2.02 understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 2

2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory systemEssential questions:What are the functions of blood?What are some disorders of the blood?How are blood disorders treated?How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the blood?

What are the functions of the circulatory system?What are some disorders of the circulatory system?How are disorders of the circulatory system treated?How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the circulatory system?

What are the functions of blood?


TransportationWhat does the blood transport?

Why is this an important function?



RegulationHow does the blood regulate heat? Heat from muscles is distributed by blood throughout the bodyHow does the blood regulate acid/base balance? Carries amino acids and buffers and regulates water and sodium throughout the cells



ProtectionWhat function of the blood serve to protect the body?

What is the relevance to health?


Functions of the blood components

Plasma Erythrocytes Leukocytes Thrombocytes

Plasma1. is straw colored liquid2.blood without cellular components3.55%of the blood’s volumecontaining: water, plasma proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, vitamins and enzymes, waste products

2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 7

Plasma

Cellular elements


Erythrocytes

What are the functions of erythrocytes?

hemo= blood globin= protein

What is the function of hemoglobin? Carries O2 to the rest of the body


Erythrocytes

hemolysis What is it? Bursting of

RBC Where does it occur?

Spleen and liver What is the lifetime of an

erythrocyte? Approx. 120 days.

What happens to old erythrocytes? Die and are broken down

Starts here


Blood Disorders


Leukocytes

What is the function of leukocytes?

A group of cells that fight infection


Leukocytes

Agranulocytes Lymphocytes a type of WBC that produces

antibodies Monocytes a WBC that performs phagocytosis

during the inflammatory process of fighting infection.


Leukocytes

Granulocytes Neutrophils a type of

WBC that performs phagocytosis

Eosinophils a WBC that is involved in parasitic infections

BasophilsType of WBC that that

secretes heparin


Inflammation


Thrombocytes

What is the composition of thrombocytes?

Fragments of megakaryocytes (which are made in the bone marrow)

What is their function?

Aid in blood clot formation


Thrombocytes


Blood types

Blood types are inherited from parents Determined by the presence or absence of

an antigen on the surface of the red blood cell.


Blood types

Compare blood types. (antigen/antibodies) A (A antigen; B antibodies) B (B antigen; A antibodies) AB (AB antigens; NO antibodies) O (NO antigens; AB antibodies)

Who can receive type O blood? everyone


Rh factor

Erythroblastosis Fetalis A, B, and O are the three major blood types. When a mom has one blood type and her unborn baby has a different blood type, it may cause their immune system to react. This is called "incompatibility"). The mother produces substances called antibodies that attack the

developing baby's red blood cells.

Type Type AB Type O Type A People who have one blood type may form proteins (antibodies) that cause their immune system to react against one or more of the other blood types. Being exposed to another type of blood can cause a reaction. This is important when a patient needs to receive blood (transfusion) or have an organ transplant. The blood types must be matched to avoid an ABO incompatibility

reaction. For example: A patient with type A blood will react against type B or type AB blood. A patient with type B blood will react against type A or type AB blood. A patient with type O blood will react against type A, type B, or type AB blood. A patient with type AB blood will NOT react against type A, type B, or type AB blood. Type O blood does not cause an immune response when it is received by people with type A, type B, or type AB blood. This is why type O blood cells can be given to patients of any blood type. People with type O blood are called

"universal donors." However, people with type O can only receive type O blood. Both blood and plasma transfusions must be matched to avoid an immune reaction. Before anyone receives blood, both the blood and the person receiving it are tested carefully to avoid a reaction. Usually a reaction occurs because of

a clerical error. Symptoms The following are symptoms of ABO incompatible transfusion reactions: Back pain Blood in urine Chills Feeling of "impending doom" Fever Yellow skin (jaundice) Signs and tests The health care provider will perform a physical exam. Blood tests will usually show: Bilirubin level is high Complete blood count (CBC) shows damage to red blood cells or anemia The patient's and donor's blood are not compatible Urine tests show the presence of hemoglobin. Treatment Treatment may include: Drugs used to treat allergic reactions (antihistamines) Drugs used to treat swelling and allergies (steroids) Fluids given through a vein (intravenously) Medicines to raise blood pressure if it drops too low Expectations (prognosis) ABO incompatibility can be a very serious problem that can even result in death. With the right treatment, a full recovery is likely. Complications Kidney failure Low blood pressure needing intensive care Death Calling your health care provider Call your health care provider if you have recently had a blood transfusion or transplant and you have symptoms of ABO incompatibility.


