•Applications - Nowcasting - Short-range weather forecasting - Longer-range numerical weather prediction
GOES Sounders: Past and Present
NESDIS/ORA/ASPT
GOES VAS
• Venetian Blinding
• Not Operational (RISOP)
• Noisy (due to reduced spin budget)
12 Infrared Channels (1 Visible Channel)Filter Wheel Radiometer
GOES-8/M Sounder18 Infrared Channels (1 Visible Channel)Filter Wheel Radiometer
• Operational • Higher Signal-to-Noise
GOES Sounder Spectral Bands: 14.7 to 3.7 um & Vis
GOES Sounder Spectral Coverage Current instrument has 18 infrared bands.
Numerical Model Impact
GeostationaryInterferometer WindsRadiances
SST
Resolutions:Vertical
HorizontalTemporal
Cloud Information
Moisture Ozone
Surface Emissivity
Verifying GOES-8 Imager Infrared Image
Eta model with and without GOES Sounder Clouds
Note that the high clouds off the East Coast were correctly removed when GOES Sounder cloud
data were assimilated.
Data Assimilation -- Clouds
TaRa
Rs
Tc
zT
TAERO
zH LE
Rx
Ts
d + z0
Ta TAEROT
G
TRAD() = f() Tc + [1 - f()] Ts
The Atmospheric Land Exchange Inverse (ALEXI) model.
Surface component of ALEXI model
Major ALEXI Inputs Include:1) Weather Data from CRAS model2) Radiometric Temperatures from GOES 3) Fraction Vegetation Cover from AVHRR4) Land Surface Cover Characteristics
• The ALEXI models energy exchange between the land surface and the atmospheric boundary layer, driven by remotely sensed inputs.
Data Assimilation -- uses GOES Sounder skin temperatures
Eta Data Assimilation System Satellite Data Impact Study for 3 Seasons
24-hr forecast for Temperature
24-hr forecast for Relative Humidity
In 80 km Eta Data Assimilation System (EDAS), impact of GOES Sounder marine products versus conventional RAOB information was tested. In summer, Sounder has larger positive impact on temperature and moisture forecasts than conventional RAOB.
Positive Impact due to GOES sounder PW (marine)Positive Impact due to Radiosonde (T and moisture)Ratio =
A Ratio greater than 1 means the satellite improved the forecast more than the radiosondesover the entire domain (land and marine)
Data Assimilation -- Data Denial
32 km results using a November 2001 version of the EDAS:
Provide a comparison of the total forecast impact of GOES-vs-POES data types in the EDAS for late October/early November 2001 1. Deny all GOES data types at once.
2. Deny all POES data types at once.
The Diagnostics
GOES in NWP, routine and experimental:
Model GOES DataNCEP Global Sounder Radiance, Imager Winds, Imager Radiances
Eta Model Sounder Radiance, Sounder PW, Imager Winds, Data for LandDataAssimilationScheme, Sounder Clouds
FSL’s RUC Sounder TPW, Sounder Clouds (March 2002) GWINDEX rapid-scan winds
CIMSS CRAS Sounder PW, Sounder Clouds
Australia (LAPS) Imager Winds
ECMWF Imager Winds, Imager Radiances
GFDL (experimental) Imager Winds
NOGAPS Imager Winds, Sounder Winds
NAAPS Imager Biomass Fire Product
CSU RAMS Imager Biomass Fire Product
UW ALEXI Change of Sounder Skin Temperature, Imager insolation
Data Assimilation -- GOES radiances and products have a major role
ABS Prime (ABS’) -- consider using the shortwave side of the water vapor band.
GOES Sounder-Derived Cloud Product in the RUC00 UTC 23 March 1999
GOES Sounder-Derivedplus
Model-DerivedCloud Top Pressure
Impact of the GOES Sounder-
Derived Cloud Product
(Gray to Black indicatecloud added; Yellow to Red indicate cloud removed by
GOES data)
GOES Sounder-Derived Cloud Product in the RUC00 UTC 23 March 1999
GOES Sounder-Derived
Cloud Top Pressure
Model-DerivedCloud Top Pressure
900 mb 600 300
Comparison of GOES-11 PW with microwave retrievals
August 6, 2000
Co-located total precipitable water (TPW) values retrieved from the GOES-11 Sounder compare well with integrated moisture measured by a microwave radiometer at the CART site (Lamont, OK). Note “flat” first-guess trace.
