCaBlrdækñúgkarcUlrYm RtUv)anFanaenAkñúgrdæFmμnuBaØ ehIyc,ab;nigeKalnanaEdlTak;TgnwgvimCÄkarRtUv)ans

neya)ay MercedayrdæaPi)al.

dæanenH. y:agNak¾eday k¾GgÁkar ñkGnuvtþskm μPaBpÞal;RtUvBiPakSa nigBieRKaHeyabl;CamYyRkumRbwkSaXuM b¤k¾emXuM EdlTak;Tg

YrEt Il[eXIjfa KWCaynþkarénkarKaMRTdl;Gñ μkpþl;esvakm μCaCagkarEsVgrkcab;kMhus. RtUvpþl;

cab;taMBIdMNak;kalsakl,gmk RksYgmhaépÞ)anpþl;PaBRtwmRtUvRsbc,ab; nigkarelIkTwkcitþ cMeBaHKMnitpþÜcepþIménkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUlGeTAnwgkarcab;epþImdMeNIkarskmμPaBkargarenHenAkñúgXuMEdlxøÜneFVIkar. GgÁkarGñkGnuvtþ skmμPaBpÞal; KYrEterobcMkarRbCuMBiessCapøÚvkarmYyCamYyRkumRbwkSaXuM b¤k¾elIk CasMeNI suMdak;bBaðaenHCarebobvar³mYyénkarRbCuMCaeTogTat;rbs;RkumRbwkSaXuM. bnÞab;BIkar cMNay Bly:ageRcInbMputRtwmknøHem:ag kñúgkareFVIbTbgðajGMBIKMnitpþÜcepþIm énkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrd sþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan rYcmk eKRtUvbBa©úHbBa©ÚlRkumRbwkSaXuM edIm,I[TTYlkaryl;RBmKaMRT l;dMeNIrkarGnuvtþskmμPaBenH. enAkñúgkrNIxøHeTot GgÁkarGnuvtþ skm μPaBenH GacnwgBiPakSa CamYyemXuM muneBlEdlRtUvelIkykerOgenH eTAdak;kñúgrebobvar³RbCMuCapøÚvkarrbs; RkumRbwkSaXuM. RbsinebIcaM)ac; GgÁkarGñkGnuvtþskmμPaBpÞal; RtUvEsVgrkkarGnum½tyl;RBm eTAelIKMeragkargarrbs;xøÜnBIsMNak;rdæGMNacfñak;Rsuk b¤k¾kariyal½yrdæ)almUldæanextþ. RtUvBnül;GMBIKMeragkargarrbs;xøÜn[)anc,as;las;. RtUvkt;sMKal;fa KWmanbMNgedIm,Idak;BinÞú eTAelIKuNPaBénesvakmμedayminKitfa esvakm μenaHRtUv)anpþl;eTA[GñkNaeLIy. eKKemkarBnül;EbbgaymYyeTAdl;RkumRbwkSaXuM edIm,I[BYkKat;yl;fa eRKagkarKMnitpþÜcepþImenH KWmanlkçN³Rbhak;RbEhlKñaeTAnwgskm μPaBGPivDÆn_déTeTot ehIyk¾RtUvBa¢ak;[c,as;pg Edrfa kargarenHminCab;Tak;TgeTAnwgerOgneya)ay b¤RkumKNbkSneya)ayNamYYyeLIy. eFVIy:agNa[eKemIlfa KMnitpþÜcepþImenH KWCaynþkard¾l¥mYysMrab;RbmUlmtieyabl;saFarN³ Cn Edl)anpþl;nUvKMnitedIm,IqøúHbBa©aMgkñúgn½ysßabnaeTAelIGVIEdlRkumRbWkSaXMu)aneFVI ehIyCYy dl;RkumRbwkSaXMukñúgkareFVIEpnkar nigerobcMKMeragkargarrbs;xøÜn[)ankan;EtRbesIrCagmun. RtUveFVI[R)akdfa RkumRbwkSaXuMsVaKmn_dl;KMnitpþÜcepþImenH edayKμankarP½yxøac nigedayman karcab;Garm μN_ ehIymincat;Tukfa vaKWCaerOgEdleFVI[BYKKat;mankareGonx μas; nigTTYlkarsþI benÞasBIsarN³CnenaHeLIy.

93


94

μta eTAnwg

inEmnEtkic©kar rdæ)alb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþEfmTaMgkic©karpþl;esvakmμeTotpg. vak¾CYypgEdr

arGnuvtþskmμPaB CamYynwg

RkumRbwkSaXuMnaeBlknøgmk enAkñúgkarGnuvtþskmμPaBGPivDÆn_epSg²EdlmanenAkñúg XuM. Rbvtþiénkarshkarl¥ nigFøab;manCMenOTukcitþ nwgCYy[RkumRbwkSaXuMkat;bnßy

μN_sgS½y nigPaBminR)akdRbCaepSg² ehIyksagnUvbriyakas

etIKMnitpþÜcepþIménkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæanCYyKaMRTdl;RkumRbwkSaXuMedayrbobNa? cMNucTak;TgmYycMnYnsMrab;GgÁkarGnuvtþskm μPaBpÞal;RtUv)aneKBnül;dUcxageRkam ³ • vaCYy[RkumRbwkSaXuMyl;dwgBItRmUvkar nigkarRBYy)armÖrbs;RbCaBlrdæ. • vaCYybegáIt[mancMNgTak;TgrvagRkumRbwkSaXuM nigRbCaBlrd.æ • vaCYyRkumRbwkSaXuMsMerceCaKC½yelIkargarrbs;xøÜntamry³ynþkarRtYtBinitü nigqøúHbBa¢aMgRbkbeday

karsßabna eBalKWCameFüa)ayd¾l¥bMputkñúgkarFana[maneCaKC½y. • vaR)ab;RkumRbwkSaXuM[dwgGMBIGVIEdlRtUv nigGVIEdlxus.

vaCYykMcat;vb,Fm’Gskm μrbs;RbCaBlrdækñúgkarcUlrYm ehIyksagnUvs μartIyl;dwg nigelIkTwkcitþBYkeK •

[cYlrYmcMENky:agskmμenAkñúgkarGnuvtþskm μPaBGPivDÆn_nanaenAkñúgXuMrbs;xøÜn. • vaCYybegáInRbsiT§PaBénkarGnuvtþkargarrbs;RkumRbwkSaXuMEdlnwgCYy[BYkeKGacCab;eqñatCafμ IeTot

enAGNtþieRkay. • vaCYypþl;RkumRbwkSaXuMnUvKMnitsßabnakñúgkarpSBVpSaykñúgnamCaGñktMNag[RbCaBlrdæ. • vaCYydl;RkumRbwkSaXuMkñúgkarsMerccitþedayQrelITsSn³rbs;saFarN³CnCamUldæan. • nigshkarCamYy vaCYyy:agsem,ImkñúgkarksagPaBxøaMgdl;RkumRbwkSaXuMeTAelIkargarRtYtBinitü

Gñkpþl;esvakm μdéTeTot .

km μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan minEmnCa]bkrN_sMrab;Tb;Tl;FmrdæGMNacmUldæanenaHeT b:uEnþvaCYybegáInRbsiT§PaBkñúgkarGnuvtþkargarrbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu mkñúgkarelIksÞÜy ekrþ×eQ μaHrbs;RkumRbwkSaXuMkñúgn½yfa CardæGMNacmUldæan EdlecHeqøIytb eTAnwgtRmUvkarrbs; RbCaBlrdæ. cMNucBiess nigsMxan;rbs;r)aykarN_tMélrbs;RbCaBlrdæ KWkarelIksÞÜy[man tmøaPaB kareqøIytb nigkarcUlrYm. kMNt;sMKal; karTTYlykKMnitpþÜcepþImenHBIsMNak;RkumRbwkSaXuM edayPaBgayRsYl

b¤Bi)ak KWvaGaRs½yeTAelIRbvtþikargarCaédKUrvagGgÁk

b¤lubbM)at;)annUvGarm


kargarl¥mYyEdlKMeragkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæanenHcg;)an edIm,I Rbtibtþi kargar)anl¥ .

arcab;epþImdMeNIrkar amFmμta BiFIsem<aFdMeNIrkarcab;epþIménKMeragkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan Uv)anerobcMeLIgenAfñak;Cati b¤fñak;extþ RbsinebIGgÁkarGnuvtþskm μPaB yl;favaCakarcaM)ac;

ktRtEdlRtUveFVI. enAkñúgkrNIPaKeRcIn GgÁkarTaMgLay eRcInEtcab;epþImdMeNIrkarkargar

s;xøÜnEtmþg. bnÞab;BIkarÉkPaBKñaCamYyRkumRbwkSaXuM GgÁkarGnuvtþskmμPaBRtUvkarbBa¢ak; maCikRkumRbwkSaXuMedaypÞal;mat; b¤sMbuRt GMBIkalviPaKsMrab;karGnuvtþ

æaPi)al nig tg; bMNgl¥ sar³sMxan;

rbeLIgvijeRkApøÚvkar BIsskmμPaBkmμviFIenH kñúgbMNgedIm,IeFVI[mankic©shkarl¥ nigedIm,I[smaCikRkumRbwkSaXuM cUlrYmedayeBjeljCamYysmaCikRkumdéTenAkñúgkarGnuvtþskm μPaBKMeragenH.

kMENn nigkareRbIbNþajB½t’man enATIenH¡ vaCaRbkarsMxan;Nas;kñúgkareRbIR)as;bNþajpSBVpSayB½t’man kñúgdMNak;kal karcab;epþImdMbUgénkarGnuvtþskmμPaBKMerag. vaCameFüa)ayedIm,ICYypþl; B½t’manGMBIskmμPaBCaviC¢manTaMgLayrbs;KMerag eTAdl;rdæGMNacmUldæan TaMgfñak;Cati nigfñak;Rsuk. vak¾CYypgEdrkñúgkarCMrujeFVI[mRnþIrdsmaCikRkumRbwkSaXuMmankareCOTukcitþeTAelIPaBes μaHRnigplRbeyaCn_énKMnitpþÜcepþImrbs;KMeragenHtamry³bNþajB½t’man. enAkñúg tYnaTId¾sMxan;mYybNþajpSBVpSayB½t’man GacCYybgá[manbriyakasl¥ kñúg dMeNIrkarGnuvtþskm μPaBKMerag. bNþajpSBVpSayB½t’mank¾CYypSBVpSaynUv B½t’man b¤sarepSg²eTAkan;saFarN³CnpgEdr. karenHvanwgCYyrYmcMENk elIkkMBs;karyl;dwgrbs;saFarN³CneTAelIRbFanbTkargarrbs;KMerag ehIy GacbBa©úHbBa©Úl[BYkeKmancMNab;GarmμN_ nigeRtomxøÜnRbkbedayPaBsVahab; edIm,IrYmcMENkenAkñúgdMeNIrkarkargarenH.

95


skm μPaB TI4 ³ tþsBaØaNkmμ kareRCIserIs nigvaytMélskm μPaBcMbg²

mancMNuccab;epþImCaeRcInsMrab;karGnuvtþkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæanenH. eK Gaccab;epþImedayeFVIkarsikSaEsVgyl;lMGitenAkñúgEpñkesvakmμsgÁmCamUldæan KMeragehdæa rcnasm<½n§ KMeragcMNayfivika nigkarRbtibtþikargarepSg²CaedIm.l. EdlmankarTak;Tg

aHeT. bUg μsgÁm

enAkñúgXuMnImYy² GgÁkarGnuvtþskmμPaBpÞal;GacnwgeRCIserIsykRbePTesvakm μcMnYn 2 b¤ 3 Mrab;eFVIkar l)aneRCIserIsGacnwgmindUcKñarvagBIXuMmYyeTAXuMmYyeTot va aRs½yelI aBGaceRbIR)as;)anénesvakmμenaH. enAkñúgXuMxøHeTot RbePT vakmμEdl)aneRCIserIsGacnwgdUcKña b:uEnþkñúgcMnYnxusKñaedayGaRs½yeTAtamTMhMénXuM nigktþa

G

y:agCitsiñTeTAnwgRbCaBlrdæ edayminKitfa GñkNaCaGñkeFVI b¤CaGñkpþl;esvakm μTaMgenbs;kmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæanenH KWkMNt;cMnYnesvakmeKalbMNgtM

CamUldæanTaMgLay nigbBaðaepSg²mYycMnYnEdlTak;TgnwgkarRbtibtþikargarrbs;RkumRbwkSaXuM. RbePTesvakm μEdlRtUveFVIkarvaytMél RtUvEtmankarkMNt; nigeRCIserIseTAtamviFIEdlman karcUlrYm. Ca»vaT karkMNt;eRCIserIsesvakmμEdlRtUvvaytMél KYrEtRtUv)aneFVIeLIgtamry³ karRbCuMBieRKaHeyabl;CamYysmaCikRkumRbwkSaXuM RbFanPUmi nigRbCaBlrdæ. CakarBitkarkMNt;eRCIserIsRbePTesvakmμEdlRtUvvaytMél KYrEteFVIeLIgedayEp¥keTAelIPaBCak;Esþg énvtþmanrbs;esvakmμTaMgenaHenAnwgkEnøg CaBiessKWenAtamtMbn;CnbT. enAkñúgkrNIenH vtþmanénesvakmμEdlmanenAkñúgtMbn;nwgkøayCalkç½NÐEdlRtUvbMeBjmuneK enAkñúgdMeNIkarén kareRCIserIs.

]TahrN_GMBIesvakmμmYycMnYnEdlKYrEteRCIserIssMrab;karvaytMélkarsegát ³• esvakmμsuxPaB • karGb;rMkMritbfmsikSa

RbB½n§Twks¥atsMrab;pwk •

• FarasaRsþxñattUc • KMeragpøÚvfñl;CnbT

• rRbCuMRkumRbwkSka aXuM esvakmμEpñkrdæ)al CaedIm.l. •

s Gegát. esvakm μEdG vtþmanCak;Esþg nigPes

96


déTeTot. karkMNt;eRCIserIsRbePTesvakmμRtUvEtmanlkçN³Tak;Tg nigsmRsbeTAnwg tRmUvkarrbs;RbCaBlrdæenAkñúgtMbn;enaH k¾dUcCatRmUvkarrbs;XuMpgEdr. vaKYrEteFVIeLIg eday GnuelameTAtamGNtþirbs;XuM b¤k¾sßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKg b¤RtYtBiinitürbs;RkumRbwkSaXuM. Ep¥keTAelIehtuplenHehIy eTIb)anCakareRCIserIstRmUv[mankarcUlrYmBIRkumRbwkSaXuM nig RbCaBlrdæ CaBiessKWRsþI.

kMNt;sMKal; enAkñúgkrNITUeTAPaKeRcIn esvakmμTaMgLayminRtUv)anpþl;[eday RkumRbwkSaXuMeT b:uEnþRkumRbwkSaXuMmantYnaTIRsbc,ab;kñúgkarBak;B½n§ shkarN_ nig sRmbsRmYlelIdMeN

97

Ikarénkarpþl;esvakmμTaMgenH. ehtudUecñHehIy eTIbRkumRbwkSaXuM k¾RtUvmancMENkTTYlxusRtUvpgEdrcMeBaHmuxsaFarN³Cn cMeBaHkarpþl;esvakm μ eTaHbI

MnYnRbePT bBa¢IsMNYrEdlnigRtUvbegáIt KWvaGaRs½yeTAnwgcMnYnsrub énRbePT

CakñúgkrNIEdlBYkKat;minEmnCaGñkpþl;esvakm μedaypÞal;eTARbCaBlrdæk¾eday. skm μPaB TI5 ³ kareRKagbBa¢IsMNYr

bBa¢IrsMNYrKYrEteFVIeLIgsMrab;esvakm μmYymux² sMrab;esvakm μnimYy². cMnYnesvakmμEdlRtUv eRCIserIsenAkñúgXMunimYy² kMNt;cMnYnRbePTepSg²énbBa¢IsMNYredIm,IeRbIsMrab;XMunimYy²enaH. ]TahrN_ ³ RbsinebIGgÁkarGnuvtþmYyeRCIserIsykXuMcMnYn 3 edIm,IGnuvtþKMeragkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæ sþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan ehIyenAkñúgXuMnImYy²eKkMNt;ykRbePTesvakmμcMnYn 2 edIm,IeFVI karvaytMél EdlkñúgenaH manRbePTesvakmμxøHdUcKña ehIyxøHxusKñarvagBIXuMmYyeTAXuMmYyehtudUecñH cesvakmμTaMgGs;Edl)aneRCIserIs. ¬sUmemIl]TahrN_kñúgtaragxageRkam¦ ³ XuM RbePTesvakmμkñúgXuMnImYy² cMnYnsrubénesvakmμxusKña XuM k • EsvakmμsuxPaB

• Gb;rMkMritbzm XuM x • esvakmμsuxPaB

• RbB½n§Twks¥atsMrab;pwk XuM K • Gb;rMkMritbzm

• RbB½n§Twks¥atsMrab;pwk • KMeragpøÚvfñl;CnbT

• esvasuxPaB • Gb;rMkMritbzm CarYm


98

• KMeragpøÚvfñl;CnbT manRbeP s us²KñaenAkñúgkrNIenH ehtudUecñH Gg arGnuvtþskmμPaBpÞal;RtUveFVIRbePT bBa¢IsMNYrcMnYn 4 xus²KñapgEdr sMrab;kareFVIGegáteTAelIGRtaénesvakm μ. cMnYnbBa¢IsMNYrEdl

)as K cMnYnsrubénGñkeqøIycMeBaHRbePTesvakmμnImYy² nigsMrab;RKb;karGegát TaMgGs;EdlnwgRtUveFVIenAkñúgXuMeKaledAEdl)aneRCIserIsrYc.

cg amkarcaM)ac;enAkñúgGMLúgeBlénkar

VIGegát. bBa¢IsMNYrEdll¥ KWCabBa¢IrsMNYrEdlgayyl;nigsYr ehIymann½yTak;TgeTAnwg bBaðaEdlCaRbFanbTénkarEsVgyl;. maneKalkarN_ENnaMmYycMnYnsMrab;BicarNa enAeBl

sMNYrKYrEtCIkrkmUlehtuepSg²sMrab;GñkEdlminsUvsb,aycitþ edayelIkeLIg[eKemIleXIj BIPaBxVHxat PaBexSay nigkarrMxannanaenAkñúgkarpþl;esvakm μ ehIyesñIsuMGnusasn_edIm,I

;lak;NamYy RtUvEtGnuelameTAtam gxageRkam cMeBaHeKaledAsMrab;kar

a:n maN edayeyageTAtamRbePTnImYy²énesvakmμsgÁmCamUldæan.

Te vakmμcMnYn 4 x Ák

eRbIR ; WGaRs½yeTAtam

eFüa)ayl¥mYyénkareRKagbBa¢IsMNYr RtUv[smaCikCaédKUTaMGs; nigRkumRsavRCavfñak;XuM UlrYmBiPakSaenAkñúgdMeNIrkarenH ehIyedIm,I[BYkeKmankaryl;dwgGMBIkargarEdlRtUveFVI nig ayRsYlkñúgkaredjedalsaksYrB½t’manlMGitbEnßm eTAt

m

eF

begáItbB¢IasMNYrsMrab;kareFVIGegát.

EklMG. bBa¢IsMNYrEdlbegáIteLIgsMrab;RbePTesvakmμCakeKaledAcMbgénkarBicarNaGMBIRbePTesvakm μenaH. tara) ;Rb esvakm μCamUldæan eKaledAénkarBicarNa karGb;rMkMritbzm KuNPaB nigPaBRKb;RKan;éncMnYnfñak;eron esovePAnigsMPar³

sikSadéTeTot buKÁliklkçN³nigkareKarBem:ageBlrbs;

eKalkarN_ENnaMsMrab;kareRKagbBa¢IsMNYrénkarGegát ³ • erobcMenAkñúgrebob nigTRmg;EbbsamBaØ. • cab;epþImedayesckþIepþImsmRsbRtwmRtUv nigmaneKalbMNgc,as;las;. • eRbIR)as;PasakñúgRsukEdlGñkeqøIygayyl;. • sMNYrKYrEtmanlkçN³samBaØ niggayyl; - sYrehIyBnül;. • Bakübec©keTs nigBaküBi)akepSg²KYrEtEksMrYl[gayyl;. • BüayameRbIR)as;sMNYrebIk[)aneRcIntamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an. • RKb;sMNYrTaMgGs;RtUvmanlkçN³Tak;Tin nigmanRbeyaCn_cMeBaHRbFanbTénkarEsVgyl;.


RKUbeRgon . sñb;éd nigGNþÚg ³ karCIkb¤xYg RbB½n§Twks¥atsMrab;pwk cMgayBIpÞHeTAGNþÚg RbsiT§PaBén kareRbIR)as;GNþÚg cMNg;cMNYlcitþrbs;GñkeRbI karRKb;RKg nigEfrkSa .

esvakm μsuxPaBCamUldæan karcak;fñaMbgáar esvakm μRbwkSaeyabl;suxPaBmþaynigTark esvakm μBnüakMeNIt karpþl;fñaMeday\tKitéføBIsMNak; mCÄmNÐlsuxPaBenAkñúgXuM .

