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Doubling Farmers’ Income by 2022

Indian Council of Agricultural Research Department of Agricultural Research and Education

Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, New Delhi

Strategy Document for Rajasthan

Doubling Farmers’ Income by 2022

Strategy Document for Rajasthan

Indian Council of Agricultural Research Department of Agricultural Research and Education

Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, New Delhi

Contents

List of Tables i

List of Figures ii

List of Abbreviations iii

Preface v

1. Introduction 1

1.1 State Coordination Committee (Rajasthan) 1

1.2 Documents referred 3

2. State profile 3

2.1 Agro-climatic zones in Rajasthan and cropping patterns of different

zones

3

2.1.1 Arid Western Plain (Ia) 3

2.1.2 Irrigated North Western Plain (Ib) 4

2.1.3 Hyper Arid Partially Irrigated Zone (Ic) 5

2.1.4 Transitional Plain of Inland Drainage (IIa) 6

2.1.5 Transitional Plain of Luni Basin (IIb) 7

2.1.6 Semi-arid Eastern Plain (IIIa) 8

2.1.7 Flood-Prone Eastern Plains (IIIb) 9

2.1.8 Sub-humid Southern Plains and the Aravalli Hills (IVa) 10

2.1.9 Humid Southern Plains (IVb) 11

2.1.10 Humid South-Eastern Plains (V) 12

2.2 Land use 13

2.3 Land holdings 14

2.4 Natural resource endowments 15

2.5 Important development indicators 17

2.6 Farmers’ income per household (HH) in Rajasthan 18

3 Infrastructure for agriculture and government programmes 19

3.1 Infrastructure 19

3.2 Government programmes 20

4 Productivity gaps and major constraints 21

4.1 Yield gaps at state level 21

4.2 Yield gaps of important crops in different ACZs 23

4.3 Major constraints 24

5. Potential for development of agriculture and allied sectors 25

5.1 Agricultural growth in Rajasthan 25

6. Role of technology 31

6.1 Strategies to enhance income 31

6.2 Action plan: State level 31

6.3 Action plan: Agro-climatic zone wise 33

6.3.1 Arid Western Plain (Ia) 33

6.3.2 Irrigated North Western Plain (Ib) 34

6.3.3 Hyper Arid Partially Irrigated Zone (Ic) 35

6.3.4 Transitional Plain of Inland Drainage (IIa) 35

6.3.5 Transitional Plain of Luni Basin (IIb) 36

6.3.6 Semi-arid Eastern Plain (IIIa) 37

6.3.7 Flood-Prone Eastern Plains (IIIb) 38

6.3.8 Sub-humid Southern Plains and the Aravalli Hills (IVa) 39

6.3.9 Humid Southern Plains (IVb) 40

6.3.10 Humid South-Eastern Plains (V) 41

7. Value chain development, market linkages and trade potential 41

8. Policy and investment requirements and role of the government 42

8.1 Policy support by the government 42

8.2 Budget/investment requirement 43

9. Implementation plan and institutional responsibilities 44

10. Summary recommendations 47

References 50

Annexure-I 51

Annexure-II 53

i

List of Tables

Caption Page

Table 1. Area (000’ ha) and yield (kg ha-1

) of major crops (2010-11 to 2014-15) and their

CAGR (2005-06 to 2014-15) in ACZ-Ia 4



CAGR (2005-06 to 2014-15) in ACZ-Ib 5



CAGR (2005-06 to 2014-15) in ACZ-Ic 6



CAGR (2005-06 to 2014-15) in ACZ-IIa 7



CAGR (2005-06 to 2014-15) in ACZ-IIb 8



CAGR (2005-06 to 2014-15) in ACZ-IIIa 9



CAGR (2005-06 to 2014-15) in ACZ-IIIb 10



CAGR (2005-06 to 2014-15) in ACZ-IVa 11



CAGR (2005-06 to 2014-15) in ACZ-IVb 12



CAGR (2005-06 to 2014-15) in ACZ-V 13

Table 11. Land utilization in Rajasthan vis-à-vis the country (2011-12 to 2013-14) 14

Table 12. Land use in different agro-climatic zones 14

Table 13. Irrigation status in different agro-climatic zones 16

Table 14. Contribution of agriculture and allied sectors in GSDP (2011-12 to 2016-17) at

current prices, rate of growth (CAGR) and the expected contribution in 2022-23 18

Table 15. Yield gap at farmers’ field due to lack of technology adoption 22

Table 16. Performance of FLDs on improved varieties of vegetable crops in Rajasthan 22

Table 17. Performance of FLD on spice crops in Rajasthan 22

Table 18. Area (000 ha), production (000 t) and yield (kg ha-1

) of major crops grown in

Rajasthan and their rank among states/UTs 25


) of different commodity

groups and their rank among states/UTs 26

Table 20. Area (000 ha) and production (000 t) of horticultural commodities during 2013-

14 to 2015-16 and CAGR during 2006-07 to 2015-16 29

Table 21. Production of milk (000 t), eggs (lakh), meat (000 t) and wool (000 kg) during

2013-14 to 2015-16 and their CAGR during 2006-07 to 2015-16 30

Table 22. Per head production of milk, eggs, meat and wool (2013-14 to 2015-16) 30

ii

List of Figures

Caption Page

Fig. 1. Agro-climatic zones in Rajasthan 3

Fig. 2. Number of and area under private holdings of different size groups as per

cent of total holdings

15

Fig. 3. Source-wise net irrigated area (%) in Rajasthan 16

Fig 4a. Contribution of agriculture and allied sector in state’s GSDP (Rs. in lakhs) 17

Fig 4b. Contribution of agriculture and allied sector in state’s GSDP (per cent) 17

Fig. 5. Farmers’ income (Rs.) in Rajasthan and the country in 2012-13 (NSSO 70th

Round)

18

Fig. 6. Yield gap in demonstrations of pulses at farmers’ fields in various ACZs 23

Fig. 7. Yield gap in demonstrations of oilseeds at farmers’ fields in various ACZs 24

Fig. 8. Decadal CAGR of area and productivity of major cereals and millets 27

Fig. 9. Decadal CAGR of area and productivity of pulses 27

Fig. 10. Decadal CAGR of area and productivity of oilseeds 28

Fig. 11. Decadal CAGR of area and productivity of major commercial crops 28

Fig. 12. Decadal CAGR of area and productivity of cereals, pulses and oilseeds 29

Fig. 13. Livestock and poultry population (million) in Rajasthan 30

iii

List of Abbreviations

ACZ Agro-Climatic Zone

APMC Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee

ASCAD Assistance to State for Control of Animal Disease

ATARI Agricultural Technology Application Research Institute

AU Agriculture University

BCM Billion Cubic Meters

BCR Benefit-Cost Ratio

BPL Below Poverty Line

CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate

CAZRI Central Arid Zone Research Institute

CCA Canal Command Area

CIAH Central Institute of Arid Horticulture

CSWRI Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute

CV Coefficient of Variation

DARE Department of Agricultural Research and Education

DRMR Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research

e-NAM e-National Agriculture Market (portal), e-trading platform for the National

Agriculture Market

ESVHD Establishment and Strengthening of Veterinary Hospitals and Dispensaries

FICCI Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry

FLD Frontline Demonstration

FMD Foot and Mouth Disease

FPO Farmer Producer Organization

GRAM Global Rajasthan Agritech Meet

GSDP Gross State Domestic Product

ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research

ICM Integrated Crop Management

ICT Information and Communication Technologies

IFFCO Indian Farmers Fertiliser Co-operative Limited

IFS Integrated Farming System

IGNP Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojana

INM Integrated Nutrient Management

IPM Integrated Pest Management

IWMP Integrated Watershed Management Program

KRIBHCO Krishak Bharathi Co-operative Limited

KUM Krishi Upaj Mandi

KVK Krishi Vigyan Kendra

KVSS Kraya Vikraya Sahakari Samiti

MBSY Mukhyamantri Beej Swavlamban Yojna

MJSA Mukhyamantri Jal Swawlamban Abhiyan

MPUAT Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology

MSDE Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship

MSP Minimum Support Price

NABARD National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development

NADRS National Animal Disease Reporting System

NARP National Agricultural Research Project

NBM National Bamboo Mission

NFSM National Food Security Mission

iv

NGO Non-Government Organization

NHM National Horticulture Mission

NMAET National Mission on Agriculture Extension and Technology

NMIDH National Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture

NMMP National Mission on Medicinal Plants

NMOOP National Mission on Oilseed and Oil Palm

NMSA National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture

NRCC National Research Centre on Camel

NRCSS National Research Centre on Seed Spices

NSSO National Sample Survey Organisation

PACS Primary Agricultural Credit Society

PDS Public Distribution System

PKSY Pradhanmantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana

PLDB Primary Land Development Bank

PMFBY Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana

PPPP People, Private, Public Partnership

PPR Peste des Petits Ruminants

RAJUVAS Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences

RIMMS Rajasthan Integrated Mandi Management System

RKVY Rasthriya Krishi Vikas Yojana

RSAMB Rajasthan State Agriculture Marketing Board

RSCC Rajasthan State Coordination Committee

RSSCL Rajasthan State Seeds Corporation Limited

RSWC Rajasthan State Warehousing Corporation

RWBCIS Restructured Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme

SAUs State Agricultural Universities

SCC State-level Coordination Committee

SHG Self-Help Groups

SKNAU Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University

SKRAU Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University

TERI The Energy and Resources Institute (India)

TRA Total Reporting Area

UT Union Territory

v

Preface

The Hon'ble Prime Minister gave a call in 2015 to double the farmers’ income by 2022, which

was subsequently reflected in the budget announcements of 2016-17. ICAR initiated contemplations

on the subject which strengthened with the presentation of Dr. Ramesh Chand, Member NITI Aayog

during the Directors’ Conference on 14-15 February 2017. It was felt that the task is very challenging

but can be achieved with thorough understanding of challenges, a clear road map and active

collaboration of all the stakeholders. Therefore, Secretary (DARE) and DG (ICAR) constituted State-

level Coordination Committees on 6 March 2017 to prepare state-level plans for this purpose.

The Rajasthan State Coordination Committee (RSCC), along with a large number of invited

stakeholders involved in the development of agricultural sector in Rajasthan, met during 5-6 April

2017 at MPUAT, Udaipur exclusively for deliberations on this topic. During the meeting, the status

report on past developments, constraints and opportunities in the fields of crops, horticulture,

agroforestry, livestock and fisheries were presented and discussed in detail and emphasis was given

on identification of reasons of yield and income constraints in different agro-climatic zones. Various

Policy Documents of the State like Agriculture Policy, Livestock Development Policy, Agro-Processing

and Agri-Marketing Promotion Policy, Water Policy, Organic Farming Policy, etc. were also

considered during deliberations for formulating a coherent approach for preparing the

recommendations/road map for doubling farmers’ income by 2022. The reports of the DFI

Committee of Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, relevant NITI Aayog publications; and

reports, publications, websites of State and Central Govt. were also accessed for preparation of the

report. The action plan was presented before DG, ICAR on 10 October 2017. A second meeting of

RSCC was also held at MPUAT, Udaipur on 23 October 2017 to discuss the report in detail and

suggestions were incorporated for state-level as well as ACZ-level action points. A meeting of the

Chairman and Convenor of RSCC, Vice Chancellors of SAUs in Rajasthan and representatives of state

line departments was held at Pant Krishi Bhavan, Jaipur on 26 October, 2017 to fine-tune the draft

report. The refined report was presented before Dr. M.S. Swaminathan and DG, ICAR and discussed

in detail on 3 November 2017 and suggestions have been incorporated in the final report.

The contributions of all the SAUs and ICAR institutes in the state, state line departments and

other stakeholders are sincerely acknowledged. We hope that farmers’ income in Rajasthan can be

doubled through a synergy of technologies, services, public policies and farmers' entrepreneurship.

Jodhpur 04 January 2018

(O.P. Yadav) Director, CAZRI, Jodhpur

and Convenor, SCC

(U.S. Sharma) Vice-Chancellor, MPUAT, Udaipur

and Chairman, SCC

1

Doubling Farmers’ Income in Rajasthan by 2022

1. Introduction

Rajasthan has 34.22 million ha geographical area and accounts for 10.4 per cent of total

geographical area of the country. About 5.67 per cent (68.6 million) human population (2011

Census) and 11.3 per cent (57.7 million) livestock population (2012 Livestock Census) of

India live in Rajasthan. Administratively the state is divided in 7 divisions, 33 districts, 268

tehsils, 295 Panchayat Sammitees and 9,894 Gram Panchayats. Physio-graphically, the state

can be divided in four major regions, namely (i) the western arid zone (ii) the Aravalli Hills

(iii) the eastern plains and (iv) the south-eastern plateau.

1.1 State Coordination Committee (Rajasthan)

Secretary (DARE) and DG, ICAR constituted a State-level Coordination Committee

(SCC) for doubling Farmers Income by 2022 in March 2017 for the state of Rajasthan. The

committee comprised of the following members:

1. Vice Chacellor, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology,

Udaipur – 313 001

Chair

2. Director, Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur – 342 003 Convener

3. Vice Chancellor, Swami Keshawanand Rajasthan Agricultural University,

Bikaner – 334 006

Member

4. Vice Chancellor, Jodhpur Agricultural University, Mandor, Jodhpur – 342 304 Member

5. Vice Chancellor, Kota Agriculture University, Borkhera, Kota – 324 001 Member

6. Vice Chancellor, Rajasthan University Veterinary and Animal Science,

Bikaner – 334 001

Member

7. Vice Chancellor, Shri Karan Narendra Agricultural University, Jobner – 303 329 Member

8. Director, ATARI, Zone VI, Jodhpur – 342 003 Member

9. Director, Directorate of Rapeseed –Mustard Research, Bharatpur – 321 303 Member

10. Director, Central Institute of Arid Horticulture, Bikaner – 334 006 Member

11. Director, National Research Centre on Seed Spices, Ajmer – 305 206 Member

12. Director, Central Sheep & Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar – 304 501 Member

13. Director, National Research Centre on Camel, Bikaner – 334 001 Member

14. Director (Agriculture), Directorate of Agriculture, Govt. of Rajasthan,

Jaipur – 302 005

Member

15. Director (Animal Husbandry), Govt. of Rajasthan, Jaipur – 302 015 Member

16. Director (Fisheries), Department of Fisheries, Govt. of Rajasthan, Jaipur – 302

001

Member

17. Director (Horticulture), Directorate of Horticulture, Government of Rajasthan,

Jaipur – 302005

Member

18. Nominee of Secretary, DAC&FW Member

19. Nominee of Secretary, DAHDF Member

20. Nominee of Secretary, Ministry of Food Processing Industries Member

The first meeting of Rajasthan State Coordination Committee (RSCC) for doubling

farmers’ income by 2022 was held at MPUAT, Udaipur during 5-6 April, 2017. The meeting

2

was chaired by Dr. U.S. Sharma, Vice Chancellor, MPUAT, Udaipur and was attended by the

Vice Chancellors of SAUs of Rajasthan (RAJUVAS, Bikaner; SKRAU, Bikaner; AU,

Jodhpur; SKNAU, Jobner; AU, Kota); Director, Asia Region, ICRISAT, Hyderabad;

Directors of ICAR Institutes in Rajasthan (CAZRI, Jodhpur; CSWRI, Avikanagar; ATARI,

Jodhpur; CIAH, Bikaner; NRCC, Bikaner; DRMR, Bharatpur; NRCSS, Ajmer);

representatives from NABARD, KRIBHCO, IFFCO, NGOs, RSSCL, RSAMB, Jaipur, Saras

Dairy, Udaipur Dairy Cooperative Federation; State Agriculture, Horticulture, Animal

Husbandry and Fisheries Departments (Annexure-I). Dr. O.P. Yadav, Director, CAZRI was

the Convener of the meeting. The status report on past developments, constraints and

opportunities in the fields of crops, horticulture, agroforestry, livestock and fisheries,

prepared by experts in the concerned field, were presented and discussed in detail. Various

options for increasing income including scope of diversification towards high value crops in

different agro-climatic zones, reducing costs, reducing post-harvest losses and avenues for

value addition, realization of high value of farm produce as well as the financial, market and

policy support required in this endeavour were deliberated upon in great detail. State’s

Agriculture Policy-2013 and Rajasthan Agro-Processing and Agri-Marketing Promotion

Policy-2015 were also considered during deliberations for formulating a coherent approach

for preparing the recommendations/road map for doubling farmers’ income by 2022. The

plan was presented before DG, ICAR on 10th

Oct., 2017.

