2. sel muscle
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable
tissue & Muscle
Choesnan EffendiPhysiology Dep. Airlangga University
2012
![Page 2: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Episode Kedua
![Page 3: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Cair Tubuh & Transport bahan melewati membran
Body Fluids & Transport of substances
through the cell membrane
![Page 4: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Cair TubuhExtracellular Intracellular
Plasma darah
Interstitial
Transcellular
![Page 5: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
VolumeVolume % BB % BB ( Berat ( Berat Badan )Badan )
Indikator Indikator
Total body water Total body water (cair tubuh total)(cair tubuh total)
6060 Deutrium ( D2O / Deutrium ( D2O / 22HH22O ), Tritium O ), Tritium ( ( 33HH22O ), AntipyrineO ), Antipyrine
Cair Cair EkstrasellularEkstrasellular
2020 Inulin *C Inulin *C 1414 , Thiosulfate , Thiosulfate
Cair IntrasellularCair Intrasellular 4040 Total body water − Cair Total body water − Cair EkstrasellularEkstrasellular
Plasma darahPlasma darah 55 Evans blue ( T- 1824 ) , Evans blue ( T- 1824 ) , 125125I-I-Albumin Albumin
DarahDarah 7 – 8 7 – 8 5151Cr-labeled red blood cellsCr-labeled red blood cells{ Volume plasma darah : ( 100 % { Volume plasma darah : ( 100 %
− Hct )}− Hct )}
Cair InterstisialCair Interstisial 1515 Volume ekstrasellular − Volume Volume ekstrasellular − Volume plasmaplasma
![Page 6: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Hematocrit
Plasma darah
Wholeblood
![Page 8: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
X100 % = 36 – 45 %Volume EritrositVolume Darah
= Hct
![Page 10: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
HCT = Hematocrit = PCV ( Packed Red Cell Volume )
Adalah volume kumpulan erithrocytes yang dinyatakan dengan % terhadap volume
darah keseluruhan
![Page 11: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Interstitiel / Plasma darah
Cytoplasma
1. Osmosa2. Diffusi sederhana3. Diffusi fasilitasi4. Transport aktif5. Exocytosis /
endocytosis
Beberapa cara masuk / keluarnya bahan melewati membran sel
![Page 12: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Pertukaran cairan didaerah kapiller
![Page 14: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Ruang interstitiel
Plasma darah
Sitoplasma / sitosol
![Page 15: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
ArterioleVenule
Capillary
Fluid exchange : Arteriole capillary venule
![Page 16: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Filtrasi / pertukaran cairan daerah kapiller
Dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor :
•Tekanan onkotik plasma•Tekanan onkotik interstisial•Tekanan hidrostatik plasma
•Tekanan hidrostatik interstisial
Tekanan hidrostatik plasma = tekanan darah
![Page 17: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Tekanan kolloid osmotik = Tekanan onkotik
Tekanan onkotik plasma darahOleh karena adanya Protein plasma ( p )
Protein Protein plasmaplasma
Gram %Gram % P mm Hg
AlbuminAlbumin 4,54,5 21,821,8
GlobulinGlobulin 2,52,5 6,06,0
FibrinogenFibrinogen 0,30,3 0,20,2
TotalTotal 7,37,3 28,028,0
![Page 18: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Dari ketiganya, jumlah terbanyak adalah ALBUMIN
![Page 19: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Sebagai contoh :
Arteriole VenuleKapiller
Interstisial
Pint : 1 mm Hg ( hidrostatik )
Part : 37 mm Hg Pven : 17 mm Hg
Ponkotik - int : 8 mm Hg
Ponkotik - art ( ven ) : 28 mm Hg
Pkap : 25 mm Hg
NFP ( Net Filtration Pressure ) = Pkap – Pint - p kap + p int
25 – 1 – 28 + 8 = + 4+ ( positip ) : artinya cairan keluar dari kapiller,
sisanya ini akan di absorbsi oleh limfe
![Page 20: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
NFP ( Net Filtration Pressure ) = Pkap – Pint - p kap + p int
25 – 1 – 28 + 8 = + 4
+ ( positip ) : artinya cairan keluar dari kapiller,
sisanya ini akan di absorbsi oleh limfe
![Page 21: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Mengapa hypoproteinemia
udema
Bagaimana mengenai tekanan oncotic protein
plasma ???
