Background Information: A Growing Divide

Northern and Southern states develop in very different ways over the centuries before and after the American Revolution

NORTH: Many port cities (Boston, New York, Philadelphia). Industrial Revolution influenced Northern states the most. Economy based on foreign trade, commerce, shipbuilding. N embraces manufacturing (esp. textile mills).

Farmers specialized in one or two crops/livestock, sold to urban markets, used cash to buy necessities from store. Items usually made in the North. Did not need much labor (wheat, corn), so less need for slave labor. Slavery was present though, as was racial prejudice.

Allowed for MARKET ECONOMY. Ag. and manufacturing supported each other.

Background Information: A Growing Divide

SOUTH: Economy based almost solely on AGRICULTURE. Region began as rural society of self-sufficient plantations (single-crop for sale, not feed/food: tobacco, rice, indigo).

Used rivers instead of ports to ship goods to North and eventually on to Europe. Plantation owners produce what they need, so did not need shops, bakeries, markets. Used slave labor to meet high demands of labor.

Cotton became most profitable and dominant cash-crop in the South. Fueled by industrialized (need for cotton in textile mills). KING COTTON/COTTON KINGDOM 1793: Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin (“gin”=engine). Removed

seeds from fibers so processing was easier and faster. Cotton production was more profitable, causing planters to increase crops and need for slave labor.

The Emergence of Slavery

Slavery in existence since ancient times (Egypt, China, Greece, Rome, Inca, Aztec). Muslims in Middle East and N. Africa in business of capturing and trading people from Africa, C. Europe. Portuguese begin business of African slave trade.

Spanish and Portuguese bring enslaved W. Africans to C. America/Caribbean in early 1500s to replace Native Americans as forced slave labor.

First Africans in America= 20 Africans brought to Jamestown, VA by Dutch in 1619 . Early slaves in N. America were treated more like indentured servants.

Were seen as workers and not necessarily property. Many worked alongside European laborers, were more expensive to bring

in than white workers, and seen as morally/intellectually inferior.By 1700s, slave trade between Europe, W. Africa, and America

was booming (Triangular Trade).

Slavery in North America

Boston, New York, and Charlestown were important ports in the slave trade.

Estimated around 500,000 Africans were brought into North America by 1770.

Value and presence of enslaved Africans grew in VA and the southern colonies in mid-1600s. White indentured servants wanted to be treated like Englishmen Supply of indentured servants began to decline (some ran away,

many found jobs in England working in industry, commerce, shipping)

Increase in life span= indentured servants survived to reach freedom!

Africans could not blend in to run away, couldn’t demand humane treatment, justice, or land.

Africans well suited for climate conditions and intense labor of crops in the deep south

Slavery in the South

With surge of cotton in south due to England’s insatiable need for cotton and the cotton gin, use of slave labor increased. No more importing of slaves after 1808 In South, not many whites owned slaves (400,000/9 mil.) If did own slaves, most owned less than 20. 12% owned 20 or more

(=a planter) and only 1% owned 50+. 56% of all slaves worked on a plantation (20+). Means typical

slaveholder only had handful of slaves, but typical slave lived on plantation of great size.

Slave codes (laws) put in place to control and maintain order over slaves. Were considered “chattel property-” property that can be moved- with zero rights.

As western areas of U.S. begin to open up, new cotton production began and higher need for slaves caused them to be very profitable.

" . . .WE HERE HIGHLY RESOLVE THAT THESE DEAD SHALL NOT HAVE DIED IN VAIN; THAT THIS NATION, UNDER GOD,

SHALL HAVE A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM; AND THAT GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE, BY THE PEOPLE, FOR THE PEOPLE, SHALL

NOT PERISH FROM THE EARTH." -ABRAHAM LINCOLN-

THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS

The Union In Peril:Civil War and Reconstruction

Essential Questions

Unit Essential QuestionHow did the Civil War and the failure of Reconstruction

change the course of our nation?

Lesson Essential QuestionsCAUSES:

What were the causes of the Civil War?Do you think that the conflict could have been avoided? How?

MAJOR BATTLES:What were the strengths of both sides at the beginning of the

Civil War? What battles were turning points in the war?What were the strategies for each side during the war?

How did the Emancipation Proclamation affect the outcome of the War? What events led to the South’s surrender?

Lesson Essential Questions, continued. . .

