2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 2
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory systemEssential questions:What are the functions of blood?What are some disorders of the blood?How are blood disorders treated?How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the blood?
What are the functions of the circulatory system?What are some disorders of the circulatory system?How are disorders of the circulatory system treated?How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the circulatory system?
What are the functions of blood?
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TransportationWhat does the blood transport?
Why is this an important function?
What are the functions of blood?
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RegulationHow does the blood regulate heat? Heat from muscles is distributed by blood throughout the bodyHow does the blood regulate acid/base balance? Carries amino acids and buffers and regulates water and sodium throughout the cells
What are the functions of blood?
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ProtectionWhat function of the blood serve to protect the body?
What is the relevance to health?
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Functions of the blood components
Plasma Erythrocytes Leukocytes Thrombocytes
Plasma1. is straw colored liquid2.blood without cellular components3.55%of the blood’s volumecontaining: water, plasma proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, vitamins and enzymes, waste products
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Plasma
Cellular elements
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Erythrocytes
What are the functions of erythrocytes?
hemo= blood globin= protein
What is the function of hemoglobin? Carries O2 to the rest of the body
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Erythrocytes
hemolysis What is it? Bursting of
RBC Where does it occur?
Spleen and liver What is the lifetime of an
erythrocyte? Approx. 120 days.
What happens to old erythrocytes? Die and are broken down
Starts here
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Leukocytes
What is the function of leukocytes?
A group of cells that fight infection
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Leukocytes
Agranulocytes Lymphocytes a type of WBC that produces
antibodies Monocytes a WBC that performs phagocytosis
during the inflammatory process of fighting infection.
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Leukocytes
Granulocytes Neutrophils a type of
WBC that performs phagocytosis
Eosinophils a WBC that is involved in parasitic infections
BasophilsType of WBC that that
secretes heparin
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Thrombocytes
What is the composition of thrombocytes?
Fragments of megakaryocytes (which are made in the bone marrow)
What is their function?
Aid in blood clot formation
Blood types are inherited from parents Determined by the presence or absence of
an antigen on the surface of the red blood cell.
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Blood types
Compare blood types. (antigen/antibodies) A (A antigen; B antibodies) B (B antigen; A antibodies) AB (AB antigens; NO antibodies) O (NO antigens; AB antibodies)
Who can receive type O blood? everyone
Erythroblastosis Fetalis A, B, and O are the three major blood types. When a mom has one blood type and her unborn baby has a different blood type, it may cause their immune system to react. This is called "incompatibility"). The mother produces substances called antibodies that attack the
developing baby's red blood cells.
Type Type AB Type O Type A People who have one blood type may form proteins (antibodies) that cause their immune system to react against one or more of the other blood types. Being exposed to another type of blood can cause a reaction. This is important when a patient needs to receive blood (transfusion) or have an organ transplant. The blood types must be matched to avoid an ABO incompatibility
reaction. For example: A patient with type A blood will react against type B or type AB blood. A patient with type B blood will react against type A or type AB blood. A patient with type O blood will react against type A, type B, or type AB blood. A patient with type AB blood will NOT react against type A, type B, or type AB blood. Type O blood does not cause an immune response when it is received by people with type A, type B, or type AB blood. This is why type O blood cells can be given to patients of any blood type. People with type O blood are called
"universal donors." However, people with type O can only receive type O blood. Both blood and plasma transfusions must be matched to avoid an immune reaction. Before anyone receives blood, both the blood and the person receiving it are tested carefully to avoid a reaction. Usually a reaction occurs because of
a clerical error. Symptoms The following are symptoms of ABO incompatible transfusion reactions: Back pain Blood in urine Chills Feeling of "impending doom" Fever Yellow skin (jaundice) Signs and tests The health care provider will perform a physical exam. Blood tests will usually show: Bilirubin level is high Complete blood count (CBC) shows damage to red blood cells or anemia The patient's and donor's blood are not compatible Urine tests show the presence of hemoglobin. Treatment Treatment may include: Drugs used to treat allergic reactions (antihistamines) Drugs used to treat swelling and allergies (steroids) Fluids given through a vein (intravenously) Medicines to raise blood pressure if it drops too low Expectations (prognosis) ABO incompatibility can be a very serious problem that can even result in death. With the right treatment, a full recovery is likely. Complications Kidney failure Low blood pressure needing intensive care Death Calling your health care provider Call your health care provider if you have recently had a blood transfusion or transplant and you have symptoms of ABO incompatibility.