![Page 22: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Starving Children in Nigeria
![Page 23: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
1.Bendungan vena : tumor, dekompensasi jantung kanan,
bendungan aliran limfe2.Cairan dari intersitial yang
menuju plasma < dibanding yang masuk
Udem akan terjadi apabila
![Page 24: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Cairan dari intersitial yang menuju plasma << dibanding yang
masuk
Tekanan osmotik plasma yang rendah
O.K.
O.K.
Kadar protein plasma yang rendah= HIPOPROTEINEMIA
![Page 25: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
HIPOPROTEINEMIA
O.K.
1.Under nutrition : kurang gizi /rendah protein.
2.Sintesa protein ( terutama Albumin ) terganggu : a.l pada penyakit hati :
cirrhosis hepatis3.Sekresi protein : yang seharusnya tidak
terjadi , yaitu terjadi proteinuria ( pada nephrotic syndrome )
![Page 26: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Tekanan osmotik plasma
Berperanan untuk reabsorbsi kembali cairan yang dari
interstisial
![Page 27: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Beberapa cara masuk / keluarnya bahan melewati membran sel
![Page 28: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
1.Osmosa
2.Diffusi sederhana
3.Diffusi fasilitasi
4.Transport aktif
H2O yg bergerak dari larutan hipotonis kearah hipertonis
Bahan yang terlarut bergerak dari tekanan
tinggi ketekanan rendah
Seperti No. 2, menggunakan mediator
(carrier system)
Bahan yang terlarut bergerak dari tekanan rendah
ketekanan tinggi, menggunakan mediator,
energi ( ATP )
![Page 29: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
1.Osmosa
2.Diffusi sederhana
3.Diffusi fasilitasi
4.Transport aktif
Contoh :H2O
CO2 , O2 , Ureum
glukosa, asam amino
Na, K, Ca
![Page 30: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Mediator = carrier system
![Page 31: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion &
osmosis:are passive transport,
without ATP
Active transport, sodium potassium pump,
calcium pump, exocytosis:
are active, need ATP
![Page 32: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Facilitated diffusion (also known as facilitated transport or passive-mediated transport) is a
process of passive transport, facilitated by integral proteins (mediator).
Without energy (ATP)
![Page 33: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Osmosis (movement of water across membranes) depends on the relative concentration of solute molecules on either side of the membrane
Osmosis
Water move from low concentration to high concentration
![Page 34: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
How do about erythrocytes if in:
- hypotonic solution
- isotonic solution
- hypertonic solution
![Page 35: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Crenated / wrinkled ery in hypertonic medium
Normal Ery structure in isotonic medium
Swollen ery & rupture in hypotonic medium
![Page 36: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Crenated / wrinkled ery in hypertonic medium
Normal Ery structure in isotonic medium
Swollen ery & rupture in hypotonic medium
![Page 37: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Simple Diffusion
Diffusion; the flow substances or matter from a higher concentration to a lower
concentration
![Page 38: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Alveoli:
O2: Diffusion from alveoli into blood stream capillary
CO2: Diffusion from blood capillary into alveoli
![Page 39: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
PO2 alv : 104 mmHG
PO2 cap : 40 mmHg
PcO2 alv : 40 mmHG
PcO2 cap : 46 mmHg
![Page 40: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
O2 diffusion into blood capillary, then enter to the erythrocyte, bound by
hemoglobin → HbO2
CO2 diffusion into blood capillary, then enter to the erythrocyte, bound with H2O → H2CO3
→dissociation Becomes: H+ + HCO3- (bicarbonate ion)
at alveoli or at respiratory membrane
at tissue; tissue membrane and endothelium capillary
![Page 41: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
HCO3- (bicarbonate ion) flow out from erythrocyte into blood stream, to the capillary
beds of respiratory membrane
In blood stream:
at respiratory membrane
HCO3- (bicarbonate ion) flow in from blood stream into erythrocyte, then bind with H+
, become H2CO3, H2CO3 dissociation, Become H2O + CO2
![Page 42: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
at respiratory membrane
CO2 flow out to blood (exit from erythrocyte) and then diffusion into alveoli lumen
![Page 43: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
In blood stream:
O2 bound by hemoglobin → HbO2 → to tissues and cells all the body
![Page 44: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
O2 simple diffusion from HbO2 into cytosol, and then into mitochondria. Glucose move into cytosol by glucose transporter
(facilitated diffusion)
at tissue
![Page 45: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Facilitated DiffusionLike simple diffusion, but requires
interaction of a carrier protein that bind the molecules or ions to
aids passage through the membrane
Carrier protein = mediator or transporter
![Page 46: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Facilitated diffusion (also known as facilitated transport or passive-mediated transport) is a
process of passive transport, facilitated by integral proteins (mediator).
