1 low carbon strategies for business: experience of the university of east anglia uk academic...

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Low Carbon Strategies for Business:Experience of the University of East Anglia

UK academic lecture series 2008 Tokyo: 16th June 2008

CRedCarbon Reduction

N.K. Tovey (杜伟贤 ) M.A, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv Н.К.Тови М.А., д-р технических наук

Energy Science Director CRed Project

HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation

Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal5th October 2007

The twin critical issues facing us:• Global Warming / Climate change• need to reduce carbon emissions• Energy Security• recent high oil prices are a foretaste of what

may happen• demand is outstripping supply

Are there conflicts between these issues?

Experience of the University of East Anglia

2


3

Concentration of C02 in Atmosphere

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

(ppm

)Evidence of Climate Change

3

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Gas and Oil Production - ASPO projection 2004

Bill

ion

bar

rels

of

oil a

yea

r

1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050

Oil and Gas on Earth are running out

4

Comparison of Discoveries and Demand

0 1936.553 1937 34.761 1937 1.9220 1937.92 1938 31.547 1938 2.0830 1938.784 1939 36.482 1939 2.2440 1939.78 1940 14.011 1940 2.4050 1941.146 1941 10.056 1941 2.50120 1941.651 1942 3.141 1942 2.59740 1942.852 1943 3.878 1943 2.69360 1943.714 1944 7.826 1944 2.78980 1944.915 1945 8.316 1945 2.8860 1945.77 1946 6.832 1946 3.130 1946.691 1947 51.274 1947 3.3740 1947.555 1948 56.209 1948 3.6180 1949.098 1949 56.699 1949 3.8620 1949.904 1950 20.894 1950 4.105750 1950.927 1951 16.447 1951 4.34950 1951.8 1952 27.555 1952 4.593250 1952.819 1953 21.379 1953 4.8370 1953.687 1954 28.537 1954 5.245333

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

bili

on b

arre

ls p

er a

nn

um

actual discoveries

projected discoveries

demand

We need to consider alternatives now5

6

UK Gas Production and Demand

Import Gap

7

(Source: Prof. Bill McGuire, University College London)

Norwich

Consequence of ~ 1m rise Consequence of ~ 6m rise

Norwich City would be playing water polo!

2003

• Summer ice coverage of Arctic Polar Region– Nasa satellite

imagery

8

1979

Climate ChangeArctic meltdown 1979 - 2003

Source: Nasa http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/1023esuice.html

•20% reduction in 24 years

http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/1023esuice.html

9Per capita Carbon Emissions

JapanUK

How do UK and Japan compare with other countries?

Why do some countries emit more CO2 than others?

What is the magnitude of the CO2 problem?

10

Carbon Emissions and GDP

0

5

10

15

20

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000Income per Capita (US$)

CO

2 em

issi

ons

ton

nes

/cap

ita

Japan

Libya

Russia

USA

ChinaTurkey

India

Norway

France

UK

Sweden

SwitzerlandDenmark

Germany

Netherlands

GreeceItaly

11

Carbon Emissions and Electricity

12

Luxembourg

UK

Japan

China

Carbon Emissions and Electricity

Comparison of Japanese and UK Electricity Mix

13

Japan UK

r

14

Electricity Generation i n selected Countries

15


What prospects are there for the future?

Reduce existing fossil fuel energy use by:• Awareness Raising• Good Management• Improvements in energy efficiency technology• Renewable Energy• Offsets

Experience of the University of East Anglia in Addressing these Issues

Original buildings

Library

Student residences

Teaching wall

Nelson Court

Constable Terrace

18

Constable Terrace - 1993

• Four Storey Student Residence

• Divided into “houses” of 10 units each with en-suite facilities• Heat Recovery of body and cooking

heat ~ 50%.

• Insulation standards exceed 2006 standards

• Small 250 W panel heaters in individual rooms.

Electricity Use

21%

18%

17%

18%

14%

12%

Appliances

Lighting

MHVR Fans

MHVR Heating

Panel Heaters

Hot Water

Carbon Dioxide Emissions - Constable Terrace

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

UEA Low Medium

Kg

/m2 /y

r

Low Energy Educational Buildings

Nursing and Midwifery School

Elizabeth Fry Building

ZICER

Medical School

Medical School Phase 2

20

The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994

8

Cost ~6% more but has heating requirement ~25% of average building at time.

