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Low Carbon Strategies for Business:Experience of the University of East Anglia
UK academic lecture series 2008 Tokyo: 16th June 2008
CRedCarbon Reduction
N.K. Tovey (杜伟贤 ) M.A, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv Н.К.Тови М.А., д-р технических наук
Energy Science Director CRed Project
HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation
Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal5th October 2007
The twin critical issues facing us:• Global Warming / Climate change• need to reduce carbon emissions• Energy Security• recent high oil prices are a foretaste of what
may happen• demand is outstripping supply
Are there conflicts between these issues?
Experience of the University of East Anglia
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Low Carbon Strategies for Business:Experience of the University of East Anglia
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Concentration of C02 in Atmosphere
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
(ppm
)Evidence of Climate Change
3
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Gas and Oil Production - ASPO projection 2004
Bill
ion
bar
rels
of
oil a
yea
r
1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050
Oil and Gas on Earth are running out
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Comparison of Discoveries and Demand
0 1936.553 1937 34.761 1937 1.9220 1937.92 1938 31.547 1938 2.0830 1938.784 1939 36.482 1939 2.2440 1939.78 1940 14.011 1940 2.4050 1941.146 1941 10.056 1941 2.50120 1941.651 1942 3.141 1942 2.59740 1942.852 1943 3.878 1943 2.69360 1943.714 1944 7.826 1944 2.78980 1944.915 1945 8.316 1945 2.8860 1945.77 1946 6.832 1946 3.130 1946.691 1947 51.274 1947 3.3740 1947.555 1948 56.209 1948 3.6180 1949.098 1949 56.699 1949 3.8620 1949.904 1950 20.894 1950 4.105750 1950.927 1951 16.447 1951 4.34950 1951.8 1952 27.555 1952 4.593250 1952.819 1953 21.379 1953 4.8370 1953.687 1954 28.537 1954 5.245333
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
bili
on b
arre
ls p
er a
nn
um
actual discoveries
projected discoveries
demand
We need to consider alternatives now5
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UK Gas Production and Demand
Import Gap
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(Source: Prof. Bill McGuire, University College London)
Norwich
Consequence of ~ 1m rise Consequence of ~ 6m rise
Norwich City would be playing water polo!
2003
• Summer ice coverage of Arctic Polar Region– Nasa satellite
imagery
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1979
Climate ChangeArctic meltdown 1979 - 2003
Source: Nasa http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/1023esuice.html
•20% reduction in 24 years
9Per capita Carbon Emissions
JapanUK
How do UK and Japan compare with other countries?
Why do some countries emit more CO2 than others?
What is the magnitude of the CO2 problem?
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Carbon Emissions and GDP
0
5
10
15
20
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000Income per Capita (US$)
CO
2 em
issi
ons
ton
nes
/cap
ita
Japan
Libya
Russia
USA
ChinaTurkey
India
Norway
France
UK
Sweden
SwitzerlandDenmark
Germany
Netherlands
GreeceItaly
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Carbon Emissions and Electricity
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Luxembourg
UK
Japan
China
Carbon Emissions and Electricity
Comparison of Japanese and UK Electricity Mix
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Japan UK
r
14
Electricity Generation i n selected Countries
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Low Carbon Strategies for Business:Experience of the University of East Anglia
What prospects are there for the future?
Reduce existing fossil fuel energy use by:• Awareness Raising• Good Management• Improvements in energy efficiency technology• Renewable Energy• Offsets
Experience of the University of East Anglia in Addressing these Issues
Original buildings
Library
Student residences
Teaching wall
Nelson Court
Constable Terrace
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Constable Terrace - 1993
• Four Storey Student Residence
• Divided into “houses” of 10 units each with en-suite facilities• Heat Recovery of body and cooking
heat ~ 50%.
• Insulation standards exceed 2006 standards
• Small 250 W panel heaters in individual rooms.
Electricity Use
21%
18%
17%
18%
14%
12%
Appliances
Lighting
MHVR Fans
MHVR Heating
Panel Heaters
Hot Water
Carbon Dioxide Emissions - Constable Terrace
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
UEA Low Medium
Kg
/m2 /y
r
Low Energy Educational Buildings
Nursing and Midwifery School
Elizabeth Fry Building
ZICER
Medical School
Medical School Phase 2
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The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994
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Cost ~6% more but has heating requirement ~25% of average building at time.
