Download - [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]
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1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
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1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
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1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
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1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
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1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
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1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
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1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
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1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
![Page 9: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
![Page 10: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]]
6. [S John [VP' was killed]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
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1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]]
6. [S John [VP' was killed]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
How does LFG capture
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1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]]
6. [S John [VP' was killed]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
How does LFG capture•the difference between 1 and 2,
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1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]]
6. [S John [VP' was killed]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
How does LFG capture•the difference between 1 and 2,•the non-argument status of the subject of 4,
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1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]]
6. [S John [VP' was killed]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
How does LFG capture•the difference between 1 and 2,•the non-argument status of the subject of 4,•and the semantic role of the subject of 6?
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1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]]
6. [S John [VP' was killed]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
How does LFG capture•the difference between 1 and 2,•the non-argument status of the subject of 4,•and the semantic role of the subject of 6?
Answer: Don’t operate on the trees,but annotate them with relevant informationabout syntactic functions and semantic arguments.
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VP
V NP
S
NP
I
forced
kindbe
him
VP'
TO VP
AP
to
V
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VP
V NP
S
NP
I
forced
kindbe
him
VP'
TO VP
AP
to
VP
V NP
S
NP
I
believed
kindbe
him
VP'
TO VP
V AP
to V
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VP
V NP
S
NP
I
forced
kindbe
him
VP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V NP
S
NP
I
believed
kindbe
him
VP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V
S
NP
John
tends
shout
VP'
TO VP
V
to
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VP
V NP
S
NP
I
forced
kindbe
him
VP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V NP
S
NP
I
believed
kindbe
him
VP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V
S
NP
John
tends
shout
VP'
TO VP
V
to
VP
V
S
NP
John
was
Bill
VP
V PP
NP
killed
by P
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VP
V NP
S
NP
I
forced
kindbe
him
VP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V NP
S
NP
I
believed
kindbe
him
VP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V
S
NP
John
tends
shout
VP'
TO VP
V
to
VP
V
S
NP
John
was
Bill
VP
V PP
NP
killed
by P
INF
’FORCE ‹SUBJ OBJ XCOMP›’PRET
XCOMPOBJ
SUBJ
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VP
V NP
S
NP
I
forced
kindbe
him
VP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V NP
S
NP
I
believed
kindbe
him
VP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V
S
NP
John
tends
shout
VP'
TO VP
V
to
VP
V
S
NP
John
was
Bill
VP
V PP
NP
killed
by P
INFINF
XCOMPOBJ
SUBJ
’FORCE ‹SUBJ OBJ XCOMP›’PRET
XCOMPOBJ
SUBJ
PRETBELIEVE ‹SUBJ XCOMP› OBJ’
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VP
V NP
S
NP
I
forced
kindbe
him
VP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V NP
S
NP
I
believed
kindbe
him
VP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V
S
NP
John
tends
shout
VP'
TO VP
V
to
VP
V
S
NP
John
was
Bill
VP
V PP
NP
killed
by P
PRES
SUBJINF
INF
XCOMP
INF
XCOMPOBJ
SUBJ
’FORCE ‹SUBJ OBJ XCOMP›’PRET
XCOMPOBJ
SUBJ
TEND ‹XCOMP› SUBJ’
PRETBELIEVE ‹SUBJ XCOMP› OBJ’
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VP
V NP
S
NP
I
forced
kindbe
him
VP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V NP
S
NP
I
believed
kindbe
him
VP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V
S
NP
John
tends
shout
VP'
TO VP
V
to
VP
V
S
NP
John
was
Bill
VP
V PP
NP
killed
by P
PRES
SUBJINF
INF
OBLag
XCOMP
INF
SUBJ
XCOMPOBJ
SUBJ
’FORCE ‹SUBJ OBJ XCOMP›’PRET
XCOMPOBJ
SUBJ
TEND ‹XCOMP› SUBJ’
PRET
KILL ‹OBLag SUBJ›’
BELIEVE ‹SUBJ XCOMP› OBJ’
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The functional information in the annotations
is represented in a separate functional structure
(f-structure), in the form of an attribute-value graph:
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SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJ
PRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
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SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJ
PRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
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SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJ
PRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
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SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJ
PRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
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SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJ
PRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
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SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJ
PRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
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SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJ
PRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pret
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SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJ
PRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pretf1 (SUBJ) = f2
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SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJ
PRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pretf1 (SUBJ) = f2f2 (CASE) = nom
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SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJ
PRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pretf1 (SUBJ) = f2f2 (CASE) = nomf1 (SUBJ)(CASE) = nom
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SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJ
PRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pretf1 (SUBJ) = f2f2 (CASE) = nomf1 (SUBJ)(CASE) = nom
f2
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SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJ
PRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pretf1 (SUBJ) = f2f2 (CASE) = nomf1 (SUBJ)(CASE) = nom
f2
Alternative notation:
(f1 TENSE) = pret(f1 SUBJ) = f2(f2 CASE) = nom(f1 SUBJ CASE) = nom
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SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJ
PRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pretf1 (SUBJ) = f2f2 (CASE) = nomf1 (SUBJ)(CASE) = nom