RH incompatability When the mom has RH- blood and the infant has RH positive blood.

During pregnancy, red blood cells from the unborn baby

can cross into the mother's bloodstream

through the placenta.If the mother is Rh-negative,

her immune system treats Rh-positive fetal cells as if they were a foreign substance

and makes antibodies against the fetal blood cells.

These anti-Rh antibodies may cross back through the placenta into the developing baby and destroy the baby's circulating red

blood cells. When red blood cells are broken down, they make bilirubin. This

causes an infant to become yellow (jaundiced). The level of bilirubin in the infant's bloodstream may range from mild to dangerously high.

These babies may have enlarged spleen and liver.

RHO Gam is given to the mom and it will destroy any baby blood cells in the mom, and her immune system won’t produce more antibodies.

Rhesus (RH) factor is an inherited trait that refers to a specific protein found on the surface of RBC’s (antigen)

Blood used in transfusions must match donors for Rh status as well as for ABO blood type

Although the Rh factor doesn’t affect the patient’s health, it can affect pregnancy

Rh factor In 1040, the Rh factor was discovered as a

result of studying Rhesus monkeys When blood from monkeys was injected into

rabbits and guinea pigs, it clotted If the blood has the protein, the patient is Rh

positive If the blood lacks the protein, the patient is

Rh negative


Blood Disorders AnemiaReview the symptoms of

anemia. Anemia is a deficiency of RBC’s.

Discuss why these symptoms occur.


Blood disorders


Blood disorders

Review the symptoms of hemophilia.

Hereditary Blood disorder where the blood clots slowly. Missing factor VIII that works with fibrin to clot the blood.


Blood disorders

LeukemiaLeukemiaWhat is leukemia? Abnormal increase in the

number of inmature WBC’s leading to decrease number of good wbc’s, rbc’s, and platelets.

Review the symptoms of leukemia.

Discuss why these symptoms occur.


Blood disorders

Multiple myelomaWhat is multiple myeloma?

malignancy of plasma cells

What are the symptoms?Weakness in bone leading to

fractures and bone painDecrease in numbers of

other blood cells

How is it treated?Chemo, radiation, transplant


Blood disorders

Polycythemia What is polycythemia?

Too many RBC formed

What are the symptoms?Blood clot formations

How Is it treated?Remove blood

Plasma

Cellular

elements


Blood disorders

Septicemia

Infection in blood

Treat with IV antibiotics


Blood disorders Sickle cell anemia

What is sickle cell anemia?

A hereditary disorder.

RBC’s form a sickle shape.

What are the symptoms?

How is it treated?


What are the functions of the heart?


Functions of the heart

Did you know? At rest, 2 ounces of blood

is circulated with each heart beat.


Functions of the heartIt’s a PUMP

What do pumps do?What do pumps do?

How does this relate to heart function?How does this relate to heart function?


Hear the beat!


Blood Pressure FYI

Blood pressure is the surge of blood when heart pumps creates pressure against the walls of the arteries

SYSTOLIC PRESSURE Measured during the contraction phase

DIASTOLIC PRESSURE Measured when the ventricles are relaxed

What is the normal range of blood pressure for an adult?



What makes the pump work?What makes the pump work?

It’s electric!Explain the electrical activity of the heart.


It’s electric!

Discuss the function of the heart’s conduction

system.