Second meeting of RSCC was also held at MPUAT, Udaipur on 23 October, 2017. The

VCs of SAUs in Rajasthan and Directors of ICAR institutes in the state, along with

representatives of state line departments and other invitees, attended the meeting (Annexure-

II). The prepared report on doubling the farmers’ income in Rajasthan by 2022 was discussed

in detail, suggestions were incorporated for state-level as well as ACZ level action points. A

meeting of all the VCs of SAUs in Rajasthan; Convenor, RSCC and representatives of state

line departments, including Principal Secretary (Agriculture), was organised at Pant Krishi

Bhavan, Jaipur on 26 October, 2017. Since inception of the RSCC, lots of information

exchange also occurred through emails. Again the modified report was presented before Dr.

M.S. Swaminathan; DG, ICAR and other dignitaries on 3 November. It was discussed in

detail and suggestions have been incorporated in the final report.

RSCC meeting on 4 April 2017 Meeting with DG on 10 October 2017

3

During deliberations, useful interventions for increasing farmers’ income were grouped

into major categories. However, there are some common interventions that were included in

one section only, preferably in the first zone, to avoid repetition.

1.2 Documents referred

While preparing this report, a large number of reports, policy papers, etc. were consulted

including:

• State Agriculture Policy-2013 (Rajasthan)

• Rajasthan Agro-processing and Agri-marketing Promotion Policy-2015

• Strategies for Doubling Farmers’ Income (2017), Dept. of Agriculture, Rajasthan

• Rajasthan State Action Plan on Climate Change (RAPCC)

• State Water Policy-2010 (Rajasthan)

• Rajasthan MSME Policy-2015

• State Livestock Development Policy

• Relevant NITI papers/Publications

• Data was collected from State and Central Govt. websites, various Reports including

Annual Reports, State Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Fisheries Departments., etc.

The objective of this report is to assess the scope of enhancing income of Rajasthan farmers

by this time line through technological interventions. Since income enhancement is a function

of higher productivity, better market access and appropriate policy, strategy and action plan

of doubling farmers' income are to be planned in a holistic way.

2. State profile

2.1 Agro-climatic zones in Rajasthan and cropping patterns of different zones

Rajasthan was divided into nine Agro-climatic Zones (ACZs) under the National

Agricultural Research Project (NARP)

(1981-1993) for the purpose of micro-

level planning. The ACZs were

delineated mainly on the basis of

climatic conditions, soil type,

cropping pattern and irrigation

facilities. Later in 2008, another ACZ

named Hyper-Arid Partially Irrigated

Western Plain (ACZ Ic) was

delineated as the tenth ACZ due to

introduction of canal irrigation in

Bikaner, Jaisalmer and Churu districts

(Fig. 1). The details of these ten ACZs

are given below:

Fig. 1. Agro-climatic zones in Rajasthan

4

2.1.1 Arid Western Plain (Ia)

About 4.54 m ha area covering most parts of Barmer (except Siwana block) and Jodhpur

(except Bilara and Bhopalgarh blocks) districts lies in this zone. It is one of the most arid

zones of the state where the annual rainfall is low as well as erratic and droughts are very

common. Rainfall ranges from 216 to 496 mm. During summer season, maximum

temperature may go as high as 49°C but nights are usually cool and thus diurnal temperature

range may be 20°C or more. During winters, minimum temperatures may sometimes dip

below zero.

The zone has mostly desert soils and is characterized by vast sandy plains with sand

dunes, sandy plain pediments and palayas. The soils are coarse textured with limestone and

gypsum layers below surface.

Net area sown is 58 per cent of reporting area of the zone with 113 per cent cropping

intensity (Table 12). Surface water resources are almost non-existent. Groundwater is deep

and often brackish. Net irrigated area is 17 per cent of net sown area and 98 per cent

irrigation is through groundwater (Table 13). Natural vegetation is mostly seasonal. Pearl

millet, clusterbean, moth bean, mung bean, rapeseed & mustard, wheat, castor seed,

groundnut, sorghum, sesame, cotton and onion are major crops of the ACZ (Table 1). Mostly

rainfed crops like pearl millet, moth bean, mung bean, clusterbean, sesame, etc. are grown

during the rainy season. Rabi crops like wheat, mustard, cumin, isabgol are grown with

irrigation. Livestock, particularly small ruminants play important role in rural economy.


) of major crops (2010-11 to 2014-15) and their CAGR

(2005-06 to 2014-15) in ACZ-Ia

Crop Area

(000’ ha)

% of

State

CV

(%)

CAGR

(%)

Yield

(kg ha-1

)

% of

State

CV

(%)

CAGR

(%)

Pearl millet 1,208 26 12 -2.8 609 57 68 20.3

Clusterbean 560 14 13 2.6 340 63 70 23.2

Moth bean 327 29 13 -1.9 413 116 64 22.2

Mung bean 132 13 15 0.1 455 98 77 17.7

Rapeseed &

Mustard

91 4 18 -0.6 1,113 84 12 -0.2

Wheat 65 2 18 5.7 2,118 62 12 1.2

Castor seed 65 29 37 12.4 703 47 23 2.2

Groundnut 64 15 55 20.1 1,754 93 18 0.8

Sorghum 55 9 29 6.6 538 78 59 8.7

Sesame 37 8 20 2.4 295 94 66 11.0

Cotton (lint) 22 5 66 19.7 576 113 77 -6.9

Onion 13 23 13 1.8 12,627 110 40 2.9

Gram 4 0 119 27.0 865 104 26 5.1

Garlic 3 7 16 2.5 2,297 48 64 7.4

Dry chillies 1 12 63 -19.3 471 34 36 7.1

5

2.1.2 Irrigated North Western Plain (Ib)

Ganganagar and Hanumangarh districts fall in this zone covering 2.06 m ha area. It is an

alluvial and aeolian plain. This zone has mostly medium and fine textured deep to very deep

soils. Soluble salts and exchangeable sodium content is high in soils. The Ghagghar river bed

from Suratgarh to Anupgarh is fine textured and intensively cultivated. In southern and

eastern parts of the region there are aeolian plains covered with dunes and some area of deep

buried pediments. It is the northern extension of the Indian Thar Desert. This zone also faces

high summer and low winter temperatures. The annual rainfall ranges from 183 to 344 mm.

Groundwater utilization is very low in this zone.

Intensive agriculture is practised in this zone due to a well-developed system of canal

irrigation. Large network of Gang, Bhakra and Indira Gandhi canals has made this erstwhile

arid zone, green and productive. Sixty one per cent of net sown area is irrigated and 99 per

cent of irrigated area is under canals (Table 13). About 78 per cent area of the zone is under

cultivation and cropping intensity is 150 per cent (Table 12). Clusterbean, wheat, rapeseed &

mustard, cotton, gram, pearl millet, barley, mung bean, moth bean, rice and groundnut are

important crops (Table 2). Cotton, sugarcane, groundnut, clusterbean and pulses are taken

during rainy season. During winter season wheat, mustard and gram crops are taken. The

zone also produces variety of vegetables and fruits.



(2005-06 to 2014-15) in ACZ-Ib

Crop Area

(000’ ha)

% of

State

CV

(%)

CAGR

(%)

Yield

(kg ha-1

)

% of

State

CV

(%)

CAGR

(%)

Clusterbean 774 19 47 13.6 1,008 185 35 8.0

Wheat 493 16 12 3.9 3,838 113 12 2.4

Rapeseed &

Mustard

343 13 15 -3.3 1,510 114 27 3.4

Cotton (lint) 276 61 21 -2.9 509 100 78 -3.8

Gram 207 14 28 -6.6 805 96 29 8.1

Pearl millet 59 1 41 -11.6 1,261 118 32 2.4

Barley 59 19 44 7.3 3,567 122 16 3.8

Mung bean 42 4 57 5.9 683 147 23 4.7

Moth bean 41 4 68 -9.8 542 152 56 11.5

Rice 32 29 23 7.2 3,364 148 13 -1.9

Groundnut 8 2 42 14.2 2,126 113 26 6.0

Castor seed 3 2 106 -34.8 1,731 117 26 2.5

Sesame 3 1 77 -23.4 438 140 28 -7.5

Sugarcane 2 38 21 -2.8 69,682 98 11 1.7

Urad bean 1 1 81 1.9 548 99 38 7.5

Potato 1 5 29 0.8 18,135 154 46 11.4

2.1.3 Hyper Arid Partially Irrigated Zone (Ic)

The canal command area of Indira Gandhi canal in Jaisalmer, Bikaner districts and parts

of Churu district (Ratangarh, Sardarshahar and Sujangarh blocks) is covered under this ACZ.

6

This zone has 7.7 m ha area. Aeolian activity is very high particularly during summer season.

The region has desert soils characterized by sand dunes and aeolian soil. The soils are mostly

coarse textured and calcareous.

It is the most arid part of the state. The annual rainfall ranges from 192 to 420 mm and its

seasonal and annual variation is highest in the state. Summer temperatures may cross 49°C

while freezing temperatures during winter are common. Because of low rainfall, local surface

water resources do not exist. Groundwater is generally deep and brackish. Natural vegetation

is mostly seasonal. Only 39 per cent of the area is under cultivation (Table 12). Only 17 per

cent of net sown area is irrigated and both canal (44%) and tube wells (56%) contribute to net

irrigated area (Table 13). Clusterbean, gram, pearl millet, moth bean, groundnut, wheat,

rapeseed & mustard, mung bean, sesame, barley and castor seed are major crops (Table 3).

Rainfed crops like pearl millet, clusterbean, moth bean, sesame are taken during rainy season.

With the availability of canal water, cotton, groundnut, etc. are also taken in rainy season,

while wheat, mustard, taramira, cumin, barley and coriander are grown in winter season.



(2005-06 to 2014-15) in ACZ-Ic

Crop Area

(000’ ha)

% of

State

CV

(%)

CAGR

(%)

Yield

(kg ha-1

)

% of

State

CV

(%)

CAGR

(%)

Clusterbean 1,766 43 27 8.6 367 68 53 12.6

Gram 473 31 23 4.8 624 75 35 5.3

Pearl millet 458 10 27 -6.5 533 50 52 11.6

Moth bean 391 35 23 -4.5 330 93 59 12.5

Groundnut 156 36 44 15.0 2,204 117 25 4.1

Wheat 130 4 30 9.9 2,312 68 20 1.4

Rapeseed &

Mustard

125 5 27 -3.4 870 66 25 2.5

Mung bean 35 4 26 5.7 403 87 69 14.6

Sesame 11 2 49 12.0 212 68 57 11.2

Barley 8 3 28 9.4 2,108 72 21 5.3

Castor seed 5 2 80 26.4 316 21 34 -6.3

Sorghum 3 0 47 -9.9 383 56 69 -7.9

Cotton (lint) 3 1 105 -16.8 419 83 98 -4.1

2.1.4 Transitional Plain of Inland Drainage (IIa)

This zone comprises Nagaur, Sikar, Jhunjhunu districts and part of Churu district (Churu,

Rajgarh and Taranagar blocks) covering 3.7 m ha area. The area is mostly covered with sand

dunes and inter-dunal sandy plains. Rainfall ranges from 266 to 627 mm. Temperature

variations are also high like adjoining northern and western zones.

About 73 per cent area of this zone is under cultivation with cropping intensity of 137 per

cent (Table 12). There is no drainage out of this area and streams that flow in the rainy season

disappear in sandy fields after covering some distance. About 28 per cent of the net sown

area is irrigated (Table 13). Irrigation is almost entirely dependent on groundwater (~100%)

7

and is restricted to the areas with good groundwater potential. Pearl millet, clusterbean, mung

bean, gram, moth bean, wheat, rapeseed & mustard, sorghum, barley, groundnut, cotton and

sesame are major crops (Table 4). Pearl millet, mung bean, moth bean, cowpea and

clusterbean are main rainy season crops. Wheat, barley, mustard and gram are grown as

irrigated crops or on conserved soil moisture during winter season.



(2005-06 to 2014-15) in ACZ-IIa

Crop Area

(000’ ha)

% of

State

CV

(%)

CAGR

(%)

Yield

(kg ha-1

)

% of

State

CV

(%)

CAGR

(%)

Pearl millet 1,119 24 9 -2.1 1,136 106 38 7.6

Clusterbean 547 13 32 5.4 565 104 51 12.4

Mung bean 318 32 15 0.6 474 102 50 4.0

Gram 311 21 33 2.0 840 100 28 4.3

Moth bean 287 26 19 -3.7 279 78 47 2.5

Wheat 268 9 8 2.1 3,117 92 10 2.6

Rapeseed &

Mustard

221 9 25 -5.3 1,180 89 20 2.3

Sorghum 67 11 42 8.8 730 106 58 3.5

Barley 62 20 13 3.6 2,844 97 17 4.9

Groundnut 56 13 11 -0.3 1,858 99 14 0.5

Cotton (lint) 44 10 68 23.0 546 108 52 -4.7

Sesame 22 5 38 2.2 264 84 54 0.2

Onion 22 39 23 4.8 16,262 141 33 8.2

Peas & Beans 1 17 28 -6.0 2,184 110 22 4.8

Garlic 1 2 34 10.2 2,773 58 29 8.5

2.1.5 Transitional Plain of Luni Basin (IIb)

The zone covers 3.14 m ha area comprising of Jalore, Pali districts and parts of Sirohi

(Reodhar, Sheoganj and Sirohi block), Barmer (Siwana block) and Jodhpur (Bilara and

Bhopalgarh blocks) districts. The western part of the region is dotted with sand dunes,

interspersed in alluvial soil. Desert soils dominate in Jodhpur, Jalore and Pali districts, while

sierozems are found in Pali and Sirohi districts. Soils are medium to fine textured.

Temperature regime is relatively mild and rainfall is more compared to previous ACZs.

It is drained by Luni river, which flows during the rainy season. A number of paleo-

channels also exist in the zone. Luni and its tributaries like Sukri, Mithri and Jawai have

made this area productive. Groundwater level is high in the river basins which has been

mostly over-exploited for irrigation. Vegetation is xerophytic and sparse in western side, but

in the east and on the slopes of the Aravalli Hills mesophytic vegetation in the form of

woodlands, open forests and grasslands is observed. About 54 per cent of reporting area is

under cultivation with cropping intensity of 130 per cent (Table 12). Wells, including tube

wells, are major source of irrigation and 32 per cent of net sown area is irrigated (Table 13).

Pearl millet, mung bean, clusterbean, rapeseed & mustard, sesame, sorghum, castor seed,

wheat, moth bean, gram, maize, groundnut and cotton occupy major area (Table 5). Pearl

8

millet, sorghum, maize, clusterbean, sesame and pulses are grown in rainy season. Wheat,

barley and mustard are the dominant winter season crops.



(2005-06 to 2014-15) in ACZ-IIb

Crop Area

(000’ ha)

% of

State

CV

(%)

CAGR

(%)

Yield

(kg ha-1

)

% of

State

CV

(%)

CAG

R (%)

Pearl millet 543 12 9 -2.4 894 84 55 8.8

Mung bean 226 22 20 3.3 440 95 52 9.0

Clusterbean 199 5 24 3.9 503 93 45 5.3

Rapeseed &

Mustard 159 6 27 -2.4 1,069 81 12 -0.1

Sesame 155 36 22 1.5 326 104 51 7.3

Sorghum 130 20 12 1.2 588 86 49 12.9

Castor seed 129 59 39 11.6 1,884 127 33 10.7

Wheat 122 4 28 1.6 2,226 66 13 3.2

Moth bean 66 6 15 -3.7 501 141 43 5.5

Gram 46 3 82 13.1 882 106 19 5.0

Maize 33 4 13 -4.0 1,363 77 41 7.9

Groundnut 24 6 42 13.2 1,762 94 18 4.3

Cotton (lint) 14 3 52 14.7 544 107 73 -3.5

Barley 5 2 31 1.8 2,583 88 12 3.0

Onion 3 5 12 2.4 10,691 93 37 2.6

Dry chillies 1 11 32 -7.8 1,475 107 18 2.3

Urad bean 1 1 29 9.3 520 94 48 4.3

Garlic 1 1 17 2.1 2,247 47 64 7.3

2.1.6 Semi-arid Eastern Plain (IIIa)

This region covers 2.93 m ha area of Ajmer, Jaipur and Tonk districts and parts of Dausa

district (Bandikui, Dausa, Lalsot and Sikrai blocks). It comprises mostly of sandy plains.

Occasional sand dunes and buried pediments and scattered hills with substantial area under

alluvium are features of this zone. On the western side, this region is flanked by low Aravali

hills which extend from south-west to the north-east. The annual rainfall of the region varies

from 313 to 694 mm with an increasing trend towards the east. Summer and winter

temperatures are not as extreme as in the arid zone. Summer temperatures may reach around

47°C and minimum temperature may reach 5°C in winters.