Effects of the Civil War and ReconstructionWhat Reconstruction plans were developed for the South after

the war?How did the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments influence the

rights of African Americans?How did the role of African Americans change throughout

Reconstruction?Why did Reconstruction fail?

How did Southern whites regain political power during Reconstruction?

Background Information- A Growing Divide

Origins and development of slavery in the U.S.

MO CompromiseWhy do we need slavery and why should

slavery be spread?Industrial v. Agricultural economiesBlack stereotypes (view of blacks in N and S)New territories, states and issues that

brought up

The Divisive Politics of Slavery

“I have, Senators, believed from the first that the agitation of the subject of slavery would, if not prevented by some timely and effective measure, end in disunion. . . The agitation has been permitted to proceed. . . Until it has reached a period when it can no longer be disguised or denied that the Union is in danger. You have thus had forced upon you the greatest and the gravest question that can ever come under your consideration: How can the Union be preserved?”

- John C. Calhoun, The Compromise of 1850

New territories apply to become states and enter the Union Southern states want to gain

more slave states Northern states did not want

slavery to spread.

Dec. 1849- Issues arise over future statehood of CA.

Southerners assume CA will be slave state b/c CA had land below 36/30 line (=open to slavery in MO Compromise), but Northerners try to stop it. Disputes cause several Southern states to threaten to

secede

A Compromise is Made

Henry Clay negotiates between N & S and brings forward the Compromise of 1850. North: California enters Union as a free state South: a new Fugitive Slave Law was put in place. By

law, anyone who found an alleged runaway slave had to capture/arrest him or be fined $1,000. If helped a runaway slave, could be jailed and fined. Reward for returned runaways.

Both: In territories of NM and UT, slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty (people of the land would vote for/against). Role of Stephen Douglas

September, 1850- Compromise of 1850 became law. Crisis of slavery, secession “swept under the rug.”

Protest, Resistance, and Violence

Many in the North (abolitionists, partial supporters) surprised as harsh Fugitive Slave Law. Vigilante groups formed to help get African-Americans

north to Canada. Harriet Beecher Stowe- wrote Uncle Tom’s

Cabin in 1852 Anti-slavery novel; slavery was a political contest and moral struggle that could be overcome by Christian love; told of reality of slavery

Underground Railroad established as secret network between white abolitionists and runaway slaves. If caught trying to escape, slaves could be shot, hung,

whipped, or worse. Travel was at night, through woods, water, little food,

and with no sense of direction. The North Star and other natural signs guided slaves to freedom.

Slave patrols on horseback often caught runaways and returned to their owners.

The Underground Railroad

A series of safe houses and shelter for runaway slaves.

“Conductors” would take risk of helping hide runaway slaves, feed them and give them water, rest, clothing. Often helped runaways to next stop on the way to freedom.

Harriet Tubman

Slave in MD B. 1820/1821.

Fear of being sold after her owner died run away to Philadelphia, 1849.

Fugitive Slave Law Tubman served as a conductor Moses. Estimated she made 19 trips back and forth to South Rumored that she helped over 300 slaves (including

her parents)

Tension Rises. . .

Senator Douglas wanted popular sovereignty to be used to decide issue of slavery in territory of Nebraska. But territory was north of 36/30 line (MO Compromise) and was supposed to be closed to slavery.

SD sponsor Kansas-Nebraska Act Split into Nebraska (N) and new territory of

Kansas (S) Allow popular sovereignty to determine

slavery in territories/states. Would repeal the MO Compromise and 36/30 line Bitter debate

N politicians saw bill as plot to turn territories into slave states. S supported bill.

1854- Kansas-Nebraska Act passed and became law.

. . .Violence follows.

The Race for Kansas: Supporters and opponents of slavery rush to Kansas to try and win votes for the territory. People set up camps and even small towns of abolitionists or slave holders.

“Bleeding Kansas:” Situation turns violent as people attack, fight, and kill each other over the issue. People were tarred and feathered, kidnapped, killed.

By 1855, enough people to vote. “Border Ruffians” illegally voted pro-slavery

legislature (Lecompton) MO was a slave state Immediately , multiple pro-slavery acts passed.

Abolitionists set up separate government in Topeka. Again, bloody violence followed as try to outgain in

each other. John Brown led abolitionist group to attack a proslavery

town. Drug 5 men from their homes and hacked them to death.