GOES retrievals show ability to capture the trend and range of total moisture.
GOES-11 Post-Launch Test (NOAA Technical #103)
GOES Sounder Uses (non-NWP)• Radiances/Images• Moisture Profiles• Derived Quantities from the retrieved profiles• 3-layers of Precipitable Water• Derived Products Images• Cloud Top Information• Mid-Level Winds• 12 micrometer channel (GOES-12 and beyond)• Possible test-bed for additional imager channels
EXCESSIVE RAINFALL POTENTIAL OUTLOOK HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL PREDICTION CENTER...NWS...CAMP SPRINGS MD
GOES SOUNDER DATA SHOWS THAT PWS SOUTH OF THE OUTFLOW BOUNDARY ARE IN THE 1.60 TO 1.70 INCH RANGE. THE SOUNDER DATA ALSO INDICATES THAT THE AIRMASS TO THE WEST ACROSS IL IS CONTINUING TO DESTABILIZE. ALL THE ABOVE ARGUE FOR THE POTENTIAL FOR ISOLD 3 TO 5 INCH RAINFALL BEFORE THE SYSTEM STARTS SHIFTING EWD.
12 UTC Sounder LI Zoomed in view:
With Eta forecast and watch boxes
Janesville, WI received 4 inches of rain; Sullivan, WI had 3 inches.
NWS Forecast Office Assessment of GOES Sounder Total Precipitable Water
Summer 99 Forecaster assessment of usefulness of changes in hourly TPW product for precipitation forecast
Out of 207 weather cases.- Significant Positive Impact (21.3%)- Slight Positive Impact (50.2%)- No Discernible Impact (27%)- Slight Negative Impact (1%)- Significant Negative Impact (<1%)
Figure from the National Weather Service, Office of Services
NWS Forecast Office Assessment of GOES Sounder Atmospheric Instability
Summer 99 Forecaster assessment of usefulness of changes in hourly LI, CAPE, & CINH product for predicting location/timing of thunderstorms
There were 248 valid weather cases.- Significant Positive Impact (30%)- Slight Positive Impact (49%)- No Discernible Impact (19%)- Slight Negative Impact (2%)- Significant Negative Impact (0)
Figure from the National Weather Service, Office of Services
Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-8 Sounder Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) values. The axis of CAPE values greater than 2500 J/kg extended from eastern Nebraska into southern Minnesota. CAPE values calculated from the 00 UTC radiosondes were too sparse to capture this feature. The two counties outlined in northern Iowa show the location of an F-2 tornado that occurred just over two hours later. A NWS forecaster used Sounder data to help correctly forecast this event.
A Derived Product Image of CAPE from the GOES-8 Sounder
Stable
Unstable
Stable
Radiosonde values
00 UTC on 10 August 1999
F-2 Tornado
NOAANESDISORAARADASPT
Example of trends in GOES DPI (time series plots) from 08 August 2000 - a web tool
Afternoon destabilization in far W KY
Monsoon moisture re-surging in SW AZ
Sites selected from GOES Sounder PW DPI at 20 UTC on 08 Aug 2000
UW/CIMSS
Comparing experimental GOES Sounder and TOMS satellite estimates of Total Ozone (O3) at ground-based sites
GOES and TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) show similar accuracies.
GO
ES
and
TO
MS
Dob
son
Uni
ts (
DU
)
GOES Sounder Total Ozone determinations
UW/CIMSS
One month average emissivity for 05/11/00 - 06/12/00 at 10 UTCdark blue areas (
sfc < 0.80) - missing data
LW
SW
0.98
0.98
0.80
0.80Longitude
Lat
itud
eL
atit
ude
Current Product Improvement -- improved retrievals with a more rigorous surface emissivity
Geostationary Sounders
(# of channels)
VAS (experimental)
GOES Sounder(operational)
GIFTS(experimental)
(12)
(18)
(~1600)
(~1600)
Advanced BaselineSounder (operational)
time
The ABS is the next logical step from experimental low spectral resolution to finally operational high-spectral resolution sounders.