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APPENDIX A: MAPS
APHUG | BHS | Ms. Justice
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Maps
Any map is an incomplete representation of reality:1. It is smaller than the world it represents2. It must depict a curved surface on a flat plane3. It contains symbols to convey information
that must be transmitted to the reader These are three fundamental properties of
all maps:1. Scale2. Projection3. Symbols
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Map Scale
The scale of a map reveals how much the real world has been reduced to fit on the page or screen on which it appears
The ratio between actual distance and the length given to that distance on the map that can be represented: Ratio (1:10,000) Fraction (1/10,000) Graphic form
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Map Scale
"Large scale" refers to maps on which objects are relatively large, "small scale" to maps on which objects are relatively small.
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Map Projections: Latitude & Longitude
Lines of latitude and longitude provide a frame of reference for cartographers
Prime Meridian, Greenwich, England
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Map Projections: Mercator Projection
Invented in 1859 by a Flemish cartographer
Cylindrical projection Parallels and meridians cross at right
angles Direction is true everywhere on this map
– excellent for navigation Distortion grows toward the poles –
continents appear stretched out and misshapen in higher latitudes
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Map Projections: Mercator Projection
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Map Projections: Robinson Projection
Developed by American cartographer Arthur Robinson in 1963
Lines of longitude curve toward each other in polar regions
Substantially reduces the exaggerated size of polar land masses (better approximates shape)
Lacks the directional utility of the Mercator projections
Used by the National Geographic Society since 1988
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Map Projections: Robinson Projection
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Map Projections: Interrupted Projection
Broken meridians Typically, breaks are designed to fall
upon less important areas, like oceans Equal-area map that avoids distortions
or land masses
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Map Projections: Interrupted Projection
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Symbols on Maps: Examples Prominent dots = cities Large dot w/a circle around it, or a star =
capital Red lines = roads Double lines = 4 lane highways Black lines = railroads Blue = water Green = forests Etc.
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Symbols on Maps: Dot Map
A dot map shows a spatial representation
On this map, each dot represents the location of a commercial cell phone tower in the U. S.
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Lines represent a certain consistent height above sea level
Symbols on Maps: Contour Map
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Other Maps: Thematic Maps
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Other Maps: Flow-Line Maps
Good for determining movement – such as migration
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Other Maps: Choropleth Maps Put data into a spatial format. Useful for determining demographic
data, by assigning colors or patterns to areas
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Other Maps: Cartograms
Chart and assign data by sizeWorld population
World child mortality