Without energy (ATP)
![Page 47: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Glut = Glucose transporter
Skeletal Muscle requires GLUT – 4 ,GLUT-4 stand-by in cytosol of muscle fiber, they ‘ll move into the membrane if insulin
receptors are stimulated by insulin
Glut = Glucose transporter is mediator/transporter of glucose enter
into cytosol
![Page 48: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
InsulinInsulin
Receptor ( IR )
Cell membrane
IRS-1
Glucose – facilitated diffusion
GLUT- 4
vesicle contains GLUT- 4 PI3
kinase translocation
![Page 49: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Glucose enter into cytosol of skeletal muscle fiber by;
Signal transduction by insulinInsulin activate insulin rec → form IRS1
IRS1 activates PI3-Kinase
PI3-Kinase stimulate translocation vesicle, which contains GLUT-4
GLUT- 4 is mediator / transporter of glucose
In skeletal muscle fiber
![Page 50: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
There are 2 processes: * Signal transduction by insulin
** Facilitated diffusion by GLUT- 4
![Page 51: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Active Transport
Active Transport is
the Pumping of Solutes Against their Gradients
![Page 52: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Active Transport is the Pumping of Solutes Against their Gradients
1. Cell must expend ATP/ energy to pump a molecule across a membrane2. Performed by embedded proteins3. Na-K Pump (sodium-potassium)- exchanges Na+ for K+ in animal cells when ATP changes protein conformation by transferring its terminal phosphate group to the transport protein
![Page 53: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Active transport is the movement of a substance against its concentration gradient (from low to high concentration).
active transport: energy-requiring, carrier-mediated transport system in which molecules can be moved across cell membrane against electrochemical gradient
![Page 55: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Axon
+ + + + + + +
– – – – – – – K+ 140 mEq/L Na+ 14 mEq/L CL- 5 mEq/L
Na+ 142 mEq/L Cl- 120 mEq/L K+ 4 mE/L
Electrolyte inside & outside the cell membraneResting
![Page 56: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
3 molecules Na+ carried out into extracellular, changed by 2 molecules K+ (carried into cytosol)
![Page 57: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Exocytosis
![Page 58: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Exocytosis is the cellular process in which intracellular vesicles in
the cytoplasm fuse with the plasma
membrane and release or "secrete" their contents into the
extracellular space
![Page 59: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Exocytosis is the process by which cells excrete waste products and other large
molecules from the cytoplasm
![Page 60: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
![Page 62: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Exocytosis is the cellular process in which intracellular vesicles in the cytoplasm fuse with the plasma membrane and release or "secrete" their contents into the extracellular space
Exocytosis is the process secretion substances into the extracellular space or into the blood stream.
![Page 63: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Endocytosis is like phagocytosisExocytosis is the reverse of endocytosis.
![Page 64: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
![Page 65: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
![Page 66: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Exocytosis
![Page 67: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
![Page 68: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Exocytosis & Endocytosis Transport Large Molecules
1. Exocytosis- transport vesicles migrate to plasma membrane & fuse & release contents2. Endocytosis- large molecules enter cells
within vesicles pinched inward from the membrane
--> Phagocytosis- cell engulfs particles “cell eating”
--> Pinocytosis- cell engulfs droplets of extracellular fluid “cell drinking”
![Page 69: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
The other way of transport across membrane
![Page 70: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Cotransport:also known as coupled transport or secondary active transport, refers to the simultaneous or sequential passive transfer of molecules or ions across biological membranes.