FarasaRsþxñattUc crnþTwkeRkamdI RbLayTwk sßanIy×bUmTwk karRKb;RKg karEckcayTwk karerobcMsMNg;FarasaRsþ kareRbIR)as;nig karRbmUléføQñÜl.

pøÚvfñl;enAtamCnbT pøÚvBIksidæaneTAkan;TIpSar b¤pøÚvtUcecjBIXuMeTArkpøÚvFM ³ sMNg; pøÚvfñl; kareFVIbdiPaKrbs;RbCaBlrdækñúgRsuk pøÚvEdlGac eFVIdMeNIr)an karEfTaM.

skm μPaB TI6 ³ kareRCIser

aBkñúgRsuk KWmaeTAnwgvimCÄkar GPi)alkic©l¥ ehIymancMeNHdwgxøH²GMBIkargar

umRbwkSaXuM nigbBaðaenAkñúgshKmn_rbs;xøÜn CaBiess cMeNHdwgsþIGMBIkarpþl;esvasgÁm. PaBkñúgRsuk k¾mann½ysMedAdl;GgÁkarsgÁmsIuvil GgÁkarshKmn_mUldæan

utEdlKMeragcg;)an. Tak;Tg AnwgbBaðaEdlfa etIGñkNaCaGñkeRCIserIsGñkNaenaH KWvaGaRs½yeTAelIkMriténkarENnaM

IsGgÁkarGnuvtþenAmUldæan

GgÁkarGnuvtþskm μP nn½ysMedAdl;GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alnana EdleFVIkarTak;Tg kMENTRmg;saFarN³

RkGgÁkarGnuvtþskmnigRkumRbCaBlrdækñúgXuM b¤PUmi. BYkeKKWCaGñkGnuvtþd¾skm μbMp

μ

eT[sÁal;KMeragrs)aykarN_vaytMélrbs;RbCaBlrdæ nigfaetIGñkNaCaGñkcab;epþImb:ueNÑaH. lkçN³vinic½äymYycMnYnRtUvEtbegáItdac;xat kñúgkareRCIserIsGgÁkarGnuvtþskm μPaB b¤GgÁkar édKU. xageRkamKWCalkçN³vinicäy½ ³

99

lkçN³vinicä½ymYycMnYnsMrab;kareRCIserIsGgÁkarGnuvtþskm μPaB b¤GgÁkarédKU ³ • BYkeKRtUvEtCaGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al GgÁkarsgÁmsIuvil GgÁkarshKmn_mUldæan b¤CaRkumRbCaBlrdæ. • manmUldæanenAkñúgextþ Rsuk b¤XuM CakEnøgEdlKMeragr)aykarN_vaytMélrbs;RbCaBlrdæe)aHTItaMg. • eFVIkarBak;B½n§eTAnwgEpñkvimCÄkar GPi)alkic©l¥ kMENTRmg;rdæ)alsaFarN³. • mankaryl;dwgxøH²GMBIkargarRkumRbwkSaXuM bBaðaenAkñúgshKmn_ CaBiessKWbBaðaénkarpþl;esvakm μsgÁm. • eFVIkarCamYyRkumRbwkSaXuM


skm μPaB TI7 ³ karcat;EcgRkumRsavRCavfñak;XMu

C ldæan fñak;XuM

aer v RbkbedayKuNPaB nigEpøpáaKYrCaTIeBjcitþnwgGacrk)anenaHeT.

uNPaBéncMelIyEdleyIgnwgTTYl)an KWvaGaRs½yeTAelIsmtßPaBrbs;smaCikRkumRsavRCav k nig erIssmasPaBRkumRsavRCavfñak;XuM

KYrEtmanPaBbt;EbnedayEp¥keTAtamsßanPaBCak;EsþgenAkñúgXuMnimYy². GgÁkarGnuvtþskmμ

maCik umRsavRCavXMu eKKYrEtBicarNaedayRbugRby½tñ BIeRBaHvanwgGaceFVI[KuNPaBénkareqøIy

leRCIserIssmaCikRkumRsavRCavfñak;XuM. cMNucTaMgenH anbgðajenAkñúgtaragxageRkam ³

sma ikRkumRsavRCavfñak;XuM KWCaGñkGnuvtþskm μPaBénkareFVIGegátCak;EsþgenAtammUedaypÞal;. ehtudUecñHehIy kareRCIserIs nigkarerobcMbegáIts aCikRkumRsavRCavmKWC ÓgsMxan;. bBa¢IsMNYrRKan;EtCa]bkrN_sMrab;eRbIR)as;CameFüa)ayedIm,IEsVgrkcemøIyb:uEnþ aminFanafa cMelIyEdlKkñúgkarecaTsYr rukr edjedaledIm,IEsVgyl;. kareRCIs

PaBGacnwgbegáItlkçN³vinicä½y nigdMeNIrkarénkareRCIserIseTAtamkarcg;)anrbs;xøÜn. RbCaBlrdæsamBaØEdlmanlMenAdæanGciéRnþy_enAkñúgXuM KWCasmasPaBEdlsmRsbbMputsMrab; eRCIserIseFVICasmaCikRkumRsavRCavfñak;XuM BIeRBaHBYkKat;mankaryl;dwgGMBIsßanPaBenAkñúgXuM CaBiess KWBYkKat;sáááááááááááááááááÁal;GñkdéeTotCaeRcInkñúgXMu ehIygayRsYlkñúgkarTak;TgkñúgGMLúgeBl GnuvtþKMerag. ehtuplmYyeTot KWGñkeqøIysMNYrGacnwgmanGarm μN_eCOTukcitþkñúgkareqøIy. RsþIKYrEtCaGaTiPaBkñúgkarBicarNaeRCIserIs nigerobcMbegáItRkumRsavRCavfñak;XuM. karyk smaCikRkumRbwkSa nigsmaCikénKN³kmμaFikareFVIEpnkar nigKMeragfvikarXuMmkcUlCasRksMNYrrbs;GñkPUmienAkñúgeBlsMPasn_enaHmankMrit b¤k¾GñkPUmiGacnwgbgçMcitþeqøIyEtBIcMNuc viC¢man EdlxusBIPaBBitCak;Esþg. smaCikRkumRbwkSaXMuGacCYykñúgkarcg¥úlbgðaj faRkummnusSNaEdlKYrEteRCIserIs edIm,I smÖasn_. manrebobepSgKñaCaeRcInkñúgkarkMNt;eRCIserIssmaCikRkumRsavRCavfñak;XuM. GgÁkar GnuvtþskmμPaBpÞal;GacnwgRbkasCasaFarN³ [mankardak;Bakü b¤Ep¥kelIGnusasn_rbs; RkumRbWkSaXuM b¤k¾EsVgrkskmμCnenAkñúgXuMedIm,IbMeBjkargar. bnÞab;BIeRCIserIs)anehIy GgÁkarGnuvtþskm μPaBpÞal;GaccuHkic©snüaCamYyGñkenaH edIm,ITTYlsÁal;CapøÚvkar. mancMNuc KYrBicarNamYycMnYn enAkñúgGMLúgeBm

100


101

smaCikRkumRsavRCavfñak;XuM EtRtUv eRCIserIs RtUvEp¥keTAelIlkçN³vinicä½y mYycMnYndUcxageRkam ³ • mancMeNHdwgGMBIsßanPaBPUmi nigXuM • Ep¥kelIeKalkarN_s½μRJKcitþ • ecHGan nigsresr • RsþICaGaTiPaB • Ep¥kelIsmtßPaB • CaGñkEdlminmanmuxtMENg CapøÚvkarNamYyCasaFarN³ • CaGñkskmμcUlrYmkñúgkargar

GPivDÆn_. • manGayuBI 20qñaMeTA 40qñaM• manTMnak;TMngl¥CamYyGñkd

éT

μta

• manqnÞ³kñúgkarcUlrYm• CaBlrdæsamBaØFm• CaGñkmanTIlMenAGciéRnþy_enA

kñúgXuMnImYy²

RkummnusSmYycMnYnEdlmanlkçN³ sm,tþismRsbsMrab;eRCIserIs eFVICasmaCikRkumRsavRCav ³ • RbFanRkumenAkñúgPUminImYy²rbs;XuM • smaCikénRkumRbWkSanigKN³km μaFikar eFVIEpnkar nigKMeragfvika • skm μCnenAkúñgsmhKmn_ •

•

RsþI RKUbeRgón • BlrdæskmμsamBaØFmμta

viFIsaRsþepSg²mYycMnYnkñúg kareRCIserIssmaCikRkumRsavR• RtUvRbkasdak;BaküCaTUeTA sMPasn_ eRCIserIs nigcuHkic©snüa• emXuMcUlrYmkñúgdMeNIkarsMPasnnigeRCIserIssmaCikRkumRsavRC• smaCikRkumRbwkSaXMucg¥úlbgð

Cav ³

. _

av aj

ehIyGgÁkarGnuvtþskm μPaBpÞal;Ca

GñkeRCIserIsecjBIbBa¢IEdlRkum RbwkSaXMupþl;Gnusasn_[. • ebkçCncUlrYmmkRbLgeFVIetsþ sakl,g. • RtUvkMNt; nigGeBa¢IjebkçCnmksMPasn_. • RtUveRCIserIscMnYnmnusSeRcInecjBI shKmn_ ehIysMPasn_.

RkumRsavRCavfñak;XuM KYrEtmancMnYnRbEhl 10 nak;bu:eNaÑH)anehIy EdlCaGñkshkarN_ am 10 nak;enH BYkeKRtYvEte)aHeqñaHeRCIse

maCikRkum. karbegáItRkumRsavRCav KWmaXMunimYy² edIm,IeFVIkareTAelIbBaðaTaMgLaykñúgmUldæan ehIyCH\T§iBleTA nuvtþkarts‘Umtifñak;mUldæankñúgkarTamTardMeNaHRsay nigkarEklMG.

skm

b¤CaGñkRsavRCav. kñúgcMeN rIsmñak;eFVICaRbFanRkum. RsþIeKKYrEtelIkTwkcitþcUlCas nbMNgbegáItCaRkumRbCa CnEdlCakmøaMgenAkñúgdl;BYkeK nigedIm,IGRkumRsavRCavfñak;XMu GacbegáItbNþajfñak;mUldæanrwgmaMrbs;RbCaBlrdæEdlfitkñúgXMunimYy².

μPaB TI8 ³ karerobcMGnusSrNeyaKyl; nigkic©snüaCapøÚvkar

bnÞab;BIkarÉkPaBKña ebIsincaM)ac; GnusSrNeyagmYy KYrEt erobcMeLIg nigcuHhtßelxaedayRkumRbwkSaXMu b¤emXMu nig GgÁkarEdlRtUvGnuvtþsMrab;XMunimYy². ebIsinCaGgÁkarGnuvtþ KWCaGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alCati enaHKWGaceFVIkarpÞal;CamYyRkum

GnusSrN CamYyRkumRbwkSaXMu nigkic©snüaCamYyRkumRsavRCavXMu KWRbesIrbMput. eTaHcg; b¤mincg; Gñk RtUvEtmanva edayEp¥keTAtamRbePT énGgÁkarGnuvtþrbs;Gñk. CYnkal EbbpøÚvkarxøaMgeBkGacritt,iteTAdl; lT§PaB nigplitPaBEdlFøab;man.


RsavRCavX UldæanxøÜnedayxøÜnÉg b¤eFVIkic©snüabnþ CamYyGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)almUldæan fñak;extþedIm,IeFVIkargarenH. enAkñúgkrNIenH eKRtUvkareobcMGnusSrNey

MuenA

102

magmYynigkic©snüa

amYynwgGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alkñúgRsukenaH EdlCaGgÁkarGnuvtþ. kñúgkrNIGñkcab;epþIm KWCa e ledA

nuvtþ

YyCapøÚvkarnigkic©snüa

skm

þIBI Pi)alkic©mUldæan nigviFIsaRsþ. karN_enHGactRmUv[manemeronbNþúHbNþalEvgmYy

ÁbN

CGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alkñúgRsukmYy TaMgenHk¾RtUvEtmanGnusSrNnigkic©snüaCamYynwgsmaCikmñak;²rbs;RkumRsavRCavXMu. bnÞab;BTaMgenaHGaccuHhtßelxaCamYynwgsmaCikRkumRsavRCavXMu edIm,ITT

dUcEdl)anerobrab;xagelI GgÁkarGnuvtþcaM)ac;RtUverobcMGnusSrNeyagmEdlRsbKña. kic©snüaRtUvEtc,as;las; ehIyGnusSrNeyagKYrEtsmBaØ c,as;las; nigmin sμ úKsμajeBj dUcenHeKGacTTYlykedayPaKITaMgsgxag. ÉksarTaMgLayGacbBa©ÚlB½t’man BIeKalbMNg karTTYlxusRtUv karKaMRThirBaØvtßú ry³eBlkMNt; nigTMhMkargarCaedIm.l.

μPaB TI9 ³ bNþúHbNþalRKUbegÁalelIeKalKMnit nigviFIsaRsþ

yagmYyCamYynwgXMueKaIkareRCIserIs GgÁkarGYlsÁal;CapøÚvkar.

lkç½xNÐ½cMbgsMrab;kareCaKC½yénkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan KWvKÁbNþúHbNþal nig karENnaMkargar[)anRtwmRtUvcMeBaHGgÁkarGnuvtþ GgÁkarsgÁmsIuvil RkumRsavRCavXMu RkumRbwkSaXMu nigGñkpþl;esvakm μ. bBaðaTaMgenH KWTamTarGñkBak;Bn§½TaMgGs; cUlrYmenAkñúg dMeNIrkar edIm,IcUlrYmkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþal sþIBIeKalKMnitkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsGb¤Caes‘rIén þúHbNþalenAfñak;Cati b¤ k¾enAfñak;tMbn;. RBwtþikarN_énkareronsURt GacbBa©Úl Caemeron karsMEdg sikçasala karbgðaj CaExSPaBynþ lMhat;énkarvas;Evg nigkarhVwkhVWn.

vK

muneBlvKÁbNþúHbNþalRKUbegÁal cMNucTaMgLayxageRkamKYrRtUvBicarNa ³

karbNþúHbNþal caM)ac;RtUvEteFVIeLIgenAkñúgry³eBlsmRsb nigtamviFIsaRsþcUlrYm edIm,IbegáInkMritkaryl;dwg nigkarRsUbykKMnit.

eBlevla nigRbFanbT caM)ac;RtUvEtsmRsbsMrab;mnusSFmμta EdlminFøab;)aneK[ cUlrYmenAkñúgskm μPaBGs;TaMgenH.

RkumRbwkSaXMu nigemXMu caM)ac;RtUvEtGeBa¢Ij[cUlrYmvKÁbNþúHbNþal nigeFVICaGFibtIenA kñúgBiFIebIkvKÁ edIm,ITajecjCaplRbeyaCn_BIkaresJIcsresIr nigTTYlsÁal;rbs;BYkeK.


karbNþúHbNþal KYrEtRbRBwtþeLIgeKokeTAnwgtarageBlevlaénkarvas;Evg edIm,IrkSaB½t’man[)anc,as;enAkñúgcitþrbs;sikçakam.

103

.

HdwgGMBIkargarenAmUldæan bec©keTsRsavRCavnig

skm μPaB TI1

karCMrdæan eFVIqøgtamry³dMeNIrkar. karN_enH KWCakar

ül; BIeKalbMNgCaviC¢man KuNsm,tþi RbeyaCn_ én km μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæ

r g rbs;RbCaCn ehIyekIneLIg

karTTYl RkumRbwkSa nigGñkpþl;esvakmμ. karN_enH

tarageBlevlaénkarbNþúHbNþalkarENnaMkargar KYrEtGacpøas;bþÚr)an eRBaHRbCaCnenA tamkEnøgepSg²KñaGacCab;rvl;enAkñúgeBlxus²Kña

karbNþúHbNþal KYrEtTUlMTUlayenAkñúgxøwmsar b¤KYrEttMNag[karbnþskm μPaBénbMb:n smtßPaB. xøwmsarKYrEtbBa©Úl cMeNvas;Evg karENnaMkargarsMrab;RbCaCnFmμta kMENnB½t’man nigkar sRmbsRmYlkargar ts‘Umti.

0 ³ karCMrujkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæanenAkñúgXMu nigenAsaFarN³

ujkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUlsMedAelIskm μPaBEdlkMBugRbRBwtþi Edl

BnnigPaBman sþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan cMeBaHGñkBak;Bn§½ TaMgGs;. karCMruj begáInkMritTTYlyk nigkaEkERbPaBxagkñú

sÁal;rbs;RbCaCn

KWGnuBaØati[RbCaCnpþl;tMéleTAdl; km μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþI BIGPi)alkic©mUldæan EdlCaynþkarmYy edIm,ICMrujkarcUlrYmrbs;saFarN nig GaceFVI[ RbCaBlrdæpþl;B½t’manRtLb;vij cMeBaHkarpþl;esvakmμ. vak¾GnuBaØati[RbCaCn

man]bkrN_ nigskmμPaBepSg² edIm,ICMruj km μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan dUcCa ³

sinñi)at

sikçasala karCECkKñaeRkApøÚvkar karRbCMuCasaFarN³ karRbCMuRkumepþatelIeKaledArYm

karRbCMuRkumcMruH karRbCMufñak;PUmi fñak;XMu b¤fñak;extþ karpSBVpSayB½t’man

kareRbIR)as;rdæ)alXMu ³ karRbCMuRkumRbwkSaXMu/ dMeNIr TsSn³kic©rbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu/ karpSBVpSayrbs;emPUmi

skm μPaByuT§nakar karsMEdg

GñknaMBaküclt½ nig

bNþajsarB½t’man


edIm,IkøayCa Gñkyl;dwgGMBIviFIsaRsþr)aykarN_ vaytMélrbs;RbCaBlrdæ.

kMENn nigkareRbIbNþajB½t’man enATIenH¡ eTaHbICamanmeFüa)ayepSg² edIm,ICMrujkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic© mUldæan k¾eday meFüa)ayEdlmanRbsiT§iPaBenaH KWtRmUv[manGgÁkarGnuvtþ edIm,IeFVIkary:agCitsñitCamYyRbBn½§pSBVpSayenaH.

104

kareRbIR)as;RbBn§½pSBVpSay gÁkarGnuvtþpSBVpSaydl;RbCaBlrdæd¾eRcIn nigTak;Tajkarcab;

kareFVIkarCamYyRbB½n§

skm μPaB TI11 ³

karerobcMEpnkaarvas;Evg s ñúgcMeNamsmaCikRkum

ktaragdUcxag

kam ³

GacCYyGGarmμN_CaCagkareRbIR)as;meFüa)ayepSgeTot. pSBVpSay GaceFVI[manTRmg;epSg²énB½t’man EdlrYmmanRBwtþibRt½ GtßbT kaEst karpSaytamviTüú pSayQuttamTUrTsSn_ .l. kargarenH k¾GacCYy[GgÁkarGnuvtþ begáItÉksar nigTukdak;kMNt;RtaTaMgLay éneKalKMnit nigcemøIytbrbs;RbCaCncMeBaHKMeragenaH.

erobcMEpnkarskmμPaBsMrab;karvas;EvgvaytMélenAmUldæan

rskm μPaBedIm,Ikarvas;EvgCak;EsþgenAmUldæan KWCakareRKageBlevlasMrab; Mrab;karyksMNakGñkpþl;B½t’man karEbgEckkargarkk

RsavRCavX arbBa¢ak;PaBRtwmRtUv nigkarbUksrubTinñn½y CaedIm. karEbgEckeBlevla edIm,IskmμPaBnimYy²kñúgGMLúgeBlGnuvtþCak;EsþgsMrab;XMunimYy² GaceFVItam

Mu

eR

skm μPaB eBlevlaeRKag KitCamFüm kMNt;sMKal; kareRCIserIssmaCik RkumRsavRCavXMu 1 s)þah_ rab;bBa©ÚlTaMg esckþIRbkas

karkMNt;GtþsBaØaN karsmÖasn_ nig kareRCIserIs

HbNþal karENnaMkargar 2-3 éf¶ vKÁbNþú vKÁbNþúHbNþalenAkñúgfñak; niglMhat;Cak;EsþgenAmUldæan

karvas;EvgvaytMélenAmUldæan 2-3 éf¶ GacERbRbYl)anedayeyag eTAtamGgÁkarGnuvtþ

karbUksrubTinñn½y nigB½t’man 3 éf¶ rab;bBa©ÚlTaMg karbegáIttarag karviPaK


nigkarsresr r)aykarN_ 1 éf¶ karerobcMkarRbCMu b¤karBieRKaH bgðaj nigbBa¢ak;PaBRtwmRtUv BIlT§pl

CamYyRkumRbwkSaXMu karerobcM nigkarRbtibtþiskmμPaBnimYy²kñúgGMLúgeBleFVIkargarenAmUldæan KYrEtEp¥keTAelI sßan evlasMrab;sk aMgLayen eTAnwgeBlevlaTaMgLayEdlRbCaCnmaneBlTMenrBIkargarrbs;Kat;enAERscMkar. cenøaHBI skmμPa mYy minKYrEvgeBkeT ebIBMuenaHeT GVITaMgLayEdlBak;Bn§½enAkñúgkar

skm

YyeTAXMumYy GaRs½yeTAtamTMhMrbs;XMu nigcMnYn mYy². GgÁkarGnuvtþKYrEtemIledIm,IeFVIkargarCamYyRKYsarBI 20 eTA 30 RKYsar

MunimYy² KWes μ I BI20 eTA 30 RKYsar KuNnwg MnYnPUmienAkñúgXMunimYy².

cMnYn nigrebobepSg²KñaenAkñúgkareRCIserIsRkumRsavRCavXMu nigskm μ

karCak;Esþg. tarageBl mμPaBT AmUldæan KYrEtéltRmUv[sIuKña

BmYyeTAskmμPaBvas;EvgmuxCaRtUv)at;bg;karepþatGarmμN_.

μPaB TI12 ³ karyksMNakGñkpþl;B½t’man

cMnYnGñkpþl;B½t’mankñúgmYyXMu ERbRbYlBIXMumPUmienAkñúgXMunikñúgmYyPUmi dUcenHcMnYnsrubénGñkpþl;B½t’mankñúgXc

rebobénkareRCIserIsGñkpþl;B½t’manGacxusKña GaRs½yeTAtamGgÁkarGnuvtþ. bBaðaenHrYmman kareRCIserIsedayecaH² kareRCIserIsedayécdnü kareRCIserIstamEbbFm μta kareRCIserIs tamEbbCatMNag kareRCIserIseTAtamtMbn; nigkareRCIserIsedayeRbIeqñatpSgsMNag. taragxageRkamqøúHbBa©aMgBIPaBRkumRsavRCavXMu.