Building Regulations have been updated: 1994, 2002, 2006, but building outperforms all of these.
Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler.
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Conservation: management improvements –
Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption.
0
50
100
150
200
250
Elizabeth Fry Low Average
kWh/
m2/
yr
gas
electricity
thermal comfort +28%User Satisfaction
noise +26%
lighting +25%
air quality +36%
A Low Energy Building is also a better place to work in
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Ene
rgy
Con
sum
ptio
n kW
h/m
2 /ann
um Heating/Cooling Hot Water Electricity
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ZICER Building
Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003 was reduced by further 50% by careful record keeping, management techniques and an adaptive approach to control.
Incorporates 34 kW of Solar Panels on top floor
Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005 awarded by the Carbon Trust.
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The ZICER Building - Description
• Four storeys high and a basement• Total floor area of 2860 sq.m• Two construction types
Main part of the building
• High in thermal mass • Air tight• High insulation standards • Triple glazing with low emissivity
Structural Engineers: Whitby Bird
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The ground floor open plan office
The first floor open plan office
The first floor cellular offices
Incoming air into
the AHU
Regenerative heat exchanger
Operation of Main BuildingMechanically ventilated using hollow core slabs as air supply ducts.
Air enters the internal occupied space
Filter Heater
Air passes through hollow
cores in the ceiling slabs
Operation of Main Building
Return stale air is extracted
Return air passes through the heat exchanger
Out of the building
Operation of Main Building
Recovers 87% of Ventilation Heat Requirement.
Space for future chilling
Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures.
Heat is transferred to the air before entering
the room
Slabs store heat from appliances and body
heat
Winter Day
Air Temperature is same as building fabric leading to a more pleasant working environment
Warm air
Warm air
Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures.
Heat is transferred to the air before entering
the room
Slabs also radiate heat back into room
Winter Night
In late afternoon heating is turned off.
Cool air
Cool air
Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures.
Draws out the heat accumulated during the
day
Cools the slabs to act as a cool store the following day
Summer night
night ventilation/ free cooling
Cold air
Cold air
Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures.
Slabs pre-cool the air before entering the
occupied spaceconcrete absorbs and stores heat less/no need for air-
conditioning
Summer day
Warm air
Warm air
0
200
400
600
800
1000
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Mean |External Temperature (oC)
En
ergy
Con
sum
pti
on (
kW
h/d
ay)
Original Heating Strategy New Heating Strategy
O
Good Management has reduced Energy Requirements
800
350
Space Heating Consumption reduced by 57%
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As Built 209441GJ
Air Conditioned 384967GJ
Naturally Ventilated 221508GJ
Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER as built compared to other heating/cooling strategies
Materials Production
Materials Transport
On site construction energy
Workforce Transport
Intrinsic Heating / Cooling energy
Functional Energy
Refurbishment Energy
Demolition Energy
28%54%
34%51%
61%
29%
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0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Years
GJ
ZICER
Naturally Ventilated
Air Conditrioned
Comparison of Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER
Compared to the Air-conditioned office, ZICER recovers extra energy required in construction in under 1 year. 0
20000
40000
60000
80000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Years
GJ
ZICER
Naturally Ventilated
Air Conditrioned
Comparisons assume identical size, shape and orientation
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• Top floor is an exhibition area – also to promote PV
• Windows are semi transparent
• Mono-crystalline PV on roof ~ 27 kW in 10 arrays
• Poly- crystalline on façade ~ 6/7 kW in 3 arrays
ZICER Building
Photo shows only part of top
Floor
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Load factors
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
2004 2005
Lo
ad
Fa
cto
r
façade roof average
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
2004 2005
kWh
/ m
2
Façade Roof
Façade (kWh)
Roof (kWh)
Total (kWh)
2004 2650 19401 22051
2005 2840 19809 22649
Output per unit area
Little difference between orientations in winter months
Performance of PV cells on ZICER
Winter Summer
Façade 2% ~8%
Roof 2% 15%
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02040
6080
100120140
160180200
9 10 11 12 13 14 15Time of Day
Wh
01020
3040506070
8090100
%
Top Row
Middle Row
Bottom Row
radiation
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
9 10 11 12 13 14 15Time of day
Wh
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
%
Block1
Block 2
Block 3
Block 4
Block 5
Block 6
Block 7
Block 8
Block 9
Block 10
radiation
All arrays of cells on roof have similar performance respond to actual solar radiation
The three arrays on the façade respond differently
Performance of PV cells on ZICER - January
Radiation is shown as percentage of mid-day maximum to highlight passage of clouds
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00
Elev
ation
in th
e sky
(deg
rees)
120 150 180 210 240Orientation relative to True North
0
5
10
15
20
25
6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00Time (hours)
Elev
ation
in th
e sky
(deg
rees)
January February March AprilMay June July AugustSeptember October November DecemberP1 - bottom PV row P2 - middle PV row P3 - top PV row
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Arrangement of Cells on Facade
Individual cells are connected horizontally
As shadow covers one column all cells are inactive
If individual cells are connected vertically, only those cells actually in shadow are affected.