f2
Alternative notation:
(f1 TENSE) = pret(f1 SUBJ) = f2(f2 CASE) = nom(f1 SUBJ CASE) = nom
(f1 OBJ) = (f1 XCOMP SUBJ)
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SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJ
PRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pretf1 (SUBJ) = f2f2 (CASE) = nomf1 (SUBJ)(CASE) = nom
f2
Alternative notation:
(f1 TENSE) = pret(f1 SUBJ) = f2(f2 CASE) = nom(f1 SUBJ CASE) = nom
(f1 OBJ) = (f1 XCOMP SUBJ)
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How to incorporatef-structure information
into a grammar
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S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
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S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
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S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
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S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
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S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
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S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
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S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
Index the c-structure nodes
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S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
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S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
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S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
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S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
![Page 51: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
![Page 52: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3f4
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
![Page 53: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3f4 (f3 OBJ)
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
![Page 54: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3f4 (f3 OBJ)f5
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
![Page 55: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3f4 (f3 OBJ)f5 (f3 XCOMP)
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
![Page 56: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3f4 (f3 OBJ)f5 (f3 XCOMP)f6
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
![Page 57: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3f4 (f3 OBJ)f5 (f3 XCOMP)f6
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
![Page 58: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3f4 (f3 OBJ)f5 (f3 XCOMP)f6
The tree has done its job:Forget it.
![Page 59: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
Collect the instantiated equationsinto an f-description
![Page 60: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
Solve the equations in any orderto constuct an f-structure
![Page 61: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
F-structure for I forced him to leave
Solve the equations in any orderto constuct an f-structure
![Page 62: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
F-structure for I forced him to leave
![Page 63: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
![Page 64: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
![Page 65: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f3
![Page 66: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f3
![Page 67: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f3
f4
![Page 68: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f3
f4
![Page 69: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f5
f3
f4
![Page 70: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f3
f4
f5
![Page 71: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
XCOMP
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
![Page 72: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
XCOMP
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
![Page 73: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
XCOMP
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
![Page 74: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
XCOMP
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
![Page 75: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
XCOMP
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
![Page 76: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
XCOMP
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
![Page 77: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
XCOMP
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
![Page 78: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
![Page 79: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
![Page 80: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
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(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
Notice: The f-structure hasfewer levels than the c-structurebecause of the nodes annotatedwith =↓
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SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
![Page 83: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
![Page 84: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
![Page 85: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
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SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
![Page 87: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
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SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
![Page 89: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
![Page 90: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
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SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
The relation is called a projection relation.
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SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
The relation is called a projection relation.A set of nodes which project the same f-structureare said to constitute a functional domain.
A functional domain
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Let us now move from
I forced him to leave
to
I believed him to leave
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
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S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
All we need to change is the lexical entry:
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S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
believed: ( PRED) = ’BELIEVE‹( SUBJ) ( XCOMP)›( OBJ)'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP
V NP
S
NPI
believed himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = ’BELIEVE‹( SUBJ) ( XCOMP)›( OBJ)'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
All we need to change is the lexical entry:
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SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
This leads to the following change in the f-structure:
![Page 97: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED ’BELIEVE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›(f4 OBJ)'
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
This leads to the following change in the f-structure:
![Page 98: [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568158dd550346895dc62489/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED ’BELIEVE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›(f4 OBJ)'
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
This leads to the following change in the f-structure:
The only change is in the mapping between syntactic functionsand argument positions, as expressed in the value of PRED.The syntax as such is unchanged.