105

TMhMénRkumRsavRCavXMu 10 nak; 15 - 20 nak; Gñkpþl;B½t’manEdlRtUvsmÖasn_edaysmaCikRkum

RsavRCavXMumñak; eBlevlaEdlRtUvcMNayCamYyGñkpþl;B½t’man mñak;² 30 naTI cMnYnénGñkpþl;B½t’mankñúgmYyXMu 20 - 30 RKYsarkñúgmYyPUmi KuNnwgcMnYn

XMu PUmikñúgmYyrebobénkareRCIserIsGñkpþl;B½t’man 1> kareRCIserIsedayecaH²

2> kareRCIserIsedayécdnü 3> kareRCIserIstamEbbFm μta


4> kareRCIserIstamEbbCatMNag 5> kareRCIserIseTAtamtMbn; 6> kareRCIserIsedayeRbIeqñatpSgsMNag

skm μPaB TI13 ³ karbNþúHbNþal karhVwkhat;

ÁbNþúHbNþalsþIBIkarENnaMkargarsMrab;RkumRsavRCavXMu nigGñkdéTepSgeTot KYrEtmanry³ 3 RtUvrbs;RkumRbwkSa

avRCavXMu EdlCa ñktRmUv[manTMnukcitþkñúgkarEsVgrkKMniteyabl;BI;RbCaCneTAelIesvakm μsMxan;². vKÁbNþúH

nig arENnaMkargar k

vKeBlBI 2 eT éf¶. cMeNHdwgGMBIbec©keTsRsavRCav tYnaTInigkarTTYlxusXMunigvimCÄkar nigCMnajR)aRs½yTak;Tg KWmansar³sMxan;Nas;sMrab;RkumRs

A

GbNþalGacRbRBwtþieTACaRkum b¤BImñak;eTAmñak;. bnÞab;BIvKÁbNþúHbNþal GgÁkarGnuvtþKYrEterobcM karRbCMumYy edIm,IENnaM[sÁal;énRkumRsavRCavXMuTaMgGs;eTAdl;emXMu nigRkumRbwkSa.

matikaénvKÁbNþúHbNþalsMrab;RkumRsavRCavXMuKYrEtbBa©Úl ³ cMeNHdwgmUldæansþIBIvimCÄkar tYnaTI nigkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu

rebobeRbIbBa¢IrsMNYr

106

CMnajRbmUlTinñn½y karsmÖasn_enAmUldæan karkt;Rta nigkarcat;Ecg

karviPaKTinñn½y

mbsRmYlkarRbCMuTUeTA karcat;Ecg nigkarsR

IGñk nAkñúgkarENnaMkargar?

karR)aRs½yTak;Tg

et NaKYrEtcUlrYmeRkumRsavRCavXMu

RbCaBlrdæTUeTA

RkumRbwkSaXMu mRnþIfñak;Rsuk

mRnþIfñak;extþ

Gñkpþl;esvakm μ


107

B½t’man GñkbNþajsar Pi)al nigGgÁkarshKmn_mUldæan GgÁkareRkArdæa nigRBHsgÇ

ak naM kargardl;RbCaBlrdæ TUeTA ³ k mry³RbePTepSg² énRbBn§½pSBVpSayB½t’man.

cMeBaHGñkxøHGacminman eBl evla b¤k¾xVHmeFüa)ayedIm,I TTYlB½t’man. > GñkxøHGacdwgB½t’manBIkarRbCMuCasaFarN³ b¤BIskm μPaB pSBVpSayepSg².

edIm,IENnaM

cas;RBwT§acarü

dMN ;karbIepSgKñasMrab;karEN1> arRbmUlB½t’mansþIBIr)ay karN_ vaytMélrbs;RbCa Blrdæ ta

23> kñúgGMLúgeBlkarvas;EvgenA mUldæan Gñkvas;EvgKYrEtpþl; karENnaMsmrmü

dl;Gñkpþl;B½t’manedIm,Iyl; dwgBIeKalbMNg[kan;Et c,as;.


karENnaMkargardl;RbCaBlrdæTUeTA karENnaMkargardl;RbCaBlrdæTUeTA CaBiessGñkTaMgLayNaenAkñúgPUmi

Edlesvakm μsMxan;²nwgRtUvvaytMél KWmansar³sMxan;Nas;sMrab;karvas;Evg vaytMélenAmUldæan. ebIsinCaRbCaCnminmankaryl;dwgeBjeljBI bMNg

nigeKalbMNgénr)aykarN_vaytMélrbs;RbCaBlrdæeTenaH BYkeKminGacpþl; nUvcemøIysMxan;² cMeBaHkarvas;EvgenH)anl¥eT. GgÁkarGnuvtþ RtUvEteFVI[R)akdfa

RbCaBlrdæTUeTAEdlnwgkøayCaGñkpþl;B½t’man )anyl; dwgc,as;BI ³

bMNg eKalbMNg nigGVIeTACa


esvakmμsMxan;enAmUldæan nigeKaledAEdl

RtUveKvaytMél

108

rebobénkarRbmUlB½t’man

rebobénkareRbIR)as;B½t’man siT§iedIm,IbgðajBIeyabl;pÞal;xøÜn

sar³sMxan; nigplRbeyaCn_ esckþIsuc©it nigbkSBYkniymrbs;GgÁkar b¤rbs;Rkum

PaBRtwmRtUvtamc,ab; nigPaBRsbc,ab;

cMNucviC¢manepSgeTot karENnaMkargardl;RbCaBlrdæTUeTA KYrEtRbRBwtþieTA tamry³

karRbCMuCasaFarN³

karRbCMuRkummaneKaledArYm b¤karRbCMuRkumcMruH

karRbCMufñak;PUmi karRbCMufñak;XMu b¤karRbCMufñak;extþ

RbBn§½pSay nigkarpSBVpSayB½t’man

kareRbIR)as;rdæ)alXMu ³ karRbCMuRkumRbwkSaXMu dMeNIrTsSn³kic© rbs;RkumRbwkSa karpSBVpSayrbs;emPUmi

skm μPaByuT§nakar GñknaMBakücl½t

Gñkcat;Ecg KYrEtGeBa¢IjRbCaBlrdæTUeTA dac;edayELkBIKña b¤dak;bBa©ÚlKña.

bBaðaenH KWGaRs½yeTAnwgsßankarCak;Esþg b¤kareBjcitþpÞal;xøn.


109

kMENn nigkareRbIbNþajB½t’man enATIenH¡ bNþajB½t’manedIrtYrnaTIy:agsMxan; kñúgkarpSayBIkaryl;dwgCasaFarN³ edIm,I pþl;dMNwgdl;saFarN³CnBIskmμPaBepSg². RtUvsresrGtßbT b¤GeBa¢Ij saFarN³CncUlrYmkñúgkarENnaMkargar. bBaðaenHGac[tMélbEnßmeTAelItmøa PaB

cUlrYmrbs;bNþajB½t’man

skm μPaB TI14 ³

TMhMrbs;RkumRsavRCavXMu ebIKitCamFümKWmancMnYn 10 nak; eTaHbICacMnYnenHGacERbRbYleTA Muk¾eday. enAkñúgkarvas;EvgCak;Esþg RkumRsavRCavXMuGacEckecjCaRkumtUc² A xusRtUvelIPUmiepSg²Kña. smaCikmñak;²énRkum

TTYlxusRtUvedIm,IsmÖasn_Gñkpþl;B½t’manBI 15 eTA 20 nak;. kargarenHk¾GacERbRbYlBIXMumYy

m,IeCosvagkarPnþ½RcLM. BYkeKGacniyayeTAkan;Rkum nusScas; b¤kUnek μgenAkñúgRKYsar edayeyageTAtamRbePTénesvakm μ nigeKalbMNgén

nigPaBebIkcMh. CamYynwgkarRKbdNþb; nigkarRbCaCnGacemIleXIjfa bBaðaRtUv)anebIkcMhCasaFarN³. dUcKñaEdr KWman karGb;rM bnÞab;mk bNþajB½t’manGacCYyeFVI[KMeragkan;EtmankarTak;Taj. vamansar³sMxan;Nas;Edlfa bNþajB½t’manRtUvdwgGMBItarageBlevlaEdlRtUv pSaBVpSay.

Gnuvtþkarvas;EvgenAmUldæan

tamTMhMrbs;XeTot BI 2 eT 3 nak;kñúgmYyRkum edIm,ITTYl

eTAXMumYy nigBIPUmimYyeTAPUmimYyEdr.

enAkñúgXMumYy GacmanesvasgÁmbIRbePTedIm,IeRCIserIsykmkvaytMél. dUcenH smaCikmñak;² énRkumRsavRCavXMuKYrEtbegáItbBa¢IrsMNYrEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkargarenH. RkumRsavRCavXMuKYrEt sYrsMNYrGMBIesvasgÁmmYy²dac;BIKña edImkarsYr. erOgEdlsMxan;bMputenaH KWfaBYkeKsYreTAGñkTaMgLayNaEdlCaGñkeRbIR)as;pÞal;én esvakmμRbePTenaH. RtUvBüayampÁÚrpÁgesvakm μeTAnwgGñkeRbIR)as; b¤GñkeRbIR)as;eTAnwg esvakmμ EdlGaceFVI[manKuNPaB niglT§plGacykCakar)an. edIm,IelIkTwkcitþdl;Gñk pþl;B½t’man RkumRsavRCavXMuKYrEtcab;epþImedaykarENnaMmYyd¾smRsb. BYkeKKYrEteFVI[)anl¥ kñúgkarsYrsMNYrkñúgsßanPaBmYyrIkray. RtUveFVI[R)akdfa Gñkpþl;B½t’manyl;BIeKalbMNgén karsYrsMNYrEdlnwgRtUvbriyay[)anl¥itl¥n;.


RkumRsavRCavXMuGaceFVIkarNat;CYbCamun b¤eTACYbCamYyGñkpþl;B½t’manedayRBav². BYkeKcaM )ac;RtUverobcMc,ab;cmøgbBa¢IrsMNYr[)anRKb;RKan

110

; ehIyRtUvmansMPar³caM)ac;déTepSgeTot.

y UrrMlwkfaRsþITMngGacl¥RbesIrkñúgkareqøIytbcMeBaHesvakm μsuxPaB nigGb;rM ENkÉ

skm μPaB TI15 ³

mankarcUlrYm nigCMnYykarBIRkum arvas;EvgenAmUldæan meFüa)ayd¾RbesIrbMputedIm,IbUksrublT§pl KWRtUv

wgrebob

RtUv)anbUksrub gÁkarGnuvtþRtUvEtbegáItr)aykarN_mYysþIBIkarrkeXIj nigbkRsaylT§pleTACaGnusasn_.

kMNt;sMKal; RsþIKYrEtRtUv)aneKelIkTwkcitþkñúgkarpþl;cemøIy. eTaHCay:agNak¾edaccM burs GacmanbTBiesaFn_eRcInkñúgnamCaGñkeRbIR)as;RbBn§½eRsacRsBV xñattUc b¤pøÚvenAtamCnbT. minEmnGñkpþl;B½t’manTaMgGs; suT§EtCaGñkeRbI R)as;eRcInCageKénesvakmμTaMgGs;enaHeT.

epÞogpÞat; viPaK nigerobcMr)aykarN_

karbUksrublT§pl

GgÁkarGnuvtþTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarbegáItlT§plvas;Evg edayRsavRCavXMu. bnÞab;BIk[RkumRsavRCav ¬Gñkvas;Evg¦ begáIttaragbBa¢IrsMNYreBjelj. emdwknaMRkumbBa¢ÚnB½t’man eTA[GgÁkarGnuvtþedIm,IbUksrub. GgÁkarGnuvtþ smaCikRkumRsavRCavXMu nigsmaCikRkumRbwkSa XMu RtUverobcMkarRbCMu. BYkeKTaMgGs;GaccUlrYmenAkñúgkarrab; Binitü vaytMél nigEktRmUv Tinñn½y. kargarenHGaceFVI[kan;EtR)akdfa karmnÞilfycuH ehIybegáInkMriténkarTTYlsÁal;.

lT§plénkarbegáIttarag KWRtUvEtKitCaPaKry ehIysMeNIrnigdMeNaHRsayEdlsMNUmBr KWRtUvEtsegçb. CaTUeTA lT§plénkarvas;EvgnwgRtUvEckecjCabIEpñk KW ³ kareBjcitþ karmineBjcitþ nigsMNUmBr edayeyageTAtamesvakmμsgÁmnimYy² nigRbFanbT.

RkumRsavRCavXMu KYrEt[Cab;Bak;Bn§½eTAnwgdMeNIrkarTaMgmUlénkarbegáIttarag karsegçb karviPaK nigkarbkRsayTinñn½y eTACar)aykarN_vaytMél dUcenHBYkeKGacfñwkeTAnEdlTinñn½y nigB½t’manRtUv)aneKerobcM nigbMElgeTACar)aykarN_vaytMél.

karsresrr)aykarN_ TMrg;r)aykarN_RtUvEtbegáIteLIgsMrab;karsresrr)aykarN_. bnÞab;BIlT§plG


kñúgeBlsresrr)aykarN_

111

GgÁkarGnuvtþGacEsVgrkeyabl;BIGñkdéTBIrebobbkRsaylT§pl

l dUcenHBYkeKGacemIleXIjlT§pledayxøÜneKpÞal;. bBaða enH CYyCMrujPaBTukcitþkñúgcMeNamRkumRbwkSaXMu nigGñkpþl;esvakm μ ehIyGac

skm μPaB TI16 ³

CYydl;karGnuvtþ)anRtwmRtUv dUcenH skm μPaBenHKYrEteFVIEpnkar nigGnuvtþ[)an ñúgRK KWCaskmμPaBEdlkMBugbnþ.

bgðaj

skm μP

arenAkariyal½yrbs;XMu edIm,IbgðajBIr)aykarN_vaytMél nigsMNUmBrrbs;

rkeXIj. r)aykarN_vaytMélKYrEtpSBVpSayCasaFarN³bnÞab;BIbBa¢ak;eLIgvijCamYyRkum RbwkSaXMu nigGñkpþl;esvakmμ.

kMNt;sMKal; CakarRbesIrkñúgkarpþl;[RkumRbwkSaXMu nigGñkpþl;esvakmμcUlrYmenAkñúg karbUksrublT§p

FanaGHGagdl;BYkeKfa lT§plKWminEkøgbnøMeT.

karRtYtBinitü nigCMnYybec©keTsbnþ

karRtYtBinitüRtwmRtUvenAk b;dMNak;kaléndMeNIrkar. karRtYtBinitü

karRtYtBinitünigkarTsSn³kic©enAmUldæan KYrEteFVIeLIgtameBlkMNt;eTogTat; edIm,IhVwkhat; nigpþl;eyabl;dl;GgÁkarGnuvtþenAkñúgmUldæan cMeBaHkarENnaMsþIBIbBa¢IrsMNYr RbtibtþikarN_ as;EvgenAmUldæan karviPaKTinñn½ynigkarsresrr)aykarN_ karerobcMsMrab;kareLIgv

karts‘UmtiCaedIm.l.

aB TI17 ³ karRbCMuCamYyRkumRbwkSa-sgáat; nigGñkpþl;esvakm μ

RtUvRbCMuCapøÚvkRbCaCncMeBaHRkumRbwkSaXMu nigGñkpþl;esvakm μ.

Gñkpþl;esvakm μ RbCaBlrdæ GgÁkarsgÁmsIuvil GgÁkarshKmn_mUldæan RkumRbwkSaXMu emPUmi nigGñksMerccitþsMxan;² KYrEtmanvtþmanenAtambNþakargarTaMgGs;enAfñak;XMu. smasPaB nig

MnYnGñkcUlrYmenAkñúgkarRbCMu RtUvEtkMNt;[)anc,as;las;. PaBlMGiténkarRbCMu RtUvEtkt;Rta c[)anRtwmRtUv nigpSBVpSayeTAdl;GñkEdl)ancUlrYm nigeTAdl;GñkBak;Bn§½TaMgLayepSgeTot.


112

lT§plrkeXIjenAkñúgr)aykarN_vaytMél nig eyabl;rbs;RbCaCnenAkñúgXMu KYrEtbgðajeday

EvkEjk edIm,IRtiriHBicarNaeTAelIcMNucTaMg pþl;

ar

anGaccab;ykrUbPaB nigcgRkgCaÉksarnUvRBwtþikarN_

suPaBrabsar. enAkñúgkarRbCMu RtUvBüayam

LayEdlRtUvEklMGedayRkumRbwkSaXMu b¤Gñkesvakmμ. RtUvkt;Rtaral;karsnüaTaMgGs;. RkumRbwkSaXMu GaceRbIR)as;B½t’mansMrab;kareFVI EpnkarGPivDÆn_XMurbs;xøÜn. TaMgenHKWqøúHbBa©aMg eTAelItYnaTI nigkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;emXMu CMTb;TI1 CMTb;TI2 nig GñkdéTepSgeTot Edlfit enAkñúgrcnasm<n§½rdæ)alrbs;XMu EdlCamuxgtYnaTInigkarTTYlxusRtUv EdlRtUvEtEbgEck[ dac;BIKña. enAkñúglMnaMenH buKÁlRkumRbwkSaGac eFVIkargarEbbsßabnaCamYyKña nigBRgwglT§pl kargareTAvijeTAmk.

bnÞab;BIkarRbCMu GgÁkarGnuvtþKYrEtmanEpnkartamdanmYyc,as;las; nigman karR)aRs½yTak;Tgl¥CamYyRkumRbwkSaXMu Gñkpþl;esvakmμ RbCaCn nigbNþaj pSBVpSayB½t’man.

kMENn nigkareRbIbNþajB½t’man enATIenH¡ bNþajpSBVpSayB½t’manGacmansar³sMxan;Nas; kñúgn½yCasakSIkñúgkarRbCMu. bNþajpSBVpSayB½t’m

muneBlkarRbCMu GgÁkarGnuvtþKYrEt eqøIynUvsMNYrdUcxageRkam ³

1. etIr)aykarN_eFVIrYcral;ehIyb¤enA?

2. etImanNat;CYbCamYyRkumRbwkSaXMuEdr b¤eT?

3. etIRbCaCnEdlBak;Bn§½TaMgGs;RtUv)an GeBa¢IjehIyb¤enA? dUcCa buKÁlRkumRbwkSaXMu Gñkpþl;esvakm μ bNþajpSayB½t’man.l.

4. etIRbCaCnEdl)anGeBa¢IjkMBugEtmk?

5. etInrNaeFVICaKN³GFibtIenAkñúgkarRbCMuenH? 6. etInrNaCaGñkeFVIkMNt;ehtu? 7. etIeyIgmanviFIRbesIry:agem:c sMrab;

karbgðaj? 8. etIeyIgdwgc,as;las;BIGVIxøHEdlRbCaCn

cg;)an?

9. etIeyIg)aneRtomkarCECkEvkEjkGVIxøH?

10. etIeyIgmankarENnaM nigbTbBa¢aGVIxøH sMrab;karRbCMu?

11. etIeFVIenAeBlNa kEnøgNa mnusSb:unμannak; karerobcMPsþúPa nigÉksarepSg²mansBV RKb;ehIyb¤enA?

enaH ehIyCYykt;RtaGVITaMgGs;Edl)anekIteLIg dUcCakarBiPaKSa karlubecal karÉkPaBnigkarsnüa k¾dUcCaedIrtYnaTICasakSIcMeBaHskm μPaBnaeBlxagmux. vtþmanrbs;bNþajpSBVpSayB½t’man GaceFVI[R)akdfa RkumRbwkSaXMu nigGñkpþl; esvakmμeqøIytbCapøÚvkarcMeBaHbBaðaTaMgLayEdlekItmaneLIg CaCagkar BüayammineqøIytb.


113

kartsU‘mtifñak; mUldæan RtUvEt shkarN_ nig

KaMRT[)anl¥¡

kMNt;sMKal; ayRbharCabuKÁl karERskKMh‘k karxwgsm,ar b¤

enÞas. minRtUvP¢ab;bBaðaCak;lak;NamYyeTAnwgPaBCaGñkdwknaMkñúgCYrrdæa

skm μPaB TI18 ³

vKÁbNþúHbNþalkarts‘Umtidl;RbCaCnenAfñak;mUldæan

;E ©b;Pøam² ehIykm μviFIenHRtUv)anbegáIteLIg vKÁbNþúH ts‘Um nenAfñak;mUldæan KYrEteFVIeLIgedIm,IbegáItCabNþajmUldæanCamYy

vakm μ. TaMgenHGaceFVIeLIg

rGnuvtþeRcIn b¤cat;EcgeLIgrYmKñaedayGgÁkar

leRbIlT§plénr)aykarN_

kþI

RtUveFVI[R)akdfa GñkcUlrYmTaMgGs;enAkñúgkarRbCMuman\riyabTRtwm RtUv. RtUveCosvagkarvkarsþIbPi)al. karbkRsaynig\riyabTTaMgenH GacnaMeTAdl;PaBtantwg b¤eFVI[ lT§plénkarRbCMueTACaemaX³ EdlQaneTArkplminCaTIKab;citþ. karRbCMu KYrEtepþImesckþI nigkarENnaMd¾l¥ bnÞab;mkeTIbcUleTAcMNucEdlRtUvBiPaKSa.

karts‘Umti

bnÞab;BIkarva vgRtUv)anbBaNþalkar tidl;RbCaC

sbnwgcMeNHdwgnigviFIedIm,IbBa©úHbBa©ÚlrdæGMNacmUldæan nigGñkpþl;esenAkMritmYyEdlRbCaCnFm μtaGaceronsURt)an.

RkumeKaledAénvKÁbNþúHbNþalkarts‘Umtidl;RbCaCnenAfñak;mUldæan KWmansmaCikRkumRsav RCavXMu GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alkñúgRsuk nigGgÁkarshKmn_mUldæan. vKÁbNþúHbNþalsþIBI karts‘UmtienAfñak;mUldæan GaceFVIeLIgedayGgÁkaGnuvtþepSg². BYkeKKYrEtepþateTAelIskm μPaBGnuvtþpÞal; EdlRbCaCnGaceFVIeTA)any:ag BitR)akd nigGacCYyGnuvtþvKÁbNþúHbNþal)an CaCagvKÁbNþúHbNþalEdlmanEtRTwsþIb:ueNÑaH. vKÁbNþúHbNþalGacerobcMeLIgedayfñak;extþ b¤fñak;tMbn; edayEp¥keTAtamcMnYnsikçakamenAkñúg extþnimYy². smaCikskm μrbs;RkumRsavRCavXMu b¤fñak;dwknaMshKmn_EdlmanskþanuBl KYrEtCaGaTiPaBedIm,ICaGñkcUlrYm.

begáItyuT§nakarkartsU‘mtirbs;RbCaCnfñak;mUldæan

RkumRsavRCavXMu b¤Rkumrbs;RbCaBlrdæ RtUvEt)anelIkTwkcitþ edIm,IbegáIt yuT§nakarkartsU‘mtifñak;mUldæan b¤skm μPaBEdvaytMélrbs;RbCaBlrdæ. lT§plénkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic© mUldæan eKGacykmkeRbI CaRbPBsMrab;skm μPaBkartsU‘mtiCaeRcIn. skm μPaB RtUv)anbegáIteLIg edayRbCaCn enAnwgmUldæan eTaHCay:agenHdac;xatRtUvEtshkar nigKaMRT[)anl¥.


etIRtUveRbIlT§plkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæany:agdUcemþc?

lT§pl énkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBI ;

nigGñkpþl; kñúgkarbUksrublT§pl

μ edIm,IbgðajBI

edIm,Icat;EcgevTikarkñúgkarpþl;B½t’mandl;RbCaCn nigedIm,IBiPakSaKñaBIbBaðaTaMgLayEdl eTAdl;BYkeK EdlbegáItCakmøaMgmYyeTomTarkarpþl;esvakmμ RbkbedayRbsiT§i

ñak;extþ rdæGMNacRsuk b¤tMNagfñak;extþ nigbNþjpSBVpSayB½t’man EdlCaGñkGac

.