Banas River, with its several tributaries, forms a rich fertile plain. Surface water sources

are scarce and groundwater is the major source of irrigation. Natural vegetation is of the

mixed xerophytic and mesophytic type. About 61 per cent of reporting area is sown with 155

per cent cropping intensity (Table 12). Almost half of the net sown area is under irrigation

and tube wells are major source (84%) of irrigation (Table 13). Pearl millet, rapeseed &

mustard, wheat, gram, sorghum, mung bean, barley, clusterbean, groundnut, sesame, maize,

urad bean, cotton are major crops (Table 6). Pearl millet, sorghum, cowpea, mung bean,

9

clusterbean and groundnut are grown in the rainy season, while wheat, barley, gram and

mustard are important winter season crops. Productivity of crops is relatively better than that

of the agroclimatic zones to the west of the Aravali range.



(2005-06 to 2014-15) in ACZ-IIIa

Crop Area

(000’ ha)

% of

State

CV

(%)

CAGR

(%)

Yield

(kg ha-1

)

% of

State

CV

(%)

CAGR

(%)

Pearl millet 549 12 6 0.2 1,498 140 26 6.5

Rapeseed &

Mustard

476 18 21 0.7 1,287 97 21 4.2

Wheat 361 12 15 3.7 3,309 97 12 2.7

Gram 290 19 81 34.7 1,050 126 30 5.0

Sorghum 228 36 12 -1.6 648 94 45 12.0

Mung bean 227 23 20 1.4 475 102 52 7.5

Barley 103 33 26 6.3 2,873 98 13 2.7

Clusterbean 88 2 30 4.1 873 161 28 4.5

Groundnut 74 17 11 -1.3 1,653 88 15 1.7

Sesame 62 14 57 2.4 268 86 36 1.1

Maize 44 5 13 -4.1 1,128 64 41 7.5

Urad bean 38 20 61 18.3 444 80 47 3.1

Cotton (lint) 16 4 74 14.2 396 78 62 -2.9

Peas & Beans 5 60 106 -2.5 1,637 82 32 0.0

Onion 4 7 34 8.1 2,715 24 29 -8.8

Dry chillies 2 17 32 -9.3 891 64 31 -7.3

Moth bean 2 0 42 -12.9 319 90 58 9.2

Lentil 1 3 183 41.0 944 99 18 0.0

Pigeonpea 1 4 36 10.4 761 92 46 -1.0

2.1.7 Flood-Prone Eastern Plains (IIIb)

This region comprises Alwar, Bharatpur, Dhaulpur and Karauli districts and parts of

Dausa (Mahuwa block) and Sawai Madhopur (Bamanwas, Bonli and Gangapur blocks)

districts covering an area of 2.38 m ha. Except for a few low hills in Alwar and Sawai

Madhopur districts, the entire region is a flood plain of Banganga and Gambhir rivers. In

periods of heavy rainfall, the rivers outflow their banks and inundate the surrounding

villages. The region has rich alluvial soils. Soils are yellowish-brown to dark yellowish

brown, sandy loam to clay loam in texture and are mostly non-calcareous. Annual rainfall

ranges from 500 to 736 mm. Natural vegetation exists on mountain slopes and in wetland and

protected areas, but it has been over-exploited. The region produces a variety of crops

because both surface water and groundwater irrigation sources exist. A network of canals

drawing from the upper Yamuna Canal and the Panchana Dam irrigate this area. Depth to

groundwater table varies from 5 to 15 m and therefore well-irrigation is also practiced. About

83 per cent of net sown area is irrigated (Table 13) and cropping intensity is about 159 per

cent. Pearl millet, sorghum, maize, sesame, groundnut and kharif pulses are taken during

rainy season (Table 7). Wheat, barley, gram and mustard are the dominant crops of winter

season.

10



(2005-06 to 2014-15) in ACZ-IIIb

Crop Area

(000’ ha)

% of

State

CV

(%)

CAGR

(%)

Yield

(kg ha-1

)

% of

State

CV

(%)

CAGR

(%)

Rapeseed &

Mustard

696 27 8 -1.0 1,483 112 11 1.6

Pearl millet 627 14 7 1.0 1,929 180 13 3.7

Wheat 548 18 11 3.4 3,944 116 9 1.9

Sorghum 80 13 13 -1.1 829 121 22 4.8

Clusterbean 64 2 58 10.8 1,133 208 27 4.0

Gram 44 3 26 5.7 1,283 153 14 2.8

Sesame 41 9 39 5.0 442 141 14 -2.0

Barley 17 5 15 -4.0 3,357 114 10 1.6

Cotton (lint) 14 3 72 11.2 426 84 71 -6.0

Onion 11 20 21 6.0 6,137 53 24 -0.4

Potato 9 86 33 8.2 11,488 98 25 -1.4

Groundnut 7 2 20 -3.5 1,511 80 16 4.0

Maize 6 1 21 -6.7 1,726 97 19 2.6

Rice 5 4 23 1.0 1,799 79 11 1.5

Pigeonpea 4 35 36 1.2 1,076 131 18 3.0

Urad bean 2 1 44 9.2 504 91 26 -2.9

Soybean 2 0 93 22.6 1,298 103 10 1.3

Lentil 2 5 82 -7.4 1,122 118 21 -0.3

Dry chillies 2 15 33 -9.4 2,417 175 17 0.8

2.1.8 Sub-humid Southern Plains and the Aravalli Hills (IVa)

This zone comprises of Bhilwara, Chittaurgarh, Rajsamand and Udaipur (except

Salumber block) districts and parts of Sirohi (Abu Road and Pindwara blocks) and Pratapgarh

(Choti Sadri and Pratapgarh blocks) districts and covers 3.88 m ha area. The region has low

Aravali hills with inter-mountain plateaus, deeply dissected by streams and rivers. It has

moderately warm climate in summers and mild winters. The annual rainfall varies from 700

to 900 mm. The highest precipitation in the state is recorded in Abu hills (Sirohi district).

Medium to fine textured deep soils are dominant in this region. There are a number of surface

water streams like Gambhir, Sabarmati, Banas and their tributaries, but they are all

ephemeral. The surface rocks are granitic and highly metamorphosed and so the depressions

on the surface are filled with rainwater in the form of natural reservoirs. The area is rich in

natural vegetation, which grows on the slopes of the Aravali hills and in the wetland areas,

but excessive felling of trees has degraded the open forests. Only 31 per cent of total area is

sown with cropping intensity of 155 per cent (Table 12). Tank water irrigation is quite

common but wells cover maximum area under irrigation (Table 13). Maize, sorghum, cotton,

soybean and kharif pulses are major rainy season crops but rice is also grown in irrigated

areas (Table 8). In winter season, wheat, gram and mustard are main crops. In areas of black

soil, cotton and opium are also cultivated.

11



(2005-06 to 2014-15) in ACZ-IVa

Crop Area

(000’ ha)

% of

State

CV

(%)

CAGR

(%)

Yield

(kg ha-1

)

% of

State

CV

(%)

CAGR

(%)

Maize 556 65 8 -0.8 1,903 107 22 5.0

Wheat 376 12 27 5.6 3,159 93 12 1.6

Soybean 133 14 27 1.5 1,234 98 14 2.2

Rapeseed &

Mustard

117 5 36 -6.1 1,241 94 13 -0.9

Sorghum 69 11 14 0.1 996 145 41 9.3

Urad bean 68 36 17 3.7 514 93 52 12.7

Gram 67 4 31 1.5 995 119 15 2.5

Cotton (lint) 62 14 62 22.8 535 105 75 -0.1

Clusterbean 56 1 43 4.4 690 127 29 3.5

Barley 52 17 33 7.3 2,511 86 13 1.4

Sesame 41 9 21 -5.2 248 79 42 -0.1

Groundnut 32 7 23 -6.6 1,248 66 18 1.2

Mung bean 23 2 20 -5.1 403 87 55 9.7

Castor seed 17 8 33 10.2 1,806 122 32 1.5

Pearl millet 13 0 21 -4.7 1,045 98 42 9.6

Lentil 10 28 36 10.9 908 95 15 2.2

Garlic 8 19 28 5.7 5,581 118 11 -0.1

Rice 6 5 9 -0.4 1,309 58 17 4.6

Pigeonpea 3 26 10 -2.4 802 97 25 -0.4

Coriander 3 2 35 -2.2 722 73 32 -7.7

Dry chillies 2 21 10 -2.4 1,230 89 48 15.9

Sugarcane 2 31 17 -1.1 77,853 110 16 3.4

Onion 1 2 38 3.1 7,229 63 22 0.0

2.1.9 Humid Southern Plains (IVb)

The zone covers 1.24 m ha area in Dungarpur, Banswara districts and parts of Udaipur

(Salumber block) and Pratapgarh (Dhariyawad, Peepalkhunt and Arnod blocks) districts. The

area comprises of low Aravali hills with intrusions of black lava rocks. The area has a humid

climate with an average annual rainfall of more than 700 mm. The temperatures do not

fluctuate much in summer and winter so this zone has mild winters and mild summers. The

humidity is high and all these factors combined together promote a profuse growth of natural

vegetation. The mountain slopes have an abundance of natural forests.

There are a number of ephemeral surface water streams. Mahi and its tributaries like

Anas, Arau and Jakham have made this area very fertile. The commissioning of Mahi Bajaj

Sagar project has provided this area with canal irrigation water. Net sown area is only 39 per

cent due to hilly terrain but cropping intensity is high (151%) as about 44 per cent of net

sown area is irrigated (Table 13). Soybean, maize, rice and black gram are important crops of

rainy season (Table 9). Coriander, garlic, cotton are major cash crops. Groundnut and

sesamum are also grown. Wheat, mustard, rabi maize and gram are main winter season crops.

12



(2005-06 to 2014-15) in ACZ-IVb

Crop Area

(000’ ha)

% of

State

CV

(%)

CAGR

(%)

Yield

(kg ha-1

)

% of

State

CV

(%)

CAGR

(%)

Soybean 295 32 30 7.4 1,354 107 24 -1.9

Wheat 244 8 26 9.0 3,322 98 10 2.6

Maize 141 16 7 -0.9 1,340 75 29 4.3

Rapeseed &

Mustard

87 3 38 -8.0 1,473 111 13 -0.8

Coriander 62 29 28 0.8 1,148 116 23 -3.0

Gram 34 2 17 4.7 1,103 132 14 3.5

Rice 29 25 14 1.2 1,455 64 33 9.7

Urad bean 20 11 18 4.4 509 92 43 13.5

Garlic 14 31 66 28.1 3,276 69 41 -12.8

Sesame 12 3 94 -8.5 333 106 34 -0.9

Clusterbean 4 0 13 -2.6 676 124 49 6.4

Cotton (lint) 4 1 89 -11.9 353 70 123 -7.8

Barley 4 1 12 0.4 2,595 88 12 3.4

Pigeonpea 4 28 44 1.6 553 67 44 4.9

Lentil 4 9 68 34.6 991 104 16 3.0

Pearl millet 2 0 40 -11.2 951 89 35 0.6

Sorghum 2 0 53 -15.3 732 106 26 -4.7

Groundnut 1 0 83 -20.2 1,466 78 19 3.4

Mung bean 1 0 50 -0.5 465 100 47 8.3

2.1.10 Humid South-Eastern Plains (V)

This zone includes the districts of Baran, Bundi, Jhalawar, Kota and parts of Sawai

Madhopur district (Khandar and Sawai Madhopur blocks). It covers 2.7 m ha area. The

region has low hills of the Gwalior series, interspersed with broad plateaus of Vindhyan

rocks. Because of the presence of fine textured alluvium deposited by the rivers the land is

very productive. The region has warm summers but mild winters. Summer temperatures

sometimes touch 45°C. The relative humidity is generally high in this zone. The annual

rainfall varies from 452 to 985 mm.

A large number of rivers drain this area. Chambal is the main river, along with its main

tributaries Parwati, Kali Sindh, Parwan and Banas. The development of canal irrigation

systems with a series of dams and barrages on the Chambal has made this area rich in

agricultural production. Gandhi Sagar, Rana Pratap Sagar and Jawahar Sagar dams, together

with Kota Barrage provide canal water for irrigation. Natural vegetation exists in the form of

woodlands, parklands and open forests. This zone has highest cropping intensity (171%) as

about 87 per cent of net sown area is irrigated (Table 13). The black soil region of the Hadoti

plateau is fertile and is used for cultivation of sugarcane, cotton and opium. Rice, maize,

sorghum, black gram and soybean are taken during rainy season (Table 10). Wheat, barley,

gram and mustard are grown in winter.

13



(2005-06 to 2014-15) in ACZ-V

Crop Area

(000’ ha)

% of

State

CV

(%)

CAGR

(%)

Yield

(kg ha-1

)

% of

State

CV

(%)

CAGR

(%)

Soybean 504 54 17 4.3 1,207 95 20 -2.0

Wheat 418 14 22 7.6 3,556 105 14 0.1

Rapeseed &

Mustard

259 10 27 -4.7 1,312 99 10 -1.2

Coriander 145 69 25 5.6 928 94 21 -2.0

Maize 78 9 15 -2.8 2,177 123 21 2.7

Urad bean 58 31 51 14.0 699 126 30 4.3

Sesame 49 11 66 -1.1 346 111 19 -1.2

Rice 41 36 40 11.4 2,190 96 15 1.5

Pearl millet 39 1 17 -0.6 1,694 158 11 1.9

Gram 38 3 45 0.8 1,104 132 12 2.0

Lentil 21 55 51 16.8 952 100 18 1.0

Garlic 18 39 58 21.9 6,216 131 23 3.7

Sorghum 6 1 61 -20.6 1,100 160 9 -0.5

Groundnut 5 1 18 -2.7 1,590 85 24 6.4

Clusterbean 5 0 120 15.8 781 144 28 5.4

Barley 3 1 23 1.5 2,930 100 15 4.3

Onion 2 3 77 32.2 6,106 53 23 -2.3

Dry chillies 2 15 25 -3.3 2,151 155 16 0.9

Sugarcane 1 21 63 -14.0 54,919 78 10 1.0

Peas & Beans 1 13 15 -0.5 2,660 134 61 3.3

Mung bean 1 0 36 -8.3 464 100 46 8.0

2.2 Land use

Out of total 34.22 m ha reporting area of Rajasthan ( 2011-12 to 2013-14), mean net sown

area is 17.93 m ha while total cropped area is 24.86 m ha. Thus, 6.93 m ha area is sown more

than once. Forests occupies 2.75 m ha area, 1.88 m ha is under non-agricultural uses; 2.39 m

ha area is barren and unculturable land and 4.11 m ha is culturable wasteland. Permanent

pastures and other grazing lands occupy 1.69 m ha area and 3.49 m ha area is under fallow

land. Net irrigated area is 7.42 m ha, gross irrigated area is 9.41 m ha and hence 1.98 m ha

area is irrigated more than once.

Share of net sown area in total reporting area (TRA) in Rajasthan is higher (52%)

compared to that of the country (46%) for the same period (Table 11), but the cropping

intensity is almost same. Fallow land as well as pasture and other grazing lands are also more

in Rajasthan. Culturable wasteland in Rajasthan is 12 per cent of TRA, while it is only 4 per

cent at national level. At national level, 47 per cent of net sown area is irrigated, while in

Rajasthan it is 41 per cent.

14

Table 11. Land utilization in Rajasthan vis-à-vis the country (2011-12 to 2013-14)

Land Use Rajasthan India

Geographical Area (m ha) 34.224 328.726

Per cent of Reporting area

Net area Sown 52 46

Fallow land 10 8

Permanent pastures & other grazing lands 5 3

Barren & unculturable land 7 6

Culturable wasteland 12 4

Forests 8 23

Cropping intensity 139 140

Net Irrigated Area (% of total reporting area) 22 22

Net irrigated area (% of net sown area) 41 47

Gross irrigated area (% of total sown area) 38 47

Table 12. Land use in different agro-climatic zones

Land Use Agro-climatic zone

Ia Ib Ic IIa IIb IIIa IIIb IVa IVb V RAJ

Reporting area

(000' ha)

4542 2064 7699 3697 3138 2929 2377 3883 1244 2695 34268

Per cent of reporting area of the ACZ

Forests 1 4 2 3 7 6 15 18 22 24 8

Barren and

unculturable land

5 0 5 2 9 6 9 16 14 6 7

Permanent pasture &

other grazing land

6 0 2 4 6 7 4 9 6 5 5

Land under misc.

tree crops

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Culturable waste

land

4 2 38 1 3 5 1 12 7 4 12

Total fallow 22 10 8 12 16 7 4 7 8 4 10

Net area sown 58 78 39 73 54 61 60 31 39 51 52

Cropping Intensity

(%)

113 150 122 137 130 155 159 155 151 171 139

2.3 Land holdings

There are 6.9 m holdings in Rajasthan occupying 21.1 m ha area. Marginal and small

holdings occupy only 16 per cent of total area while their share is 58 per cent in total number

of holdings (Fig. 2). Contrary to it, 22 per cent holdings belonging to medium and large size

group occupy 66 per cent of total area.

