Download - 2. Sel Muscle
Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable
tissue & Muscle
Choesnan EffendiPhysiology Dep. Airlangga University
2012
Episode Kedua
Cair Tubuh & Transport bahan melewati membran
Body Fluids & Transport of substances
through the cell membrane
Cair TubuhExtracellular Intracellular
Plasma darah
Interstitial
Transcellular
VolumeVolume % BB % BB ( Berat ( Berat Badan )Badan )
Indikator Indikator
Total body water Total body water (cair tubuh total)(cair tubuh total)
6060 Deutrium ( D2O / Deutrium ( D2O / 22HH22O ), Tritium O ), Tritium ( ( 33HH22O ), AntipyrineO ), Antipyrine
Cair Cair EkstrasellularEkstrasellular
2020 Inulin *C Inulin *C 1414 , Thiosulfate , Thiosulfate
Cair IntrasellularCair Intrasellular 4040 Total body water − Cair Total body water − Cair EkstrasellularEkstrasellular
Plasma darahPlasma darah 55 Evans blue ( T- 1824 ) , Evans blue ( T- 1824 ) , 125125I-I-Albumin Albumin
DarahDarah 7 – 8 7 – 8 5151Cr-labeled red blood cellsCr-labeled red blood cells{ Volume plasma darah : ( 100 % { Volume plasma darah : ( 100 %
− Hct )}− Hct )}
Cair InterstisialCair Interstisial 1515 Volume ekstrasellular − Volume Volume ekstrasellular − Volume plasmaplasma
Hematocrit
Plasma darah
Wholeblood
X100 % = 36 – 45 %Volume EritrositVolume Darah
= Hct
HCT = Hematocrit = PCV ( Packed Red Cell Volume )
Adalah volume kumpulan erithrocytes yang dinyatakan dengan % terhadap volume
darah keseluruhan
Interstitiel / Plasma darah
Cytoplasma
1. Osmosa2. Diffusi sederhana3. Diffusi fasilitasi4. Transport aktif5. Exocytosis /
endocytosis
Beberapa cara masuk / keluarnya bahan melewati membran sel
Pertukaran cairan didaerah kapiller
Ruang interstitiel
Plasma darah
Sitoplasma / sitosol
ArterioleVenule
Capillary
Fluid exchange : Arteriole capillary venule
Filtrasi / pertukaran cairan daerah kapiller
Dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor :
•Tekanan onkotik plasma•Tekanan onkotik interstisial•Tekanan hidrostatik plasma
•Tekanan hidrostatik interstisial
Tekanan hidrostatik plasma = tekanan darah
Tekanan kolloid osmotik = Tekanan onkotik
Tekanan onkotik plasma darahOleh karena adanya Protein plasma ( p )
Protein Protein plasmaplasma
Gram %Gram % P mm Hg
AlbuminAlbumin 4,54,5 21,821,8
GlobulinGlobulin 2,52,5 6,06,0
FibrinogenFibrinogen 0,30,3 0,20,2
TotalTotal 7,37,3 28,028,0
Dari ketiganya, jumlah terbanyak adalah ALBUMIN
Sebagai contoh :
Arteriole VenuleKapiller
Interstisial
Pint : 1 mm Hg ( hidrostatik )
Part : 37 mm Hg Pven : 17 mm Hg
Ponkotik - int : 8 mm Hg
Ponkotik - art ( ven ) : 28 mm Hg
Pkap : 25 mm Hg
NFP ( Net Filtration Pressure ) = Pkap – Pint - p kap + p int
25 – 1 – 28 + 8 = + 4+ ( positip ) : artinya cairan keluar dari kapiller,
sisanya ini akan di absorbsi oleh limfe
NFP ( Net Filtration Pressure ) = Pkap – Pint - p kap + p int
25 – 1 – 28 + 8 = + 4
+ ( positip ) : artinya cairan keluar dari kapiller,
sisanya ini akan di absorbsi oleh limfe
Mengapa hypoproteinemia
udema
Bagaimana mengenai tekanan oncotic protein
plasma ???