114

GPi)alkic©mUldæan eKGaceRbIsMrabkartsU‘mti enAkñúgmeFüa)ay dUcxageRkam ³

edIm,IbBa©ÚlRkumRbwkSaXMu esvakmμ eTAdUcenH BYkeKGacGanr)aykarN_vay tMéledayxøÜneK. Biess bBaðaenH )anpþl;dl;RkumRbwkSaXMu nigGñkpþl; esvakmμnUvPaBeCOCak; nigTMnukcitþfa lT§pl nigr)aykarN_minRtUv)aneK RbDiteLIgenaHeT. edIm,IerobcMkarRbCMu CamYyRkumRbwkSa XMu nigGñkpþl;esvakmtRmUvkar nigedIm,IcrcarsMrab;eFVIkar

man\T§iBl

lT§plr)aykarN_vaytMélrbs;RbCaBlrdæ nwgTuk CamUldæansMrab;karBiPaKSasIuCeRmA CamYymRnþIrdæa Pi)almUldæannigGñksMerccitþdéTepSgeTot. lT§pl TaMgenH eKk¾RtUvEckrMElkCamYynwgGgÁkarRbCaCn GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alepSg² nigbNþajpSBVpSay B½t’man. GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al b¤RkumRbCaBlrdæEdl eRbIr)aykarN_vaytMél RtUv)aneKrMBwgfaedIm,Ieron sURt nigeRbIR)as;bNþajpSBVpSayB½t’man RkumsaFa rN³CnEdlcUlcitþepSgeTot nigRbCaBlrdæTUeTA edIm,IsRmbsRmYlynþkarsMrab;eFVI[RbCaBlrdæbegáIt Camti nigGacbeBa©jeyabl;edayxøÜnKat;. r)ay karN_tMbUg GaceRbICabTdæaneRbobeFob edIm,Ivas;Evg karrIkcMerIn nigsñaédEdl)aneFVIknøgeTA. lT§plén r)aykarN_vaytMélrbs;RbCaBlrdæ nwgRtUveRbIR)as; CacMNuccab;epþIm kñúgkartsU‘mtiedIm,IevTikarnig karpøas;bþÚr.

pøas;bþÚr.

PaB. edIm,IepJIr)aykarN_CUndl;RbCaCnEdlBak;Bn§½ RkumRbwkSaXMu Gñkpþl;esvakmμ Epñkrdæ)al mUldæanfman\T§iBleTAelIkarEklMGrbs;esvakmμ. enAkñúgRBwtþikarN_epSgeTot KWedIm,INat;CYbCamYyRkumRbwkSaXMu nig b¤CamYyGñkpþl;esvakmμ edIm,IBiPakSa[sIuCeRmAQaneTAkan;karrIkcMerIn

lT§pleKGaceRbIkñúgkarbgðajeTAdl;GñkeFVIesckþIsMerccitþ enAfñak;XMu b¤rdæGMNacEdlman smtßPaB.


115

edIm,IelIkeLIgnUvbBaðaTaMgLay EdldkecjBIr)aykarN_ehIydak;eTAkñúgrebobvar³énkar RbCMurbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu karRbCMufñak;Rsuk b¤karRbCMuEpñkbec©keTs.

dæ edIm,IedaHRsayCamYynwgbBaðarYm.

mtßPaBdl;RkumRbwkSaXMu nigGñkpþl;esvakmμ.

;RkumRbwkSaXMu nig b¤Gñkpþl;esvakm μ akmμ

yB½t’man ðajBIbBaðadl;saFarN³Cn

as;kñúgkareTomTarkarpøas;

neya)ayedIm,Isñaédkargarkan;EtRbesIr b¤edIm,IKuNPaBrbs;esvakmμ.

eFVIkargarCamYybNþajpSBVpSayB½t’man nigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alkñúgRsukepSgeTot cMeBaH kartsU‘m

edIm,IrkSaTukr)aykarN_ Ca]bkrN_mYysMrab;karBinitüeRbobeFob nigkarvas;Evg ehIy sMrab;RtYtBinitükMriténkarrIkcMerIn.

edIm,IeRbIbBaðaTaMgLayenAkñúgr)aykarN_ CacMNuccab;epþImsMrab;begáItPaBCaédKUrrvagRkum RbwkSaXMu Gñkpþl;esvakmμ nigRbCaBlr

edIm,IeRbIlT§plCaPsþútag kñúgkareTomTarkarcUlrYmrbs;RbCaCnsMrab;karRtYtBinitü b¤cUl rYmkñúgkarsMerccitþeTAelIkarpþl;esvakmμcMbgenAfñak;mUldæan.

edIm,IeRbIr)aykarN_CaPsþútag kñúgkarKaMRTkartsU‘mtielIeKalneya)ay b¤eRbIsMrab;Ca RbPBénPsþútagsMrab;karts‘UmtitamEpñk.

CaCagRKan;EtCakart¥ÚjEt¥nigeTomTar r)aykarN_GacCaRbPBmUldæanmYy sMrab;karGPvDÆ emeron b¤sMrab;CasmÖar³eronsURtedIm,IbegáIns

r)aykarN_enH KWCaPsþútagedIm,IbegáItCaesckþIEføg b¤CalixitbNþwg edIm,IeFVIkMENnkarKaMRT kñúgkartsU‘mtiedIm,Ipøas;bþÚr.

elIsBIenH lT§pleKGaceRbIR)as;sMrab; ³ ♦ sresrsMbuRtpøÚvkarCUndl♦ CaB½t’manedIm kñúgkarvaytMéleTAelIesv♦ begáItbTdæanvas;Evg sMrab;Gñkpþl;esvakmμ ♦ CaRbPBkñúgkarbegáItGtßbTsMrab;bNþajpSBVpSa♦ CaB½t’manedIm,IerobcMsnñisiTkaEstkñúgkarbg♦ CasPþútagd¾rwgmaMedIm,IyuT§nakar karRsaybMPøW b¤karCMT

nigkarEklMG ♦ begáItCaGnusasn_sMrab;karEklMGsñaédkargarrbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu nigGñkpþl;esvakm μ

karEklMGeKal

tieTAelIeKalneya)aykñúgkarEklMGeRKagkarrbs;eKalneya)ay


enAfñak;Cati GgÁkarGnuvtþKYrEteFVIkarCamYybNþajpSBVpSayB½t’man nigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al epSgeTot edaybkERblT§plrkeXIjeTACaPsþútagsMrab;kartsU‘mtielIeKaln

116

eya)ay.

Mu.

skmμPaBkartsU‘mtiNak¾eday EdlGñk)aneFVI GñkKYrEteFVI[R)akdfa bNþaj a]bkrN_d¾manfamBl

skm μPaB TI19 ³

rtsU‘mtikan;EtrwgmaM RtUvelIkTwkcitþRbCaCn[sEmþgmtiedayxøÜneKpøal;. nwgman naenAfñak;

skm μP

karvaytMélBak;kNþaleBlkMNt; nigkarvaytMélcugeRkay RtUvEtmanrYcCaeRsc edIm,Ivas;Evg nigp t;karGnuvtþEdlRbesIrbMput nigbTBiesaFn_eronsURt.

lT§plénkarvas;EvgvaytMél RtUv)aneKeRKagTukCamun edIm,ITukeRbICamUldæansMrab;karBiPakSa sIuCeRmACamYyRkumRbwkSaXMu Gñkpþl;esvakmμ nigGñkeFVIesckþIsMerccitþepSgeTotenAfñak;XlT§pleKk¾RtUvEckrMElkpgEdr CamYynwgRkumRbCaBlrdæ GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alepSgeTot nigbNþajpSBVpSayB½t’man kñúgkar):an;RbmaNfa TaMgenHnwgeRbIedIm,IGb;rM nigeFVIkMENnRkum saFarN³CnEdlcab;Garm μN_epSgeTot nigRbCaBlrdæTUeTA edIm,IsRmbsRmYlynþkarkñúgkar CYyRbCaBlrdækñúgkarRbkas b¤sEmþgecjedayxøÜneKcMeBaHkartsU‘mtiedIm,Ikarpøas;bþÚr.

kMENn nigkareRbIbNþajB½t’man enATIenH¡

pSBVpSayB½t’manRtUv)aneKR)ab;[dwg nigcUlrYm KWCEdlGacCYyBaMnaMeTAdl;RkumRbwkSaXMu nigGñkpþl;esvakm μ. TaMgenHGacdak; bEnßmnUvsm<aF nigbegáItCaplsMercviC¢mankan;EtR)akdRbCaEfmeTot.

karbegáIt nigkarBRgwgbNþajmUldæan nigkarrkSanirnþrPaB

edIm,IbegáItkatRmUvkarmYyedIm,IbegáItnigBRgwgbNþajmUldæan nigeFVI[BYkeKkan;Etskm μ EdlCaclmUldæanmYy edIm,IeTomTarGPi)alkic©l¥ nigkarpþl;esvakmμl¥. sMrab;ehtuplenH karRbCMu karbegáInsmtßPaB nigkarhVwkhat; KYrEteKbnþpþl;dl;bNþajmUldæanenH ehIysmaCikKYrEt [cUlrYmkñúgral;skm μPaBEdlTak;TgeTAnwgGPi)alkic©mUldæan enAkñúgtMbn;rbs;BYkeKerog²xøÜn edIm,I[BYkeKelIkTwkcitþnigeronsURteFVIkargarCaRkum. RtUvbegáItbNþjCamYyPaBRtwmRtUvénkar RtYtBinitüCab;lab;énkarpþl;esvakmμ nigsñaédkargarrbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu.

aB TI20 ³ skmμPaBvaytMél

kareCaKC½y lb:HBal; nigedIm,IkMN


skm μP

mYy

½t a

aB TI21 ³ karpSBVpSay nigGnuvtþn_bnþ

edIm,IeFVI[RbCaBlrdæyl;dwgBIKMnitpþÜcepþImenH mantRmUvk edIm,IpSBVpSay nigGnuvtþbnþ

117

arnUvviFIsaRsþkm μviFI bTBiesaFn_ lT§pl rkeXIj bTBiesaFn_eronsURt nigkarGnuvtþ RbesIrbMput eTAdl;RkumGñkBak;Bn§½ kan;EtTUlM TUlayedIm,IGnuvtþbnþ. manmeFüa)ayCaeRcIn edIm,IpSBVpSaykm μviFIenH.

kMENn nigkareRbIbNþajBbNþajpSBVpSayB½t’mannwgCYydl;karpSBVpSaykan;EtTUlMTUlayBIr)aykarN_

’m n enATIenH¡

snñi)at sikçasala karRbCMu karbgðaj karCECkeRkApøÚvkar kare)aHBum<pSBVpSay nigkarEckcay

karpSBVpSayB½t’man

skmμPaByuT§nakar

GñknaMBakücl½t

an bNþajpSBVpSayB½t’m

vaytMélrbs;RbCaBlrdæ. kargarenHGaceFVIeLIgtamry³GtßbTe)aHBum<sþIBI bTBiesaFn_eronsURt karGnuvtþEdlRbesIrbMput bTBiesaFn_ viFIsaRsþ.l.EdlpSaytamviTüúnigTUrTsSn_.l.

enAeBlNaEdlRtUveRbIR)as;bNþajpSBVpSayB½t’man tamry³dMeNIrkarkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæ sþIBIGPi)alkic©m

lbBa©úHbBa©Úl nigdMeNIrkarcab;epþIm vaKWCasar³sMxan;mYyedIm,IeFVI[bNþaj

Uldæan

cMnYnénskm μPaBkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan caM)ac;RtUveFVItamry³bNþaj pSBVpSayB½t’man

karcrcar nigkarbBa©úHbBa©ÚledIm,Ikaryl;RBmnigdMeNIrkarcab;epþIm kñúgGMLúgeBpSBVpSayB½t’mancUlrYm. karN_enHCYypþl;B½t’mandl;rdæaPi)alTaMgenAfñak;Cati nigenA fñak;mUldæan GMBIktþaviC¢manEdlmanenAkñúgkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan. bNþajpSBVpSayB½t’man GacCYybBa©úHbBa©ÚlmRnþITaMgLay nigRkumRbwkSaXMu ehIyCYy BaMnaMPaBesμaHRtg; bMNgd¾l¥ sar³sMxan;nigPaBmanRbeyaCn_énr)aykarN_vaytMél rbs;RbCaBlrdæ. TaMgenHGacCYyeFVI[RkumRbwkSaXMu nigmRnþIrdæaPi)alepSgeTotman


GarmμN_kan;EtTukcitþCamYydMeNIrkarenH EdlGacQaneTArkkaryl;RBmeRBogcMeBaH KMeragkan;Etqab;. bNþajpSBVpSayB½t’mank¾GacbgðajdMeNIrkarcab;epþIm nigpSBVpSay sarB½t’mankan;EtTUlMTUlaydl;saFarN³Cn. karN_enHGacpþl;cMeNHdwgCasaFarN³ nigeFVI[RbCaCnenAmUldæandwgfa KMeragenHRtUv)anGnuvtþCMnYs[BYkeKpÞal;.

tMekIgkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæanenAkñúgXMu nigCasaFarN³ eTaHbICamanmeFüa)ayepSg² énkarelIktMekIgkmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©

karelIk

pSBVpSay

karbN edIrtYnaTI

³

mUldæan k¾eday k¾vaeTomTarGgÁkarGnuvtþeFVIkary:agCitsñitCamYybNþajB½t’man EdlCabNþajpSBVpSayB½t’man GacCYyGgÁkarGnuvtþRCabeTAdl;RsTab; RbCaCnkan;EtTUlMTUlay nigTak;TajkarykcitþTudak;kan;EtxøaMg bnÞab;mkvaGac eFVItamry³meFüa)ay epSgeTot. kareFVIkargarCamYymeFüa)ayepSg² énbNþaj pSBVpSayB½t’man eFVI[man TRmg;B½t’manepSg² EdlrYmman RBwtþibRt½B½t’man GtßbT kaEst viTüú b¤QutkñúgTUrTsSn_ CaedIm.l. elIsBIenH karN_enHGacCYyGgÁkar GñkGnuvtþedIm,Ikt;RtaCaÉksar nigrkSa kMNt;RtaéneKalKMnitnigcemøIytbrbs;RbCaCn EdlTak;TgeTAnwgKMeragenaH. þúHbNþal karhVwkhat; nigENnaMkargar bNþajpSBVpSayB½t’manCanic©Cakal

118

y:agsMxan;kñúgkarpþl;cMeNHdwgdl;saFarNCn dUcenH eFVI[BYkeK)andwgB½t’mansþIBI skm μPaBepSg². RtUvsresrGtßbT b¤GeBa¢IjBYkeK[cUlrYmkñúgkarENnaMkargar EdlCa Rbkard¾l¥sMrab;bEnßmtMéleTA[tmøaPaB nig PaBebIkcMh. CamYykarRKb;dNþb b¤karBak; Bn§½rbs;bNþajpSBVpSayB½t’man RbCaCnGac emIleXIjfa bBaðaRtUv)anlatRtdag. eRkABI karCYydl;karGb;rM karN_enH GaceFVI[KMerag kan;EtmankarTak;Taj. sMxan;bMputenaH bNþajpSBVpSayB½t’manRtUvkar cg;dwgBIkm μviFI eBlevlaEdlBak;Bn§½.

rebobeFVIkMENnbNþaj pSBVpSayB½t’man RtUvrkemIlGñkBak;Bn§½nwgbNþajpSBVpSay B½t’man

Yb

I

iggayrk

rYcehIyTak;TgCamYyBYkeK. RtUvP¢ab;cMNgmitþPaBCamYyGñkBak;Bn§½bNþajpSBV

pSayB½t’man. RtUveFVIbBa¢IreQ μaH ehIyrkSaTukral;TMnak;TMngCamYyGñkBak;Bn§½nwgbNþajpSBVpSayB½t’manEdlGñk)anCRtUvsresrGtßb

TsMrab;karpSBVpSayB½t’man

RtUveFVIkarNat;CYbedIm,IsmÖasn_ ,as;las;BRtUvR)ab;dl;bNþajpSBVpSayB½t’man[)anc

r)aykarN_vaytMélrbs;RbCaBlrdæ RtUvpþl;dl;bNþajpSBVpSayB½t’mannUvtarageBlevla rbs;skmμPaB

RtUvrkSakarR)aRs½yTak;TgnigTMnak;TMngl¥ RtUvdwgGMBIRbePTepSg²rbs;bNþajpSBVpSayB½t’man

RtUvbegáItB½t’mannigÉksar[manCaeRsc nRtUvGeBa¢IjBYkeKcUlrYmkñúgBiFI k¾dUcCakñúgkargar


karRbCMuCamYyRkumRbwkSaXMu nigGñkpþl;esvakmμ utcMeBaHkarRbCMueBjGgÁ. BYkeKGacpþit

kartsU‘mμPaBGVIk¾edayEdlGñk)aneFVIenAkñúgkartsU‘mti GñkKYrEtR)ab;nigGeBa¢Ijdl;bNþaj

karpSBVμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæ

bNþajpSBVpSayB½t’manGacCasakSId¾sMxan;bMpykrUbPaB nigbegáItÉksareTAelIRBwtþikarN_TaMgenaH. BYkeKGacCYykt;Rtaral;bBaða dUcCakarBiPakSa karbriyayl¥itl¥n; karÉkPaBnigkarsnüa nigCasakSIsMrab;skmμPaB naeBlxagmux. vtþmanrbs;bNþajpSBVpSayB½t’manGaceFVIR)akdfa RkumRbwkSaXMunig Gñkpþl;esvakm μpþl;kareqøIytbCapøÚvkarcMeBaHbBaðaTaMgLay EdlekItmaneLIg CaCag kareCosvagmineqøIytb.

ti skmpSBVpSayB½t’man EdlCameFüa)ayd¾man\T§iBl GacCYyKaMRTdl;RkumRbwkSaXMu nigGñk pþl;esvakmμcMeBaHkarTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkareqøIytb. TaMgenHbEnßmsm<aF nigplsMerc kan;EtR)akdRbCa.

pSay nigGnuvtþbnþ bNþajpSBVpSayB½t’manGacCYy pSBVpSaykan;EtTUlMTUlayBIkmsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan. BYkeKGacCYybegáItGtßbTe)aHBum<elIbTBiesaFn_eronsURt karGnuvtþd¾ RbesIrbMput bTBiesaFn_ viFIsaRsþ .l. b¤B½t’mansMrab;pSaytamviTüú b¤TUrTsSn_ CaedIm.

119

4.3 .3

»vaTmYycMnYnedIm,IkareCaKC½y

aKC½y EdlecjBI»vaTenH GgÁkarGnuvtþr)aykarN_vay

þúHbNþal b¤karENnaMkargarrbs;KMerag

xageRkamenH KWCa»vaTxøH²sMrab;kareCtMélrbs;RbCaBlrdæGacTTYl)annUvplRbeyaCn_.

RtUvGeBa¢IjRkumRbwkSaPi)alXMu[cUlrYmkñúgvKÁbNCapøÚvkar edIm,IeFVI[BYkeKkan;EtfñwkCamYyskmμPaB nigmanqnÞ³edIm,IcUlrYm bnÞab;mk edIm,Icab;epþImRbtibtiþKMeragEtmþg. RtUveFVIkarENnaMkargardl;RkumRbwkSaXMu nigRbCaBlrdæ [)anRtwmRtUv.