Violence also spread to the Senate as Charles Sumner (MA) gave a two-day speech (the Crime Against Kansas) attacking the South, slavery, and Senator Andrew Butler (SC) for proslavery views.

Butler’s nephew, Preston S. Brooks, upset about attacks. Considers a duel, but is told that duels are only suited for gentlemen of equal standing (Sumner used harsh language in speech and compared slavery to a “mistress”).

Brooks walked into Senate, beat Sumner on head with his cane until the cane broke. Sumner suffered brain damage and was unable to return to the

Senate for 3 years. Sumner became a hero in the North, Butler became a hero in the

South

New Political Parties Emerge

Know-Nothing Party: aka American Party. Supported nativism, but split over issue of slavery in territories.

Liberty Party: Anti-slavery party with goal of abolition

Free-Soil Party: Anti-slavery opposed to extension of slavery into territories. Not based on support for African-Americans Many not abolitionists and support racist laws Objected to slavery’s competition with white workers

and wage-based labor force

Republican Party (1854): Opposed spread of slavery. Took in many from other parties, including antislavery and nativists. One extreme want to resurrect MO Compromise, the other were radical abolitionists. Republican= national interest above sectional

Dred Scott Decision

Dred Scott v. SanfordScott a slave who was moved from slave state

(MO) to free territories (IL/WI). Argued this gave him freedom from owner

1857- Supreme Court ruled AGAINST Scott Scott had no legal standing to sue b/c he was not a

citizen 5th Amendment protected property. Slaves=property, so

no territory could exclude slavery since it deprived slaveholders of property.

Northerners upset at influence of South on gov.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Illinois, 1858: Democrat Stephen Douglas vs. Republican Abraham Lincoln Neither want slavery in territories Douglas popular sovereigntybelieved Lincoln slavery immoral, but knew would take

constitutional amendment to abolishDouglas won, but Dems splitLincoln garner attention

John Brown’s Raid at Harper’s Ferry

John Brown believed his calling to lead uprising of abolitionists and help slaves revolt. Secretly had backing from Northern abolitionists

Oct. 16th, 1859- Brown and 21 men (black and white) stormed Harper’s Ferry, VA (now WVA). Attempted to seize federal arsenal to support slave

rebellion Troops called in to end rebellion

Brown sentenced to death. In North, seen as hero. Bells rang, gun salute, crowds

gather in his name to hear speeches against the South.

In South, white mobs assault other whites with antislavery views and suspected abolitionists

Lincoln is Elected President

Election of 1860: Republican Lincoln vs. Northern Democrat Stephen Douglas vs. Southern Democrat John Breckinridge vs. Constitutional Party (Know-Nothings) Democrats split on issue of slavery Northern Democrats support Douglas/popular

sovereignty Southern Democrats support Breckinridge/Dred Scott

Decision

Lincoln ran as a moderate. No intention to allow slavery to spread, but tried to reassure Southerners that he would not interfere with them, their slaves, or in anything about their slaves. Southerners still see Lincoln as an enemy

Lincoln wins without any electoral votes from Southern states and with less than majority of popular vote.

Southern Secession

For Southerners, issue of slavery was underlying issue. Was masking issues of power of states and self-determination vs. federal government control. Who should have highest authority? Southerners believe have lost voice in National Gov. Southern way of life challenged and could be turned

upside downSouth Carolina decided to ACT.

December 20th, 1860: SC secedes from the Union 6 more follow: MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX

February, 1861: Delegates from 7 states meet in Montgomery, AL and form Confederate States of America (the Confederacy). Constitution drawn up with protections of slavery Confederates unanimously elect Jefferson Davis

(former Senator from MS) as President of CSA

Ch. 4, Sec. 2:The Civil War Begins“This country will be drenched in blood…The people of the North… are not going to let this country be destroyed without a mighty effort to save it…Besides, where are your men and appliances of war to contend against them?...You are rushing into war with one of the most powerful, ingeniously mechanical and determined people on earth- right at your doors…Only in spirit and determination are you prepared for war. In all else you are totally unprepared.”