15

Fig. 2. Number of and area under private holdings of different size groups as per cent of total holdings

2.4 Natural resource endowments

Climate: Rajasthan is located northwards of 23°N latitude and has sub-tropical climate. More

than 80 per cent of annual rainfall is received during monsoon season (June to September).

Average monsoon season rainfall in Rajasthan is 530 mm. Rainfall decreases from southeast

to northwest direction. In arid north-western parts, average rainfall ranges from 100 mm in

extreme west to over 450 mm, while in south-eastern parts rainfall ranges from 450 mm to

over 870 mm. Southern districts of Sirohi (869 mm), Pratapgarh (846 mm) and Jhalawar (855

mm) receive the highest rainfall. Average rainfall is 688 mm in 22 eastern districts, while it is

only 318 mm in western districts. The number of rainy days during monsoon season varies

from 10 in Jaisalmer to 40 in Jhalawar. However, there is high variability in seasonal and

annual rainfall, and droughts of various intensities occur once in 3 to 8 years in low to high

rainfall areas. Some places may face flash floods due to heavy downpour. About 61 per cent

area of Rajasthan is arid, 16 per cent semi-arid, 8 per cent sub-humid and 15 per cent humid.

Seasonal temperature variability is high. The highest variability in temperature is observed in

north-western arid zone where maximum temperature may cross 48°C in summer and

freezing temperatures may occur in winter.

Water resources: Rajasthan has only 1.16 per cent of the total surface water available in the

country and its distribution is also very uneven. There are 14 river basins in the state and it

has 118 major and medium irrigation projects. Most of the rivers are rainfed. Mahi, Chambal

and Banas are three major rivers of the state and Chambal and Mahi are the only perennial

rivers. Total available surface water in the state is 21.71 billion cubic meters (BCM), out of

which 16.05 BCM is economically utilizable and 11.84 BCM has already been harnessed.

More than 50 per cent of the state’s surface water resources are from inter-state transfers.

The groundwater scenario is even more alarming due to its over-exploitation.

Groundwater condition has deteriorated since mid-1980s. The stage of groundwater

exploitation was just 35 per cent in 1984 which reached a level of 138 per cent in 2008. In

16

2013, out of 248 blocks in the state, 164 blocks were over-exploited, 9 critical, 28 semi-

critical and only 44 blocks were in safe category. Stage of groundwater development was 139

per cent. Agriculture alone consumes about 83 per cent of total water resources.

Irrigation status: Canals and wells are major source of irrigation. Canal irrigation accounts

for about one fourth of net irrigated area. Reliance on tube wells for irrigation is increasing.

During 2004-05 to 2013-14, the share of open wells has declined from 43.9 per cent to 28.2

per cent (Fig. 3), while the share of tube wells has increased from 28.7 per cent to 44.5 per

cent in net irrigated area.

Fig. 3. Source-wise net irrigated area (%) in Rajasthan

Table 13. Irrigation status in different agro-climatic zones

Irrigation status Agro-climatic zone

Ia Ib Ic IIa IIb IIIa IIIb IVa IVb V RAJ

Net irrigated area

(000' ha)

458 987 521 762 548 868 1190 628 217 1185 7363

Net irrigated area

(% of Net sown

area)

17 61 17 28 32 49 83 52 44 87 41

Source wise contribution in net irrigated area (%)

Canal 2 99 44 0 14 10 2 5 34 28 25

Wells 98 1 56 100 84 84 96 89 51 69 72

Gross irrigated

area (000' ha)

699 1699 963 938 658 969 1236 695 222 1263 9343

Gross irrigated

area (% of total

sown area)

23 70 26 25 30 35 55 37 30 54 37

Source wise contribution in gross irrigated area (%)

Canal 1 99 50 0 12 9 2 5 33 29 30

Wells 98 1 50 100 87 86 97 90 51 68 68

Soils: There are wide variations in soil types in Rajasthan. Based on the type of soil found in

different districts of Rajasthan, broadly the soils can be classified under 14 categories. The

least fertile desert soil is found in Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Churu, Ganganagar,

Hanumangarh, Jhunjhunu, Nagaur, Jodhpur and Sikar. The fertility and water holding

17

capacity of desert soils is very low resulting in poor crop yields. Rajasthan has varied

topography and climatic conditions and soils vary considerably depending on local climatic

conditions, their physical structure and organic matter content, cropping pattern of the region

or farm, availability of irrigation, etc. The fertility status of soils varies not only within the

district but also from village to village and even from farm to farm. Soils have low microbial

activities and poor soil organic carbon content due to which more than 75 per cent soils of the

state are not in good health. Deficiencies of nitrogen, phosphorous, sulphur, zinc and iron are

quite common.

2.5 Important development indicators

Contribution of agriculture and allied sector in state’s economy: Agriculture and allied

sector plays an important role in state’s economy. The contribution of agriculture and allied

sector (including agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, forestry and fisheries) in Gross

State Domestic Product (GSDP) was more than 40 per cent in early eighties which came

down to 23.5 per cent in 2002-03 and is about 26.5 per cent at present (Fig. 4b). The

contribution of industry and service sector in GSDP is increasing over the years but despite

that about 65 per cent population of the state is dependent on agriculture and allied activities

for their livelihood. The income gap between the farmers and people dependent on other

economic activities is increasing (Fig. 4). It is, therefore, very vital to increase the income of

the farmers for inclusive growth of all the people of the state or in other words for ‘Sabka

Sath Sabka Vikas’

Fig. 4. Contribution of agriculture and allied sector in state’s GSDP; (A) as Rs. in lakhs

and (B) as per cent

A

B

18

2.6 Farmers’ income per household (HH) in Rajasthan

Farmers’ income in Rajasthan was Rs. 19,873 per household (HH) as per 59th

Round of

NSSO that increased to Rs. 88,200 in 2012-13 (Fig. 5) on current price basis (NSSO 70th

Round). The income between these two rounds registered 16.05 per cent increase on current

price basis and 7.52 per cent on constant price basis compared to the corresponding values of

11.77 and 3.56 per cent, respectively for the country as a whole. Real income growth rate

from 2002-03 to 2012-13 was 11.3 per cent in case of cultivation, 23.4 per cent in case of

livestock, 5.1 per cent in case of non-farm business and 2.7 per cent in wages and salaries.

Fig. 5. Farmers’ income (Rs.) in Rajasthan and the country in 2012-13 (NSSO 70th Round)

The Committee on Doubling Farmers’ Income (Vol-II) has estimated that the average

income per agricultural HH in Rajasthan was Rs. 92,914 in 2015-16, which was slightly less

than the national average of Rs. 96,703, probably due to drought impact in Rajasthan.

Contribution of agriculture and allied sectors in GSDP (2011-12 to 2016-17) at current

prices was taken from the Economic Review 2016-17 (Govt. of Rajasthan) to calculate the

CAGR values. It is estimated from this data that if the current rate of growth is maintained,

the contribution of agriculture and allied sectors in Rajasthan’s GSDP will increase by 108

per cent by 2022-23 (Table 14).

Table 14. Contribution of agriculture and allied sectors in GSDP (2011-12 to 2016-17) at current

prices, rate of growth (CAGR) and the expected contribution in 2022-23

Component Mean contribution

(2011-12 to 2016-17)

(Rs. ’000 Crore)

CAGR

(%)

Contribution in 2015-16

(Rs. ’000 Crore)

Contribution in

2022-23

(Rs. ’000 Crore)

Crops 85.66 4.70 85.87 118.47

Livestock 48.88 18.10 64.62 207.05

Forestry 16.62 3.81 15.94 20.71

Fisheries 0.47 11.95 0.53 1.17

Total 151.63 8.67 166.96 347.40

19

3. Infrastructure for agriculture and government programmes

3.1 Infrastructure

Water resources infrastructure: There are 24 major, 84 medium and 3324 minor irrigation

projects which tap 14.547 billion cubic meters (BCM) available surface water out of total

25.38 BCM available surface water. In addition to this, 17.88 BCM water comes to Rajasthan

through inter-state agreements. Where groundwater quality is good to moderate and canal

irrigation is not available, tube wells and wells have been developed for irrigation. Average

total (gross) irrigated area in the state during past five years was 9.34 million ha, out of which

2.82 m ha was covered under canal irrigation and 6.32 m ha was under irrigation with wells,

tube wells and tanks. Ongoing and planned projects are expected to cover additional 0.11 m

ha area through canal irrigation in next five years.

Soil testing labs: There are 101 static and 12 mobile soil testing laboratories in PPP mode,

with a combined capacity of analyzing over 10 lakh soil samples. One third area of the state

will be covered every year.

Quality control labs: For the quality control of seed, fertilizer and agro-chemicals; there are

six labs for seed testing which can test 35,000 samples per annum, four labs for fertilizer

quality testing with 8,000 sample per annum capacity and six agrochemical testing labs with

3,500 sample testing capability.

Seed processing plants: Rajasthan State Seeds Corporation Limited (RSSCL) has 22

processing plants with processing capacity of 185.9 thousand tonnes per year.

Seed storage capacity: Present storage capacity of the RSSCL godowns is 92.1 thousand

tonnes.

Warehouses: Rajasthan State Warehousing Corporation (RSWC) is operating 91 warehouses

in the state with the total storage capacity 925 thousand tonnes. Cooperative sector in the

state possesses 7953 godowns with the storage capacity of 87.49 thousand tonnes from grass

root to state level.

Cold storage facilities: Out of total 122 cold storage facilities with 592.3 thousand ton

capacity, 13 are owned by Rajasthan State Agriculture Marketing Board (RSAMB) or APMC

with a capacity of 30.1 thousand tonnes, while the remaining 109 facilities are private with

562.24 thousand ton capacity.

Veterinary institutions: Presently 5018 veterinary institutions are working in the state

including 34 polyclinics, 775 first grade veterinary hospitals, 1518 veterinary hospitals, 202

veterinary dispensaries, 2167 veterinary sub centers, 34 district mobile veterinary units and

288 tehsil mobile veterinary units.

Markets: There are 133 Agricultural Produce Marketing Committees (APMCs) in the state

with 133 principal and 311 sub market yards. Twenty five markets are linked with e-NMA,

20

while 125 Markets are linked through Rajasthan Integrated Mandi Management System

(RIMMS).

Network of co-operatives: There are 22 State-level Federations in the state, 29 Central

Cooperative Banks, 36 Primary Land Development Banks (PLDB), 6398 Primary

Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS), 21 Milk Unions and 267 Kraya Vikraya Sahakari

Samities (KVSS).

3.2 Government programmes

Major centrally sponsored programmes and state funded schemes are given below:

A. Agriculture

National Food Security Mission (NFSM)

NFSM (Wheat)

NFSM (Pulses)

NFSM (Commercial Crops)

NFSM (Coarse Cereals)

National Mission on Oilseed and Oil Palm (NMOOP)

NMOOP (MM-I on Oilseeds)

NMOOP (MM-III on Tree-Born Oilseeds)

National Mission on Agriculture Extension and Technology (NMAET)

NMAET (Agricultural Extension)

NMAET (e-Governance)

NMAET (Agricultural Engineering)

NMAET (Seed and Planting Material)

National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)

NMSA (Rainfed Area Development)

NMSA (Soil Health Management for Soil testing labs)

NMSA (Soil Health Management for-Organic farming)

NMSA (Soil Health Card)

NMSA (Soil Health Management, Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY))

Rasthriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)

Pradhanmantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PKSY)

Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)

Restructured Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (RWBCIS)

Swasth Dhara, Khet Hara (Soil Health Card Scheme)

Mukhya Mantri Beej Swawlamban Yojana

Mukhyamantri Jal Swawlamban Abhiyan (MJSA)

Global Rajasthan Agritech Meet (GRAM)

21

Krishak Sathi Sahayata Yojana

B. Horticulture

National Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (NMIDH)

National Horticulture Mission (NHM)

National Bamboo Mission (NBM)

Pradhanmantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (Micro-irrigation)

Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)

National Mission on Medicinal Plants (NMMP)

Solar Pump Programme of State Govt.

C. Animal husbandry

Assistance to State for control of Animal Disease (ASCAD)

Sample Survey for Estimation of Livestock Product

Professional Efficiency Development (Veterinary Council)

Rinder pest Survey

Livestock Census

Fodder Development

Establishment and Strengthening of Veterinary Hospitals and Dispensaries (ESVHD)

National Animal Disease Reporting System (NADRS)

Brucella Control Programme

FMD Control Programme

PPR Control Programme

Pashu Bima Yojana

Saras Suraksha Kavach

D. Agricultural marketing

Rajiv Gandhi Krishak Sathi Yojana

Kisan Kalewa Yojana

Jyoti Rao Phule Shramik Kalyan Yojana

4. Productivity gaps and major constraints

4.1 Yield gaps at state level

A large number of demonstrations conducted at farmers’ fields have clearly shown wide

yield gaps between yields with farmers’ practices and demonstration yields of cereals, pulses,

oilseeds, vegetables and spices. Average yield gaps between yield with farmers’ practice and

demonstration yields ranged from 21 to 43 per cent in case of cereals, 25-31 per cent in

pulses and 17-36 per cent in oilseeds across the state (Table 15). Similar yield gaps ranged

from 20 to 31 per cent in case of vegetables (Table 16) and 15 to 40 per cent in case of spices

(Table 17) in the demonstrations conducted in the state during 2016-17.

22

Table 15. Yield gap at farmers’ field due to lack of technology adoption

Crop No. of

demos

Area

(ha)

Weighted mean (q ha-1

) Increase in

yield (%)

BCR

Farmers

practice

Demonstration

yield

Check Demo

Wheat 389 143 34.7 41.0 22.4 2.3 2.7

Barley 413 143 35.6 42.7 20.7 2.7 2.9

Maize 350 120 26.0 35.6 43.2 2.3 2.8

Paddy 92 37 37.4 44.9 26.5 2.5 2.9

Pearl millet 347 231 14.2 19.3 37.7 2.1 2.6

Sorghum 25 10 14.1 18.1 28.1 2.4 3.0

Clusterbean 486 194 8.8 10.8 23.2 2.2 2.5

Mung bean 254 93 7.1 9.2 31.4 3.1 3.7

Moth bean 70 30 5.2 6.6 25.4 2.5 2.9

Chickpea 218 99 13.8 17.5 28.0 3.0 3.6

Groundnut 90 34 26.4 33.6 26.7 3.7 4.7

Sesame 225 90 3.7 5.0 35.5 4.1 5.1

Mustard 606 263 16.9 19.6 16.9 2.4 2.6

Soybean 60 13 10.6 16.8 17.7 2.3 2.3

Table 16. Performance of FLDs on improved varieties of vegetable crops in Rajasthan

Crop No. of

demos

Weighted mean BCR

Demo yield

(q ha-1

)

Local

check

(q ha-1

)

Increase in

yield (%)

Demo check

Cabbage 10 295.00 244.00 20.90 3.73 3.34

Carrot 10 220.50 183.00 20.49 3.73 3.04

Long melon 20 161.60 123.50 30.85 2.73 2.22

Onion 20 272.53 222.13 22.45 2.83 2.42

Table 17. Performance of FLD on spice crops in Rajasthan

Crop Theme No. of

demos

Weighted mean BCR

Demo

yield

(q ha-1

)

Local

check

(q ha-1

)

Increase

in yield

(%)

Demo check

Coriander ICM*

Varietal evaluation

82

65

16.39

13.23

13.69

11.53

19.71

15.04

3.59

3.63

3.16

3.43

Cumin ICM

Varietal evaluation

120

112

7.44

6.10

6.03

4.39

24.74

38.45

3.97

3.47

3.41

2.53

Fennel Varietal evaluation 78 22.55 18.06 28.29 5.85 4.76

Fenugreek ICM

Varietal evaluation

128

25

17.50

16.15

12.50

13.05

40.00

25.38

3.89

2.15

3.13

1.71

Garlic ICM

Varietal evaluation

10

66

91.62

88.82

72.15

75.33

26.99

17.91

3.16

4.74

2.84

3.86

*ICM Integrated crop management

23

4.2 Yield gaps of important crops in different ACZs

The yield gaps between district average yields and yields obtained in demonstrations at

farmers’ fields are very wide. The yield gaps between farmers’ practice and improved

practice (demonstration yield) are also wide in case of pulses like mung bean (21-87%), moth

bean (22-33%), black gram (29-64%) and chickpea (22-55%) in various ACZs as is evident

from Fig. 6. Similarly, the yield gaps between farmers practice and demonstrations are wide

in case of oilseeds also e.g. sesame (12-169%), groundnut (10-24%), soybean (15-81%) and

mustard (13-36%) in different ACZs (Fig. 7). The yield gaps clearly indicate the huge

potential of yield improvement with existing technologies.