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Use of PV generated energy
Sometimes electricity is exportedInverters are only 91% efficient
Most use is for computers
DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficientNeed an integrated approach
Peak output is 34 kW
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Actual Situation excluding Grant
Actual Situation with Grant
Discount rate 3% 5% 7% 3% 5% 7%
Unit energy cost per kWh (£) 1.29 1.58 1.88 0.84 1.02 1.22
Avoided cost exc. the Grant
Avoided Costs with Grant
Discount rate 3% 5% 7% 3% 5% 7%
Unit energy cost per kWh (£) 0.57 0.70 0.83 0.12 0.14 0.16
Grant was ~ £172 000 out of a total of ~ £480 000
Performance of PV cells on ZICER
Cost of Generated Electricity
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EngineGenerator
36% Electricity
50% Heat
GAS
Engine heat Exchanger
Exhaust Heat
Exchanger
11% Flue Losses3% Radiation Losses
86%
efficient
Localised generation makes use of waste heat.
Reduces conversion losses significantly
Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP
61% Flue Losses
36%
efficient
UEA’s Combined Heat and Power
3 units each generating up to 1.0 MW electricity and 1.4 MW heat
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Conversion efficiency improvements
1997/98 electricity gas oil Total
MWh 19895 35148 33
Emission factor kg/kWh 0.46 0.186 0.277
Carbon dioxide Tonnes 9152 6538 9 15699
Electricity Heat
1999/2000
Total site
CHP generation
export import boilers CHP oil total
MWh 20437 15630 977 5783 14510 28263 923Emission
factorkg/kWh -0.46 0.46 0.186 0.186 0.277
CO2 Tonnes -449 2660 2699 5257 256 10422
Before installation
After installation
This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide
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Conversion efficiency improvements
Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA
Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectivelyMore electricity could be generated in summer
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Conversion Efficiency Improvements
Condenser
Evaporator
Throttle Valve
Heat rejected
Heat extracted for cooling
Normal Chilling
Compressor
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High Temperature
High Pressure
Low TemperatureLow Pressure
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Condenser
Evaporator
Throttle Valve
Heat rejected
Heat extracted for cooling
High TemperatureHigh Pressure
Low TemperatureLow Pressure
Heat from external source
Absorber
Desorber
Heat Exchanger
W ~ 0
Adsorption Chilling
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Conversion Efficiency Improvements
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A 1 MW Adsorption chiller
• Adsorption Heat pump uses Waste Heat from CHP
• Will provide most of chilling requirements in summer
• Will reduce electricity demand in summer
• Will increase electricity generated locally
• Save 500 – 700 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually
The Future: Advanced Gasifier Biomass CHP Plant
UEA has grown by over 40% since 2000 and energy demand is increasing.
• New Biomass Plant will provide an extra 1.4MWe , and 2MWth
• Will produce gas from waste wood which is then used as fuel for CHP plant
• Under 7 year payback
• Local wood fuel from waste rom waste wood and local sustainable wood and local sustainable sourcessources
• Will reduce Carbon Emissions of UEA by a further 35%
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Comparison of Carbon Emissions from Heating & Hot Water
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Reduction with biomass
Reducing Carbon Emissions at the University of East Anglia
Reduction with biomass
When completed the biomass station will reduce total emissions by 32% compared to 2006 and 24.5% compared to 1990
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Target Day
Results of the “Big Switch-Off”
With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possibleHow can these be translated into long term savings?