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RH incompatability When the mom has RH- blood and the infant has RH positive blood.
During pregnancy, red blood cells from the unborn baby
can cross into the mother's bloodstream
through the placenta.If the mother is Rh-negative,
her immune system treats Rh-positive fetal cells as if they were a foreign substance
and makes antibodies against the fetal blood cells.
These anti-Rh antibodies may cross back through the placenta into the developing baby and destroy the baby's circulating red
blood cells. When red blood cells are broken down, they make bilirubin. This
causes an infant to become yellow (jaundiced). The level of bilirubin in the infant's bloodstream may range from mild to dangerously high.
These babies may have enlarged spleen and liver.
RHO Gam is given to the mom and it will destroy any baby blood cells in the mom, and her immune system won’t produce more antibodies.
Rhesus (RH) factor is an inherited trait that refers to a specific protein found on the surface of RBC’s (antigen)
Blood used in transfusions must match donors for Rh status as well as for ABO blood type
Although the Rh factor doesn’t affect the patient’s health, it can affect pregnancy
Rh factor In 1040, the Rh factor was discovered as a
result of studying Rhesus monkeys When blood from monkeys was injected into
rabbits and guinea pigs, it clotted If the blood has the protein, the patient is Rh
positive If the blood lacks the protein, the patient is
Rh negative
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Blood Disorders AnemiaReview the symptoms of
anemia. Anemia is a deficiency of RBC’s.
Discuss why these symptoms occur.
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Blood disorders
Review the symptoms of hemophilia.
Hereditary Blood disorder where the blood clots slowly. Missing factor VIII that works with fibrin to clot the blood.
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Blood disorders
LeukemiaLeukemiaWhat is leukemia? Abnormal increase in the
number of inmature WBC’s leading to decrease number of good wbc’s, rbc’s, and platelets.
Review the symptoms of leukemia.
Discuss why these symptoms occur.
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Blood disorders
Multiple myelomaWhat is multiple myeloma?
malignancy of plasma cells
What are the symptoms?Weakness in bone leading to
fractures and bone painDecrease in numbers of
other blood cells
How is it treated?Chemo, radiation, transplant
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Blood disorders
Polycythemia What is polycythemia?
Too many RBC formed
What are the symptoms?Blood clot formations
How Is it treated?Remove blood
Plasma
Cellular
elements
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Blood disorders
Septicemia
Infection in blood
Treat with IV antibiotics
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Blood disorders Sickle cell anemia
What is sickle cell anemia?
A hereditary disorder.
RBC’s form a sickle shape.
What are the symptoms?
How is it treated?
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What are the functions of the heart?
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Functions of the heart
Did you know? At rest, 2 ounces of blood
is circulated with each heart beat.
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Functions of the heartIt’s a PUMP
What do pumps do?What do pumps do?
How does this relate to heart function?How does this relate to heart function?
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Blood Pressure FYI
Blood pressure is the surge of blood when heart pumps creates pressure against the walls of the arteries
SYSTOLIC PRESSURE Measured during the contraction phase
DIASTOLIC PRESSURE Measured when the ventricles are relaxed
What is the normal range of blood pressure for an adult?
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Functions of the heartIt’s a PUMP
What makes the pump work?What makes the pump work?
It’s electric!Explain the electrical activity of the heart.
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It’s electric!
Discuss the function of the heart’s conduction
system.