Fig. 6. Yield gap in demonstrations of pulses at farmers’ fields in various ACZs

24

Fig. 7. Yield gap in demonstrations of oilseeds at farmers’ fields in various ACZs

4.3 Major constraints

• About 80-90 per cent of annual rainfall is received during monsoon season. Rainfall is

low (580 mm) and erratic. Growing period is short due to late onset and early withdrawal

of monsoon. Early, mid-season or terminal droughts are common due to late onset,

breaks in monsoon or early withdrawal.

• About 61 per cent area is arid. Soils of arid zone are light textured; have poor fertility,

low water holding capacity and high infiltration rate. Soil organic carbon is less than 0.2

per cent in most soils of this region. The south east and eastern part of Aravali range

have sandy loam to clay loam soil type with relatively better water holding capacity.

• Groundwater is deep and of poor quality in several parts. Over-exploitation of

groundwater is becoming a major challenge for sustainable resource use.

• Wind erosion is a major problem in arid areas, while hilly southern region faces

problem of water erosion.

• A large tract of land is saline and alkaline in nature. Problem of secondary salinization

is emerging in irrigated tracts due to poor water management or irrigation with poor

quality water.

• Poor adoption of improved technologies in rainfed areas due to high perceived risk of

crop failure.

• Common grazing resources are in very degraded condition due to high grazing pressure

and no management.

• Very less availability of green fodder during non-monsoon seasons is a major challenge.

During drought years, fodder scarcity poses strong challenge before the farmers.

25

5. Potential for development of agriculture and allied sectors

5.1 Agricultural growth in Rajasthan

In India, Rajasthan has major share in area under moth bean (97%), clusterbean (88%),

pearl millet (56%), rapeseed & mustard (46%), barley (46%), mung bean (31%), sesame

(24%), castor seed (19%), gram (17%), maize (11%), sorghum (10%), groundnut (10%),

wheat (10%) and soybean (9%) (Table 18). Among commodity groups, it has major

contribution in area under rabi oilseeds (36%), kharif coarse cereals (31%), total coarse

cereals (25%), kharif pulses (22%), total oilseeds (19%), total pulses (16%) and kharif food

grains (13%) (Table 19).


) of major crops grown in Rajasthan and

their rank among states/UTs

Crop Area Production Yield

(000 ha) Share in

India

(%)

Rank

among

states

(000 t) Share

in

India

(%)

Rank

among

states

(kg

ha-1

)

Per

cent of

India

Rank

among

states

Pearl millet 4601.8 56.4 1 4224.0 44.2 1 926.0 78.6 13

Sorghum 640.3 10.1 3 440.1 7.5 4 687.4 74.8 15

Maize 998.6 11.3 2 1705.7 7.5 6 1706.2 66.2 18

Rice 140.9 0.4 22 284.1 0.3 22 2003.0 87.7 21

Wheat 2921.2 9.7 4 8859.3 9.7 5 3031.3 99.9 4

Barley 313.3 45.7 1 900.2 53.1 1 2873.5 115.9 4

Mung bean 1007.1 31.2 1 478.9 30.7 1 465.7 96.7 15

Moth bean 1114.4 96.7 1 417.3 95.8 1 360.3 98.9 4

Urad bean 199.7 6.3 6 106.8 5.8 6 548.8 95.3 18

Gram 1530.0 17.3 2 1298.1 15.6 2 847.0 90.0 16

Pigeonpea 17.0 0.4 13 12.6 0.4 14 738.3 101.5 20

Lentil 36.2 2.4 6 34.7 3.3 6 973.7 138.0 2

Sesame 433.1 23.8 1 139.2 17.7 3 313.4 72.7 24

Soybean 960.1 9.0 3 1180.6 9.5 3 1256.5 107.4 9

Groundnut 425.3 8.1 4 803.2 10.8 3 1881.5 133.5 5

Castor seed 216.9 18.9 2 316.6 17.2 2 1460.1 91.0 3

Rapeseed &

Mustard

2913.8 46.1 1 3570.7 48.3 1 1225.3 105.0 5

Linseed 1.7 0.6 12 2.1 1.4 11 1179.9 245.1 1

Clusterbean 3536.0 88.6 1 1807.0 81.6 1 521.0 91.8 5

Cotton

(lint)*

427.0 3.5 9 1289.8 3.7 9 511.6 104.5 7

Sugarcane 5.7 0.1 18 398.5 0.1 17 70526.5 100.2 11

*Production of cotton is in 000 bales

At national level, Rajasthan has major contribution in the production of moth bean (96%),

clusterbean (82%), barley (53%), rapeseed & mustard (48%), pearl millet (44%), mung bean

(31%), sesame (18%), castor seed (17%), gram (16%), groundnut (11%), wheat (10%) and

26

soybean (10%). Contribution in production of commodity groups like rabi oilseeds (37%),

kharif coarse cereals (20%), total oilseeds (20%), kharif pulses (17%), total coarse cereals

(17%), total pulses (13%), kharif oilseeds (12%), rabi pulses (11%), rabi foodgrains (9%) and

rabi coarse cereals (8%) is also significant.


) of different commodity groups and

their rank among states/UTs

Commodity Area Production Yield

(000 ha) Share in

India

(%)

Rank

among

states

(000 t) Share in

India

(%)

Rank

among

states

(kg

ha-1

)

Per

cent of

India

Rank

among

states

Kharif Coarse

Cereals

6250.6 31.3 1 6358.2 20.2 1 1021.8 64.7 31

Total Kharif

Cereals

6391.5 10.8 2 6642.4 5.5 6 1043.9 51.0 34

Rabi Coarse

Cereals

318.2 5.3 4 918.3 8.5 5 2885.9 160.2 9

Total Coarse

Cereals

6568.8 25.3 1 7276.5 17.2 1 1112.7 68.2 29

Total Cereals 9630.9 9.7 2 16420.0 6.9 5 1708.7 71.7 30

Kharif Pulses 2420.5 22.5 1 1061.9 17.2 2 429.4 74.9 32

Rabi Pulses 1583.2 11.5 2 1356.3 11.4 3 856.5 99.9 21

Total Pulses 4003.7 16.3 2 2418.3 13.4 3 601.6 82.0 27

Kharif

Oilseeds

2034.6 11.0 4 2438.5 11.6 4 1201.3 106.0 7

Rabi Oilseeds 2916.3 35.7 1 3573.9 37.0 1 1225.3 103.8 11

Total Oilseeds 4950.9 18.5 2 6012.4 19.6 2 1215.6 106.0 9

Kharif

Foodgrains

8812.0 12.6 1 7704.3 6.0 6 877.4 48.2 34

Rabi

Foodgrains

4822.6 8.9 4 11133.9 8.7 5 2309.3 97.8 13

Total

Foodgrains

13634.6 11.0 3 18838.2 7.4 4 1388.2 67.5 33

Crops like sorghum, pearl millet, maize, pigeonpea, sesamum and soybean are grown

mainly under rainfed conditions. Rice (55%), gram (39%) and linseed (59%) are moderately

irrigated crops; while wheat (99%), barley (97%), groundnut (80%), rapeseed & mustard

(87%), sunflower (90%), sugarcane (98%), cotton (93%), tobacco (80%), condiments &

spices (97%) and fruits & vegetables (including root crops) (97%) are mostly taken under

irrigated condition.

Decadal compound annual growth rates (CAGR) of area and productivity indicate that the

area under pearl millet, sorghum and barley has declined during past five decades. CAGR of

pearl millet productivity have been quite impressive during past three decades (Fig. 8).

CAGR of rice productivity was most impressive during 1966-67 to 1976-77 and showed

slightly negative CAGR during next decade. CAGR of rice yield has shown increasing trend

during past four decades while the trend is reverse in case of wheat.

27

Fig. 8. Decadal CAGR of area and productivity of major cereals and millets

Area under mung bean and urad bean has mostly shown positive growth rates since 1976-77,

while much fluctuations were observed in case of moth bean and pigeonpea area (Fig. 9).

Unlike cereals, the CAGR of pulses productivity has shown high decadal variability.

Fig. 9. Decadal CAGR of area and productivity of pulses

Growth in area under oilseeds has mostly been positive and the traditional oilseed crop of

hot arid zone (sesame) has also shown positive CAGR values except during first decade (Fig.

10). Soybean area increased tremendously during first (53% CAGR) and second decades

(25% CAGR). Area under castor seed has also increased substantially. During first two

decades since 1966-67 castor seed productivity showed declining trend, while area under the

crop was increasing, but during 1986-87 to 1996-97 its productivity increased by 17.6 per

cent annually.

28

Fig. 10. Decadal CAGR of area and productivity of oilseeds

Among important commercial crops, area under sugarcane has declined (Fig. 11). Cotton

area and productivity showed negative CAGR during 1996-97 to 2005-06 but recovered

during next decade.

Fig. 11. Decadal CAGR of area and productivity of major commercial crops

Among commodity groups of cereals, pulses and oilseeds; maximum fluctuations in area

and productivity were observed in case of pulses (Fig. 12) and most impressive performance

was of oilseeds. Cereals have maintained positive CAGR of productivity ranging from 0.9 to

4.6 per cent.

29

Fig. 12. Decadal CAGR of area and productivity of cereals, pulses and oilseeds

Share of Rajasthan in area under fruits, vegetables and flowers in the country and its

contribution in their production is extremely meagre (Table 20). However, its share in area

under aromatic & medicinal plants and spices is quite high but their production is relatively

low.

Table 20. Area (000 ha) and production (000 t) of horticultural commodities during

2013-14 to 2015-16 and CAGR during 2006-07 to 2015-16

Mean Share in India (%) Rank CAGR

Area

Fruits 41.5 0.6 24 4.11

Vegetables 153.2 1.6 16 3.23

Flowers 2.8 1.1 14 -2.54

Aromatic & Medicinal

Plants

275.5 51.1 1 3.77

Spices 838.1 26.2 1 8.26

Total Horticulture 1311.0 5.5 10 6.31

Production

Fruits 694.0 0.8 20 6.72

Vegetables 1178.1 0.7 19 4.98

Flowers 3.3 0.2 19 -4.78

Aromatic & Medicinal

Plants

139.3 14.5 3 5.87

Spices 640.9 10.7 3 6.43

Total Horticulture 2658.3 1.0 18 5.86

Livestock census data of 2012 indicate that the state has 57.7 million total livestock

population and 11.3 per cent livestock and 1.1 per cent poultry of the country was in

Rajasthan. Rajasthan had 81.4 per cent camel, 25.5 per cent donkeys, 16 per cent goats, 14

per cent sheep, 11.9 per cent buffalo, 7 per cent cattle and 2.3 per cent pigs of the country.

30

During past nine livestock census, the population of goat, buffalo and poultry has increasing

trend (Fig. 13), while the population of sheep, camel and donkeys has shown declining trend.

The state has 30.7 per cent contribution in countries wool production and 11.4 per cent share

in milk production (Table 21). Despite large number of sheep and goats, contribution in meat

production is very low because most of the goats and sheep are taken to other states for

slaughtering. The CAGRs of milk, meat and eggs production have been very impressive

during 2006-07 to 2015-16. Per head milk productivity of cattle, buffalo and goats in

Rajasthan is above national average (Table 22).

During 2012-13 to 2014-15, Rajasthan produced 42.5 thousand tons fish and CAGR of

fish production of past eight years (2007-08 to 2014-15) was 8.9 per cent.

Fig. 13. Livestock and poultry population (million) in Rajasthan

Table 21. Production of milk (000 t), eggs (lakh), meat (000 t) and wool (000 kg) during 2013-14 to

2015-16 and their CAGR during 2006-07 to 2015-16

Commodity Mean production Share in India (%) Rank CAGR

Milk (000 t) 16669 11.4 2 7.98

Eggs (lakh no) 12986 1.6 14 10.23

Meat (000 t) 178 2.7 12 12.63

Wool (000 kg) 14302 30.7 1 -0.37

Table 22. Per head production of milk, eggs, meat and wool (2013-14 to 2015-16)

Species Type Rajasthan All India

Milk yield per in-milk animal (kg/day)

Cattle

Crossbred 7.77 7.33

Indigenous 4.46 3.41

Non- Descript 3.42 2.16

Buffalo

Indigenous 6.69 5.76

Non-Descript 4.71 3.8

Goat 0.7 0.45

Eggs (no per year)

Desi Fowls 164 110

Improved 283 259

Wool from ewes (kg/season) 0.83 0.68

31

6. Role of technology

6.1 Strategies to enhance income

1. Producing marketable surplus (increase in farm and livestock productivity)

2. Stabilizing prices of local commodities

3. Enabling policies and their implementation

4. Reducing cost of production

5. Reducing risk factor (PMFBY, IPM, INM, IFS, livestock)

6. Diversification in farming and cropping systems through high-value crops and

components

7. Secondary agriculture and value addition

8. Production taking cognizance of natural resources

9. Improved terms of trade for farmers

10. Augmenting income from other sources including agro-tourism

11. Capacity building and use of ICT

6.2 Action plan: State level

6.2.1 Increasing cropping intensity through efficient water management

• Enhancing micro-irrigation (existing 10% area). Narmada model should be replicated

in IGNP

• Promoting low-water requirement crops instead of

groundnut, castor, rice)

• Increasing irrigated area and cropping intensity with

saved water

• Amalgamation of water harvesting and crop

production, solar pumping, agri-voltaic system/solar

farming (Rs. 22 lakh/ha annual income)

• In-situ and ex-situ water harvesting

• Groundnut should not be planted before 15 June

6.2.2 Livestock-based IFS approach

• Single commodity output in rainfed farming gives low income

• Round-the-year employment

• Appropriate combination of horticulture, grasses, livestock, boundary plantation,

crops

• Adding income avenues in fodder, food, fruit

• Developing entrepreneurship (FPOs, SHGs, PPPP) for marketing milk of goat,

indigenous cow, camel

6.2.3 Improving livestock productivity

• Average daily milk yield of cow, buffalo, goat is

better than the country average

• Augmenting fodder supply (30-40% shortage) through

rejuvenation of grasslands

32

Sh. Gordhan Singh Village-Chelawas, Pali Established orchards of pomegranate, teakwood, mango, dragon fruit, aonla and ber in 5 ha area. Started high-tech horticultural nursery. Income Rs. 18 lakhs per year

• Region-specific multi-nutrient mixture, feed blocks or pellets to address mineral

deficiency

• Breed improvement of livestock

• Establishing environmental friendly abattoir, meat and byproduct processing facilities

6.2.4 Increasing productivity

• Enhance SRR of disease and pest-resistant varieties and hybrids. Promoting early

maturing cultivars especially in drought prone areas (maturity from 90 days to 60

days)

• Quality planting material of fruits

• Breed improvement of livestock

6.2.5 Diversification with high-value crops

• Horticulture

• Protected cultivation

• Vegetables

• New crops (e.g. Quinoa, Chia)

• Management of blue-bull and wild boar

6.2.6 Reducing cost of production

• Integrated Nutrient Management

• Integrated Pest Management

• Farm Mechanization (CHCs)

6.2.7 Supporting pioneer and unique crops of Rajasthan - Pearl millet and maize to be

procured and included in PDS

• 50-60 per cent of country’s area under pearl millet (50 lakh ha) is in Rajasthan

• 2nd most important state for maize in country (15 lakh ha)

• Area of these crops is decreasing in spite of increase in productivity

• Little incentive for higher production

6.2.8 Promote mechanization

• Better crop establishment

• To reduce cost of cultivation

• To avoid losses

6.2.9 Improved marketing

• Marketing intelligence

• Linking to e-NAM

6.2.10 Enhancing skill (particularly youth) for

• Dairying

• Farming

• Small scale processing for seed spices, arid fruits, etc.

• Starting custom hiring centers, repair of farm machinery, rewinding of electric motors

etc.

• Trainings of suitable duration related to handicrafts, cottage, small and medium scale

industries relevant for the region

33

Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants in hot arid region (ACZ-Ia)

KVK, Barmer Identified useful medicinal and aromatic plants growing in wild in the region. It formed a group of farmers and linked with Dabur to get good price. Initially Dabur desired to purchase 7 ton dried leaves of Sankhpushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis). After checking the produce, it gave another order for 30 t leaves.

Subsequently, Dabur wanted two more medicinal plants namely Mulethi (Glycerrhiza grabra) and Arnie (Clerodendrum phlomidis) along with Sankhpushpi.

In first year, 50 farmers cultivated 0.5 to 1 acre of land, making it a total of 20 ha. Farmers were given about 600 kg of Mulethi tubers per acre of

land. Mulethi yield is about 3 to 4 t/ha giving income of Rs. 2.0 to 2.5 lakh per acre.