Starving Children in Nigeria
1.Bendungan vena : tumor, dekompensasi jantung kanan,
bendungan aliran limfe2.Cairan dari intersitial yang
menuju plasma < dibanding yang masuk
Udem akan terjadi apabila
Cairan dari intersitial yang menuju plasma << dibanding yang
masuk
Tekanan osmotik plasma yang rendah
O.K.
O.K.
Kadar protein plasma yang rendah= HIPOPROTEINEMIA
HIPOPROTEINEMIA
O.K.
1.Under nutrition : kurang gizi /rendah protein.
2.Sintesa protein ( terutama Albumin ) terganggu : a.l pada penyakit hati :
cirrhosis hepatis3.Sekresi protein : yang seharusnya tidak
terjadi , yaitu terjadi proteinuria ( pada nephrotic syndrome )
Tekanan osmotik plasma
Berperanan untuk reabsorbsi kembali cairan yang dari
interstisial
Beberapa cara masuk / keluarnya bahan melewati membran sel
1.Osmosa
2.Diffusi sederhana
3.Diffusi fasilitasi
4.Transport aktif
H2O yg bergerak dari larutan hipotonis kearah hipertonis
Bahan yang terlarut bergerak dari tekanan
tinggi ketekanan rendah
Seperti No. 2, menggunakan mediator
(carrier system)
Bahan yang terlarut bergerak dari tekanan rendah
ketekanan tinggi, menggunakan mediator,
energi ( ATP )
1.Osmosa
2.Diffusi sederhana
3.Diffusi fasilitasi
4.Transport aktif
Contoh :H2O
CO2 , O2 , Ureum
glukosa, asam amino
Na, K, Ca
Mediator = carrier system
Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion &
osmosis:are passive transport,
without ATP
Active transport, sodium potassium pump,
calcium pump, exocytosis:
are active, need ATP
Facilitated diffusion (also known as facilitated transport or passive-mediated transport) is a
process of passive transport, facilitated by integral proteins (mediator).
Without energy (ATP)
Osmosis (movement of water across membranes) depends on the relative concentration of solute molecules on either side of the membrane
Osmosis
Water move from low concentration to high concentration
How do about erythrocytes if in:
- hypotonic solution
- isotonic solution
- hypertonic solution
Crenated / wrinkled ery in hypertonic medium
Normal Ery structure in isotonic medium
Swollen ery & rupture in hypotonic medium
Crenated / wrinkled ery in hypertonic medium
Normal Ery structure in isotonic medium
Swollen ery & rupture in hypotonic medium
Simple Diffusion
Diffusion; the flow substances or matter from a higher concentration to a lower
concentration
Alveoli:
O2: Diffusion from alveoli into blood stream capillary
CO2: Diffusion from blood capillary into alveoli
PO2 alv : 104 mmHG
PO2 cap : 40 mmHg
PcO2 alv : 40 mmHG
PcO2 cap : 46 mmHg
O2 diffusion into blood capillary, then enter to the erythrocyte, bound by
hemoglobin → HbO2
CO2 diffusion into blood capillary, then enter to the erythrocyte, bound with H2O → H2CO3
→dissociation Becomes: H+ + HCO3- (bicarbonate ion)
at alveoli or at respiratory membrane
at tissue; tissue membrane and endothelium capillary
HCO3- (bicarbonate ion) flow out from erythrocyte into blood stream, to the capillary
beds of respiratory membrane
In blood stream:
at respiratory membrane
HCO3- (bicarbonate ion) flow in from blood stream into erythrocyte, then bind with H+
, become H2CO3, H2CO3 dissociation, Become H2O + CO2
at respiratory membrane
CO2 flow out to blood (exit from erythrocyte) and then diffusion into alveoli lumen
In blood stream:
O2 bound by hemoglobin → HbO2 → to tissues and cells all the body
O2 simple diffusion from HbO2 into cytosol, and then into mitochondria. Glucose move into cytosol by glucose transporter
(facilitated diffusion)
at tissue
Facilitated DiffusionLike simple diffusion, but requires
interaction of a carrier protein that bind the molecules or ions to
aids passage through the membrane
Carrier protein = mediator or transporter
Facilitated diffusion (also known as facilitated transport or passive-mediated transport) is a
process of passive transport, facilitated by integral proteins (mediator).