120

ñkpþl;B½t’man EdlCaGñkeRbIR)as;tMbUgbg¥s;énesvakm μenaH dUcenH

MunimYy². karRbCMuKYrEt

CamUldæansMrab;karBiPakSasIuCeRmAenAfñak;mUldæan

ebþCJacitþ nigkars‘URTaMrbs;GgÁkarGnuvtþ nigRkumRsavRCavXMu.

evIkénkarcUlrYmrbs;RbCaCn.

kargar éneKalneya)ay

enAkñúgkaryksMNakénGñkpþl;B½t’man ebIGaceTArYc RtUvpÁÚrpÁgkarvaytMélrbs;esvakmμ NamYyCamYynwgGKWedIm,IekIneLIgB½t’mankan;EtsMxan;BIkarvas;EvgénvaytMél. karRbCMueBjGgÁsMrab;karbgðajr)aykarN_karvaytMél KYrEtbBa©ÚlkarcUlrYmrbs;Gñk pþl;esvakmμ EdlTak;TgeTAnwgesvakmμEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgXkt;RtaTukCaÉksar[)anRtwmRtUv. Tinñn½y nigB½t’manecjBIkarvas;EvgénvaytMél RtUvEtbMElg[eTACar)aykarN_vay tMél. eRkABIkareRbIR)as;lT§plEdlnigsMrab;eKalbMNgénkartsU‘mti vaKYrEteRbICamUlsBÞ½sMrab;karbegáItsmÖar³sikSa edIm,I EklMGelIcMNucexSay Edl)anrkeXIjenAkñúgkarvas;EvgénkarvaytMél nigedIm,IbegáIn smtßPaBrbs;RkumRbwkSaXMupgEdr. GtþsBaØaNkm μénbBaða nigkarksagsmtßPaB KYrEt ekIteLIgdMNalKña. cugeRkaybMput plb:HBal;énkm μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan nwgRtUvBwgEp¥k eTAelIcMNucxøaMg karkarGPivDÆ CMnajrbs;RkumRsavRCavXMu KWmansar³sMxan;CabnÞan; edIm,IGac[BYkeK crcarCamYy TIPñak;garpþl;esvakm μenAfñak;Rsuknigfñak;extþ edIm,ICYbnigcrcarCamYy fñak;dwknaMEdlCab;edaykare)aHeqñatenAkñúgXMu nigedIm,IeFVIkMENnshKmn_rbs;eKerog²xøÜn edIm,IKaMRT km μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan. RkumRsavRCavXMu eKKYrEtbegáIteLIgCapøÚvkar edIm,IGacbegáItclnafñak;mUldæanmYy Edl GacbegáIn\T§iBleTAelIRkumRbwkSamUldæan ehIyeFVI[rs;rvaRtUvEtc,as;las; fasm<n§½neya)ay KWminRtUvykmkBicarNaeTkñúgGMLúgeBleRCIserIs RkumRsavRCavXMu. RkumRsavRCavXMu eKRtUvEt[cUlrYmenAkñúgkareRKag nigerobcMKMerag CaBiess kareRKag]bkrN_GnuvtþsMrab;karvas;EvgvaytMélCak;EsþgenAmUldæan dUcCa bBa¢IrsMNYr nigTRmg;r)aykarN_ CaedIm. enAmUldæan RkumRsavRCavXMu RtUvEtmanTMnukcitþ edIm,IGnuvtþkarvas;EvgRsavRCav ehIyk¾dUcKñaEdr BYkeKRtUvEt)anTTYlkarbNþúHbNþal [)anl¥. bBa¢IrsMNYr nigsmÖar³RtUvEt[manRKab;RKan;. km μviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan minKYrTukRKan;EtCaKMnitpþÜcepþImb:ueNÑaHeT. ]bkrN_ EdlmanRbsiT§iPaBenAkñúgkarRtYtBinitüsñaéd


121

rbs;rdæaPi)al KWkarpþl;esvakm μ. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday manKMnitpþÜcepþImCaeRcIn Tak;TagnwgKNenyüPaBsgÁm fitenAkñúgdMNak;kalnimYy² éndMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_ enAkñúgXMu ehIyTaMgenHeKk¾KYrEtEsVgrkEdr. ]TahrN_ karcUlrYmrbs;RbCaCn enAkñúgkareFVIEpnkarGPivDÆn_ eKKYrEtbegáIneLIgEfmeTot edIm,IeFVI[R)akdfa tRmUvkarrbs;RbCaCnRtUv)aneKdak;CaGaTiPaB. elIsBIenH RbCaBlrdæKYrEtxMRbwgERbg edayerobcMeLIgedIm,IeFVI[R)akdfaGaTiPaBrbs;RbCaCn KW)anqøúHbBa©aMgenAkñúgEpnkar EdleKGacGnuvtþtamry³karcat;Ecgfvika. enAkñúgkrNICaeRcIn EpnkarenAEtCaEpnkar BIeRBaHeKmin)anERbkøayva[eTAGaTiPaBfvikaeT. enAkñúgmaRta 26 énc,ab;rdæ)alnigRKb;RKgXMu-sgáat; elIkTwkcitþfa emXMu nigKN³ km μaFikareFVIEpnkarnigeFVIfvika RtUvEtbBa¢Únr)ayka

rN_qñaMeTA[RkumRbwkSaXMu KWfakñúg

cMeNamerOgTaMgLayepSgeTot KYrEtbBa©ÚlkarB’NnasþIBIbBaðaenAkñúgkarpþl;esvakmμ sgÁmcMbg nigCeRmIsepSg²sMrab;karEklMG. CakarGnuvtþ y:agNak¾eday RkumRbwkSaXMu xVHxatviFIsaRsþc,as;las;mYyedIm,IRbmUlB½t’maneTAtamlMnaMenH. RkumRsavRCavXMu pþl; nUvskþanuBl edIm,IbegáItCaB½t’manEdlRtUvkar CaBiessKWTak;TgeTAnwgCeRmIssMrab;kar EklMGenAkñúgkarpþl;esvakmμ. KMrUenH KYrEtEckrMElkCamYynwgTIPñak;garCMnYyGnþrCati nigGgÁkarpþl;CMnYyepSgeTot edIm,IGaceFVI[KMrUenHbgáb;enAkñúgGnþraKmn_CMnYyGPivDÆn_.

Module 5:


m:UDulTI 5

eKalbMNgrbs;m:UDul pþl;karyl;dwgTUlMTUlaydl;GñkcUlrYmGMBIynþkarKNenyüPaBsgÁm nigbTBiesaFn_kMrit GnþrCati. karrMBwgTukrbs;m:UDul sgÇwmfa tamry³GMNanelIxøwmsarTaMgLayEdlmanenAkñúgm:UDulenH sikçakamnwgGacyl;)an TUlMTUlaynUv ³

bBaØtþi nigniymn½yénKNenyüPaBsgÁm nigynþkarnana nigTMhMKNenyüPaBsgÁm bribTc,ab;énKNenyüPaBsgÁmenARbeTskm<úCa ]bkrN_sMrab;elIkkMBs;KNenyüPaB bTBiesaFn_BIkarsikSanana enAbwghÁaLÚ RbeTs\NÐaEdlniyayBIb½NÑB½t’manshKmn_.

enATIbMputénkm μviFIbNþúHbNþalenH sikçakamnwgRtUvsikSaCamYyesovePAenH dUcCakargarpÞH. enAéf¶bnÞab;mkeTot eKnwgsYrsikçakamGs;TaMgenH BIGVIEdleK)anyl;dwgtamry³esovePAenH. karBiPakSaenAkñúgfñak;eron nwgRtUv)anerobcMeLigedIm,Ipøas;bþÚrcMeNHdwgKña.

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kMNt;sMKal; sMPar³sMrab;Gan nigsikSaEdlmanenAkñúgm:UDulenH RtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal; nigpSBVpSayCaGnþrCati. sMPar³TaMgenHRtUv)aneKdkRsg;edayP¢ab;eTAnwg kardwgKuNcMeBaHGñkniBn§ nigGñke)aHBum<pSay.

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124

bMNkRsay TI1

bBaØtiþKNenyüPaBsgÁm enACuMvijBiPBelak karekIneLIgénkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelIvimCÄkar nigRbCaFibetyü )annaMeTA rkbBaðacMbg² sMrab;BRgwgkarcUlrYmrbs;RbCaBlrdækñúgGPi)alkic©mUldæan. fVIt,itEt ebIeKRkeLkmYyRtYseTAeXIjfa RbFanbTenH hak;dUcCamanPaBrlUneTAmuxk¾eday Ettam karBiteTA sBaØaNeKalledAnImYy²EdlsßitkñúgrgVg;énsBaØaNKNenyüPaBsgÁm enAEtman PaBRbTaMgRbeTIsKña. sMeNIBIrxageRkamenH manbMNgbgá[mankarCECkedjedal edIm,IbegáIt )anPaBRtwmRtUv plcMeNj nighaniP½yénKNenyüPaBsgÁm. karRbQmCaKnøwHmYysMrab;stvtSTI 21 KWCakarsßabnaTMnak;TMngfμ I rvagRbCaBlrdæ nigrdæaPi)almUldæanrbs;BYkeK. enH)ann½yfa Cakargarrbs;smIkarTaMgsgxag EdlCakaredIr hYsBIeKalbMNgrbs;sgÁmsuIvil b¤ :mUldæanrdæ : edIm,IepþateTAelImuxRbsBVéneKalbMNgenH tamry³karcUlrYm kareqøIytb nigKNenyüPaB. karelIkkMBs;KNenyüPaBrbs;rdæaPi)almUldæanTaMgLaycMeBaHRbCaBlrdæ GacnwgCakarniym mYyénsMeNIrbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYy nigGñkRTwsþIniymTaMgLayénelakxaglic. bBaØtþiTaMgenH CaerOy² EtgEtmankarhVwkhat;bnþicbnþÜcenAkñúgtfPaBénbribTneya)ay nigvb,Fm’énRbeTs kMBg;GPivDÆn_mYycMnYn. PaBRbfuyRbfanénTRmg;fμIRsLagénKNenyüPaB nigkarcUlrYm manPaBsMxan;CagplkMér. mü:ageToteKeXIjmantwktagd¾tictYcénTMenarénkarGPivDÆn_ PaBRkIRk niglT§plTaMgLayénGPi)alkic©. kareTamnsSrbs;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk eTAelIsßab½npþl;esvakmμsaFarN³nana Cab;Tak;Tgy:ag TUlMTUlayeTAnwgbBaða karbeBa©jmtinigKNenyüPaB. GñkRkIRkmYycMnYnmanCMenOfa sßab½nrdæ TaMgsßabn½pþl;esvakmμnana sßab½nEdlpþl;karkarBarBIb:UlIsb¤sßab½nyutþiFm’ b¤TaMgGñkeFVIkar sMerccitþneya)ay KWsßab½nTaMgenaH GñkTaMgenaH BuMmankarTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHGñkNamñak;eLIy b¤sßab½nTaMgenaH GñkTaMgenaH TTYlxusRtUvEtcMeBaHGñkmanRTBü nigGñkmanGMNacEtb:ueNÑaH.


bMNkRsay TI2

etIKNenyüPaBsgÁmKWCaGVI? KNenyüPaBsgÁm KWCakarxitcUleTACitKNenyüPaB

EdlGaRs½yeTAnwgkarcUlrYmrbs;RbCaBlrdæ EdlRbCaBlrdæsamBaØ nig¼b¤ GgÁkarrbs;BYkeKcUlrYmedaypÞal; b¤minpÞal; kñúgkareFVI[

manKNenyüPaBy:agBitR)akd. ynþkarénKNenyüPaBsgÁm GacRtUv)anrdæ RbCaBlrdæ b¤TaMgrdæTaMgRbCaCn eFVIkarpþÜcepþIm b¤KaMRT k¾b:uEnþ CaerOy² ynþkarTaMgenHRtUv)aneKTamTar[mandMeNIrkarBIeRkameTAelI. ynþkar nanaénKNenyüPaBsgÁm manrYmbBa©Úlskm μPaBTaMgLay nig]bkrN_TaMgLay EdlRbCa Blrdæ GgÁPaBeRkArdæaPi)al nigbNþajpSBVpSayB½t’manGaceRbIR)as; edIm,IeFIV[GaCJaFr saFarN³Rbkan;x¢ab;nUvkarTTYlxusRtUv. KNenyüPaBsgÁm sMedAeTAelIlMdab;skm μPaB nig ynþkarTUlMTUlay EdlRbCaBlrdæ shKmn_ bNþajpSBVpSayB½t’manÉkraCü nigGgÁkar sgÁmsIuvil FanaGacykeTAeRbIR)as;edIm,IeFVI[m®nþIrdæ nigmRnþIraCrdæaPi)al Rbkan;ykPaBTTYl xusRtUv. TaMgenHmanrYmbBa©ÚlkñúgcMeNamskm μPaBdéTeTot karcUlrYmkñúgkareFVIfvika kartamdanénkarcMNaysaFarN³ karBinitüemIlkarpþl;esvakm μsaFarN³ KN³kmμkar saFarN³ nigRkumRbwkSaBieRKaHeyabl;rbs;RbCaBlrdæ. PaBCak;EsþgENnaMCaynþkar KNenyüPaBsgÁm GacrYmcMENkkñúgkarEklMGGPi)alkic© begáInkarGPivDÆn_ RbsiT§iPaB tamry³karpþl;esvakmμl¥RbesIr nigkarbMBak;GMNacdl;RbCaBlrdæ.

etIKNenyüPaBsgÁmeFVIkarpøas;bþÚrdUcemþcxøH?• BIkarcMlgtameTA {karbeBa©jsMelg} edayRbCaBlrdæ • BI {karRbkUkRbkas}eTArk {karKitKUr}-RtUvkarbrimaNsMeLg nig

karpþl;mtibkmkvij • BI {Rbtikm μ} eTArkkar {pþl;B½t’manBIskm μPaB} • BIkareqøIytbmYysMeNIeTArkskmμPaBEdlmankarerobcMRtwmRtUv • BIkarRbQmmuxeTArkdMeNaHRsay {QñH-QñH}

RbPB ³ TMB½revIlvib ³ karcUlrYm nigkarcUlrYmrbs;RbCaBlrdæ

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kmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæankmμviFImtiRbCaBlrdæsþIBIGPi)alkic©mUldæan

bMNkRsay TI3

karbegáItrnaMgénynþkarKNenyüPaBsgÁm

karcrcaedIm,Ikarpøas;bþÚrrKaMRTBIsaFarNCn karksagka

’mansaFarN³ ¼ karpSBVpSay karbegáItt½Bman karviPaKB½t’

karksag nigkarTTYl)anB½t’man ¼ twktagmUldæan

karRbmUlkmøaMgCuMvijcMNuccUl

KNenyüPaBsgÁmrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgskmμPaBTaMgLayeRcInes¥ksáH EdlCaskþanuBlRbCaBlrdæ GaceFVI[m®nþIrdæaPi)al nigGñkkariyal½yFibetyüTaMgLayRbkan;nUvkarTTYlxusRtUv. skmμPaBTaMgenH GacnwgRtUv)anGnuvtþedayGñkBak;Bn§½CaeRcIn ¬dUcCa RbCaBlrdækñúgshKmn_ smaCiksPa GgÁkarsgÁmsIuvil bNþajpSBVpSayB½t’man¦. skm μPaBTaMgenH GacekIteLIgenA kñúgkMritepSgKña ¬BImUldæandl;fñak;Cati¦ edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaCaeRcIny:ag ¬dUcCaneya)ay saFarN³ RkmsIlFm’neya)ay cMNaysaFarN³ karpþl;esvakm μsaFarN³¦ nigeRbIR)as; nUvyuT§sa®sþepSgKña ¬dUcCakarRsavRCav karRtYtBinitü karcUlrYmkñúgkareFVIEpnkar karGb;rM RbCaBlrdæ karBRgIkkarpSBVpSay karksagsm<½n§PaB¦. fVIebImanPaBEbøkKñay:agenHk¾eday k¾eKalbMNgénKNenyüPaB CaeTogTat; EtgEteFVI[manPaBsMxan;nUvdMeNIrkar énplRbeyaCn_rYm RbRBitþeTARbkbedayPaBc,as;las;nigGacTTYlyk)an. elIsBIkar ts‘UmtiEtmYymuxb:ueNÑaH CaerOy² eKRtUvEtBüayamksagmUldæanéntwktagEdlGac [eCOCak;)an sMrab;karcUlrYmrbs;saFarNCn. CaFmμta eKRbmUlpþMúFatusMxan;²TaMgLay nigbegáItCabøúkmYycMnYn ¬b¤TaMgGs;¦ dUcteTA ³ karRbmUlkmøaMgCuMvijcMNuccUl CMhanTImYyénKMnitpþÜcepþIménKNenyüPaBsgÁm PaKeRcInKWCakareFVIGtþsBaØaNkm μeTAelI cMNuccUlnigkarbegáItyuT§sa®sþ Edltamry³enHbBaðaCaGaTiPaBmYyGacnwgRtUv)anedaHRsay.

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GacCabBaðaEdlmancritc,as;las; b¤k¾TUeTA nwgGacRtUv)aneKeFVIkarkMNt;;kñúgkMritmUldæanfñak; tMbn; b¤fñak;Cati . ]TahrN_ enAkñúgkrNIénPaBTn;exSaykñúgkarpþl;esvakmμsuxPaB skþanuBléncMNuccUlGacrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkardak;TunfvikaeTAelIsuxaPi)alCati GMeBIBukrlYy RbsiT§iplenAkñúgRbB½n§Eckcayfñak;Cati b¤enAkñúgkarbMeBjParkic©rbs;Gñkpþl;esvakm μfñak; mUldæan b¤k¾rbs;KN³kmμkarRKb;RKgsuxPaBPUmi. GVI²TaMgGs;enH KWCaTMnas; d¾F¶n;F¶rkñúgkarpþl; esvakmμsuxPaB. yuT§sa®sþd¾manskþanuBlnana edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgenH GacrYmbBa©Úl CaGaT× karviPaKfvika skmμPaBts‘Umti karRtYtBinitüTundak;cUlsMrab;esvakmμsuxPaB nigkarcMNay karcUlrYmvaytMéleTAelIesvakm μsuxPaBmUldæanCaedIm. karksag nigkarTTYl)anB½t’man ¼ twktagmUldæan ³ karTTYl)an b¤karbegáItB½t’manBak;B½n§ nigkarksagmUldæantwktagKY[Tukcitþ)an EdlGacnwg eRbIR)as;sMrab;eFVI[m®nþIrdæmankarTTYlxusRtUv KWTidæPaBd¾sMxan;énKNenyüPaBsgÁm. KMnit pþÜcepþImnanaénKNenyüPaBsgÁm CaerOy² EtgEtCab;Tak;TgnwgkarTTYl)an ¬1¦Tinñn½y ¼ B½t’manBIPaKIGñkpþl; ¬BIrdæaPi)al nigGñkpþl;esvakmμ nig ¬2¦ Tinñn½y¼B½t’manBIPaKIGñkRtUvkar ¬BIGñkeRbIR)as;esvakm μrbs;rdæaPi)al shKmn_ nigRbCaBlrdæ¦. karTTYl)anB½t’manBI PaKIGñkpþl; : ¬dUcCaB½t’mansþIBIeKalneya)ay karsnüa pþl;fvika nigKNnIkMNt;RtaTunbBa©Úl lT§pl nigkarcMNay kareFVIsvkm μCaedIm¦ enaHtmøaPaBkñúgrdæaPi)al nigsmtßPaBrbs; rdæaPi)alkñúgkarplit nigkarpþl;Tinñn½y nigKNnI KWCakarcaM)ac;bMput. cMeBaHB½t’manBIPaKI GñkRtUvkarvij : FanaPaBd¾TUlMTUlayénviFIsa®sþ nig]bkrN_énkarcUlrYm ¬dUcCab½NÑdak;BinÞú rbs;shKmn_ b½NÑB½t’manshKmn_rbs;RbCaBlrdæ karBinitütamdankarcUlrYm nigbec©keTs vaytMél¦ RtUv)anbegáIteLIgedIm,IbegáItTinñn½yEdlmanRbeyaCn_kñúgkareRbIR)as; kñúgeBlRBm Kña sMrab;karbegáItcMeNHdwg nigelIkkMBs; kareKogKrkMlaMg nigGgÁkarsßab½nenAfñak;mUldæan. karviPaKB½t’man ³ Tinñn½y ¼ B½t’manBak;B½n§enAeBlEdl)anTTYlehIynwgGacRtUv)aneKbkRsay nigviPaKedIm,IeFVI [manRbeyaCn_kñúgkic©Rbtibtþikar. erOgenHGacTak;TgeTAnwgkareFVIkarCamYyGñkÉkeTs Edl )anTTYlkarbNþúHbNþalrYcehIy ¬dUcCaGñkEdlGacCYykñúgkar : ebIkkay : fvika b¤bMEbk KNnIhirBaØvtßú¦ b¤k¾kareRbIR)as;viFIsa®sþcUlrYmedIm,IICYysmaCiksmaKm b¤RkumGñkeRbIR)as; eFVIkarviPaKTinñn½yfñak;mUldæan b¤rYmKñavaytMélelIesvakmμsaFarN³. kñúgkrNIepSgeTot


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eKalbMNgénkarviPaK KWCakarbegáItKMehIjd¾manRbeyaCn_ EdlGaceFVI[GñkcUlrYmcMENk)an yl;dwg nigGacykeTAeRbIR)as;bnþsMedAeTArkkartv:aEtmYyb:ueNÑaHkñúgkarBiPakSaCak;Esþg. karbegáItB½t’mansaFarN³ nigkarpSBVpSay karTTYl)anB½t’man nigKMehIjnanakñúgvis½ysaFarN³ nigkarbegáItkarBiPakSaedjedalCa sarFarN³CuMvijerOgenH ¬B½t’man nigKMehIj¦ KWCaFatusMxan;énKMnitpþÜcepþImPaKeRcInén KNenyüPaBsgÁm. kareFVIfvika[manPaBl¥itl¥n; karrkeXIj karBinitüeLIgvijnUvcMNay saFarN³ svnkm μ b¤lT§plénkarvaytMélelIKMeragkmμviFI B½t’manenHGaceFVI[mansar³sMxan; nigplb:HBal; enAeBlEdlB½t’manenHcUly:agTUlMTUlaykñúgCYrsaFarNCn ehIIyenAeBlEdl B½t’manenHbMerIdl;karpþl;B½t’man nigkarbegáItsnÞúHsMrab;kareFVIskm μPaB. yuT§sa®sþ nigynþkar R)aRs½yTak;Tgd¾manRbsiT§iPaB KWTidæPaBsMxan;énKNenyüPaBsgÁmenHÉg. TaMgenHGacrYm bBa©ÚlTaMgkarerobcMkarRbCuMsaFarN³ nigkarbegáItRBitþikarN_epSg² k¾dUYcCakareRbIR)as;Ca yuT§sa®sþnUvTRmg;RbB½n§pSBVpSayEbbTMenIb nigTaMgEbbbUraN. karpSBVpSayB½t’man Bak;B½n§ eTAm®nþInanarbs;rdæaPi)al EdlCaGñkmantMENgkñúgkarGnuvtþerOgenH ¬kareFVIGnþrkm μedaypÞal; CamYyGñksMerccitþTaMgenaHeTAelImUldæanEdlmanRsab;¦ k¾CaTidæPaBd¾sMxan;énKNenyüPaB sgÁmpgEdr. karbegáItkarKaMRTrbs;saFarNCn ³ RbCaBlrdæEdl)anTTYlB½t’manBIsiT§inigkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;BYkeK nwgmankarcUlrYmkñúgpl RbeyaCn_ nigkñúgkareKogKrBYkeKkñúgkarbegáItCasm<½n§PaB nigPaBCaédKUCamYyGñkcUlrYm déTeTot ¬dUcCa mRnþIkariyaFibetyü bNþajpSBVpSayB½t’man smaCiksPaCaedIm¦ KWCaTidæPaBcMbgénKNenyüPaBsgÁm. CaKMnitniym CMhanTImYyénKMnitpþÜcepþImKNenyüPaB sgÁm KWCaviPaKTaneTAdl;RbCaBlrdæEdlTTYl)anB½t’man karcUlrYm nwgeTAdl;RbCaBlrdæEdl erobcMskmμPaBrYmKña nigsmtßPaBrbs;GgÁkarsgÁmsIuvilkñúgkarsRmYl nigKaMRTkareKogKr kmøaMg KWCasar³sMxan;mYyedIm,IPaBeCaKC½yénKMnitpþÜcepþImKNenyüPaBsgÁm. Caf μ ImþgeTot kar)aneTAdl;CnRkIRk nigCnEdlRtUveKmineGIeBIenaH RtUvTamTar[mankarRbwgERbgCak;lak; nigkarRbQmmuxd¾FMeFg.