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Managing the Climate Dimension
Heating requirements are ~10+% less than in 1960
Cooling requirements are 75% higher than in 1960.
Changing norm for clothing from a business suite to shirt and tie will reduce “clo” value from 1.0 to ~ 0.6.
To a safari suite ~ 0.5.
Equivalent thermal comfort can be achieved with around 0.15 to 0.2 change in “clo” for each 1 oC change in internal environment.
Thermal Comfort is important: Even in ideal environment 2.5% of people will be too cold and 2.5% will be too hot.
Estimate heating and cooling requirements from Degree Days
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1960-1964
1965-1969
1970-1974
1975-1979
1980-1984
1985-1989
1990-1994
1995-1999
2000-2004
Heating
Cooling
Index 1960 = 100
Data for UK
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A Pathway to a Low Carbon Future for business
4. Renewable Energy
5. Offsetting
Green Tariffs
3. Technical Measures
1. Awareness
0
200
400
600
800
1000
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Mean |External Temperature (oC)
En
ergy
Con
sum
pti
on (
kW
h/d
ay)
Original Heating Strategy New Heating Strategy
O
2. Management
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How many people know what 9 tonnes of CO2 looks like?
5 hot air balloons per person per year.
In the developing world, the average is under 1 balloon per person
On average each person in UK and also Japan causes the emission of 9 tonnes of CO2 each year.
"Nobody made a greater mistake than he who did nothing because he thought he could do only a little."
Edmund Burke (1727 – 1797)
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Raising Awareness• A tumble dryer uses 4 times as much energy as a washing
machine. Using it 5 times a week will cost over £100 a year just for this appliance alone and emit over half a tonne of CO2.
• 10 gms of carbon dioxide has an equivalent volume of 1 party balloon.
• Standby on electrical appliances 60+ kWh a year - 3000 balloons at a cost of over £6 per year
• Filling up with petrol (~£50 for a full tank – 40 litres) --------- 90 kg of CO2 (5% of one hot air balloon)
How far does one have to drive in a small family car (e.g. 1400 cc Toyota Corolla) to emit as much carbon dioxide as heating an old persons room for 1 hour in Northern Japan or UK?
2.6 km
At Gao’an No 1 Primary School in Xuhui District, Shanghai
School children at the Al Fatah University, Tripoli, Libya
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www.cred-uk.orgWebsite is also available in Chinese, but not yet Japanese
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World’s First MBA in Strategic Carbon Management
First cohort January 2008
A partnership between
The Norwich Business School and the 5** school of Environmental Sciences
Sharing the Expertise of the University
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CRedBirmingham
Carbon Reduction
CRedNorth Carolina
Carbon Reduction
CRedJapan?
Carbon Reduction
CRedShanghai
Carbon Reduction
CRedChester
Carbon Reduction
CRedAustralia
Carbon Reduction
Elsewhere
Overseas
In the Future
CRedFylde
Carbon Reduction
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Conclusions (1)
• Buildings built to low energy standards have cost ~ 5% more, but savings have recouped extra costs in around 5 years.
• Ventilation heat requirements can be large and efficient heat recovery is important.
• Effective adaptive energy management can reduce heating energy requirements in a low energy building by 50% or more.
• Photovoltaic cells need to take account of intended use of electricity use in building to get the optimum value.
• Building scale CHP can reduce carbon emissions significantly• Adsorption chilling should be included to ensure optimum
utilisation of CHP plant, to reduce electricity demand, and allow increased generation of electricity locally.
• Promoting Awareness can result in up to 25% savings• The Future for UEA: Biomass CHP Wind Turbines?
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Conclusions (2)Climate Change and Energy Security are important issues
Effective strategies are needed to explore integrated approaches involving
•Awareness raising
•Improvement s in Management
•Improvements in Energy Efficiency
•Deployment of Renewable Energy
•Finally, when all other things have been achieved, Offsetting
Offsetting should not be used as the first choice.
Lao Tzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher
"If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading."
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This presentation will appear from 19th June
Also a PDF version of the Paper
Keith Tovey (杜伟贤 ) Energy Science Director
HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation
[email protected] Charlotte Turner
Low Carbon Strategies for Business:Experience of the University of East Anglia
UK academic lecture series 2008 Tokyo: 16th June 2008