Without energy (ATP)
Glut = Glucose transporter
Skeletal Muscle requires GLUT – 4 ,GLUT-4 stand-by in cytosol of muscle fiber, they ‘ll move into the membrane if insulin
receptors are stimulated by insulin
Glut = Glucose transporter is mediator/transporter of glucose enter
into cytosol
InsulinInsulin
Receptor ( IR )
Cell membrane
IRS-1
Glucose – facilitated diffusion
GLUT- 4
vesicle contains GLUT- 4 PI3
kinase translocation
Glucose enter into cytosol of skeletal muscle fiber by;
Signal transduction by insulinInsulin activate insulin rec → form IRS1
IRS1 activates PI3-Kinase
PI3-Kinase stimulate translocation vesicle, which contains GLUT-4
GLUT- 4 is mediator / transporter of glucose
In skeletal muscle fiber
There are 2 processes: * Signal transduction by insulin
** Facilitated diffusion by GLUT- 4
Active Transport
Active Transport is
the Pumping of Solutes Against their Gradients
Active Transport is the Pumping of Solutes Against their Gradients
1. Cell must expend ATP/ energy to pump a molecule across a membrane2. Performed by embedded proteins3. Na-K Pump (sodium-potassium)- exchanges Na+ for K+ in animal cells when ATP changes protein conformation by transferring its terminal phosphate group to the transport protein
Active transport is the movement of a substance against its concentration gradient (from low to high concentration).
active transport: energy-requiring, carrier-mediated transport system in which molecules can be moved across cell membrane against electrochemical gradient
Axon
+ + + + + + +
– – – – – – – K+ 140 mEq/L Na+ 14 mEq/L CL- 5 mEq/L
Na+ 142 mEq/L Cl- 120 mEq/L K+ 4 mE/L
Electrolyte inside & outside the cell membraneResting
3 molecules Na+ carried out into extracellular, changed by 2 molecules K+ (carried into cytosol)
Exocytosis
Exocytosis is the cellular process in which intracellular vesicles in
the cytoplasm fuse with the plasma
membrane and release or "secrete" their contents into the
extracellular space
Exocytosis is the process by which cells excrete waste products and other large
molecules from the cytoplasm
Exocytosis is the cellular process in which intracellular vesicles in the cytoplasm fuse with the plasma membrane and release or "secrete" their contents into the extracellular space
Exocytosis is the process secretion substances into the extracellular space or into the blood stream.
Endocytosis is like phagocytosisExocytosis is the reverse of endocytosis.
Exocytosis
Exocytosis & Endocytosis Transport Large Molecules
1. Exocytosis- transport vesicles migrate to plasma membrane & fuse & release contents2. Endocytosis- large molecules enter cells
within vesicles pinched inward from the membrane
--> Phagocytosis- cell engulfs particles “cell eating”
--> Pinocytosis- cell engulfs droplets of extracellular fluid “cell drinking”
The other way of transport across membrane
Cotransport:also known as coupled transport or secondary active transport, refers to the simultaneous or sequential passive transfer of molecules or ions across biological membranes.
