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Asteroids & Meteors
Lectures will be available at: homework.uoregon.edu/pub/elsa/haydock/
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Asteroid Belt Basic Characteristics
Estimated 1 million are ~1km or larger; millions more are smaller
25+ asteroids are bigger than 200Km
Average size asteroid ~ 1 km
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Observing Asteroids
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Approximately 1km in sizeWould cause catastrophic damage on Earth.
~200 asteroids are this size (100km) or greater
More than 1 million are this size (1Km) or greater
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This asteroid is 70 times bigger than the one that exploded over Russia
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Largest Asteroids found
Ceres was first & largest asteroid object discovered (1801). Both differentiated
Big asteroid on slide 3
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Ceres
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Asteroid: Itokawa, effectively a rubble
pile
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MassMars-like densities (~3 g/cm3)
Size of all combined asteroids= ½ Moon diameter
Question: Would this object be more or less massive than Earth? Venus? Mars? Mercury?
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Basic Characteristics
Question: Would this object be more or less massive than Earth? Venus? Mars? Mercury?
Less! About 3 times the mass of Ceres or 1/10,000th the mass of Earth
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Asteroid Belt Orbitsdistance ranges from 2 ~ 3.5 AU with average distance about 2.8AU
Asteroids are not evenly distributed in belt.
Jupiter pulled asteroids into specific orbits resonant to Jupiter’s orbit.
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Unlike Star Wars, the asteroid belt is not densely populated. The large asteroid spacing is vast – approximately 1 million kilometers. Thus collisions with space craft are highly unlikely.
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Dawn Mission
Determining why these two objects in the asteroid belt evolve differently, role of water in planetary formation, origins of solar system. Currently, Dawn is on its way to Ceres.
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Asteroid Belt FormationPlanetesimals moved too fast due to Jupiter’s gravitational field. Instead of accreting into a larger protoplanet, particles crash and break into smaller pieces.
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Trojan Asteroids: Share orbit of Planet
These asteroids share a planet’s orbit at two specific gravitationally stable points called Lagrangian points - the balance between the pull of the Sun and the planet.Jupiter, Neptune, Mars and even Earth have trojans asteroids.
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Apollo Asteroids & NEAs
Near Earth Asteroids (NEA) come within 0.3 AU of Earth. They don’t necessarily cross Earth’s orbit.
Objects in the asteroid belt can be pushed out via gravity or collision. Those which have Earth crossing orbits are called Apollos.
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Amor Asteroids Asteroids
cross Mars’ orbit but not Earth’s orbit.
Possible Asteroids in transition to Apollos via interaction of Mars gravity
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Energy of impactEnergy of meteor is product of mass and speed2 (speed x speed)
10meter asteroid 0.2 Megatons (10 atom bombs)
1 km asteroid 80,000-200,000 MT bomb
100 km asteroid 80-200 billion MT bomb
note: 1 MT = energy of 1 million tons of TNT
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Meteor, Meteorite or Meteoroids
Speed = up to 250,000 km/hr
Object size = grain of sand
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Meteor, Meteorite or Meteoroids
The meteor streak comes from a grain interacting with atmosphere.
Object heats and strips electrons from atoms and molecules (ionization).
The electrons recombine with the air molecules and emit light.
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MeteorsAre usually 100km from surface of Earth
Fireballs are from grape sized objects
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Meteor, Meteorite or Meteoroids
Meteorite is the rock that sometimes survives the journey and lands on the ground.
2 major types:Primitive: original rock from the formation of Solar SystemProcessed: rock from a larger differentiated body (underwent melting, etc)
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Primitive Meteorite
Stony or Chondrite type meteorite.
Usually old as solar System (4.6 byo)
Sometimes contain amino acids/ organic compounds – these can only form past the asteroid belt
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More Primitive Meteorites
Selling meteorite is big business
$1400!!!
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Processed Meteorite
Iron type meteorite
“Willamette” Meteor - found in West Linn, Oregon -largest meteorite discovered in North America
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Iron meteorites are easy to spot because of their shape.Evidence of worship in different cultures.Early human civilization first access to Iron.
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Processed MeteoritePallasite type
meteorite is a combination of stone (olivine) and Iron/Nickel
created from core/mantle boundary of possibly:
Earth from an impactdifferentiated asteroids
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Martian Meteorite!Ancient Mars meteor found in Antarctic
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Meteor, Meteorite or Meteoroids
A Meteoroid is the object flying in space before it enters atmosphere
Originate from:Comet debris (Meteor showers)Collision of asteroids in spaceMoon or Mars impacts
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Meteor ShowersShowers occur when Earth crosses orbit of comet debris.
Name Date Comet Origin
Geminids Dec 14 1862 III
Perseids Aug 12 Halley
Orionids Oct. 21 P/Tempel-Tuttle
Leonids Nov 17 3200 Phaethon
Some Notable Showers