Building Regulations have been updated: 1994, 2002, 2006, but building outperforms all of these.

Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler.

21

Conservation: management improvements –

Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption.

0

50

100

150

200

250

Elizabeth Fry Low Average

kWh/

m2/

yr

gas

electricity

thermal comfort +28%User Satisfaction

noise +26%

lighting +25%

air quality +36%

A Low Energy Building is also a better place to work in

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Ene

rgy

Con

sum

ptio

n kW

h/m

2 /ann

um Heating/Cooling Hot Water Electricity

22

ZICER Building

Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003 was reduced by further 50% by careful record keeping, management techniques and an adaptive approach to control.

Incorporates 34 kW of Solar Panels on top floor

Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005 awarded by the Carbon Trust.

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The ZICER Building - Description

• Four storeys high and a basement• Total floor area of 2860 sq.m• Two construction types

Main part of the building

• High in thermal mass • Air tight• High insulation standards • Triple glazing with low emissivity

Structural Engineers: Whitby Bird

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The ground floor open plan office

The first floor open plan office

The first floor cellular offices

Incoming air into

the AHU

Regenerative heat exchanger

Operation of Main BuildingMechanically ventilated using hollow core slabs as air supply ducts.

Air enters the internal occupied space

Filter Heater

Air passes through hollow

cores in the ceiling slabs

Operation of Main Building

Return stale air is extracted

Return air passes through the heat exchanger

Out of the building

Operation of Main Building

Recovers 87% of Ventilation Heat Requirement.

Space for future chilling

Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs

Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures.

Heat is transferred to the air before entering

the room

Slabs store heat from appliances and body

heat

Winter Day

Air Temperature is same as building fabric leading to a more pleasant working environment

Warm air

Warm air



Heat is transferred to the air before entering

the room

Slabs also radiate heat back into room

Winter Night

In late afternoon heating is turned off.

Cool air

Cool air



Draws out the heat accumulated during the

day

Cools the slabs to act as a cool store the following day

Summer night

night ventilation/ free cooling

Cold air

Cold air



Slabs pre-cool the air before entering the

occupied spaceconcrete absorbs and stores heat less/no need for air-

conditioning

Summer day

Warm air

Warm air

0

200

400

600

800

1000

-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Mean |External Temperature (oC)

En

ergy

Con

sum

pti

on (

kW

h/d

ay)

Original Heating Strategy New Heating Strategy

O

Good Management has reduced Energy Requirements

800

350

Space Heating Consumption reduced by 57%

33

As Built 209441GJ

Air Conditioned 384967GJ

Naturally Ventilated 221508GJ

Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER as built compared to other heating/cooling strategies

Materials Production

Materials Transport

On site construction energy

Workforce Transport

Intrinsic Heating / Cooling energy

Functional Energy

Refurbishment Energy

Demolition Energy

28%54%

34%51%

61%

29%

34

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Years

GJ

ZICER

Naturally Ventilated

Air Conditrioned

Comparison of Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER

Compared to the Air-conditioned office, ZICER recovers extra energy required in construction in under 1 year. 0

20000

40000

60000

80000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Years

GJ

ZICER

Naturally Ventilated

Air Conditrioned

Comparisons assume identical size, shape and orientation

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• Top floor is an exhibition area – also to promote PV

• Windows are semi transparent

• Mono-crystalline PV on roof ~ 27 kW in 10 arrays

• Poly- crystalline on façade ~ 6/7 kW in 3 arrays

ZICER Building

Photo shows only part of top

Floor

36

Load factors

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov

2004 2005

Lo

ad

Fa

cto

r

façade roof average

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov

2004 2005

kWh

/ m

2

Façade Roof

Façade (kWh)

Roof (kWh)

Total (kWh)

2004 2650 19401 22051

2005 2840 19809 22649

Output per unit area

Little difference between orientations in winter months

Performance of PV cells on ZICER

Winter Summer

Façade 2% ~8%

Roof 2% 15%

37

02040

6080

100120140

160180200

9 10 11 12 13 14 15Time of Day

Wh

01020

3040506070

8090100

%

Top Row

Middle Row

Bottom Row

radiation

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

9 10 11 12 13 14 15Time of day

Wh

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

%

Block1

Block 2

Block 3

Block 4

Block 5

Block 6

Block 7

Block 8

Block 9

Block 10

radiation

All arrays of cells on roof have similar performance respond to actual solar radiation