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karcrcaedIm,Ikarpøas;bþÚr FatuEdlsMxan; nigRbQmmuxbMputényuT§saRsþKNenyüPaBsgÁm KWCasmtßPaBkñúgkareFVI [mankareqøIytbrbs;mRnþIsaFarN³ nigeFVI[manplb:HBal;eTAelIkarpøas;bþÚredayBitR)akd. tamFmμta yuT§saRsþEdlmanRbsiT§PaBxøaMgbMputenaH EtgEtCab;Tak;TgedaypÞal;eTAnwg Gnþrkmμ nigkarcrcaCamYyédKUrdæaPi)alEdlmankarBak;B½n§ ehIykñúgkrNIxøH CamYysßab½nkm μ énynþkarnanasMrab;karBieRKaHeyabl; nigkarCECkBiPakSaKña. dUcEdl)anerobrab;BIxagelIfa kñúgkarcrcaedIm,Irkkarpøas;bþÚr RbCaBlrdæeRbIR)as;RKb;meFüa)ayTaMgpøÚvkar nigeRkApøÚvkar edIm,IbBa©úHbBa©Úl dak;sm<aF pþl;rgVan; nigGnumti. TaMgenaH Ca]TahrN_ edayrab;bBa©Úl TaMgkarbegáItKMnabBIsaFarNCn ¬dUcCatamry³kareXasnatambNþajpSBVpSayB½t’man nig karRbCMuCasaFarN³¦ b¤kñúgeBlEdlcaM)ac;enaH kareRCIserIsykmeFüa)aypøÚvkarsMrab; karGnuvtþc,ab; ¬dUcCa tamry³dMeNIrkarpøÚvc,ab; nigtulakar¦. lMh nig»kassMrab;karcrca k¾dUcCalT§PaBsMrab;riHrkmeFüa)aypøÚvkarsMrab;Gnumti manPaBERbRbYly:agFMeFgBIbribTén RbeTsmYyeTARbeTsmYyeTot. enAkñúgbribTénRbeTskMBugGPivDÆmYycMnYn RkumRbCaBlrdæ )anemIleXIjfa kMENTRmg;Epñkc,ab; nig/b¤sßab½n KWCakarcaM)ac;sMrab;kareFVI[gayRsYldl; karcrcaRbkbedayxøwmsar.


130

bMNkRsay TI4

TMhMénKNenyüPaBsgÁm

ynþkarKNenyüPaBsgÁmGacnwgmanTMhMEbøkKñaeTAtamlkçNvinicä½y 6 y:ag KW ³ ynþkardak;TNÐkmμ nigkarpþl;rgVan; ynþkarviFanRbtibtþinigmUldæanbMeBjkargar kMritsßabnkmμ CeRmAénkarcUlBak;B½n§ karKitKUrelIkarcUlrYm nigEpñknanaénrdæaPi)al. TMhMnImYy²énTMhMTaMgenaH mansar³sMxan;sMrab; eKalbMNgkñúgkareFVIEpnkar nigsMrab;karvaytMélBIPaBEdlGaceFVI[)an nignirnþrPaBénynþkar NamYy GacnwgmansMrab;bribTénRbeTs nigsßab½nNamYy.

TMhMxus²KñaTaMg 6 y:ag énKNenyüPaBsgÁmrcnasm<½n§elIkTwkcitþ ³ kardak;TNÐkmμ b¤pþl;rgVan; ?etIynþkarKNenyüPaBsgÁmtRmg;eq<aHeTArkkarpþl;rgVan; b¤kareFVIeTasmanvisalPaBb:uNÑa? ynþkarEdl EdlEp¥ky:agxøaMgeTAelIkardak;eTas GacKMramkMEhgdl;mRnþIsaFarN³TaMgT,ay nigbgá[mankarKaMg dMeNIr. karpþl;rgVan;minGacEkERb\riyabTmnusSxilxUcenaHeT. ynþkarKNenyüPaBEdlrwgmaMbMputenaH epþkpþÜleTAelItulüPaBrvagkardak;TNÐkmμ nigkarpþl;rgVan;.KNenyüPaB ³ viFankarsMrab;Rbtibtþi b¤ mUldæankargar ?karepþateTAelIviFankarsMrab;RbtibtþiTak;TgeTAnwgGVIEdleKehAfa {karRKb;RKgsaFarN³rebobcas;} )an sßitenAkñúgsBaØaNcas;énkariyaFibetyü nigskmμPaBRbkbedayvicarNBaØaN. ynþkarnanaEdlsMlwg eTArkkarCMrujkarEklMGkargar KWCalkçN³vinicä½yén {karRKb;RKgsaFarN³rebobfμI} nigepþateTAelI lT§plEdl)anbMeBjtamry³karvaytMélelIkarbMeBjkargar. yuT§saRsþl¥RbesIr EdlgakeTArk KNenyüPaB KWepþateTAelIkarcUlrYmrbs;RbCaBlrdæTaMgkñúgkarGnuvtþviFankarnana nigeTAelIkarEklMG kargar .sßabnkmμ ³ Tab b¤ x<s; ?ynþkarKNenyüPaBmYycMnYn KWCaKMnitpþÜcepþImBiessEdleFVIeT,Igedayn½yl¥sMrab;mRnþIsaFarN³eday Kμandak;bBa©ÚlCaGciéRnþy_eTAkñugrcnasm<½n§rbs;rdæeT,Iy. etIynþkarKNenyüPaBénkarcUlrYmEdlman Ecgkñúgc,ab;EdlTamTar[TIPñak;garsamIunImYy² b¤k¾TIPñak;garrdæaPi)alTaMgmUl cUlTak;TgnwgGñkBak;Bn§½ kñúgsgÁmenAeBlNamYyCak;lak;kñúgdMeNIrkareKalneya)aysaFarN³manvisalPaBy:agdUcemþc ?


131

karBak;B½n§ ³xageRkA nigxagkñúg ?ynþkarKNenyüPaBmYycMnYnTak;TgeTAnwgkarBieRKaHeyabl; nigsikçasalaCamYyGñkBak;Bn§½kñúgsgÁm k¾b:uEnþ PaKticTak;TgnwgkarGeBa¢IjGñkTaMgenaHeTAkñúg {pÞH)ay} edIm,IsegátdMeNIrkarerobcMEpnkarCa CMhan²rbs;rdæaPi)al. etIynþkarelIkTwkcitþ[mankarcUlrYmy:agkuHkr CaCagkarcUlrYmbnþicbnþÜc manvisalPaBdUcemþc ?karrYmbBa©Úl ³ vrCn b¤ karrYmbBa©Úl ?manninñakarmYyénynþkarKNenyüPaB edIm,I[RkumtUcénGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alEdlman\riyabTl¥ manviC¢aCIv³fñak;kNþal nigGñkneya)aymCÄkrcUlrYm. etIynþkarEdlelIkkMBs;y:agBitR)akdnUv karcUlrYmrbs;RkumRbCaBlrdæEdlmansMeLgTn;exSay b¤RkumEdlmanplRbeyaCn_eRcInEbb nig mankarRbemIleTAmuxd¾RtwmRtUvenaH manvisalPaBdUcemþc ?Epñkrbs;rdæaPi)al ³ nItiRbtibtþi nItibBaØtþi b¤ tulakar ?CaerOy² ynþkarKNenyüPaBmanTMenartRmg;TiseTArkEpñknItiRbtibtþi. dUcenH karEkTRmg;Epñk nItiRbtibtþi KWCakarRbQmmuxy:agsMxan; ehIyk¾mansar³sMxan;dUcKñaEdrenaH KWsMrab;kMENTRmg;EpñknIti bBaØtþi nigtulakar. eKGacmankarlM)akkñugkareRCotcUleTAkñúgEpñktulakar cMENkÉ EpñknItibBaØtþivij CaerOy²k¾Ca {kEnøgykEr:mas} EdlbiTCitsMrab;kMENTRmg;edIm,IgakeTArkKNenyüPaBpgEdr.


132

bMNkRsay TI5

KNenyüPaBsgÁm ³ ktþaCayuTÁsaRsþsMrab;kareCaKC½y

karvivtþrbs;KMnitpþÜcepþImKNenyüPaBsgÁmsßitenAq¶ayBIGVIEdlCaRbB½n§. mYyEpñkFM viFankarnana Edldak;cuHedayRkumRbCaBlrdæedIm,IelIkkMBs;KNenyüPaB RtUv)aneqøIytbtamkal³eTs³én sßanPaBBiessdac;edayET,k. dUcenH eCaKC½yrbs;BYkeKk¾Tak;Tgy:agxøaMgeTAnwgktþamYycMnYn. ktþamYycMnYnRtUv)anelIkykmkBiPakSadUcxageRkam ³ bribTneya)ay nigvb,Fm’ RBMEdnsMrab;KNenyüPaBsgÁmRtUv)ankMNt;y:agTUlMTUlayedaybribTneya)ay nigvb,Fm’Edlman Rsab;. ]TahrN_ PaBGaceFVIeTA)an nigPvnIyPaBéneCaKC½yrbs;KMnitpþÜcepþImKNenyüPaBsgÁm Tak;Tgy:agxøaMgTaMgeTAnwgrbbneya)ayRbCaFibetyü manRbB½n§BhubkS mankarFananeya)ay nig siT§iBlrdæ ¬rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkarTTYl)anB½t’man nigesrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmti kareFVIsmaKm nigkarRbCMu¦ TaMgelIkarmanvb,Fm’neya)aytmøaPaB nigsucritPaB. eKGacKitKUrdl;GaTiPaBrbs;ktþaCaedImcm TaMgenH ehIyebIKμanvtþmanénhaniP½yCaskþanuBlenaH ktþaTaMgenaHRtUvEt)aneKykeTAKitKUrenAeBl eKerobcMEpnkarsMrab;KMnitpþÜcepþImKNenyüPaBsgÁm. ktþac,ab; sßab½n nig sgÁmvb,Fm’ Gacnwgman\T§iBly:agsMxan;eTAelIeCaKC½yénskmμPaBKNenyüPaBsgÁm. bribTminGMeNaypl minmann½yfa skmμPaBKNenyüPaBsgÁmminRtUv)aneKeFVIenaHeT. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday kñúgkal³eTs³EbbenH karviPaKelIktþaKnøwHEdlman\T§iBlelIbrisßansMrab;KNenyüPaBsgÁm ¬nighaniP½yEdleKtRmUv¦ GacnwgRtUv)aneKTTYlr:ab;rg ehIyyuT§saRsþFunlμmsMrab;bM)at;karraMgra TaMgT,ayenaHRtUv)aneKbegáIteT,Ig. karTTYl)anB½t’mandUc)anerobrab;BIxagelIPaBFYnlμm nigKYr[eCO)anénÉksar nigTinñn½ysaFarN³ KWCakarsMxan;kñúgkar ksagKNenyüPaBsgÁm. B½t’manEbbenH KWCamUldæansMrab;skmμPaBnanaénKNenyüPaBsgÁm ehIyebIdUcenH KuNPaB nigPaBTTYl)anB½t’man KWCaktþakMNt;y:agsMxan;sMrab;kareCaKC½yrbs; ynþkarKNenyüPaBsgÁm. kñúgkrNIxøH karxitxMedIm,IKNenyüPaBsgÁmRtUvkarepþateTAelIc,ab;sþIBI


133

esrIPaBB½t’maneBjelj dMeNaHRsaykarxVHxatqnÞ³neya)aykñúgkarminlak;elom b¤BRgwgsmtßPaB bec©keTsénsßab½nsaFarN³kñúgkarkt;Rta RKb;RKg nigbegáItPaBFYnlμménTinñn½yBak;B½n§. tYnaTIrbs;bNþajpSBVpSayB½t’man bNþajpSBVpSayB½t’manedIrtYy:agsMxan;kñúgkarelIkkMBs;KNenyüPaBsgÁm. kñúgRbeTsmYycMnYn bNþajpSBVpSayB½t’manÉkraCü KWCakmøaMgQanmuxkñúgkarpþl;B½t’man Gb;rMRbCaBlrdæ Binitütamdan karbMeBjParkic©rbs;rdæaPi)al nigkñúgkarbgðajGMBIPaBGskmμnana. bNþajpSBVpSayB½t’man fñak;mUldæan ¬CaBiess viTüúÉkCn nigrbs;shKmn_¦ pþl;nUvmeFüa)ayd¾sMxan;EdlCamYyenaH RbCaBlrdæsamBaØGacbeBa©jTsSn³BYkeK nigBiPakSaelIbBaðasaFarN³TaMgT,ay. visalPaB EdlbNþajpSBVpSayB½t’manmanPaBÉkraCü ehIyGñkRKb;RKgmancrwtBhubkSniym ¬EdlpÞúy nwgbNþajpSBVpSayB½t’manEdlenAkñúgédCnmYyRkumtUc¦ KWCaktþad¾sMxan;EdlGacCaviPaKTan dl;KNenyüPaBénRbB½n§neya)ay. FaturYménPaBeCaKC½yrbs;karpþÜcepþImKNenyüPaB sgÁm KWCayuT§saRsþsMrab;eRbIR)as;TRmg;énbNþajpSBVpSayB½t’manTaMgEbbbUraN nigEbb TMenIbedIm,IbegáIncMeNHdwgCMuvijbBaðasaFarN³kñúgkarpSBVpSayKMehIjTaMgT,ay nigbegáItCafñal sMrab;karCECkedjedalCasaFarN³. smtßPaBsgÁmsIuvil smtßPaBrbs;GñkedIrtYCasgÁmsIuvil k¾CaktþasMxan;mYyEdrsMrab;kareCaKC½yrbs;KNenyüPaB sgÁm. kMriténkarerobcMrbs;GgÁkarsgÁmsIuvil TMhMénsmaCikPaBrbs;GgÁkarTaMgenaH bec©keTs nigkarbiunRbsb;rbs;GgÁkarTaMgenaHkñúgkarts‘Umti smtßPaBrbs;BYkeKkñúgkar ekogKr nigeRbIR)as;edayRbsiT§PaBnUvbNþajpSBVpSayB½t’man PaBRsbc,ab; nigPaBCatMNag rbs;BYkeK nigkMriténkareqøIytbnigKNenyüPaB cMeBaHsmaCikBYkeKTaMgGs;enaH CacMNuc kNþalrbs;eCaKC½yénskmμPaBKNenyüPaBsgÁm. enAkñúgbribTmYycMnYn RtUvTamTar[man karRbwgERbgkñúgkarelIkkMBs;brisßanEdlGaceFVI)ansMrab;sgÁmsuIvil nigkñúgkarksagsmtßPaB ¬TaMgkarerobcMsßab½n nigbec©keTs¦ rbs;GgÁkarsgÁmsIuvil. smtßPaBrbs;rdæ eCaKC½yrbs;karpþÜcepþImKNenyüPaBsgÁmGaRs½ypgEdreTAelIsmtßPaB nigRbsiT§PaBrbs; rdæ. karpþÜcepþImKNenyüPaBsgÁmnwgmann½ytictYc Ca]TahrN_enAkñúgxN³Edlm:asIunrdæ


134

dYlrlM b¤k¾ElgeRbIkar)an. muxgarénrdæ)alsaFarN³EdlmansmtßPaBmYycMnYnedIm,IeqøIytb eTAnwgtRmUvkarrbs;RbCaBlrdæ KWCaGVIEdleKRtUvkarCamun. TidæPaBdéTeTotrbs;smtßPaBrdæ Edlman\T§iBleTAelIkarpþÜcepþImKNenyüPaBsgÁm ¬nigEdlGacTamTar[mansmtßPaB begáItkarvinieyaK¦ rYmbBa©ÚlPaBRbsb;kñúgkareFVIkMNt;erOg nigbegáItKNnIGtßiPaB énktika ynþkarKNenyüPaB karrMElkGMNacnigFnFan qnÞ³nigsmtßPaB kñúgkarksagPaBCaédKU nig vb,Fm’neya)ay b¤rdæ)alEdl[tMéleTAelIsBaØaNénsucritPaB KNenyüPaB nig PaBRtwmRtUvrbs;EpñksaFarN³. shkarrYmrbs;rdæ-sgÁmsIuvil edayelIslb;bMput eCaKC½yénkarpþÜcepþImKNenyüPaBsgÁm GaRs½yeTAelITRmg;mYycMnYn énGnþrkmμd¾manRbsiT§PaBrvagsgÁmsIuvilnigrdæ. lT§pld¾mansar³sMxan;GacnwgsMerc)an enAeBlEdlRbCaBlrdæ Gñkneya)ay nigmRnþIkariyaFibetyüTaMgGs; mankarelIkTwkcitþ kñúgkareFVIskm μPaB. elakGaEKm:an; (Ackerman) ¬qñaM 2004¦ bBa¢ak;fa {skmμPaBÉketþaPaKI rbs;rdæEtgEtbBa©b;edaymankarsRmbsRmYl cMENkÉskm μPaBÉketþaPaKIrbs;sgÁmvij CaerOy² EtgEtbBa©b;edaykarbRgáabnigGMeBIhigSaEdleFVIeT,Igedayrdæ } ehIy {lT§plEdl manEpøpáabMput ekIteT,IgenAeBlEdlPaKITaMgBIr ¬rdæ nig sgÁmsIuvi¦cUlrYmy:agskmμ} . Kat;)anbBa¢ak;fa karcUlrYmTaMgsgxagdUcenHmincaM)ac;BwgEp¥keTAelIkarRBmeRBog b¤esckþI Tukcitþ nigk¾dUcKñaEdr {vivaT nig karmnÞil} GacnaMeTArkshkarrYmrbs;rdæ-sgÁmsIuvil d¾manRbsiT§PaB. GVIEdlCaemeronenaH KWfa karpþÜcepþImKNenyüPaBsgÁmGacbBa©ÚlTaMgPaKIrdæ nigsgÁmsIuvil nigepþateTAelIkarQmmuxrvagPaKITaMgBIr. karbegáItsßab½n kic©karBiess b¤RckEtmYyénkarpþÜcepþImKNenyüPaBsgÁmGacmanPaBxusKña. bTBiesaFn_ bgðajfa plb:HBal;GacnwgmanPaBFMeFg nig GacmannirnþrPaBenAeBlEdlynþkar KNenyüPaBsgÁmmanlkçN³Ca {sßab½nkmμ} Gacniyay)aneTotfa karbBa©ÚleTAkñúg karGnuvtþCaRbB½n§edaysßab½nsgÁmsIuvilnigrdæ. dUcEdl)anerobrab;BIxagedImfa ynþkar {xageRkA} énKNenyüPaBsgÁmGacnwgmanRbsiT§PaBeTA)an enAeBlmankarbUkbBa©lCamYy ynþkar {xagkñúg} eTAnwgrdæ. eyaleTAtamelakhVk (fox) ¬qñaM2000¦ fa {sgÁmsIuvil


135

TamTarkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;rdæy:ageRcInenAeBlEdlBYkeK[GMNaceFVIkarRtYtBinitü nigføwgEføg edayxøÜnÉg }. CalT§pl hYsBIkarEsVgrklT§plRbtibtþikarCak;lak; karpþÜcepþIm KNenyüPaBsgÁm GacykcitþTukdak;pgEdreTAelIktþasßab½n nigEsVgrk]kas edIm,IeFVI[man \T§iBlyUrGEgVgelIkarGPivDÆsßab½n nig/b¤kMENTRmg;. CaerOy² karpþÜcepþImKNenyüPaBsgÁmkMNt;tRmUvkaredIm,IeFVI[mankarERbRbYlrbs;sßab½nenA kñúgTIPñak;garbs;rdæaPi)al nigkic©karsaFarN³ ¬dUcCa karpøas;bþr\riyabf nigGakb,kiriya rbs;buKÁlikCYrmux karelIkTwkcitþ nigkardak;eTasénGgÁkaredayET,kNamYy rebobRKb;RKg rbs;GgÁkarenaH b¤dMeNIrkareFVIesckþIsMerccitþCaedIm¦. eKGaceFVIdMeNIreTAmuxeTot nigedIrtY sMxan;pgEdr kñúgkareFVI[mankarpøas;bþÚrTaMgenH ¬dUcCa edaykarcUlrYmCamYybuKÁlikén mNÐlsuxPaB edIm,IEsVgrkCaeTogTat;nigRkesabTaMgRbB½n§pþl;KMnitbkmkvij kareFVI[ KN³kmμkartmøaPaBRbCaBlrdæenAkñúgkarsMerccitþrbs;rdæaPi)almUldæan b¤karbBa©ÚlRkumRtYt BinitüsgÁmedIm,IvaytMélkarbMeBjParkic©rbs;kmμviFI b¤eKalneya)ayCatienAelImUldæan Edl manRsab;¦. karEdlGaceFVIeTA)an kareFVIsßabnkm μEpñkc,ab;énynþkarcUlrYmBIkMrwtkmμviFI pÞal;xøÜn nigTIPñak;gareq<aHeTArkkMritRbB½n§TaMgmUlGacnwgRtUv)aneKcat;TukfaCameFüa)aymYy sMrab;elIkkMBs;PaByUrGEgVgénRbsiT§PaB nignirnþrPaB.