Blood supply to the Heart is from the coronary arteries

Heart sounds= lub dub

Control of HEART CONTRACTIONS SA node (sinoatrial) =pacemaker Located in right atrium SA node sends out electrical impulse Impulse spreads over the atria, making them contract Travels to AV Node

AV node (atrioventricular) Conducting cell group between atria and ventricle Carries impulse to Bundle of His

Bundle of His

Conducting fibers in septum Divides into R and L branches

To network of branches in ventricles

PURKINJE FIBERS

Impulse shoots along Purkinje fibers causing ventricles to contract


Electrocardiogram EKG or ECG SYSTOLE = contraction phase DIASTOLE = relaxation phase

Baseline of an EKG is a flat line:

P = Atrial contraction

QRS = Ventricular contraction

T = Ventricular relaxation



What makes the pump work?What makes the pump work?

It’s electric!


Functions of the heartTransportationWhat does the heart transport?What does the heart transport?

What is involved in the transportation What is involved in the transportation process?process?

How is this a circulatory system function?How is this a circulatory system function?


The transportation process

Discuss systemic circulation



Right side Superior vena cava

Inferior vena cava

Right atrium

Tricuspid valve

Right Ventricle

Pulmonary valve

Pulmonary artery

Lungs CO2 and O2 exchange

Left SidePulmonary vein

Left atrium

Bicuspid valve

Left ventricle

Aortic valve

Aorta

Body

(Schematic of systemic circulation)



Discuss cardiopulmonary circulation

CompareSystemic Circulation ToCardiopulmonary Circulation


Vessels of the circulatory system ARTERIES

What are the functions of arteries? carry oxygenated blood away from heart to capillaries

What are the characteristics of arteries? elastic, muscular, thick walled (strongest of the blood vessels)

Which direction do arteries flow? Away from the heart


Vessels of the circulatory system

Describe arterial blood. Bright Red in color


Vessels of the circulatory system VEINS

What is the function of veins? Carries deoxygenated blood from capillaries to heart

What are the characteristics of veins? Smaller than arteries, but are still muscular. Walls thinner and have valves which prevent back flow of blood

Which direction do veins flow? Toward the heart

Compare arterial and venous blood. (darker red almost purple)


Vessels of the circulatory systemCapillaries

What is the function of capillaries? Allows nutrient molecules and oxygen to pass out of the capillaries into surrounding tissuesWhat happens if this action is obstructed? build up of waste and lack of oxygen circulating


Remember Pulse Sites?

Where do they come from?


Circulatory disorders

Aneurysm



Angina pectoris



Arrhythmia Is any change from normal

heart rate or rhythm

BRADYCARDIA Slow heart rate (<60 beats

per minute)

TACHYCARDIA Rapid heart rate (>100

beats per minute)



Arteriosclerosis

Thickening of arterial walls due to aging



Atherosclerosis

Deposits of fatty substances adhere to walls of arteries


Circulatory disorders Coronary artery disease

Narrowing of arteries usually due to atherosclerosis

Prevention:

Exercise

Reduce cholesterol

No smoking


Circulatory disorders Hypertension

What is hypertension? High B/P

What factors influence the

development of hypertension?

Smoking, age, wt., medical

conditions, heredity, diet, lifestyle

How is it treated? Exercise, meds,

diet, quit smoking

Why is it called the “silent killer?”

frequently there are no symptoms



Heart failure

Ventricles are unable to contract effectively

Blood pools in heart

Left ventricle: dyspnea

Right ventricle: ascites,

Edema in feet and legs



Murmurs:

Valves do not close properly



Myocardial infarction



Peripheral vascular disease: arteries in legs become blocked



Pulmonary edema



Transient ischemic attack



Varicose veins

Prevention Wear sunscreen Elevate legs when resting Wear elastic support stockings Eating fiber diets Exercise Weight control


Circulatory disordersLeading Causes of Death:

The Impact of Circulatory Disorders


Relevance of nutrients to the blood and circulatory system The circulatory

system plays a vital role in homeostasis Absorption and

transport of nutrients to cells, tissues, organs, and systems

2.02 understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

Documents

functions of blood

circulatory system slide

blood disorders

functions of erythrocytes

body slide

blood globin

blood transport

infection slide