-William Tecumseh Sherman

After secession, Confederate soldiers seize Union Federal Installations (forts) throughout the South

Lincoln must decide whether to defend or give over to CSA

Fort Pickens- Pensacola, FL CSA troops from AL and FL

attempt to seize the fort. Reach a truce to avoid war: North won’t reinforce fort; South won’t attack

Fort Sumter- Charleston, SC Off coast of SC, near Charleston. Lincoln

decided to send in rations (food) and supplies- no weapons

April 12th, 1861: WAR BEGINS! Confederate batteries pound Fort Sumter

causing Union to surrender the Fort.

The War is on. . .

April/May of 1861: After Fort Sumter and Lincoln’s declaration of war, four more states secede and join the CSA. Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee Four slave states stayed in the Union:

Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri 1863: Western area of VA opposed slavery, so seceded

from VA and entered Union (U.S.) as West VirginiaUnion and Confederacy not an equal match in

war. Each have to come up with military plan for their strengths, resources, and objectives.

Union Confederacy

Advantages were their resources: had more People Factories Food production Extensive rail system

3- Point Strategy: Navy blockade of Southern

ports (Anaconda Plan) Conquer the MS

River/Split CSA in two Capture Richmond, VA

(capital)

Advantages were: Highly trained/effective

generals, motivated soldiers, resourcefulness, fighting in own territory

Strategy: Defend the CSA Attack Union when

opportunity arises

The Union vs. The Confederacy

First Battle of Manassas or The Battle of Bull Run

July, 1861: First bloodshed on the battlefieldBattle took place near Bull Run creek/city of

Manassas (near Washington, DC).Battle went back & forth between Union and CSA, but

by afternoon Confederates had won the first victory! North led by Brig. General Irvin McDowell South led by Brig. General P.G.T. Beauregard, General Thomas

Jackson “There stands Jackson like a stone wall!” Jackson earned

nickname Stonewall after standing his ground against Union troops Col. Francis Bartow- 1st Commander to die in the Civil War

Confederate troops exhausted after battle, so do not pursue Union troops or attack DC.

Battle of Shiloh

After Union loss @ First Manassas, Lincoln put troops near DC under General George McClellan. Also starts campaign in the west under General Ulysses S. Grant.

Feb., 1862: Grant led Union army to invade West Tennessee and to capture Ft. Henry on the Tennessee River and then Ft. Donelson on the Cumberland River.

Battle of Shiloh: Grant moves deeper into TN on his campaign into the west. Camped near TN river near the Mississippi border Confederates under Beauregard and Johnston surprise

attacked Grant’s Union forces. Confederates have early success, but Union troops

regroup and ultimately able to defeat the CSA troops. Battle of Shiloh was bloodiest battle yet in the war.

The Union’s Three-Point Plan

1. Attack the CSA capital: McClellan’s troops (near DC) are primed to stage an attack on Richmond and continue an assault on the CSA in their own territory

1. Control the MS river and cut the South in two: April 1862: David Farragut and a Union fleet seized New Orleans from the CSA. By June, the Union controlled much of the lower MS river.

Blockade the South (Anaconda Plan): U.S. has control of the seas because of the strength and size of their navy. Able to blockade Norfolk and Richmond, VA. Goal is to stop cotton exports out of the South and stop manufactured goods from entering the South. Want to isolate the South from any outside aide by blockading the coast and controlling the MS river.

Battle at Sea

March, 1862: USS Monitor vs. CSS Virginia Confederate Sec. of Navy was Stephen R. Mallory

(Florida) Mallory commissioned old USS Merimack- raised from

sea- be turned into an ironclad warship for CSA navy. Name it CSS Virginia.

Battle is the first meeting of ironclad warships

Confederates want to use new CSS Virginia to break through Union blockade of Norfolk/Richmond.

Battle lasted about 3 hours. CSS Virignia met and destroyed wooden Union ship (USS Minnesota) before engaged the Union ironclad, USS Monitor.

After 3 hours, CSS Virginia returned to shipyard. USS Monitor remained on water and with blockade, so technically a Union victory. As international naval powers learn of battle, stop

building wooden ships and begin to build ships out of iron

The War So Far

The War So FarWhat is the war about?Preserving the Union or Freeing the Slaves?

The War So Far

Reasons a Victory was Needed:

Lincoln wanted to show that his government was strong and could support or “back up” the proclamation.

Lincoln didn’t want it to appear that his government was weak, and that he was asking the slaves to rebel against their masters.

AntietamSeptember 17, 1862

Antietam

Activity As a group read the Battle of Antietam Summary.