136

bMNkRsay TI6

]bkrN_elIkkMBs;KNenyüPaB

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137

svnkm μsgÁm svnkmμsgÁmRtUv)aneKkMNt;fa CakarBinitüBic©½y nigkarviPaKsIuCeRmAeTAelIkargaresvakm μ saFarN³eRbobeFobeTAnwgTMnak;TMngsgÁmrbs;va. KWCa]bkrN_mYy Edltamry³enaH sßab½nnanarbs;rdæaPi)alGaceFVIEpnkarRKb;RKg nigvas;EvgskmμPaBTaMgT,ayNaEdlmin Tak;Tgnwgluykak; nigBinitütamdannUvplvi)akTaMgxagkñúgnigxageRkA énRbtibtþikarrbs;sßab½n GgÁkarsgÁmsIuvil nigsßab½nBaNiC¢km μ. viFIsaRsþvaytMélelIplb:HBal;sgÁm karvaytMélelIplb:HBal;sgÁmRtUv)aneKkMNt;faCakarRbwgERbgkñúgkarvaytMél b¤):an;RbmaN CamunnUvplvi)akTaMgT,ayrbs;sgÁm EdlGacnwgGnuelamtamskm μPaBCak;lak;nanaén eKalneya)ay ¬kñúgenaHmanrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkmμviFInana nigkarGnum½teKalneya)ayfμ I¦ nig skmμPaBCak;lak;nanarbs;rdæaPi)al. enHKWCadMeNIrkarmYyEdlpþl;CaRkbxNÐkargarmYy sMrab;erobcMGaTiPaB karRbmUl karviPaK nigkarbBa©ÚlB½t’mansgÁm nigkarcUlrYmeTAkñúg karerobcM nigkarpþl;GnþraKmn_sMrab;karGPivDÆ. viFIsaRsþGegát kñúgn½yénkarpøas;bþÚresckþIR)afñarbs;RbCaBlrdæ viFIsaRsþGegát KWCakarr:ab;rgrbs;rdækñúgkar pþl;viFI nigmeFüa)aynanasMrab;elIkkMBs;tYnaTIrbs;RbCaBlrdækñúgdMeNIrkarénkarsMerccitþ nig eFVI[karrYmkargarrvagrdæ nigsgÁmsIuvilmanPaBRbesIreT,Ig. karGegátrbs;RbCaBlrdæ RtUv)aneKKitfaCakarsMxan;kñúgbribTenH. ktikaRbCaBlrdæ ktikaRbCaBlrdæ KWCakarsresr esckþIRbkasedaysμ ½RKcitþ EdleFVIeT,IgedayGñkpþl;esvakmμ edayKUsbBa¢ak;BIbTdæanénkarpþl;esvakm μ EdleKGaceCOTukcitþ)an bBa¢ak;BICMerIssmRsb rbs;GtifiCn bBa¢ak;BIpøÚvsMrab;eFVI[manPaBRtwmRtUveT,Igvij nigB½t’manBak;B½n§epSgeTot. ebIdUc enH ktikaRbCaBlrdæGacRtUveKykeTAeRbIR)as;Ca]bkrN_sMrab;karelIkkMBs;bTdæanénkarpþl; esvakmμ nigeFVI[KNenyüPaBsaFarN³manPaBFMFat;eT,Ig. kar):an;RbmaNrbs;RbCaBlrdæ


138

kar):an;RbmaNrbs;RbCaBlrdæ KWCakar):an;RbmaNmYyEdlerobcMeT,IgedayeRbIPasaGñkRsuk tamry³dMeNIrkarcUlrYmmYyedayeRbIR)as;bTdæanCak;lak;dUcKña k¾b:uEnþBwgEp¥kelIGRtaTIpSar nigGgÁPaBkñúgmUldæan. karRbtibtþikargarsaFarN³tamry³kar):an;RbmaNrbs;RbCaBlrdæ tRmUv[mandMeNIrkarcUlrYm EdleFVI[kargarsaFarN³Gacr:ab;rg)anenAfñak;mUldæan tamry³ karcUlrYmrbs;RbCaBlrdæenAkñúgkarerobcMkar):an;RbmaNkargarRbtibtþi nigBinitütamdan. ynþkarKNenyüPaBsgÁmdéTeTot rYmman ³

karviPaKfvikaÉkraCü GegáttamdancMNaysaFarN³ KN³viniqä½yRbCaBlrdæ evTikaRbCaBlrdæ naTIRbCaBlrdæ karesIubGegátrbs;sarB½t’man

siT§icMeBaHniclPaBB½t’man


139

bMNkRsay TI7

bTBiesaFn_BIRbeTsepSg²

KMnitpþÜcepþImfvikarbs;narI³GaRBicxagt,Úg KMnitpþÜcepþImenHviPaKeTAelIEpnéncMNaysaFarN³ EdlnwgGacmanplb:HBal;eTAelIlkçxNÐ esdækic© nigsgÁmrbs;RsþI. eKalbMNgrbs;KMnitpþÜcepþImenH KWBinitütamdanTegVIrbs;rdæaPi)al kNþaleTAelIsmPaBeynD½r edayeFVIkartamdanelIkarcMNay EdleKykeTAcayvayelI viFankareFVI[maneKalneya)aycMNab;GarmμN_elIeynD½r nigesvakmμsaFarN³. KMnitpÞÜcepþIm mYyrbs;GgÁkarsgÁmsIuvilEdleKykeTAeFVIdUcKñaenARbeTsGURsþalIsMrab;viPaKfvikaEdrenaH RtUv )aneKykeTAbNþúHKMnitsMrab;km μviFIdUcKñadéTeTot enAkaNada RkUGasIu caém:ka m:UsMb‘íc rUsSúI tg;sanI nigG‘Ukg;da. cMNucEdleKykcitþTukdak;enaH KWkarviPaKelIfvikaeRkayeBlcMNay edayehtufa karcUleTABinitüfvikarbs;rdæaPi)almankarrwtt,itenAeBlEdl rdæPi)alminTan; )ane)aHpSayCasaFarN³. karcUlrYmkñúgkareFVIfvikaRkug ³ RbeTseRbsIul karcUlrYmkñúgkareFVIfvika KWCadMeNIrkarmYyEdltamry³enaH eKbegáIt)anCasPatMbn; nig RkumRbwkSa cUlrYmeFVIfvikaEdlcUlrYmkñúgkaréllkdak;FnFan ehIyeFVIkarBinitütamdan kareRbIR)as;FnFanenaH. smasPaBénRkumRbwkSa manGñktMNagEdleRCIserIsedaykare)aH eqñatmkBIGgÁkarshCIBRkug smaKmkñúgsgáat; nigrdæaPi)almUldæan. RkumRbwkSaenH TTYlxusRtUvelIkarerobcMbnþkarCYbRbCMuBieRKaHeyabl; eFVIkarbgðajBIGVIEdlCaGaTiPaBCUneTA rdæaPi)alRkug nigkñúgkic©shkarCamYytMNagrdæaPi)al eFVIkarbegáItnigBinitütamdanfvika kñúgmUldæan. cab;epþImdMbUgenAB½rtUGaT,WeRK karcUlrYmkñúgkareFVIfvika kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenH kMBugEt eFVIeT,IgenAkñúgRkugRbEhl 80. bc©úb,nñ dMeNIrenHkMBugEtRtUveKykeTAGnuvtþkñúgkMritrdæ Edl RKbdNþb;elITIRkugRbEhl 500. km μviFIEklMGkarbMeBjkic©karsIuvil ³ RbeTskaNa sPaRsukenARbeTskaNaRtUv)anbegáIteT,IgkñúgqñaM1989 Edlpþl;nUvynþkarKnøwHBIrsMrab;EklMG kareqøIytb nigkarbMeBjParkic©rbs;rdæaPi)al. ynþkarTImYy KWkarelIkkMBs;karcUlrYmrbs;


RbCaBlrdækñúgkarRKb;RKgfñak;mUldæan tamry³karcUlrYmedaypÞal; nigtamry³tMNag. ynþkarTIBIr KWkarRbemIlrkkarbegáItesvakm μsaFarN³[eTACa {esvakm μRbkbedaymnsikar nigmankaeqøIytb}kan;EteRcIn tamry³kMENTRmg;kic©karsIuvil. kMENTRmg;enHBak;B½n§nwg TIPñak;garTaMgT,ayrbs;rdæaPi)alkñúgkarerobcMEpnkarEklMG karbMeBjParkic©rbs;xøÜnpÞal; Edl begáIt)anCamUldæansMrab;karRBmeRBogbMeBjParkic©rvagbuKÁlik nigkarRKb;RKg. dMeNIrkar EpnkarEklMGkarbMeBjParkic©eRbIR)as;viFIsaRsþsV½yrgVaytMél nigkarRKb;RKgedaymankar cUlrYm EdlRtUv)anbMeBjbEnßmedaykarGegátelIkareBjcitþrbs;GtifiCn edIm,IelIkTwcitþ buKÁlikkñúgkarriHrkviFIedayxøÜnÉgedIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaRbQmmux. b½NÑB½t’manshKmn_³ bMéb bwghÁaLÚ kal;kat;ta RbeTs\NÐa

amBiFIkarénkarGegáttamEbbKuNPaB eTAelIkareBjcitþrbs;GtifiCncMeBaHesvakmμsaFarN³ lRbCaBlrdæTTYl)ankMér

anRbCaBlrdæ ³ RbeTsr:Um:anI aEpñkmYyénkMENTRmg;saFarN³TUeTAkñúgRbeTsr:Um:anI rdæaPi)al)anbegáItmCÄmNÐlB½t’man

EdlmanRkumRbwkSacMnYnR)aMbIenAkñúgRsukCamYy

tRtUv)aneFVIeT,IgedayGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alenAkñúgTIRkugmYycMnYn EdcMNUltic. karGegátbegáItCa {b½NÑB½t’manshKmn_} eTAelIkaremIleXIjeTAelIKuNPaB PaBsmrmü énesvakmμmYycMnYnrbs;Rkug. b½NÑB½t’manshKmn_enHRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as; edIm,Idak;KMnabeTAelImRnþI EdleCIserIsedaykare)aHeqñat edaybgðaj[BYkeKeXIj BITMhMénkarfñaMgfñak;citþrbs;saFarNCn edaysgÇwmfa CalT§plnwgmankareqøIytbBIsMNak; EpñkxøHénmRnþIsaFarN³EdlTTYl xusRtUvkñúgkarpþl;esvakm μ. karGegátk¾RtUv)aneKykeTA eRbIR)as;sMrab;karGb;rMtambNþaj pSBVpSayB½t’mandl;RkumplRbeyaCn_saFarN³déTeTot nigRbCaBlrdæ. mCÄmNÐlB½t’mCRbCaBlrdæ nigEpñkTMnak;TMngsaFarN³CatimYynwgeKalbMNgedIm,Iesvakm μsaFarN³CamitþPaB ehIyRbCaBlrdæEdlGaceTA)an nigeday cMhr. lT§plTUeTA KWmin)anelIkTwkcitþ edaysarmRnþIEdlRtUv)ancat;taMgenaH KWfitenAkñúg rdæaPi)al R)ak;pþl;[TabEdlnaM[mankarRbRBwtþixussIlFm’rbs;buKÁlik karniymc,ab;hYs RbmaNenAkñúgGakb,kiriyaesvakmμsIuvil ehIykarpþl;rbbx<s;sMrab;fñak;dwknaMCan;x<s;. eTaHy:agNak¾eday mCÄmNÐl)anEklMGtmøaPaBy:ageRcInrbs;rdæaPi)alfñak;eRkam nigelIk TwkcitþkarCab;Tak;TgeTARbCaBlrdæqøgkat;mRnþITMnak;TMng nigeFIVbdænalixit.

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141

c,ab;sþIBIsiT§iéncUlrYmrbs;RbCaBlrdæ ³ RbeTs bUlIv½r c,ab;sþIBIénsiTi§cUlrYlrbs;RbCaBlrdæenAqñaM 1994 pþl;GMNacdl;RkumRbwkSaRkug Edl)an

tþkm μviFI nigneya)ayGPivDÆn_

Ts BIlIBIn mc,ab;rdæaPi)alfñak;eRkaménqñaM 1991 )anbegáItnUvRkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_fñak;mUldæansMrab;extþ

fmrbs;RkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_fñak;mUldæan KW

_ ³ TIRkugkarNataka RbeTs\NÐa üúshKmn_EdlpþÜcepIþmKMnitedayRbCaBlrdæ kñúgeKalbMNgGb;rMRkummnusSPaKtic faetI

eFIVkargaredIm,IEkERbc,ab;rbs;RbeTs\NÐa

eRCIserIs tamlTi§RbCaFibetyü edIm,IbegáItnigGnuvkñúgRsukCamYynig karepÞrhirBaØvtßúBIrdæaPi)alfñak;eRkam. bEnßmelIenH c,ab;pþl;siT§iGMNacdl; GgÁPaB sgÁmsIuvil edIm,IcUlrYmkñúgkarGPivDÆEpnkarRkugR)aMqñaM. RkumTaMgenHRtUv)anpþl; yutþaFikarelIGaNaextþ EdndI nigsiTi§Edl)andak;[ nigkargarRKbdNþb;elIerOgr:avbrisßan plitkmμ ehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigsgÁmCaeRcIn. CabEnßmeTot KN³kmμaFikard¾RbugRby½tñenH eFIVskm μPaBCaGñkXøaMemIlelI RkumRbwkSaRkug nigeFIV[R)akdfaGaTiPaBshKmn_RtUv)an qøúHbBa©aMgenAkñúgkarcMNayfvikaRkug. karcUlrYmrdæaPi)alfñak;eRkam ³ RbeRkTIRkug rdæFanI nigRsuknimYy². karTTYlxusRtUvbeFIVBRgagEpnkarGPivDÆn_cMruHEpñk rYmbBa©úÚlkareFVIEpnkareRbIR)as;dIFIøsMrab;rdæaPi)alfñak; mUldæan. y:agehacNas;mYyPaKbYnénsmaCikTaMgGs;rbs;RkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_fñak;mUldæan RtUvEtmkBIEpñkÉkCn karcat;Ecgrbs;RbCaBlrdænigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al. RkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_ fñak;mUldæan)ankøayCaynþkar sMrab;GgÁkarsgÁmsIuvilekogKrRbCaCnenAkñúgRsuk edIm,ITamTar y:agehacNas;nUvesvakm μbfm nigeFIVGaTiPaBKMeragfñak;mUldæan. bNþajGgÁkarCati ¬RtUv)aneKehAfa BATMAN¦ )aneFIVkarBRgwgkarGnþrkmμsgÁmsIuvil rdæaPi)alfñak;mUldæan nigEpnkar. viTüúshKmnviTrcnasm<½n§rdæaPi)alfñak;mUldæan CaBiess KYEtkñúgTsSvtS 73 Edlpþl;nUvvtþmanRsIþy:ageRcInkñúgrdæaPi)alfñak;mUldæan. CamYynwgcrwtlkçN³ énsac;erOgEdlBak;Bn§½eTAnwgRbCaBlrdækñúgRsuk bgðajeKalerOgRbDitsIþGMBItYnaTI karTTYl xusRtUvnigmuxgarrdæaPi)alfñak;mUldæaneTAkñúgdMeNIerOgén]bkfanimYy². viTüúGacpSBVpSaydl; RbCaCn 98 PaKry edayrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgGñkminecHGan. CaBiessRsIþ KWCaeKaledA.


142

BYkeKGacsþab;kñúgxN³EdlBYkeKeFIVkargarRbcaMéf¶enApÞH ehIynigTTYl)annUvB½t’manecjBIkar pSaysIþGMBItYnaTIevTikarfñak;Rsuk siTi§narI nigkarpþl;esvakm μ. karRbmUlpþMúGñkRkIRk ³ RbeTséf bNþajray):ayksikrenH )anerobcMyuT§nakarrMeCIbrMCYld¾FMmYy eFIV)atukm μGgÁúy edIm,ITamTar

al;dl;shKmn_RkIRkCnbT dUcCakarykkEnøgeFVICaTMnb;

ar):anRbmaNPaBRkIRkedaymankarcUlrYm KWCab;Bak;Bn§½eTAnwgkareRbIR)as;viFIsaRsþtamEbb sIþGMBIeKalTsSn³rbs;

kareqøIytbBImRnþIrdæaPi)alGMBIplb:HBkarTTYlyk nigsiTi§Tak;TgeTAnwgFnFankñúgmUldæandUcCa dI Twk nigéRBeQI. yuT§nakareFVIeLIg sMedAdl;GñkeFIVeKalneya)aybnþBIfñak;mUldæandl;fñak;CatienAkñúgkMENnd¾FM EdlmanRbCa ksikrcMnYnémÖBan;nak; ¬20>000 nak;¦ kñúgqñaM 1997 cUlrYmGgÁúycMnYnekAsibR)aMbYnéf¶. karRKbdNþb;eKalbMNgedaybNþajpSBVpSayB½t’man nigPaBdwknaMEdlCas<ancmøg Epñk vb,Fm’ BITIRkugeTACnbT KWCaFatud¾sMxan;énTMhMbegáInkaryl;dwgénclnaenH. kar)a:n;RbmaNPaBRkIRkedaymankarcUlrYm ³ RbeTs G‘uyhÁan;da kcUlrYmnigRsavRCavEpñkKuNPaB sMrab;karBieRKaHeyabl;fñak;Cati RbCaCnmUldæan nigGaTiPaBkñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. kar):an;RbmaNrbs;RbeTsG‘uyhÁan;da enH KWCalMhat;BiPakSamYyd¾TUlay EdlbegáIt[manB½t’manlayLMKñaRbkbedayKuNPaBGMBI bTBiesaFn_ karsIuCeRmA nigTUlMTUlayénPaBRkIRk. va)anEsVgrkkarksagnUvRbB½n§Cati edIm,IeFIVsmahrNkarRtYtBinitüPaBRkIRkTaMgbrimaNnigKuNPaB ehIyedIm,Ipþl;B½t’manGMBI eKalneya)aykat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. vaRtUv)anpþÜcepþImKMnitedaym©as;CMnYyeTVrPaKI ¬edayman karKaMRTxøHBIFnaKaBiPBelak¦ nigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alEdldwknaMedayGgÁkar GuksVam. kar)a:n;RbmaNenH)anepþateTAelIkarbegáItPaBm©as;karrbs;rdæaPi)al EdleKdak;[fitenA eRkamRksYghirBaØvtßú Epnkar nigGPivDÆn_esdækic©.


143

bMNkRsay TI8

krNIsikSa ³ TIRkugbwghÁaLÚ RbeTs\NÐa ³ bNÑ½B½t’manshKmn_

sgÁm

bwghÁaLÚ manr)aykarN_bIRtUv)aneKerobcMeLIgqøgkat;KMnitpþÜcepIþmrbs;sgÁmsIuvil 4 qñaM1999 nigqñaM2003. bNÑ½B½t’manshKmn_dMbUg vaytMélTabbMputdl;

qñaM 993 ehIyPøam²enaH)ankøayeTACamCÄmNÐlB½t’manviTüarbs;RbeTs\NÐa. mYyPaKbYnén

sIuvileFVIkarbNþak;tKñaCamYyrdæaPi)aledIm,IeFVI[kan;EtRbesIreLIgsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña.