- Symport
- Antiport
![Page 71: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Several types transport across membrane
(facilitated diffusion)
![Page 72: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Symport
![Page 73: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Sodium – glucose symport / Na-Glucose co-transport
![Page 74: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
![Page 75: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
AntiportAn antiporter (also called exchanger or counter-
transporter) is an integral membrane protein involved in secondary active transport of two or more different molecules or ions (i.e., solutes) across a phospholipid membrane such as the
plasma membrane in opposite directions.or called IONS EXCHANGE
![Page 76: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Na+ Glucose
Ca++
Na+Amino acid
![Page 77: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
For example, the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, used by many cells to
remove cytoplasmic calcium, exchanges one calcium ion for three sodium ions
![Page 78: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
the Na+ - Ca2+ exchanger (transporter)
![Page 79: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
The other example
Na+ - H+ antiport
![Page 80: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
PI-3 kinase : ( Phosphatidyl Inositol 3’ kinase )
Menyebabkan translokasi vesikel yang berisi GLUT – 4 menuju sel membran
Contoh transduksi signal oleh insulin yang diikuti diffusi fasilitasi glukosa
melalui GLUT - 4
GLUT – 4 : Glucose transporter – 4
![Page 81: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
InsulinInsulin
Receptor ( IR )
Membran sel otot
IRS-1
Diffusi fasilitasi glukosa
GLUT- 4
vesikel yang berisi GLUT- 4 PI3
kinase Translokasi
![Page 82: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Apa beda :
Diffusi fasilitasi
?Transport aktif
dengan
![Page 83: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Acidosis ?
Alkalosis ?
![Page 84: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
pH darah 7,35 – 7,45 terlalu asam : disebut
ASIDOSISterlalu basa / alkali : disebut
ALKALOSISDiare yang berlebihan ( gastro-enteritis ) pada anak dapat menimbulkan dehidrasi
yang disertai asidosis o.k.Kehilangan cairan ( H2O ) + bikarbonat
( HCO3 )
![Page 85: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Sodium – glucose symporter / Na-Glucose cotranspor
![Page 86: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Resume Cair Tubuh & Transport bahan melewati
membran1.Komposisi cair tubuh
2.Cara pengukuran3.Pertukaran cairan didaerah kapiller
4.Mekanisme terjadinya udem5.Pengertian osmosa, diffusi, diff fasilitasi, aktif
transport
![Page 87: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Modul / P. R. :
Seorang ibu sedang membaca buku ilmiah populer, ada artikel yang menyebutkan bahwa sel pada manusia dapat membelah diri,
juga artikel tersebut tertulis bahwa chromosome pria dan wanita berbeda, selanjutnya artikel itu menyebutkan bahwa tempat produksi energi terjadi didalam sel.
Si ibu tersebut kesulitan memahami isi buku tersebut, kemudian bertanya pada anaknya, yang kebetulan kuliah di Universitas Airlangga.
![Page 88: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Pertanyaannya :
Bagaimana cara suatu sel dapat membelah diri ?
Chromosome itu apa ? Dimana tempatnya, tersusun oleh apa, berapa jumlahnya, apakah berbeda antara pria dan wanita ?
Apa yang dimaksud produksi energi didalam sel ?
![Page 89: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Seorang anak wanita umur 12 tahun – siswa SD Kelas 6 akan menghadapi Ujian Nasional, belajar mengenai Biologi. Si anak bertanya pada ibunya, orang yang sedang berjalan dan berlari apakah membutuhkan sumber energi, darimana sumber energi tersebut. Kalau dari makanan bagaimana makanan tersebut bisa memberi energi tubuh orang yang sedang berjalan dan berlari tersebut. Ibunya kesulitan untuk menjawab dan menjelaskan, kemudian bertanya pada kakak anak tersebut yang sedang Kuliah di UNAIR
![Page 90: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Pertanyaannya :
Organ apa yang aktif sehingga seseorang dapat berjalan dan berlari.
Bagaimana mekanismenya sehingga makanan dapat digunakan sebagai sumber energi sehingga dapat sampai ke sel-sel organ tersebut.
Apakah glukosa dapat digunakan sebagai sumber energi ? Kalau bisa bagaimana caranya masuk kedalam sel ?
![Page 91: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Sugar Crystals This electron microscope
image of raw cane sugar reveals the shape of sugar crystals.
![Page 92: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Sugar = sucrose
Glucose – fructose
![Page 93: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
To Be Continued
![Page 94: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
NEXT EPISODE
![Page 95: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
- 70 mV
+30 mV
- 55 mV
- 0 mV
Firing level
depolarization
repolarization
Action potential
Overshoot
![Page 96: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Local anesthesia
Block konduksipotensial aksi / impuls
Block impuls dengan cara :- menghambat pembukaan saluran ion Natrium ( Na channel penting untuk konduksi potensial aksi )
![Page 97: 2. Sel Muscle](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062311/577ccf231a28ab9e788ef98a/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)