6.2.11 Market reforms (Model APMC Act)

• Contract farming

• Direct sale by farmers

• Direct purchase by bulk buyers

• De-notify fruits and vegetables from APMC

• Electronic trading

• Single levy

• Single traders license

• Setting up of private markets

6.2.12 Enhancing storage facilities to avoid losses

• Creation of more warehouses, cold storage facilities

• Better storage facilities for storage of crops, fruits, onions, garlic, spices

6.2.13 Value addition to local produce

• Through co-operatives

• Federations

6.3 Action plan: Agro-climatic zone wise

6.3.1 Arid Western Plain (Ia)

• IFS components

should include

grasses (anjan and

dhaman); early

maturing crops

pearl millet, moth

bean, mung bean;

ber, pomegranate,

boundary

plantation with

trees having

economic

values/shelterbelts

(Gross annual

returns from a

rainfed IFS model

of 7 ha was Rs. 4.59-5.16 lakhs with B:C ratio of 1.76-1.96. The system generated

823-931 man-days of employment.

• Emphasis on balanced feed and location-specific nutrient supplements (available

now).

• Cultivation of senna, Aloe vera, grasses, fodder trees in wastelands.

• Solar farming (agri-voltaic system) in arid region has considerable scope.

• Popularization of low cost protected cultivation technology like insect-proof net

houses rather than costly poly-houses.

34

• Water is the most scare resource in this ACZ. There is considerable scope of

pressurized irrigation technology. Wide coverage of this technology will save water,

increase cropping intensity, encourage crop management and enhance production.

• Water conservation, harvesting at farm to watershed scale, groundwater recharge need

to get a very high priority.

• Promotion of ‘Good management Practices’ particularly for seed spices like cumin,

fennel, coriander and fruits to reduce cost and pesticide residues; and enhance

acceptability in local and international markets.

• Establishment of export-oriented farm hubs for cumin, fenugreek, onion, etc.

• Safe and hygienic drying of vegetables like chillies through solar driers for good

quality and better prices.

6.3.2 Irrigated North Western Plain (Ib)

• IFS components may include early maturing crops pearl millet, moth bean, cowpea;

clusterbean,

wheat, barley,

mustard,

kinnow,

pomegranate,

ber, lasoda,

vegetables,

buffalo,

improved cow

breeds, goats,

etc.

• Groundwater

(GW) utilization

is only 45 per cent in Ganganagar district. Emphasis on conjunctive use of GW and

canal water.

• Promote use of pressurized irrigation technology. Save water for other areas.

• Discourage cultivation of high water requiring crops like rice, groundnut and castor in

arid region and use the saved water for high value crops like fruits, vegetables,

protected agriculture, fodder for livestock, etc.

• Planting of widely spaced crops like cotton should be encouraged using drip

irrigation.

• Boundary plantation of teak/shelterbelts for improving micro-climate particularly for

orchards.

• Emphasis on commercial dairying as fodder supply will not be an issue.

• Hybrid seed production of pearl millet during summer season in irrigated areas.

• Value addition to kinnow and other citrus fruits, date palm and arid fruits, vegetables,

etc. Waxing of kinnow increases its self-life.

Off season vegetables on sand dunes with drip irrigation (ACZ-Ib) Name: Jailal Kataria Village: Birmana, Ganganagar Cost of levelling sand dunes is very high and flood irrigation is highly efficient under such conditions. KVK, Ganganagar demonstrated early vegetable production with drip fertigation and bio-greenhouse condition. Vegetables were sown early under drip irrigation and thatches of sarkanda (Saccharum munjo) were placed on northern side of plant rows to protect seedlings from frost during Dec-Jan and high temperatures during March-April. Fertigation saved water and fertilizer. Early vegetables fetched high market price. Earning is about Rs. 3 lakh per hectare which is about ten times of common cropping system of the area. Other farmers of the region have also started adopting this technology.

35

• High temperature during maturity stage of rabi crops has started adversely affecting

their yields. Promotion of high temperature tolerant/short duration varieties of rabi

crops.

6.3.3 Hyper Arid Partially Irrigated Zone (Ic)

• Strengthening fodder supply.

• Rejuvenation of grasslands.

• Establishing

fodder banks.

• Transporting dry

stover from

other areas e.g.

Punjab where

dry stover is

burnt.

• Strengthening of

fodder supply system.

• Date palm in canal command area only. Value addition to date palm and arid fruits.

• Tharparkar, Rathi cattle in rainfed areas and Buffalos in irrigated areas.

• Promotion of early maturing varieties of native crops.

• Boundary plantation/shelterbelts for improving micro-climate.

• Solar farming (agri-voltaic system).

• Conservation of soil and water in Khadin systems in Jaisalmer and linking it with crop

production.

• Income generation from wastelands through cultivation of hardy medicinal plants like

senna and timber trees that also reduce wind erosion.

• Promotion of commercial dairying in canal command areas.

• Promotion of better breeds of sheep and goats for rearing in rainfed areas of Jaisalmer

and Bikaner districts. Prolific sheep strain Avishaan, having 30 per cent more body

weight and meat yield over single lamb bearing Malpura sheep, will be promoted for

meat purpose.

• Emphasis on balanced feed and location-specific nutrient supplements which improve

both reproduction and production.

• Safe and hygienic drying of commodities like khejri pods, kair fruits, vegetable

clusterbean, etc. through solar driers for good quality and better prices.

• Groundnut sowing before 15 June should be prohibited.

6.3.4 Transitional Plain of Inland Drainage (IIa)

• Promotion of new early maturing varieties of pulse crops and early to medium dual-

purpose varieties of pearl millet.

• Diversification options include Nagauri methi, coriander, fennel, fenugreek, senna,

aswagandha, safed musali, Aloe vera, vegetables and arid fruits.

• For small and marginal farmers under irrigated situations crops + goatry + vegetables

+ mushroom was found more remunerative as compared to crops alone.

Farming of and value addition to Aloe vera (ACZ-Ic) Harish Dhandev, Engineer; Jaisalmer district After consultation with Agricultural University, Bikaner he planted 25,000 Aloe vera plants. But considering difficulty in its marketing, he signed an agreement with some companies in Jaipur to sell Aloe vera leaves. Subsequently, he started extracting pulp from the leaves and sold it to many buyers in Rajasthan. He expanded the business and started supplying pulp to Patanjali. Today, his company ‘Naturelo Agro’ has high earnings and the employees working with the company are also receiving high incomes.

36

Nursery raising – a profitable proposition (ACZ-IIA) Name: Sh. Kripal Singh Dayal Village: Dayalon ka bas, Jhunjhunu He started his nursery with 15000 - 20000 plants per year. Subsequently, he took help of KVK, Jhunjhunu and planted Ganganagari rose in half a bigha land and earned Rs. 8,000/- per month. Marigold cultivated in one bigha land earned him Rs. 25,000. In seven bigha land he raised mother plants of ber, chiku, mango, mausumi, orange, lemon, jamun, pomegranate and roses. In his high tech nursery under net-shade he has grown number of plants, vegetable seedlings and variety of ornamental plants using mini sprinkler and drip system. Presently, he is earning about Rs. 5.00 lakh per annum. Other farmers with small land holdings got inspired and have started cultivation of rose and marigold on their fields.

• Cultivation

of malt

barley in

salinity

affected

areas.

• Promotion

of

intercroppi

ng of

methi,

moth bean,

mung bean,

etc. in agri-horti systems for enhancing land use efficiency.

• Processing of Nagauri methi through walking/high tunnel technology.

• Agroforestry system with multipurpose trees like khejri (Prosopis cineraria), rohira

(Tecomela undulata), desi kikkar (Acacia nilotica), ardu (Alianthus excelsa) and anjan

(Hardwickia binata) were most beneficial agroforestry systems.

• Cultivation of capsicum, cherry tomato and khira under poly houses and off season

watermelon under drip and mulching system.

• Solar drying of sangri (khejri fruit) for better quality. Processing of and value addition

to arid fruits like ber, bael, sangri, kair, lasoda, phalsa.

• Promotion of indigenous cattle breeds – Gir, Tharparkar, Shahiwal in place of existing

non-descript/exotic cattle breeds.

• Emphasis on balanced feed and location-specific nutrient.

• Safe and hygienic drying of vegetables and other commodities like methi, chillies,

khejri pods, kair fruits, vegetable clusterbean, etc. through solar driers for good

quality and better prices.

• Water conservation, harvesting at farm to watershed scale, groundwater recharge need

to get a very high priority.

• Promotion of ‘Good management Practices’ particularly for seed spices like fennel,

coriander to reduce cost and pesticide residues; and enhance acceptability in markets.

• Income generation from wastelands through cultivation of hardy medicinal plants like

senna as well as grasses and timber/fodder trees.

6.3.5 Transitional Plain of Luni Basin (IIb)

• Diversification options include quinoa, chia, dil, coriander, fennel, fenugreek, henna,

senna, ashwagandha, Aloe vera, vegetables, arid fruits, Sirohi goat; Marwari, Chokla

breeds of sheep, backyard poultry, bee keeping, etc.

• Intercropping of peas in rabi and arid legumes in kharif season in orchards.

37

Rainwater harvesting (ACZ-IIb)

Name: Sh. Taju Khan Village: Paderly, Pali Initially in 2006, he constructed rainwater harvesting structure of 10 lakh litre capacity to collect run-off water from 40-65 ha, with the guidance of KVK, Pali. He then constructed concrete rainwater storage structure (40m X 40m X 3.5m). He has ber orchard, Marwari goat unit, and cultivates kharif and rabi crops on conserved moisture supplemented with irrigation with stored rainwater and harvests fish from pond. Seeing his success, about 3500 farmers have adopted RWH. Presently he is earning Rs. 1,80,000 annually by selling his farm produce mainly ber (Rs. 1,38,000), green gram (Rs 16,000), chickpea (Rs. 12,000) and fish (Rs. 14,000).

• Cumin and isabgol seed

production in Jalore.

• Pearl millet hybrid seed

production during

summer, cumin seed

production during

winter season.

• Popularization of

magnetic technology for

use of moderately saline

water.

• Area under protected

agriculture has

increased by 68 per cent

(to 2.05 M m2) during

2014-2017.

• High soil salinity in

Narmada canal command area. Seed production of salt tolerant crops like Palak (Pusa

Harit).

• Popularization and expansion of area under low tunnel technology for early vegetable

production when market prices are high.

• Nursery raising will be promoted as business option. Providing true to type, pest and

disease-free planting material of fruit crops like pomegranate locally will be ensured.

• Pali is well known for henna production. Emphasis will be given on mechanization

and processing at local scale.

• There is dedicated fright corridor through Sirohi and Jalore. Establishment of export-

oriented farm hubs for cumin, fenugreek, onion, etc. Vegetable cultivation.

• Gonda and ber are produced in this zone, however their processing units are required.

• Organic farming of spices, medicinal and aromatic plants and other high value crops.

• Promotion of ‘Good management Practices’ particularly for seed spices like cumin,

fennel, coriander and fruits to reduce cost and pesticide residues; and enhance

acceptability in local and foreign markets.

• Promotion of commercial dairying in Narmada canal command areas.

• Value addition of seed spices, vegetables, etc.

6.3.6 Semi-arid Eastern Plain (IIIa)

• Diversification options include quinoa, hybrid castor, pomegranate, aonla, ber, gonda,

mango, ajwain, fennel, fenugreek, chilies, garlic, turmeric, ginger, coriander, safed

musali, Aloe vera, etc.

• For small scale farmers crops + dairy + goatry + vegetables + poultry combination

was found more remunerative under irrigated situations as compared to crops alone or

crops + livestock.

• Rejuvenation of old orchards.

38

Integrated Disease Management reduced cost of cultivation of vegetables, increased productivity (ACZ-IIIA) 10 Farm families Village: Singod Khurd, Jaipur Land: Avg 1 ha/family The families have been cultivating vegetables namely onion, tomato, chilli and watermelon. Yields were low due to diseases especially purple blotch and downy mildew of onion, collar rot, root rot, early blight and fruit rot of tomato, anthracnose of chilli and anthracnose and downy mildew of watermelon. Expenditure on pesticides was also high. Three years back, KVK, Chomu (Jaipur) conducted on-farm-trials and gave On/Off Campus trainings for IDM Technologies. KVK advised them for soil treatment with Trichoderama viride (3x10

7 cfu) @ 2.5 kg/ha during kharif

and rabi season and also gave them proper schedule of fungicides application. Earlier their expenditure on plant protection measures was Rs. 9,000/- to 10,000/- per ha per year and now it is about Rs. 6,000/- to Rs. 8,000/- per ha per year. Earlier their annual income was Rs. 1.75 to 2.0 lakh per ha per annum which has now increased to Rs. 3.5 to 4.0 lakh per ha per year.

Tube-well recharging (ACZ-IIIb) Villages: Sitara, Sahenti, Mukundpura of Bharatpur district 95 tube wells were successfully recharged. Irrigation became available in 272 ha land out of 365 ha. Major crops grown in rabi season (wheat, mustard, barley etc.) benefited most as the yield losses due to water scarcity were reduced. Soil salinity also reduced due to good quality irrigation water.

• Local marigold is cultivated in

large area near Ajmer and

Jaipur cities. Improved

varieties like Pusa Narangi and

Pusa Basanti will be promoted.

Discarded flowers of marigold

will be used in poultry feed.

• Promotion of Tharparkar, Gir

and Sahiwal cattle breeds to

replace non-descript animals.

• Promotion of organic farming

of vegetables, pulses and

wheat.

• In Tonk area, water tanks will

be promoted for small scale

gardening, fruit trees, etc. Fish

production will be promoted in

large tanks.

• Increased emphasis on green

fodder cultivation for increasing livestock productivity.

• Processing and value addition to mung, urad, pea at small scale.

• Fish farming in large ponds.

• Kinnow, pomegranate, ber and guava orchards will be brought under drip irrigation.

6.3.7 Flood-Prone Eastern Plains (IIIb)

• Diversification options include quinoa, chia, dil, hybrid castor, pomegranate, aonla,

ber, gonda, mango, papaya, ajwain, fennel, fenugreek, chillies, garlic, ginger,

coriander, safed musali, Aloe vera.

• For small and marginal farmers crops + dairy + mushroom + bee keeping + poultry

were more remunerative under irrigated situation. Such systems will be promoted.

• Heat tolerant varieties of

wheat such as Raj 4238 and

frost tolerant varieties of

mustard and gram will be

popularized for mitigating

the adverse effect of high or

low temperature.

• Drip irrigation will be

promoted in relatively wider

crops like cotton, potato.

• Adoption of organic farming

of vegetables, wheat, pulses and mustard.

39

Self-employment through A.I. technique: ACZ-IVa

Sh. Kalyan Singh

Village: Kodav, Udaipur

He had 1.5 ha land and used to keep 2-3 cows and

buffalos. In 2015 he got training on AI from KVK,

Badgoan. Later he was associated with Dairy Unit of

KVK , Badgoan, where he intensively practiced AI work.

Then he started the AI work at his own. Initially, he used to perform 15 A.I. per

month and now he is doing 120-150 A.I. per month in nearby villages. Due to

his sincere efforts he is earning Rs. 30000 to 32000/month which was earlier

only Rs. 15000/month.

• Adoption of groundwater recharge technology: Model tested and refined by KVK,

Kumher will be popularized to improve groundwater recharge.

• Rejuvenation of old orchards.

• Small/medium scale processing units for guava, mustard.

6.3.8 Sub-humid Southern Plains and the Aravalli Hills (IVa)

• Popularization of improved intercropping system in rainfed areas. Integration of fish-

cum-horticulture farming for additional income from horticulture crops planted on the

bunds of fish ponds with increased fish production.

• Promotion of suitable IFS models like goat unit (6-8 goats of Sirohi breed ) +

backyard poultry for land less farmers; : crop production + vegetable cultivation +

papaya plants as intercrop/ on farm boundary + 2 buffaloes for small farmers.

• Diversification options include quinoa, linseed, yam, Colocassia, sweet potato, hybrid

castor, pomegranate, aonla, guava, mango, dragon fruit, lemon, papaya, sapota,

custard apple, ajwain, fennel, fenugreek, chilli, garlic, turmeric, ginger, coriander,

safed musali, Aloe vera, tulsi, opium.

• Seed production of rabi maize and soybean.

• Promotion of minor forest products like mahuva, Cassia tora, etc.

• Popularizat

ion of

nematode

control

strategies

under

poly-house

cultivation.

• Wherever

possible,

construction of Jal kund of 20-25 m3 capacity at farm level to be promoted. During

2014-2017, 23,322 water storage structures with 3,000 crore liter capacity (30 M m3

capacity) have been constructed in Rajasthan.

• Promotion of on-farm composting and vermi-wash production to improve soil

productivity.

• Promotion of organic farming of high value crops in default organic areas of Udaipur,

Rajsamand and Banswara districts.

• Increased emphasis on green fodder cultivation for increasing livestock productivity.

• Improvement in existing goat breeds by introducing bucks of pure Sirohi breed.