The three arrays on the façade respond differently

Performance of PV cells on ZICER - January

Radiation is shown as percentage of mid-day maximum to highlight passage of clouds

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00

Elev

ation

in th

e sky

(deg

rees)

120 150 180 210 240Orientation relative to True North

0

5

10

15

20

25

6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00Time (hours)

Elev

ation

in th

e sky

(deg

rees)

January February March AprilMay June July AugustSeptember October November DecemberP1 - bottom PV row P2 - middle PV row P3 - top PV row

40

Arrangement of Cells on Facade

Individual cells are connected horizontally

As shadow covers one column all cells are inactive

If individual cells are connected vertically, only those cells actually in shadow are affected.

41

Use of PV generated energy

Sometimes electricity is exportedInverters are only 91% efficient

Most use is for computers

DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficientNeed an integrated approach

Peak output is 34 kW

42

Actual Situation excluding Grant

Actual Situation with Grant

Discount rate 3% 5% 7% 3% 5% 7%

Unit energy cost per kWh (£) 1.29 1.58 1.88 0.84 1.02 1.22

Avoided cost exc. the Grant

Avoided Costs with Grant

Discount rate 3% 5% 7% 3% 5% 7%

Unit energy cost per kWh (£) 0.57 0.70 0.83 0.12 0.14 0.16

Grant was ~ £172 000 out of a total of ~ £480 000

Performance of PV cells on ZICER

Cost of Generated Electricity

43

EngineGenerator

36% Electricity

50% Heat

GAS

Engine heat Exchanger

Exhaust Heat

Exchanger

11% Flue Losses3% Radiation Losses

86%

efficient

Localised generation makes use of waste heat.

Reduces conversion losses significantly

Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP

61% Flue Losses

36%

efficient

UEA’s Combined Heat and Power

3 units each generating up to 1.0 MW electricity and 1.4 MW heat

45

Conversion efficiency improvements

1997/98 electricity gas oil Total

MWh 19895 35148 33

Emission factor kg/kWh 0.46 0.186 0.277

Carbon dioxide Tonnes 9152 6538 9 15699

Electricity Heat

1999/2000

Total site

CHP generation

export import boilers CHP oil total

MWh 20437 15630 977 5783 14510 28263 923Emission

factorkg/kWh -0.46 0.46 0.186 0.186 0.277

CO2 Tonnes -449 2660 2699 5257 256 10422

Before installation

After installation

This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide

46

Conversion efficiency improvements

Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA

Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectivelyMore electricity could be generated in summer

47

Conversion Efficiency Improvements

Condenser

Evaporator

Throttle Valve

Heat rejected

Heat extracted for cooling

Normal Chilling

Compressor

19

High Temperature

High Pressure

Low TemperatureLow Pressure

48

Condenser

Evaporator

Throttle Valve

Heat rejected

Heat extracted for cooling

High TemperatureHigh Pressure

Low TemperatureLow Pressure

Heat from external source

Absorber

Desorber

Heat Exchanger

W ~ 0

Adsorption Chilling

19

Conversion Efficiency Improvements

49

A 1 MW Adsorption chiller

• Adsorption Heat pump uses Waste Heat from CHP

• Will provide most of chilling requirements in summer

• Will reduce electricity demand in summer

• Will increase electricity generated locally

• Save 500 – 700 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually

The Future: Advanced Gasifier Biomass CHP Plant

UEA has grown by over 40% since 2000 and energy demand is increasing.

• New Biomass Plant will provide an extra 1.4MWe , and 2MWth

• Will produce gas from waste wood which is then used as fuel for CHP plant

• Under 7 year payback

• Local wood fuel from waste rom waste wood and local sustainable wood and local sustainable sourcessources

• Will reduce Carbon Emissions of UEA by a further 35%

52

Comparison of Carbon Emissions from Heating & Hot Water

53

Reduction with biomass

Reducing Carbon Emissions at the University of East Anglia

Reduction with biomass

When completed the biomass station will reduce total emissions by 32% compared to 2006 and 24.5% compared to 1990

54

Target Day

Results of the “Big Switch-Off”

With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possibleHow can these be translated into long term savings?

