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The Atom
Atomic Number and Mass,
Isotopes
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Elements
Pure substances that cannot be separated into different substances by ordinary processes
Are the building blocks of matter
112 elements known todayExamples: carbon
goldcalcium
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Symbols of Elements
Use 1 or 2 letter abbreviations Capitalize the first letter only
Examples:
C carbon Co cobalt
N nitrogen Ca calcium
F fluorine Br bromine O oxygen Mg
magnesium
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Symbols from Latin Names
Element Symbol Latin name
Copper Cu cuprum
Gold Au aurum
Lead Pb plumbum
Mercury Hg hydrargyrum
Potassium K kalium
Silver Ag argentum
Sodium Na natrium
Tin Sn stannum
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% Major Elements in the Body
O 65.0 % K 0.34
C 18.0 S 0.26
H 10.0 Na 0.14
N 3.0 Cl 0.14
Ca 1.4 Fe 0.004
P 1.0 Zn 0.003
Mg 0.50
Trace Elements
As, Cr, Co, Cu, F, I, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Si, V
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Learning Check
Select the correct symbol for each:
A. Calcium
1) C 2) Ca 3) CA
B. Sulfur
1) S 2) Sl 3) Su
C. Iron
1) Ir 2) FE 3) Fe
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Solution
Select the correct symbol for each:
A. Calcium
2) Ca
B. Sulfur
1) S
C. Iron
3) Fe
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Learning Check
Select the correct name for each:
A. N
1) neon 2) nitrogen 3) nickelB. P
1) potassium 2) phogiston3) phosphorus
C. Ag
1) silver 2) agean 3) gold
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Solution
Select the correct name for each:
A. N
2) nitrogen B. P
3) phosphorus
C. Ag
1) silver
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Periodic Table
Represents physical and chemical
behavior of elements
Arranges elements by increasing atomic
number
Repeats similar properties in columns
known as chemical families or groups
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Subatomic Particles
Particle Symbol Charge RelativeMass
Electron e- 1- 0
Proton p+ + 1
Neutron n 0 1
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Location of Subatomic Particles
10-13 cm
electrons
protons
neutrons
10-8 cm
nucleus
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Atomic Number
Counts the number
of
protons
in an atom
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Periodic Table
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
11 Na
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Atomic Number on the Periodic Table
11
Na
Atomic Number
Symbol
16
All atoms of an element have the same number of protons
11
Na
11 protons
Sodium
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Learning Check AT 1
State the number of protons for atoms of each of the following:
A. Nitrogen
1) 5 protons 2) 7 protons 3) 14 protons
B. Sulfur
1) 32 protons 2) 16 protons 3) 6 protons
C. Barium
1) 137 protons 2) 81 protons 3) 56 protons
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Solution AT 1
State the number of protons for atoms of each of the following:
A. Nitrogen
2) 7 protons
B. Sulfur
2) 16 protons
C. Barium
3) 56 protons
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Number of Electrons
An atom is neutral The net charge is zeroNumber of protons = Number of electronsAtomic number = Number of electrons
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Mass Number
Counts the number
of
protons and neutrons
in an atom
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Atomic Symbols
Show the mass number and atomic number
Give the symbol of the element
mass number
23 Na sodium-23
atomic number 11
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More Atomic Symbols
16 31 65
O P Zn
8 15 30
8 p+ 15 p+ 30 p+
8 n 16 n 35 n8 e- 15 e- 30 e-
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Isotopes
Atoms with the same number of protons,
but different numbers of neutrons.
Atoms of the same element (same atomic
number) with different mass numbers
Isotopes of chlorine
35Cl 37Cl17 17
chlorine - 35 chlorine - 37
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Learning Check AT 2
Naturally occurring carbon consists of three isotopes, 12C, 13C, and 14C. State the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in each of these carbon atoms.
12C 13C 14C 6 6 6
#P _______ _______ _______
#N _______ _______ _______
#E _______ _______ _______
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Solution AT 2
12C 13C 14C 6 6 6
#P __6___ _ 6___ ___6___
#N __6___ _ _7___ ___8___
#E __6___ _ 6___ ___6___
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Learning Check AT 3
An atom of zinc has a mass number of 65.
A. Number of protons in the zinc atom
1) 30 2) 35 3) 65
B. Number of neutrons in the zinc atom
1) 30 2) 35 3) 65
C. What is the mass number of a zinc isotope
with 37 neutrons?
1) 37 2) 65 3) 67
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Solution AT 3
An atom of zinc has a mass number of 65.
A. Number of protons in the zinc atom
1) 30
B. Number of neutrons in the zinc atom
2) 35
C. What is the mass number of a zinc isotope
with 37 neutrons?
3) 67
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Learning Check AT 4
Write the atomic symbols for atoms with the following:
A. 8 p+, 8 n, 8 e- ___________
B. 17p+, 20n, 17e- ___________
C. 47p+, 60 n, 47 e- ___________
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Solution AT 4
16OA. 8 p+, 8 n, 8 e- 8
B. 17p+, 20n, 17e- 37Cl 17
C. 47p+, 60 n, 47 e- 107Ag 47
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Learning Check AT 5
An atom has 14 protons and 20 neutrons.A. Its atomic number is
1) 14 2) 16 3) 34
B. Its mass number is1) 14 2) 16 3) 34
C. The element is1) Si 2) Ca 3) Se
D. Another isotope of this element is
1) 34X 2) 34X 3) 36X 16 14 14
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Solution AT 5
An atom has 14 protons and 20 neutrons.A. It has atomic number
1) 14
B. It has a mass number of3) 34
C. The element is1) Si
D. Another isotope of this element would be
3) 36X 14
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Masses of Atoms
A scale designed for atoms gives their small
atomic masses in atomic mass units (amu)
An atom of 12C was assigned an exact mass of
12.00 amu
Relative masses of all other atoms was
determined by comparing each to the mass of 12C
An atom twice as heavy has a mass of 24.00
amu. An atom half as heavy is 6.00 amu.
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Atomic Mass
Listed on the periodic table
Gives the mass of “average” atom of each
element compared to 12C
Average atom based on all the isotopes and their
abundance %
Atomic mass is not a whole number
Na22.99
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Learning Check AT6
Using the periodic table, specify the atomic mass of each element (round to the tenths place):
A. calcium __________
B. aluminum __________
C. lead __________
D. barium __________
E. iron __________
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Solution AT6
Using the periodic table, specify the atomic mass of each element (round to the tenths place):
A. calcium _40.1 amu _
B. aluminum _27.0 amu _
C. lead _207.2 amu_
D. barium _137.3 amu_
E. iron _55.8 amu__
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Calculating Atomic Mass
Percent(%) abundance of isotopes
Mass of each isotope of that element
Weighted average =
mass isotope1(%) + mass isotope2(%) + …
100 100
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Atomic Mass of Magnesium
Isotopes Mass of Isotope Abundance 24Mg = 24.0 amu 78.70%
25Mg = 25.0 amu 10.13%
26Mg = 26.0 amu 11.17%
Atomic mass (average mass) Mg = 24.3 amu
Mg24.3