• Popularization of improved breed of poultry (Nirbheek and Pratapdhan) for backyard

poultry units.

• Popularization of balanced feeding schedule for livestock to increase their

productivity.

• Introduction of fish farming in farm ponds. Popularization of fish seed rearing in

cages for rearing carp fingerlings in bigger water bodies.

40

• Reducing post-harvest losses by promoting use of grain storage bins.

• Organizing farmers' clusters into Farmers Business Centers with self-help groups

under a Producer Marketing Company.

6.3.9 Humid Southern Plains (IVb)

• Diversification options include quinoa, hybrid castor, linseed, pomegranate, guava,

ber, gonda, mango, dragon fruit, lemon, papaya, sapota, custard apple, strawberry,

ajwain, sua, fennel,

fenugreek, chillies,

garlic, turmeric,

ginger, coriander,

safed musali, opium.

• Diversification of

maize area to

pomegranate, orange,

guava, custard apple,

papaya and lemon.

• Integration of fish-

cum-horticulture

farming for additional

income from

horticulture crops planted on the bunds of fish ponds with increased fish production.

• Wherever possible, construction of Jal kund of 20-25 m3 capacity at farm level to be

promoted.

• Promotion of on-farm composting and vermi-wash production to improve soil

productivity.

• Promotion of organic farming of high value crops (isabgol, ashwagandha, opium

poppy and kalmegh) in default organic areas of Pratapgarh, Dungarpur and Banswara

districts.

• In Mahi CCA, bara-bandi system will be strictly followed to avoid wastage of

irrigation water.

• Increased emphasis on green fodder cultivation for increasing livestock productivity.

• Improvement in existing goat breeds by introducing bucks of pure Sirohi breed.

• Popularization of improved breeds of poultry (Nirbheek and Pratapdhan) for backyard

poultry units.

• Popularization of balanced feeding schedule for livestock to increase their

productivity.

• Introduction of fish farming in farm ponds. Popularization of fish seed rearing in

cages for rearing carp fingerlings in bigger water bodies.

• Reducing post-harvest losses by promoting use of grain storage bins.

• Organizing farmers' clusters into Farmers Business Centers with self-help groups

under a Producer Marketing Company.

• Small scale processing of pigeonpea, custard apple, mango, dragon fruit.

IFS- Boon for sustainable income generation (ACZ-IVb) Sh Jivan Lal Patel Village: Bhujara, Dungarpur Land Holding: 3.25 ha Crops: Maize, rice, wheat, black gram, green gram, gram, soybean

Vegetables: tomato, brinjal, coriander, chilli and okra

Livestock: 7 cows (HF cross breed), 3 buffaloes (Murrah)

Poultry unit: one commercial unit (Pratapdhan)

Supplementary interventions: Vermi-compost unit, Azolla unit, Milk

collection centre In 2012, he purchased 7 HF crossbred cows and 3 murrah buffalos worth Rs. 5 lakh through bank loan. Since 2013, he has been participating in on and off campus trainings organized by KVK, Dungarpur. His net income has increased substantially since 2012 and presently he is earning over Rs. 8 lakh per annum.

41

6.3.10 Humid South-Eastern Plains (V)

• Crop diversification options are quinoa, chia, guava, pomegranate, strawberry, custard

apple, papaya, lasoda, drumstick, chironji, safed musali, turmeric, aswagandha,

ajwain, fennel, kalaunji, roses, gladiolus, potato, makhen grass.

• Promotion of two tier system of agri-horti (aonla – turmeric) and three tier system of

agri-horti-medicinal plants (guava – turmeric – safed musali) to enhance land, labour

and capital productivity.

• Land configuration methods (ridge and furrow, broad bed furrow) are useful both

under

excess

rainfall and

water

stress

conditions.

Their

adoption

will be promoted for enhancing crop productivity and input use efficiency.

• Direct seeding of rice will be promoted over transplanting method.

• Irrigation is mostly given through flood method. Drip, mini sprinklers will be

popularized.

• Fertigation to be promoted in orchards, vegetables, floriculture and high value crops.

• Goat rearing is quite popular in Sawai Madhopur and Bundi. Breed improvement

through Sirohi bucks.

• The productivity of local cows is low and dairying is negligible though there is ample

scope of good-quality fodder production due to existing irrigation facilities.

Commercial and small scale dairies will be promoted with improved/ pure breed of

cattle.

• Bee keeping is becoming popular in this region. Bee keeping will be promoted along

with establishment of honey processing units.

• Up scaling of low cost storage technology for garlic and onion.

• Post-harvest processing of soybean, coriander, garlic, guava, oranges, honey, etc. for

higher returns.

7. Value chain development, market linkages and trade potential

To support the farmers across the value chain, the state government has introduced reforms

and policies like State Agriculture Policy, Agro-processing & Agri-marketing Promotion

Policy, Livestock Policy and Organic Farming Policy. The APMC model act has been

modified and adopted which is considered to be one of the best in the country. Contract

farming is permitted and farmer consumer markets exist. Commodity specific markets have

been created like Ramganj Mandi for coriander and Jodhpur and Merta for cumin. Forest

produce mandi has started in Udaipur. FPOs are being promoted for input supply, technical

Economic empowerment through bee keeping (ACZ-V) Sh Narendra Malva Village: Haripura Dangawad, Kota Marginal farmer. Got training at KVK, Kota for bee keeping and started beekeeping in 2007-08 at his village with 5 colonies. Now he has 400 colonies. He sells raw honey to traders of Punjab and U.P. and processed and packed honey (500 g and 1 kg) locally in Kota. Earns Rs. 7-8 lakh per year.

42

services, procurement and packaging of farmers produce. Private investors are encouraged

through various incentives to start processing units in the state.

Twenty five markets are linked with e-NMA, while 125 Markets are linked through

Rajasthan Integrated Mandi Management System (RIMMS).

To promote export of farm produce, particularly spices, selected Krishi Upaj Mandies

(KUMs) have been identified for this purpose, which are listed below:

Krishi Upaj Mandi Commodity

Merta City Cumin

Jodhpur Cumin, fenugreek, chilli

Sumerpur/Rani Fenugreek

Jaipur/Sikar Fenugreek, Cumin

Ramganj Mandi Coriander

Pratapgarh Sesame, ajwain, poppy seed, garlic, fenugreek

Abu Road/Reodar Fennel

8. Policy and investment requirements and role of the government

8.1 Policy support by the government

Strict quality control measures need to be enforced to check spurious seed, pesticides,

fertilizer, etc.

Blue bulls and wild boars cause huge damage to crops in several areas. These two

species may be moved from protected wild life to vermin list and Panchayats can be

authorised to keep the population of these wild species under check.

Crop damage by stray animals is also a major problem. State Govt. need to increase

the number of Go-Abharanaya.

Govt. can boost farmers’ income by incentivising agricultural inputs through subsidy

on liquid/ water soluble fertilizers, low pressure drip systems and low tunnel

technology.

Use of solar energy and water harvesting should be made mandatory for protected

cultivation.

Sowing of groundnut before 15 June should be prohibited to save groundwater.

Subsidy on solar pumps, drip system should be increased to 85 per cent. Subsidy

should also be given on inputs (feed, fodder) for livestock rearing.

Panchayats can be provided funds for protection and regeneration of common grazing

lands.

Govt. may fix MSP after taking into account the cost of cultivation.

Pearl millet and maize are two most important food crops in Rajasthan. During good

monsoon years, production of these crops is high and farmers do not get remunerative

43

price due to glut in market. The government must procure the produce at MSP and

include in public distribution system (PDS). Pearl millet in western Rajasthan and

maize in south Rajasthan may be included in PDS after procurement.

Contract farming may be promoted for specific commodities to ensure input

availability and market access.

Land lease process for various tenures need to be made simple and effective to release

the ‘locked-in’ land for productive agriculture.

Felling and transportation of trees grown in agroforestry system may be allowed to

encourage farmers to adopt agroforestry systems.

SAUs should be adequately funded to conduct their research, education and extension

activities smoothly for sustained agricultural development in the state.

8.2 Budget/investment requirement

Head Amount (Rs. in crore)

Agriculture and allied services 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23

Crop husbandry 3438.96 3782.86 4161.14 4577.26 5034.98 5538.48

Horticulture development 491.62 540.78 594.86 654.35 719.78 791.76

Soil and water conservation 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.40 0.44 0.48

Animal husbandry 298.80 328.68 361.55 397.70 437.48 481.22

Dairy development 9.58 10.54 11.59 12.75 14.02 15.43

Fisheries 4.09 4.50 4.95 5.45 5.99 6.59

Forestry 466.13 512.74 564.02 620.42 682.46 750.71

Irrigation

Multipurpose projects 46.96 51.66 56.82 62.50 68.75 75.63

Major projects 1380.77 1518.85 1670.74 1837.81 2021.59 2223.75

Medium projects 88.52 97.37 107.11 117.82 129.60 142.56

Modernization 12.30 13.53 14.89 16.38 18.01 19.81

Water management services 58.06 63.86 70.25 77.27 85.00 93.50

Minor irrigation

Ground water department 1.85 2.03 2.24 2.46 2.71 2.98

Irrigation department 572.78 630.06 693.07 762.38 838.61 922.48

Command area development 336.42 370.06 407.07 447.78 492.56 541.81

Integrated watershed

management prog. (watershed

component)

693.00 762.30 838.53 922.38 1014.62 1116.08

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai

Yojana (special component)

110.00 121.00 133.10 146.41 161.05 177.16

Mukhyamantri Jal

Swawlamban Yojana

484.00 532.40 585.64 644.20 708.62 779.49

Storage and warehousing

corporation

7.70 8.47 9.32 10.25 11.27 12.40

Agriculture credit 7.15 7.87 8.65 9.52 10.47 11.52

Cooperation 674.10 741.51 815.66 897.23 986.95 1085.65

Agri. Marketing board 550.00 605.00 665.50 732.05 805.26 885.78

44

9. Implementation plan and institutional responsibilities

9.1 Increasing cropping intensity thorough efficient use of water

• Micro-irrigation to be immensely promoted especially in IGNP CCA (19,00,000 ha).

Regulation of water through legislation by promoting water efficient crops and

discouraging water guzzlers to get ‘More Crop Per Drop’.

• Recycling of waste water.

• Mukhya Mantri Jal Swawlamban Abhiyan (MJSA)

• Started on 27 January, 2016 with the objective of harvesting available water.

• In Phase-I and II total 7726 villages have been covered and 2,26,081 works of

water harvesting are completed.

• Under four water concept, 328 micro irrigation tank, 50 micro storage tank and

48 check dams were constructed in Mahi, Chambal, Sabarmati, Luni and Banas

basin.

• Under Integrated Watershed Management Program (IWMP) govt. has

sanctioned 1025 watershed projects to treat 57.01 lakh hectares area.

• An additional area of 52,391 hectares has been brought under irrigation.

• Govt. plans to cover all irrigated area by micro-irrigation by 2022 (“Strategies

for Doubling Farmers’ Income”).

• Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY) - Har Khet ko Pani.

• Under Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY), 33 districts of

Rajasthan have been covered under “Per drop More Crop” to create facilities

for drip and sprinkler irrigation system.

• Under agricultural irrigation scheme, centre govt. has set a target to provide

“Water for every Farm” and kept a provision of Rs. 50,000 crores in next five

years.

• Amalgamation of diggi system, pressurized irrigation and solar pumping

• To encourage use of alternative source of energy, Rajasthan Govt. has

established 25,450 solar pump sets in the state.

9.2 Livestock-based IFS approach

• Har Med Par Ped (boundary plantation).

• Strengthening supply of saplings of various trees suitable for agroforestry and

boundary plantation.

• > 30 species already notified by government for agroforestry plantation and use.

• Developing entrepreneurship (FPOs, SHGs,): >200 FPO have been created.

• Strengthening seed supply chain of grasses in arid districts.

9.3 Improving livestock productivity

• Rejuvenation of grasslands through Panchayats by providing adequate funds and

making provision of protection.

45

• Development and supply of region-specific multi-nutrient mixture.

• Setting up of livestock feed units in different districts.

• Creation of fodder banks in western Rajasthan.

• Transporting dry stover in drought years from adjoining areas.

• Improving breeds of livestock by providing genetically superior males and

establishing AI centers at Block level.

• The technique of Semen-Sexing should be procured to avoid non-productive animals

that add to biotic pressure on the limited fodder resources of state.

• For livestock improvement, 30 Integrated Livestock Development Centers have been

opened at district level.

9.4 Increasing crop productivity

• Strengthening RSSCL to increase its capacity of seed production especially of hybrids

crops by creating a ‘Hybrid Crops Cell’ in RSSCL.

• Rajasthan government has introduced Mukhyamantri Beej Swavlamban

Yojna (MBSY) to provide quality seeds from local seed banks to the farmers. MBSY

should be extended to all districts (presently operates in 3 districts).

• Strengthening seed production supply chain by producing adequate quantities of

Foundation Seed by developing plan for five years in advance.

• Special efforts are needed to promote supply of early maturing cultivars that are

capable of producing high yield even under drought situations.

• Establishing Hi-Tech horticultural nurseries at Block level: Govt. has planned it with

a provision of buy-back scheme.

• Enhancing adoption of improved technologies.

9.5 Diversification with high-value crops and commodities

• Rajasthan govt. is encouraging farmers to grow non-conventional crops like date

palm, malta, moringa. However, the date palm should be promoted only in canal

command area.

• Promoting horticulture, protected cultivation, vegetables, new crops (e.g. Quinoa,

Chia) and creating adequate facilities for their marketing.

• Blue-bull and wild boar have been reported to be a major hindrance in diversification

of crops. These animals should be included in category of vermin.

• Setting up of processing units of camel milk, goat milk and indigenous cow (A2) milk

separately which are considered of therapeutic value and command high price.

9.6 Protecting and promoting low-water requirement crops

• Procurement of pearl millet and maize and inclusion in PDS.

• The high water requiring crops like onion, groundnut, castor and rice should be

discouraged and drip method of irrigation must be made, by legislation, compulsory if

at all these crops are to be grown. Growing such crops in western Rajasthan and

46

marketing them for other areas is nothing but export of water from Rajasthan. This

requires policy decision.

9.7 Capacity building and use of ICT

• The National Skill Development Mission was launched by the Hon’ble Prime

Minister on 15.07.2015 on the occasion of World Youth Skills Day.

• The Mission has been developed to create convergence across sectors and

States in terms of skill training activities.

• It will be implemented through a streamlined institutional mechanism driven by

Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE).

• Seven sub-missions i.e. (i) Institutional Training, (ii) Infrastructure, (iii)

Convergence, (iv) Trainers, (v) Overseas Employment, (vi) Sustainable

Livelihoods, (vii) Leveraging Public Infrastructure have been proposed initially

to act as building blocks for achieving overall objectives of the Mission.

• Use of IT in agri-marketing, price and projection, weather forecast, market

information. Farmers and processors will be requiring latest information related to

agri-marketing.

• Rajasthan govt. has organized first Global Rajasthan Agritech Meet during 9-11 Nov.

2016 in which 70,000 peoples including 58,000 farmers actively participated. Second

meet was held during 7-9 November, 2017 at Udaipur.

9.8 Reducing risk factor

• Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana in Rajasthan.

• Under Pashu Bima Yojana, the govt. is providing subsidy of 70 per cent on the

premium to SC/ST and BPL categories and 50 per cent to others.

9.9 Reducing cost of production

• Integrated Nutrient and Pest Management

• The Rajasthan govt. has till now prepared 58.08 lakhs soil health cards through

101 stationary and 12 mobile laboratories.

• One lakh mini-kits have been distributed to overcome the deficiency of

micronutrients in the soil.

• Use of pulse-cereal cropping system.

9.10 Market reforms

• For better marketing of agricultural produce, the Rajasthan govt. has developed e-

mandi system “Rajasthan Integrated Mandi Management System” (RIMMS) and

connected 125 mandies through e-mandi system.

• Facilities for better storage

• Rajasthan has food grain storage capacity of 17.3 lakh MT with a utilization of

around 57 per cent.

47

• Rajasthan State Warehousing Corporation (RSWC) has begun construction of

additional storage facility of 4.95 lakh MT.

• The state has cold storage capacity of 5.934 lakh MT of which 95 per cent is

contributed by private sector.

• Contract farming

• State Government has already amended the Rajasthan Agricultural Produce

Market Act, 1961 to permit contract farming for fruits, vegetables, medicinal

and aromatic plants.

• Guar gum derivatives having application in paper, textile, mining and other industries

and guar gum powder having application in food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals.

• Processing units of herbal medicines based on aonla, isabgol, sonamukhi,

ashwagandha, Aloe vera, heena.

• Direct sale by farmers.

• Direct purchase by bulk buyers.

• Govt. de-notified fruits and vegetables through APMC.