55

Managing the Climate Dimension

Heating requirements are ~10+% less than in 1960

Cooling requirements are 75% higher than in 1960.

Changing norm for clothing from a business suite to shirt and tie will reduce “clo” value from 1.0 to ~ 0.6.

To a safari suite ~ 0.5.

Equivalent thermal comfort can be achieved with around 0.15 to 0.2 change in “clo” for each 1 oC change in internal environment.

Thermal Comfort is important: Even in ideal environment 2.5% of people will be too cold and 2.5% will be too hot.

Estimate heating and cooling requirements from Degree Days

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1960-1964

1965-1969

1970-1974

1975-1979

1980-1984

1985-1989

1990-1994

1995-1999

2000-2004

Heating

Cooling

Index 1960 = 100

Data for UK

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A Pathway to a Low Carbon Future for business

4. Renewable Energy

5. Offsetting

Green Tariffs

3. Technical Measures

1. Awareness

0

200

400

600

800

1000

-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Mean |External Temperature (oC)

En

ergy

Con

sum

pti

on (

kW

h/d

ay)

Original Heating Strategy New Heating Strategy

O

2. Management

57

How many people know what 9 tonnes of CO2 looks like?

5 hot air balloons per person per year.

In the developing world, the average is under 1 balloon per person

On average each person in UK and also Japan causes the emission of 9 tonnes of CO2 each year.

"Nobody made a greater mistake than he who did nothing because he thought he could do only a little."

Edmund Burke (1727 – 1797)

58

Raising Awareness• A tumble dryer uses 4 times as much energy as a washing

machine. Using it 5 times a week will cost over £100 a year just for this appliance alone and emit over half a tonne of CO2.

• 10 gms of carbon dioxide has an equivalent volume of 1 party balloon.

• Standby on electrical appliances 60+ kWh a year - 3000 balloons at a cost of over £6 per year

• Filling up with petrol (~£50 for a full tank – 40 litres) --------- 90 kg of CO2 (5% of one hot air balloon)

How far does one have to drive in a small family car (e.g. 1400 cc Toyota Corolla) to emit as much carbon dioxide as heating an old persons room for 1 hour in Northern Japan or UK?

2.6 km

At Gao’an No 1 Primary School in Xuhui District, Shanghai

School children at the Al Fatah University, Tripoli, Libya

59

www.cred-uk.orgWebsite is also available in Chinese, but not yet Japanese

http://www.cred-uk.org/

60

World’s First MBA in Strategic Carbon Management

First cohort January 2008

A partnership between

The Norwich Business School and the 5** school of Environmental Sciences

Sharing the Expertise of the University

61

CRedBirmingham

Carbon Reduction

CRedNorth Carolina

Carbon Reduction

CRedJapan?

Carbon Reduction

CRedShanghai

Carbon Reduction

CRedChester

Carbon Reduction

CRedAustralia

Carbon Reduction

Elsewhere

Overseas

In the Future

CRedFylde

Carbon Reduction

62

Conclusions (1)

• Buildings built to low energy standards have cost ~ 5% more, but savings have recouped extra costs in around 5 years.

• Ventilation heat requirements can be large and efficient heat recovery is important.

• Effective adaptive energy management can reduce heating energy requirements in a low energy building by 50% or more.

• Photovoltaic cells need to take account of intended use of electricity use in building to get the optimum value.

• Building scale CHP can reduce carbon emissions significantly• Adsorption chilling should be included to ensure optimum

utilisation of CHP plant, to reduce electricity demand, and allow increased generation of electricity locally.

• Promoting Awareness can result in up to 25% savings• The Future for UEA: Biomass CHP Wind Turbines?

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Conclusions (2)Climate Change and Energy Security are important issues

Effective strategies are needed to explore integrated approaches involving

•Awareness raising

•Improvement s in Management

•Improvements in Energy Efficiency

•Deployment of Renewable Energy

•Finally, when all other things have been achieved, Offsetting

Offsetting should not be used as the first choice.

Lao Tzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher

"If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading."

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WEBSITE cred-uk.org/

Follow Academic Links

This presentation will appear from 19th June

Also a PDF version of the Paper

Keith Tovey (杜伟贤 ) Energy Science Director

HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation

[email protected] Charlotte Turner


UK academic lecture series 2008 Tokyo: 16th June 2008

1 low carbon strategies for business: experience of the university of east anglia uk academic...

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