- Symport
- Antiport
Several types transport across membrane
(facilitated diffusion)
Symport
Sodium – glucose symport / Na-Glucose co-transport
AntiportAn antiporter (also called exchanger or counter-
transporter) is an integral membrane protein involved in secondary active transport of two or more different molecules or ions (i.e., solutes) across a phospholipid membrane such as the
plasma membrane in opposite directions.or called IONS EXCHANGE
Na+ Glucose
Ca++
Na+Amino acid
For example, the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, used by many cells to
remove cytoplasmic calcium, exchanges one calcium ion for three sodium ions
the Na+ - Ca2+ exchanger (transporter)
The other example
Na+ - H+ antiport
PI-3 kinase : ( Phosphatidyl Inositol 3’ kinase )
Menyebabkan translokasi vesikel yang berisi GLUT – 4 menuju sel membran
Contoh transduksi signal oleh insulin yang diikuti diffusi fasilitasi glukosa
melalui GLUT - 4
GLUT – 4 : Glucose transporter – 4
InsulinInsulin
Receptor ( IR )
Membran sel otot
IRS-1
Diffusi fasilitasi glukosa
GLUT- 4
vesikel yang berisi GLUT- 4 PI3
kinase Translokasi
Apa beda :
Diffusi fasilitasi
?Transport aktif
dengan
Acidosis ?
Alkalosis ?
pH darah 7,35 – 7,45 terlalu asam : disebut
ASIDOSISterlalu basa / alkali : disebut
ALKALOSISDiare yang berlebihan ( gastro-enteritis ) pada anak dapat menimbulkan dehidrasi
yang disertai asidosis o.k.Kehilangan cairan ( H2O ) + bikarbonat
( HCO3 )
Sodium – glucose symporter / Na-Glucose cotranspor
Resume Cair Tubuh & Transport bahan melewati
membran1.Komposisi cair tubuh
2.Cara pengukuran3.Pertukaran cairan didaerah kapiller
4.Mekanisme terjadinya udem5.Pengertian osmosa, diffusi, diff fasilitasi, aktif
transport
Modul / P. R. :
Seorang ibu sedang membaca buku ilmiah populer, ada artikel yang menyebutkan bahwa sel pada manusia dapat membelah diri,
juga artikel tersebut tertulis bahwa chromosome pria dan wanita berbeda, selanjutnya artikel itu menyebutkan bahwa tempat produksi energi terjadi didalam sel.
Si ibu tersebut kesulitan memahami isi buku tersebut, kemudian bertanya pada anaknya, yang kebetulan kuliah di Universitas Airlangga.
Pertanyaannya :
Bagaimana cara suatu sel dapat membelah diri ?
Chromosome itu apa ? Dimana tempatnya, tersusun oleh apa, berapa jumlahnya, apakah berbeda antara pria dan wanita ?
Apa yang dimaksud produksi energi didalam sel ?
Seorang anak wanita umur 12 tahun – siswa SD Kelas 6 akan menghadapi Ujian Nasional, belajar mengenai Biologi. Si anak bertanya pada ibunya, orang yang sedang berjalan dan berlari apakah membutuhkan sumber energi, darimana sumber energi tersebut. Kalau dari makanan bagaimana makanan tersebut bisa memberi energi tubuh orang yang sedang berjalan dan berlari tersebut. Ibunya kesulitan untuk menjawab dan menjelaskan, kemudian bertanya pada kakak anak tersebut yang sedang Kuliah di UNAIR
Pertanyaannya :
Organ apa yang aktif sehingga seseorang dapat berjalan dan berlari.
Bagaimana mekanismenya sehingga makanan dapat digunakan sebagai sumber energi sehingga dapat sampai ke sel-sel organ tersebut.
Apakah glukosa dapat digunakan sebagai sumber energi ? Kalau bisa bagaimana caranya masuk kedalam sel ?
Sugar Crystals This electron microscope
image of raw cane sugar reveals the shape of sugar crystals.
Sugar = sucrose
Glucose – fructose
To Be Continued
NEXT EPISODE
- 70 mV
+30 mV
- 55 mV
- 0 mV
Firing level
depolarization
repolarization
Action potential
Overshoot
Local anesthesia
Block konduksipotensial aksi / impuls
Block impuls dengan cara :- menghambat pembukaan saluran ion Natrium ( Na channel penting untuk konduksi potensial aksi )