Control of HEART CONTRACTIONS SA node (sinoatrial) =pacemaker Located in right atrium SA node sends out electrical impulse Impulse spreads over the atria, making them contract Travels to AV Node
AV node (atrioventricular) Conducting cell group between atria and ventricle Carries impulse to Bundle of His
Bundle of His
Conducting fibers in septum Divides into R and L branches
To network of branches in ventricles
PURKINJE FIBERS
Impulse shoots along Purkinje fibers causing ventricles to contract
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Electrocardiogram EKG or ECG SYSTOLE = contraction phase DIASTOLE = relaxation phase
Baseline of an EKG is a flat line:
P = Atrial contraction
QRS = Ventricular contraction
T = Ventricular relaxation
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Functions of the heartIt’s a PUMP
What makes the pump work?What makes the pump work?
It’s electric!
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Functions of the heartTransportationWhat does the heart transport?What does the heart transport?
What is involved in the transportation What is involved in the transportation process?process?
How is this a circulatory system function?How is this a circulatory system function?
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The transportation process
Discuss systemic circulation
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The transportation process
Right side Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary artery
Lungs CO2 and O2 exchange
Left SidePulmonary vein
Left atrium
Bicuspid valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta
Body
(Schematic of systemic circulation)
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The transportation process
Discuss cardiopulmonary circulation
CompareSystemic Circulation ToCardiopulmonary Circulation
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Vessels of the circulatory system ARTERIES
What are the functions of arteries? carry oxygenated blood away from heart to capillaries
What are the characteristics of arteries? elastic, muscular, thick walled (strongest of the blood vessels)
Which direction do arteries flow? Away from the heart
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Vessels of the circulatory system
Describe arterial blood. Bright Red in color
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Vessels of the circulatory system VEINS
What is the function of veins? Carries deoxygenated blood from capillaries to heart
What are the characteristics of veins? Smaller than arteries, but are still muscular. Walls thinner and have valves which prevent back flow of blood
Which direction do veins flow? Toward the heart
Compare arterial and venous blood. (darker red almost purple)
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Vessels of the circulatory system
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Vessels of the circulatory system
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Vessels of the circulatory systemCapillaries
What is the function of capillaries? Allows nutrient molecules and oxygen to pass out of the capillaries into surrounding tissuesWhat happens if this action is obstructed? build up of waste and lack of oxygen circulating
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Remember Pulse Sites?
Where do they come from?
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Circulatory disorders
Aneurysm
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Circulatory disorders
Angina pectoris
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Circulatory disorders
Arrhythmia Is any change from normal
heart rate or rhythm
BRADYCARDIA Slow heart rate (<60 beats
per minute)
TACHYCARDIA Rapid heart rate (>100
beats per minute)
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Circulatory disorders
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening of arterial walls due to aging
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Circulatory disorders
Atherosclerosis
Deposits of fatty substances adhere to walls of arteries
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Circulatory disorders Coronary artery disease
Narrowing of arteries usually due to atherosclerosis
Prevention:
Exercise
Reduce cholesterol
No smoking
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Circulatory disorders Hypertension
What is hypertension? High B/P
What factors influence the
development of hypertension?
Smoking, age, wt., medical
conditions, heredity, diet, lifestyle
How is it treated? Exercise, meds,
diet, quit smoking
Why is it called the “silent killer?”
frequently there are no symptoms
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Circulatory disorders
Heart failure
Ventricles are unable to contract effectively
Blood pools in heart
Left ventricle: dyspnea
Right ventricle: ascites,
Edema in feet and legs
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Circulatory disorders
Murmurs:
Valves do not close properly
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Circulatory disorders
Myocardial infarction
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Circulatory disorders
Peripheral vascular disease: arteries in legs become blocked
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Circulatory disorders
Pulmonary edema
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Circulatory disorders
Transient ischemic attack
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Circulatory disorders
Varicose veins
Prevention Wear sunscreen Elevate legs when resting Wear elastic support stockings Eating fiber diets Exercise Weight control
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Circulatory disordersLeading Causes of Death:
The Impact of Circulatory Disorders