• Setting up of private markets and electronic trading.

• State Government has already amended the Rajasthan Agricultural Produce Market

Act, 1961 to permit the setting up of private sub e-markets.

• e-NAM

9.11 Land use

• Rajasthan govt. has given permission to farmers for land conversion from agriculture

to residential up to 500 m2 area from their own farm for construction of residence,

grain storage/animal shelter.

10. Summary recommendations

The agro-climatic conditions of Rajasthan pose serious challenges in production of crops

and livestock resulting in low productivity and income of farmers. However, there exist

certain strength and opportunities in agriculture sector of the state. This report examines both

challenges and strengths of agriculture and allied sector in Rajasthan in enhancing net returns

from farming through improved technological interventions. The analysis of data indicated

that annual compound growth rate is highest in livestock sector (18%), followed by fisheries

(11%), crop sector (4.7%) and forestry sector (3.8%). There exists a tremendous scope not

only to maintain this rate of growth but also to raise it further using an inclusive approach of

increasing crop and livestock productivity through proper technological interventions,

stabilizing prices of local commodities through appropriate marketing policies in case of

extra production, reducing cost of production, diversifying farming and cropping system,

promoting secondary agriculture and value addition, and augmenting income from other

sources. Multi-pronged strategies and actions are needed to enhance income of farmers’

which are discussed in the report.

48

Increasing water productivity and cropping intensity through efficient water

management: Rajasthan has access to 1 per cent of water resources in spite of having 10

per cent geographical area of the country. Despite this, micro-irrigation technology is

being used only in 10 per cent of irrigated area which has to be substantially increased

for increase cropping intensity in the state using same amount of water. It has been

demonstrated that drip irrigation saves water up to 80 per cent. The model of Narmada

canal, that makes water to be essentially used only through pressurized irrigation, needs

to be replicated in canal command area of IGNP. Low-water requirement crops like

wheat, chickpea and mustard instead of water guzzlers like groundnut, castor, and rice

in the irrigated areas needs to be promoted by legislation. In-situ and ex-situ water

harvesting would also play an important role in increasing cropping intensity.

Utilization of waste water for irrigation purposes has a great potential especially in peri-

urban areas.

Livestock-based integrated farming system (IFS) approach: Cultivation of crops only in

a typical rainfed farming situation was found to give, on an average, a net return of Rs.

16,000/ha, while average net return from an integrated farming system was Rs.

35,000/ha. In addition, IFS approach offers round-the-year employment. Several IFS

models have been suggested having an appropriate combination of horticulture, grasses,

livestock, boundary plantation and crops for various agro-climatic zones of the state.

Developing entrepreneurship among farmers through FPOs, SHGs etc. is very

important to maximize profit from IFS.

Improving livestock productivity: There is reported 30-40 per cent shortage of dry

stover for livestock and therefore augmenting fodder supply through rejuvenation of

degraded grasslands become critically important. Use of region-specific multi-nutrient

mixture, feed blocks or pellets can further help in improving the livestock productivity.

Improvement of local breeds of livestock needs special emphasis and establishment of

Artificial Insemination centers at block level is essential to achieve it. Semen-sexing is

a potential technology to control population of non-productive animals.

Increasing crop productivity: The yield gap between productivity levels obtained at

farmers field with and without improved technology in various field crops in Rajasthan

ranges from 17 per cent to 41 per cent highlighting the potential role of up scaling of

production technology. Further, there is only 8-15 per cent seed replacement rate of

pulses and 50-60 per cent of pearl millet and maize hybrids that needs further

enhancement. Promoting early maturing cultivars especially in drought prone areas and

quality planting material of horticultural crops would play a very important role in

further enhancing income levels.

Diversification with high-value crops and commodities: Diversification of agriculture

offers a great opportunity to augment income. Specific interventions include cultivation

of high-value fruits and vegetables. Protected cultivation is also emerging as viable

option in Rajasthan especially in peri-urban areas having good market connectivity.

New crops like Quinoa, Chia offer additional opportunities for diversifying the farming.

Agri-voltaic system, also termed as solar farming, can also be an option of getting high

49

annual returns per unit of land with a potential of Rs. 22 lakhs/ha, though it requires a

heavy investment in beginning.

Reducing cost of production: Reduction of cost of production can also be an additional

avenue to increase net returns from farming. Integrated nutrient management based on

fertility status of soil and nutrient requirement of crops are being suggested to reduce

cost of inputs. Custom hiring centers have an important role to play in reducing the cost

of production as mechanization helps in reduction of labour requirement and to reduce

losses during harvesting.

Supporting pioneer and unique crops of Rajasthan: Rajasthan is known for crops with

unique attributes. Pearl millet is cultivated on 40 lakh ha (>50% acreage in the country)

and maize on 9 lakh ha. These two crops have shown highest growth in productivity

since last more than 4 decades. Despite being drought tolerant, nutritionally rich,

climate-change ready crops, the area under these two traditional food crops of Rajasthan

is continuously declining as there is no incentive for farmers to produce more. The

supply of wheat in PDS in Rajasthan, even in those areas where pearl millet and maize

are traditional foods, has led to lesser importance of these two crops. There is need to

procure pearl millet and maize and to distribute them in PDS in western and southern

parts of state, respectively. Similarly, Rajasthan is known as hub for seed spices but

there are few processing plants and mandies for their marketing. It adds to the

transportation cost while taking them to adjoining states for processing and marketing.

There is urgent need of establishing processing industries of cumin, isabgol, coriander,

fennel and fenugreek in the area of their production.

Capacity-building of farmers: Enhancing skill (particularly of youth) in dairying,

farming, small scale processing of seed spices, repair of farm machinery and protected-

cultivation structures etc. would provide additional avenue to increase farm productivity

and to add additional sources of income. Trainings in handicrafts, cottage, and small

and medium scale industries relevant for the region can be other option.

Providing better marketing and ushering reforms: Contract farming of fruits,

vegetables, pulses, oilseeds, seed spices and medicinal plants is a potential area to fetch

assured income to farmers. Arranging direct purchase by bulk buyers and setting up of

private markets would further encourage farmers for additional production of such

commodities. Government of Rajasthan has already de-notified fruits and vegetables

through APMC which is good initiative to provide free marketing. There is also need to

connect remaining mandies of state to e-NAM. Establishment of export-oriented farm

hubs for cumin, isabgol, fenugreek, fennel, poppy seed, etc. is also required.

Enhancing storage facilities and value addition: Creation of more warehouses, cold

storage facilities for fruits, onion, garlic, seed spices would be very helpful in avoiding

losses. Primary processing of local produce through co-operatives, federations, FPOs

and SHGs would lead to value-addition resulting in higher market price.

50

References

FICCI 2017. Building an Enabling FPO Ecosystem: An Approach Paper. 14p. FICCI, Jaipur.

Govt. of Rajasthan 2010. State Water Policy-2010. 16p. State Water Resource Planning

Department, Jaipur.

Govt. of Rajasthan 2013. State Agriculture Policy-2013. 22p. Dept. of Agriculture, Govt. of

Rajasthan, Jaipur.

Govt. of Rajasthan 2015. Rajasthan MSME Policy-2015. 21p. Govt. of Rajasthan, Jaipur.

Govt. of Rajasthan 2016. State Livestock Development Policy. Department of animal

husbandry, Govt. of Rajasthan, Jaipur.

Govt. of Rajasthan 2017. Budget at a Glance. 14p. Directorate of Economics and Statistics,

Department of Planning, Govt. of Rajasthan, Jaipur.

Govt. of Rajasthan 2017. Compendium of Some Development Statistics About Rajasthan

(1951-52 to 2015-16). 124p. Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Department of

Planning, Govt. of Rajasthan, Jaipur.

Govt. of Rajasthan 2017. Economic Review 2016-17. 215p. Directorate of Economics and

Statistics, Department of Planning, Govt. of Rajasthan, Jaipur.

Govt. of Rajasthan 2017. Rajasthan Organic Farming Policy 2017. 21p. Govt. of Rajasthan,

Jaipur.

Govt. of Rajasthan 2017. Strategies for Doubling Farmers’ Income. 36p. Dept. of

Agriculture, Govt. of Rajasthan, Jaipur.

Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare 2017. Report of the Committee on Doubling

Farmers’ Income (Volume II): “Status of Farmers’ Income: Strategies for

Accelerated Growth”. 180p. Document prepared by the Committee on Doubling

Farmers’ Income, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers’ Welfare,

Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare. New Delhi.

NSSO 2016. Income, Expenditure, Productive Assets and Indebtedness of Agricultural

Households in India: NSS 70th

Round (January– December 2013). 1450p. National

Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Govt.

of India, New Delhi.

Rajasthan State Agricultural Marketing Board 2016. Rajasthan Agro-processing and Agri-

marketing Promotion Policy-2015. 56p. Rajasthan State Agricultural Marketing

Board, Jaipur.

TERI. 2010. Rajasthan State Action Plan on Climate Change (RAPCC). 171p. The Energy

and Resources Institute, New Delhi.

Websites

http://animalhusbandry.rajasthan.gov.in/

http://www.agriculture.rajasthan.gov.in/

http://aps.dac.gov.in/LUS/Public/Reports.aspx

http://aps.dac.gov.in/APY/Index.htm

http://animalhusbandry.rajasthan.gov.in/

http://www.agriculture.rajasthan.gov.in/

http://aps.dac.gov.in/LUS/Public/Reports.aspx

http://aps.dac.gov.in/APY/Index.htm

51

Annexure-I

List of Participants

Meeting of the State Coordination Committee (Rajasthan) for Doubling Famers’

Income in Rajasthan by 2022 held at MPUAT, Udaipur during 5-6 April 2017

S No Name Designation and organization

1 Prof. U.S. Sharma, Chairman, RSCC VC, MPUAT, Udaipur

2 Dr. O.P. Yadav, Convenor, RSCC Director, CAZRI, Jodhpur

3 Sh. Suhas P. Wani Director, Asia Region, ICRISAI, Hyderabad

4 Dr. A.K. Gahlot VC, RAJUVAS, Bikaner

5 Dr. B.R. Chhipa VC, SKRAU, Bikaner

6 Dr. P.S. Rathore VC, SKNAU, Jobner

7 Dr. G.L. Keshva VC, AU, Kota

8 Dr. Balraj Singh VC, AU, Jodhpur

9 Dr. R. Paliwal Director (HRD) SKNAU, Jobner

10 Dr. S.M.K. Naqvi Director, CSWRI, Avikaner

11 Dr. S.K. Singh Director, ATARI, Jodhpur

12 Prof. P.L. Saroj Director, CIAH, Bikaner

13 Dr. N.V. Patil Director, NRC Camel, Bikaner

14 Dr. Sita Ram Jat Joint Director, Horticulture

15 Dr. G. Lal Director, NRCSS, Ajmer

16 Dr. P.K. Rai Director (Act), DRMR, Bharatpur

17 Sh. N.S. Chundawat MD, Saras Dairy, Udaipur

18 Dr. Geeta Patel Chairperson, Udaipur Dairy Cooperative Federation

19 Dr. Ajay Kumar Gupta Director, AHD

20 Sh. R.K. Thanvi GM, NABARD

21 Sh. Anil Kumar Shukla Sr. Manager (M), KRIBHCO

22 Sh. Sher Singh Chief Area Manager, IFFCO

23 Sh. Ram Pal Section Officer C/o Food Processing

24 Sh. H.N. Yadav Secretary, RSAMB, Jaipur

25 Dr. L.K. Murdia Dean, CDFST, MPUAT, Udaipur

26 Sh. D.N. Purohit Comptroller, MPUAT, Udaipur

27 Dr. O.P. Sharma Dean, CoF, MPUAT, Udaipur

28 Dr. R.A. Kaushik DRI, MPUAT, Udaipur

29 Dr. R. Swaminathan Dean, RCA

30 Sh. Vijendra Singh DDM, NABARD

31 Dr. R.K. Nagada Dean, CVAS, Vallabhnagar

32 Dr. G.S. Tiwari DEE, MPUAT

33 Dr. S.K. Sharma ZDR, ARS, Udaipur

34 Dr. S.M. Mathur Prof. & Head, AM&PE, CTAE, Udaipur

35 Dr. Subodh Kr. Shamra Prof. & Head Deptt. of Ag. Engg. MUPAT

52


36 Dr. V. Nepalia Prof. & Head, Agronomy, RCA, MPUAT

37 Dr. V.P. Sain Prof. (Fish), DOR, Udaipur

38 Dr. R.K. Kaul I/c PME, CAZRI, Jodhpur

39 Dr. D.V. Singh Member, PME, CAZRI, Jodhpur

40 Dr. Hare Krishna CIAH, Bikaner

41 Prof. I.J. Mathur Manager, ATIC, MPUAT

42 Sh. R.M. Srivastava Asstt. Director, Fisheries, Udaipur

43 Sh. Rajendra Yadav Field Representative, KRIBHCO

44 Dr. Pankaj Sharma Principal Scientist, DRMR, Bharatpur

45 Dr. Surendra Kothari DPM, MPUAT

46 Dr. Mahesh Verma Jt. Director Agri., Deptt. of Agri. GOR

47 Dr. N.K. Sharma Sr. Manager (Prod), RSSCL, Jaipur

48 Sh. Sudhir Verma Regional Manager, RSSCL, Udaipur

49 Dr. Ranjeet Singh Scientist, KVK, Banswara

50 Dr. Radheyshyam Keer

51 Dr. A.K. Mehta ADR, DOR, MPUAT

52 Dr. Subhash Bhargava OSD to Vice-Chancellor

53 Dr. Roshan Asstt. Prof. Agronomy, MPUAT

54 Dr. D.K. Jajoria Asstt. Prof. Agronomy, MPUAT

55 Dr. B.G. Chhipa Asstt. Prof. Horticulture, MPUAT

56 Dr. N.L. Chawla Dy. Register Coop. Society

57 Dr. S.S. Burark MPUAT, Udaipur

58 Dr. Lokesh Gautam Asstt. Prof. CVAS, Navaria

59 Sh. Ranchore Farmer

60 Sh. Chain Singh Farmer

53

Annexure-II

List of Participants

Meeting of the State Coordination Committee (Rajasthan) for Doubling Famers’

Income in Rajasthan by 2022 held at MPUAT, Udaipur on 23 October 2017


1 Prof. U.S. Sharma Vice Chancellor, MPUAT, Udaipur

2 Dr. O.P. Yadav Director, CAZRI, Jodhpur

3 Dr. P.S. Rathore Vice Chancellor, SKNAU, Jobner

4 Dr. Balraj Singh Vice Chancellor, AU, Jodhpur

5 Dr. G.L. Keshawa Vice Chancellor, AU, Kota

6 Dr. N.V. Patil Director, NRC on Camel, Bikaner

7 Dr. P.L. Nehra Director Research, SKRAU, Bikaner

8 Dr. C.S. Vaishnava Dean, CVAS, Naraina Vallabhnagar, RAJUVAS, Bikaner

9 Dr. Ajay Kumar Gupta Director, Animal Husbandry, Jaipur

10 Sh. Mahesh Verma Jt. Director of Agriculture, Udaipur

11 Sh. Sudhir Verma RM, RSSCL, Udaipur

12 Sh. G.K. Sharma Deputy Director of Agri. (Stat.), Udaipur

13 Dr. G. Lal Director, NRCSS, Ajmer

14 Dr. P.P. Rohilla PS, ATARI, Jodhpur

15 Dr. P.K. Rai Director, DRMR, Bharatpur

16 Dr. P. Rokadia ZDR, ARS Banswara, MPUAT

17 Dr. S.K. Sharma Dean, COF, MPUAT, Udaipur

18 Dr. Shanti Jain Dean, CHSc., MPUAT, Udaipur

19 Dr. R. Swaminathan Dean, RCA, MPUAT, Udaipur

20 Dr. S.S. Rathore Dean, CTAE, MPUAT, Udaipur

21 Dr. L.K. Murdia Dean, CDFST, MPUAT, Udaipur

22 Dr. A.K. Mehta Director Research, MPUAT, Udaipur

23 Dr. G.S. Tiwari DEE, MPUAT, Udaipur

24 Dr. L.N. Dashora Professor & PI, AICRP (IFS) OFR Project

25 Dr. D.V. Singh CAZRI, Jodhpur

26 Dr. R.K. Kaul CAZRI, Jodhpur

27 Dr. S.K. Sharma ZDR, ARS, Udaipur

28 Dr. D.K. Jajoria DOR, MPUAT, Udaipur

29 Dr. P.C. Chaplot Professor, MPUAT, Udaipur

30 Dr. B.G. Chhipa Asst. Prof., DOR, MPUAT, Udaipur

31 Dr. G.P. Nardia DOR, MPUAT, Udaipur

32 Dr. S.K. Yadav DOR, MPUAT, Udaipur