Antietam

War for Capitals: Antietam

Spring, 1862: General Robert E. Lee takes control of Confederate Army of Northern Virginia General Johnston wounded in battle with Union Gen.

McClellanSept., 1862: Confederate attempts to move

ANV towards DC. Lee and ANV cross Potomac into Union state of MD. One of McClellan’s men found Lee’s plans/orders

wrapped around cigars. Tell of Lee and Stonewall Jackson being separated for a bit on march north.

McClellan order men to pursue Lee

Sept. 17th: Union and Confederate troops engage near Antietam Creek. Twelve hour battle that began with Union attacks on

Confederate troops. Both sides stubbornly hold lines and continue fighting.

By the next day, both sides gather wounded, bury dead. Bloodiest single-day battle in U.S. history. Nearly 26,000 wounded/dead.

Lee retreats back to VA, leaving the Union with a victory.Union Gen. McClellan chose not to pursue

retreating Confederates. Lincoln removes him from command because of this

Emancipation Proclamation

After Confederate defeat and retreat back into Virginia, Union President Lincoln uses opportunity to change purpose of war.

Had written draft of EP prior to battle. Wanted to use it to weaken the CSA. As Commander in Chief of U.S., war powers allow

Lincoln to order troops to seize enemy resources. If slaves property, then troops could emancipate them just as they could seize supplies.

Lincoln is not able to free slaves/abolish slavery within U.S. though- 5th Amendment still protects property.

Battle of Antietam was perfect timing to launch formal EP. Proclamation made Sep. 22, 1862, but would go into effect on Jan. 1, 1863.

Before, war about economics of slavery, states v. federal rights, and to save the Union (or Southern independence). Now, war also about moral issue of slavery.

Emancipation

Emancipation

Emancipation

His first challenge was that the U.S. Constitution did not prohibit slavery. Individual states could outlaw slavery, but not the U.S. Government.

Emancipation

Lincoln used his background as a lawyer to come up with a solution more or less based on the following questions that I would like you to answer:

Emancipation

Question: How did slave owners legally consider their slaves (and horses, buildings, etc…)?

Emancipation

Answer: Slaves were considered to be property.

Emancipation

Question: What happens to property that armies capture from their enemy during a war?

Image courtesy Library of Congress

Emancipation

Answer: The property captured (called contraband) belongs to the army that captured it and its government.

Emancipation

ActivityLook at your excerpt from the Emancipation Proclamation.

Let’s read the second paragraph together.

Image courtesy Library of Congress

Emancipation

The war was no longer just about preserving the union, it was also about freeing the slaves.

Emancipation

United States Colored Troops

United States Colored Troops

In the Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln addressed the enlistment of African Americans in the United States armed forces.

ActivityIn paragraph #8 Lincoln discusses them being accepted into the military. Let’s read it together.

Image courtesy Library of Congress

United States Colored Troops

ActivityLet’s read an excerpts from General Order 143, which created the “United States Colored Troops” (USCT).

Image courtesy National Archives

United States Colored Troops

Question: What do you think were some advantages for the United States in having African Americans serve in the military?

United States Colored Troops

Answer:African Americans joined the United States military in large numbers. Which led to a larger army, one of the deciding factors in the United States defeating the Confederacy.

CSA Support

CSA hoped that Great Britain’s dependence on Southern cotton would allow them to formally recognize the CSA as independent country. GB acquired large amounts of cotton prior to war, so

did not need to rely on South. Did need wheat/corn from North.

GB decided to stay NEUTRAL.

Trent Affair: British built several warships for CSA. USS San Jacinto intercepted British ship carrying two CSA diplomats (James Mason/John Slidell) heading to rally support for CSA in GB and France. US took men prisoner. Some in North want Lincoln to

declare war vs. GB/France. Lincoln know not smart to do that.

In Europe, people outraged. GB ask for formal apology and prisoners to be released. Lincoln does so to avoid war.

Mason/Slidell go on to Europe, but have no luck gaining military support for the South.

Life During Wartime

Not a lot of unity for the war in the Union or CSA: Lincoln and Davis suspend writ of habeas corpus (no

longer had to be charged with a crime to be held by the gov.)

Both also have to turn to conscription (draft) and force men to serve in army. In Union, see riots break out because of this.