RenAbvtþiedIm

kñúgTIRkugkñúg qñaM199Gñkpþl;esvakm μFM²énTIRkug EdlbegáItnUvPaBGam:as;. eTaHy:agNa bBaðaenHmineFIV[manpl b:HBal;PøameT manEtGñkpþl;esvakmμmYycMnYntUcTTYlsÁal;nUvbBaðarbs;BYkeK ehIyeFVIkarEk tRmUv. bNÑ½B½t’manshKmn_TIBIrbgðajfa karEklMGmYycMnYnRtUv)aneFIVeLIg RbEhledaysar skmμPaBrbs;Gñkpþl;esvakm μ nigsm<aFBIsgÁmsIuvil. bNÑ½B½t’manshKmn_TIbIbeBa©j[dwgnUv karEklMGs½VyRTRTg;esÞIrEtTaMgGs;cMeBaHGñkpþl;esva. vaminRKan;EtmankarekIneLIgRKab;RCug eRCayenAkñúgkareBjcitþrbs;RbCaBlrdæcMeBaHesvakm μb:ueNÑaHeT bu:EnþEfmTaMgFøak;cuHnUvGMeBI BukrlYyeTotpg. sMNYrd¾FMenaH KWfa etImUlehtuGIVEdleFIV[mankarPJak;ep¥IlCMuvijbBaðaenH? bwghÁaLÚ KWCaTIRkugEdllUtlas;Epñk]sSahkm μ manRbCaCnrs;enACagbYnlannak;enAkñúg1RbCaCnenAkñúgTIRkugenH KWCaGñkRkIRk Edlrs;enABas;eBjTIRkug. Gñkrs;enATIRkugbwghÁaLÚ BwgEp¥kelIPñak;garrdæmYycMnYn EdlbegIátedayrdæaPi)altamextþ sMrab;esvakm μsMxan;rbs;BYkeK dUcCasaCIvkm μrdæFanIEdlpþl;pøÚvfñl; ePIøgtamdgvifI Rbdab;dwksMram. enAeBlEdl ePøIgGKIsnI pÁt;pÁg;edayTIPñak;gard¾FMmYy Twk kardwkCBa©Ún TUrKmnaKmn_ karEfTaMsuxPaB dIkñúgTIRkug nigkareFVICMrk KWCakarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;Gñkpþl;esvakm μsaFarN³FM²epSgeTot. lkçN³rYmén esvakmμTaMgGs;enH KWfavaCaRbPBpÁt;pÁg;EdlykeRbobelI b¤pþac;muxEtÉg. RbCaCnman CMerIstictYcsMrab;GñkpÁt;pÁg;epSgeTot. enHmanbBaðamEnßmeTotdl;GñkRkIRk dUcCa eKmin)anéllknUvCMerIsepSgeTotkñúgkarcMNayx<s;EdlRbCaCnGñkmanGaceRbI)an kñúgehtu karN_GñkpÁt;pÁg;esvakm μsaFarN³minGaceFIV)an. dUecñH enAeBlePIøgGKIÁsnIminGacpÁt;pÁg;)an GñkmaneKGacbeBaäHmasIunePøIgrbs;BYkeK. BYkeKGaceRbIR)as;rfynþpÞal;xøÜn enAeBlesvakmμ dwkCBa¢Únrbs;rdæmindMeNIrkar. CMerIsTaMgenH KWkMrnwgmansMrab;GñkRkIRkNas;. GñkRkIRkTTYlrg


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nUvBikarPaBmYyepSg EdleKehAfa kgVHxatGnuPaB nigsMelgedIm,IedaHbBaðarbs;BYkeK enAkMritTIPñak;gar. skm μPaBrYmRbCaBlrdæedIm,I[eKedaHRsaybBaðaenH KWvaBi)akpgEdr kñúgkarerobcM nigcMNayeBlevlanigFnFaneRcIn. dMeNIrkar kñúgqñaM 1993 RkumRbCaBlrdæmYycMnYntUckñúgTIRkugbwghÁaLÚ)aneFIVyuT§nakarsÞg;mtimYy edIm,I

RtLb;sIþGMBIesvakm μsaFarN³kñúgTIRkug. kargarsÞg;mtiCak;EsþgRtuv)anGnuvtþ RbmUlB½t’manedayRkumh‘unRsavRCavTIpSamYy shkarICMnYj ehIyéføcMNayRtUv)anpþl;edayCMnYykñúgRsuk. karsÞg;mtiRtUv)andMeNIrkarkñúgkarBiPakSaCaRkum bnÞab;BIRkum):an;RbmaNelIbBaðaEdlRbCaCn )anCYbRbTH. bBa¢IrsMNYreBajeljRtUv)anbegáIteLIg nig)aneFIVkarsakl,gmunedIm,IeFIV[ R)akdfa karBak;Bn§½nigPaBsmrmürbs;BYkeKsMrab;kareFIVsMPasn_. karsMPasn_RKbdNþb; RbEhlmYyBan;BIryRKYsarEdlCaGñkmancMNUlTabnigmFüm edaysYrsMNYrepSg²Kña. eKalbMNgénkarsMPasn_ KWrk[eXIjfa ³ 1¦> etIesvakmμsaFarN³RtUvbMeBjbMNgrbs; GñkeRbIR)as;dUcemþc? 2¦> etIcMNucNaénesvakm μEdleFIV[eBjcitþ? 3¦> etIéføcMNaypÞal; nig RbeyalekIteLIgcMeBaHGñkeRbIR)as;esvakmμenHdUcemþc? karbMeBjcitþRtUv)anvas;Evgdak;BinÞúBI 1 eTA 7 ehIysrublT§plKitCamFümsMrab;TMhMepSg²Kña. GñkeFVIGegátEdl)anbgðat;beRgon RtUveFVIkarsMPasn_enAnwgTIkEnøg. lT§plEdl)anmkBIkarviPaKTin½ñy RtUv)anykeTAeRbIsMrab; dak;BinÞúeTAdl;Gñkpþl;esvakmμepSg² EdlTak;TgeTAnwgGMeBIBukrlYy KuNPaBénesvakmμ nig kareBjcitþrbs;GñkeRbIR)as;. lT§plsegçbénkardak;BinÞúBIkMritKuNPaBeTAtamTIPñak;gar nImYy² RtUv)aneKehAfa :bNÑ½r)aykarN_RbCaBlrdæ sIþGMBIesvakmμsaFarN³ :. karsÞabsÞg;mti RKbdNþb;EtpÞHsMEbgEdleRbIR)as;pÞal;nUvesvakmμ nigmanGtþrGMeBICamYyTIPñak;garEtb:ueNÁaH edIm,IeFVI[R)akdfacemøIymanGtßn½y. kMrittMNagénsMNakEdlyksMrab;sMPasn_ viC¢aCIvniym GBüaRkwtPaB kñúgkarsÞabsÞg; nigcMnYnGñkeqøIytbd¾eRcInedIm,I[R)akdfa lT§plrkeXIj KYr[eCOCak;. CMhanénkareFIVEpnkar nigerobcMbNÑ½B½t’manshKmn_ 1> kareFIVEpnkarbNÑ½B½t’manshKmn_³ etIGñkcg;dwgGMBIGVI? GMBIGñkNa?

etIGñknwgeRbIR)as; B½t’mandUcemþc? etIRtUvRbmUlTinñn½ydUcemþc? etIGñkeFVIEpnkarRbmUlTinñ½ydUcemþc? etIGñknwgpþl;mUlniFiKMeragdUcemþc?


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2> kareRCIserIsviFI ³ etIeRCIserIsviFIRsavRCavCaKuNPaB b¤CabrimaN? 3> karyksMNak ³ CMha‘nsMxan;² KWkMNt;cMnYnRbCaCn CMerOnsMNak bøg;sMNak

TMhMsMNak sMNaktamlMdab; b¤sMNakefr éføcMNayénkaryksMNak RbtibtiþkaréndMeNIrkaryksMNak.

4> kareRKagbBa¢IsMNYr ³ kMNt; nigerobeKalbMNgB½t’maneTAtamlMdab;lMeday BIcMNuc sMxan;mkcMNucbnÞab;bnSM dak;elxerogénRbePTB½t’manEdlRtUvkarBIGñkeqøIytb EdlTak;TgeTAnwgeKalbMNgB½t’mannimYy² erobcMeTAtamCMBUkénRkumnimYy²eTAtam lMdab;sar³sMxan;rbs;vacMeBaHkarsikSaRsavRCav sMrab;CMBUkmYy²enAkñúgcemøIyCaRkum KWman ³ ehtuGIV GñkNa nigGIV dak;nUvcMNucsMxan;² dak;CMBUksMxan;²Rtg;cMNuccab;epþImén bBa¢IrsMNYr edayeRbIR)as;TaMgsMNYrebIk b¤sMNYrbiT.

5> karsakl,g kardak;kUd nigkarviPaK ³ eFIVkarsakl,gCamunnUvbBa¢IrsMNYr kñúgkMritén karsakl,gkñúgkarsÞg;mtisMrab;karRtYtBinitüKuNPaB bBa¢IsMNYrCabrimaNmaneRcIn Gacdak;elxkUdCamun ehIyGacbMeBjedayGñkeFIVkarenAeBlsMPasn_. RtUveRbIR)as; eKalkarN_ENnaMd¾twgrwg edIm,IRbmUlTinñn½y EdlRtUvEtR)ab;[)anc,as;eTAdl;buKÁlik eFIVkareBlsMPasn_tamry³k,Ünc,ab; nigkarbNþúHbNþalCaRkum. eKGacviPaKTinñn½y edayeRbIR)as;bec©keTsepSg² dUcCa mFümPaK lMdab;Tinñn½y PaBjwkjab; nig cMNuckNþal. Tinñn½yEdl)anRbmUl nwgRtUveKbgðajCaes‘rItarag. karbkRsayén karviPaKKYrEtnaMmknUvlT§plrkeXIjTaMgGs;BIeKalTsSn³cMruH ehIyCYyGtifiCn [yl;nUverOgr:av nigbBaðaEdl)ankMNt;.

6> karpSBVpSaylT§plrkeXIj ³ RtUvR)aRs½yTak;TglT§plRsavRCavtamry³ 1¦> r)aykarN_RsavRCavKUsbBa¢ak; eKalbMNg viFIsaRsþ lT§plrkeXIjsMxan;² nigkar KUsbBa¢ak;BIlT§plrkeXIj 2¦> karecjpSayB½t’man nig 3¦> karRbCMuTl;muxrvag RbCaBlrdæ Gñkpþl;esvakmμ nigmRnþIrdæaPi)al.

7> karbegáItsßabn½ ³ BIRTwsIþeTAskmμPaB ³ KMrUrYmbIKW ³ 1¦> GgÁkarsgÁmsiuvilÉkraCü TTYlykKMnitpþÜcepIþm ¬RbeTs\NÐa¦ 2¦> Gñkpþl;esvakmμEsVgrkcemøIytbBIGtifiCn edaypÞal; ¬RbeTsGg;eKøs¦ 3¦> TIPñak;garRtYtBinitü)aneFIVkarepIþmKMnit ¬shrdæGaemric¦.


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lT§plbNÑ½B½t’manshKmn_TImYy qñaM ¬1994¦

μN_mYycMnYnnUvesvakmμ FarN³rbs;TIRkug. va)anbgðajfakMriténkarbMeBjcitþrbs;GñkeqøIytbEdlmancMNUlmFüm

25 PaKry cMeBaHGñkpþl;esvakmμTaMgR)aMBIrEdl)anRKbdNþb;edaykarsÞg;mti. nigx<s;Cag KWxN³EdlGaCJaFrGPivDÆn_manGRtadl;

ñúgqñaM 1993 bu:EnþsMNak IneLIgdl; 2>000 RKYsar. lT§pl)anbgðajkarGPivDÆmYyEpñkkñúgkarbMeBjcitþsaFarN³

karbMeBjcitþenAEtenAeRkam 50 PaKry eTaHbIman

TIRkugmþgmYy². karN_enH RtUv)aneFVIeLIgenAkñúgsnñi)aTsMrab;fñak;dwknaM leRCIserIs mkBITIPñak;garepSg² edIm,Ipøas;bþÚrbTbiesaFn_rbs;BYkeKCamYykarEkTRmg;

bNÑ½B½t’manshKmn_TI1 enAbwghÁaLÚ beBa©j[eXIjKMrUKYr[cab;GarmsaKWminelIs mü:ageTot kMriténeTamnsSekIneLIgeRcIn65 PaKry. karbMeBjcitþrbs;saFarN³Cn cMeBaH\riyabTbuKÁlikénTIPñak;garTaMgenaH KWman Et 25 PaKryb:ueNÑaH ehIyCagmYyPaKbYnénRbCaCn)aneTAdl;TIPñak;garBIrbI b¤eRcIndg edIm,I edaHRsaybBaðarbs;BYkeK. dMeNaHRsaybBaða KW 57 PaKry enAeBlTIPñak;TaMgGs;RtUv)aneK bUkbBa©ÚlKña. CamFüm 14 PaKryénGñkeqøIytb)anpþl;sMNUk. bNÑ½B½t’manshKmn_TIBIr qñaM ¬1999¦ bNÑ½B½t’manshKmn_TIBIr)anpþl;nUvPsþútagfμ IsIþGMBIesvakmμrbs;rdækñúgTIRkugbwghÁaLÚbnÞab;BIry³eBl R)aMqñaMknøgput. viFIsaRsþsÞg;mtiRtUv)aneRbI CaBiess dUcCaenAkekCn rbs;TIPñak;garPaKeRcIn b:uEnþkMriténGñkRbRBwtþl¥Cagmunk_eday. karrkeXIjénkarrMxan KWkMriténGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgTIPñak;gar mYycMnYn)anekIneLIg. GñkeqøIytbEdlmanR)ak;cMNUlTab)anbnþeTATIPñak;gar edIm,IedaHRsay bBaðajwkjab;CagédKUrbs;eKEdlmanR)ak;cMNUlmFüm. r)aykarN_)anKUsbBa¢ak;nUvTMnak;TMng c,as;las;rvagGMeBIBukrlYyCasac;R)ak; nigkarpþl;esvakmμK μanRbsiT§iPaB. lT§plrkeXIj GMBIGMeBIBukrlYy)anbgðajkarBi)akedIm,IkMcat;ecaldMeNIrkarEdleFIVtamTMenIgcitþ KμantmøaPaB nigK μanqnÞ³. kartamdanskmμPaBenAkñúgqñaM 1999 xusKñaya:gxøaMgBIbBaðaTaMgenaHkñúgqñaM 1994. muneBl pSBVpSaylT§plCasaFarN³ bNÑ½B½t’manshKmn_xñatmFüm RtUv)anbgðajdl;Gñkpþl;esvakmμ FM² enAkñúgEdtaMgBIbNÑ½B½t’manshKmn_elIktMbUg. eKalbMNgénkarhVwkhVWnenH KWCakareronsURtBIKña eTAvijeTAmk. karBiPakSaenH )anbgðajfaTIPñak;garTaMgLayEdleKRtUvkarCMnYyrbs;xøÜn


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[Bak;Bn§½eTAnwg karEklMGesvakm μrbs;BYkeKenAkñúgesvakm μepSg². RBwtiþkarcugeRkay KWCakarRbCuMCasaFarN³ CamYyRkumRbCaBlrdæ nigB½t’manEdlCalT§pl bNÑ½B½t’manshKmn_ RtUv)anbgðajdl;fñak;dwknaM nig buKÁlikénGñkpþl;esvakm μTaMgGs;. fñak;dwknaMénTIPñak;gar )anEføgeTAkan;TIRbCMu ehIyBnül;GMBIEpnkarsaFarN³rbs;BYkeK edIm,IedaHRsaybBaða Edlkt;sMKal;enAkñúgb½NÑB½t’manshKmn_. RBwtiþkar niglT§plbNÑ½B½t’manshKmn_enH KWRKbdNþb; ya:gTYlMTUlayenAkñúgsarB½t’man.

fVIebIbNÑ½B½t’manshKmn_énqñaM 1999 )anbgðajEtkarEklMGmYyEpñkenAkñúgesvakm μTIRkug KW vac,as;Nas;faGñkpþl;esvakmμmYycMnYnmanKMnitpþÜcepþImeFVIskm μPaB edIm,IEklMGKuNPaB

vakmμ nigeqøIytbeTAnwgbBaðaCak;lak;Edles elIkeLIgenAkñúgb½NÑB½t’manshKmn_.

nkarecjbNÑ½B½t’manshKmn_elIkTIBIr Rbmuxrdæfμ Ién karNataka rebobvar³

argar bwghÁaLÚ (BATF) edIm,IEklMGesvakmμ nigehdæarcnasm<½n§rbs;TIRkug edaymankar

gðajfa ankar EklMGesvakmμsaFarN³enAkñúgTIRkug. PaBeBjcitþrbs;buKÁlCamYynwgPñak;gar

x<s;CagPaBeBjcitþedayGenøI. PaBeBjcitþGacRtUv)an vas;Evgedayrebob epSg²KñaeTAtamKuNPaBrbs;esvakm μ b¤TIPñak;gar. viFankarbYnya:g

]TahrN_mYy KWCakarEklMGenAkñúgnitiviFIKitluyrbs;TIPñak;garmYycMnYn. m:üageTot KwkarekIneLIgénkareRbI R)as;evTikarrYmKñaCamYynwgGñkeRbIR)as;edIm,IEklMGkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;buKÁlik. kñúgry³eBlBIr b¤bIExérbs;TIRkugbwghÁaLÚEdlCardæFanIrbs;RbeTs\NÐa )anRbkasnUvkarbegáItclnakcUlrYmCasaFarN³. elak)anbegáIt (BATF) EdlCaédKUrvagÉkCn nigrdæedaymankarcUlrYm BIRbCaBlrdæ fñak;x<s;eRkApøÚvkarCaeRcInCasmaCik rYmCamYynwgRbFanGñkpþl;esvakmμpgEdr. pÞúyeTAnwg kareqøIytbrbs;TIPñak;gar KMeragEdlerobcMedayRbmuxrdæenH )anelIkeLIgnUvkMrit énkareqøIytb CaRbB½n§tamry³TIPñak;garnana. elak)anbegáItevTikamYy kñúgeKalbMNgnaM GñkBak;B½n§TaMgGs; mkcUlrYmedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgLayEdlekItmanenAkñúgTIRkug nigedIm,I Tak;TajKMniteyabl; nig mUlniFiBIvis½yÉkCn. enHCaelIkTImYyehIy EdlRbmuxrdæ )anerobcM KMnitpþÜcepþIm edIm,IEklMGesvakmμ CakareqøIytbeTAnwgeyabl;RtLb; rbs;RbCaBlrdæ. bNÑ½B½t’manshKmn_TI3 ¬2003¦ edayeFVIkareRbobeFoblT§plrkeXIjTaMgenHCamYy bNÑ½B½t’manshKmn_mun² )anbm)anbgðajGRta énesvakmμrbs;xøÜn


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EdlCakareqøIytbrbs; TIPñak;garRtUv)anGnuvtþ KWTMhMénbBaða Gakb,kiriyarbs;buKÁlik karcMNayeBlevlacUlrYm CamYybBaða nigkarpþl;sMNUk b¤karTamTarsMNUk. viFankarTaMgenH qøúHbBa©aMgTidæPaBxus²Kña énKuNPaBtamry³GñkeRbIR)as;esvakm μ. karekIneLIgEpñkxøH rbs;GñkeRbIR)as;EdleBjcitþ cMeBaHesvakm μ b¤TIPñak;gar KWCaktþacg¥úlbgðajedayRbeyal cMeBaHkarEklMGesvakmμ b¤TIPñak;garenaH. PaBeBjcitþrbs;GñkeRbIR)as;kñúgcMeNamGñkrs;enAkñúgpÞHTUeTA mankMritcab;BI 96 PaKry sMrab; saCIvkmμdwkCBa¢ÚnTIRkugbwghÁaLÚ nig 73 PaKry sMrab;KN³RkumRbwkSapÁt;pÁg;TwknigRbB½n§lU bgðÚrTwks¥úybwghÁaLÚ nigmnÞIreBTürdæ. eTaHCaya:genHk¾eday TIPñak;garTaMgGs;)anvas;Evg

ñúgrebobxus²Kña Tak;TgnwgEpñkepSg²rbs;RbCaBlrdæEdl)anpþl;GRta {eBjcitþbMput}.

bwghÁaLÚ)anpþl;eyabl;[enaH )anTTYlGRtaénPaBeBjcitþelIsBI 0 PaKry enAeBlenHpÞúyeTAnwgqñaM 1999 EdlTTYl)anticCag 40 PaKry ehIykñúgqñaM

kCamYyKñaenHEdr saCIvkmμdwkCBa¢ÚnrdæFanIbwghÁaLÚ )anTTYlkareBjcitþeRcInbMputkñúgcMeNam GñkeRbIR)as; ehIyRkumh‘unpÁt;pÁg;GKÁisnIbwghÁaLÚ EdlmancMnYnGñkeRbIR)as;eRcInCageKbMputenaH )anTTYlnUvkareBjcitþeRcInpgEdr. karBitKWfa TIPñak;garmYycMnYnEdlTTYl)ancMENkGñk eRbIR)as;EdlsMEdgPaBeBjcitþxøH² )anbgðajfaRtUvmankarEklMGeRcInCagenHeTot bEnßm elIGVIEdlTTYl)anrhUtmkdl;eBlenH. vaCasBaØabgðajBIkarEklMGesvakmμEdlkMBugeRbIR)as; edayRbCaBlrdæmYycMnYnFM b:uEnþbTdæanKuNPaBEdlsMerc)anenAeBlenaH minTan;QaneTArk PaBl¥\tex©aHenAeLIyeT. kareRbobeFobBIkarbMeBjmuxgarrbs;TIPñak;garTaMgGs;kalBICag10qñaMknøgeTA )anbgðaj[ eXIjfa PaBeBjcitþrbs;GñkeRbIR)as;esvakm μmankarekIneLIg. kñúgcMeNamTIPñak;garTaMg9 EdlRbCaBlrdæenAkñúgTIRkug71994 TTYl)anGRtaTabbMput. karEklMGenHCakrNId¾BiessbMputrbs;GaC£aFrGPivDÆn_TIRkug bwghÁaLÚ EdleFVI[PaBeBjcitþrbs;RbCaBlrdæ)anekIneLIgya:gxøaMgBI 16 PaKry eTA 85 PaKry. cMeBaHkrNIrbs;KN³RkumRbwkSapÁt;pÁg;Twk nigRbBn§½lUbgðÚrTwks¥úybwghÁaLÚ nigsaCIv km μrdæFanIbwghÁaLÚ karekIneLIgénPaBeBjcitþrbs;RbCaBlrdæmankarcab;Garm μN_tictYc b:ueNÑaH. karEfrkSaPaBeBjcitþkMritx<s;EdlsMerc)anedayTIPñak;garnanadUcCa saCIvkm μdwk CBa¢ÚnénrdæFanIbwghÁaLÚ Rkumh‘unGKIsnIbwghÁaLÚ KWCabBaðaRbQmmuxmYy.


karEklMGenHCakrNId¾BiessbMputrbs;GaC£aFrGPivDÆn_TIRkugbwghÁaLÚ EdleFVI[PaBeBjcitþ rbs;RbCaBlrdæekIneLIgBI 16 PaKry eTA 85 PaKry. cMeBaHkrNIrbs;KN³RkumRbwkSa pÁt;pÁg;Twk nigRbBn§½lUbgðÚrTwks¥úybwghÁaLÚ nigsaCIvkmμrdæFanIbwghÁaLÚ karekIneLIgénPaB eBjcitþrbs;RbCaBlrdæmankarcab;Garm μN_tictYcb:ueNÑaH. karEfrkSaPaBeBjcitþkMritx<s;Edl sMerc)anedayTIPñak;garnanadUcCa saCIvkmμdwkCBa¢ÚnénrdæFanIbwghÁaLÚ Rkumh‘unGKIsnIbwghÁaLÚ KWCabBaðaRbQmmuxmYy. CMhansMxan;bnÞab;eTot KWRtUvbegáIncMnYnGñkeRbIR)as;Edlbgðaj PaBeBjcitþTaMgRsug ¬sUmemIltaragxagelI¦.

TnÞwmnwgenH RbCaBlrdæRkIRk ¬Gñkrs;enAkñúgpÞHryIkryak¦ k¾)anbgðajBIkarekIneLIgnUv PaBeBjcitþrbs;BYkeKcMeBaHesvakm μTaMgenaHEdr. GRtarbs;BYkeKenAmankMritTabCagenAeLIy edayTIPñak;garcMnYn 4 kñúgcMeNamTIPñak;garTaMg 6 TTYl)anGRtaeBjcitþelIsBI 70PaKry.

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Éksareyag 1. Ackerman (2004): Dimension of social accountability

2. Accountability International 2004

Fox (2000): State-Society Synergy for Accountability

7. Samuel Paul, "Citizens Report Cards: Case Study", Public Affairs Center, 2005.

8. South-Asia Social Accountability Network: www.sasanet.org

3. Jonathan

4. Kieng Sochivy, 2006: Assessment of current decentralization in

Cambodia

5. Narayan 2000: Voice of the poor

6. Reiner Forster, SDV of World Bank 2005: Enhancing citizen voice and client focus in governance and service delivery: a presentation

9. s", Bangalore, 8

concept

The Times of India: "On the citizen report card procesNovember 1999

10. World Bank: Social development paper, an introduction to the

and emerging practice

dorothee hammer, c/o gtz office, p · pdf...

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