Many deserters from both armies during war

African-Americans in military for both sides Union: Served in separate regiments under white

command, were paid less, faced much discrimination. 180,000 serve.

Confederacy: Served in several ways. Non-military: Were continuous labor that fueled the

economy and maintained food production during the war Could be rented or drafted by the CSA to build

infrastructure Used as a work force to move food/supplies Went to war as servants, cooks, etc. (about 85% served in

this way)

Illusion of the Civil War as a glorious affair faded quickly as soldiers and citizens deal with realities of war.

Soldiers: Casualties on battlefields very high, living conditions were crowded, unhealthy, dirty. Food very scarce and medical care was lacking.

Camps littered with rubbish/garbage and open latrines.

Diseases spread quickly (dysentery, diarrhea, lice) Prison camps also very bad:

In South, huge lack of food and tent canvas. Some prisoners kept in cow pens and barns. Spaces crowded and unsanitary. In winter, no heat. Pneumonia spread quickly, many died.

Approximately 15% of Union soldiers in CSA camps died, 12% of Confederate soldiers in Union camps died.

Women very important for war effort. Union: nearly 3,000 serve in army as nurses. Clara

Barton served and eventually founded American Red Cross after the war. Often cared for sick/wounded at front lines of battle.

CSA: Women play similar role. Sally Tompkins commissioned a Capt. in army for heroics as nurse on battlefields. Women also must keep families and farms running while men away.

Economy in both Union and Confederacy highly effected by war. Union: Economy grew as factories/industries continued to

produce. Army needed supplies that came from woolen mills, steel foundries, etc. Wages in North did not keep up with prices, so standard of living

declined. Men still at work go on strike, factories begin to hire free blacks, immigrants, women. First income tax issued to help pay for war (tax on a percentage of income)

CSA: Economy shattered. Shortage of food throughout the South. Very large lack of manpower as men are off at war and enslaved field workers were being lost (Union armies came through and freed them, some ran away, others joined Confederate army) Food prices in South skyrocketed and inflation rose 7,000%

Ch. 4, Sec. 3: The War Turns

1863 began well for Confederates: Battle of Fredericksburg, VA: Dec., 1862 Confederates held high ground and

fought back six attempts by Union to cross open land below

Gen. Burnside/Union suffer 12,000+ casualties, has army retreat

Battle of Chancellorsville, VA: May, 1863 Confederate Gen. Lee vs. Union Gen.

Hooker Confederates able to storm through

Union lines on 2nd day, cause Union troops to scatter

On 3rd day, Lee wins as Hooker retreats Comes at a high price- Stonewall Jackson

shot by friendly fire, May 2nd. Left arm amputated. Jackson died from pneumonia a week later (May 10th, 1863).

An Invasion into the North

Lee intent to invade North by going through Maryland and into Pennsylvania.

In North, support for war very minimal. Many soldiers deserting and some try to undermine Lincoln and his war effort

The Battle at Gettysburg

July 1st, 1863: Battle near town of Gettysburg, PA

Confederates under Gen. Hill meet Union cavalry under Gen. Buford on a bridge.

Buford had men surround town, take defensive positions behind hills/ridges.

As Hill approached, Buford and men were waiting. Shooting begins between the two. Causes each side to call in reinforcements.

By end of first day, over 90,000 Union troops had taken field under Gen. George Meade against 75,000 Confederates under Gen. Lee

July 2nd: Confederates drove Union troops from the town, took control of Gettysburg. Union still held position at Cemetery Ridge (high ground south of town). Lee ordered an attack on the ridge.

Confederates head from Seminary Ridge (peach orchard, wheat field between them and Union) toward Union lines to attack. Union lines hold.

July 3rd: Lee ordered artillery barrage on center of the Union lines on Cemetery Ridge. Fighting lasted 2 hours and could be heard in Pittsburgh, PA.

Confederates charge Union lines thinking guns had silenced, but as march across farmland toward Union high ground, Northern barrage began again- artillery, infantry fire on approaching soldiers.

Breaking the charm of Robert E. Lee’s invincibility

Confederates are devastated and head back to their lines. Union army victorious.

Loss causes Lee to abandon hope of invading the north. Takes his army back to Virginia.

After the 3 days of battle: 23,000 Union men killed/wounded 28,000 Confederates killed/wounded More than 30% of manpower

Gettysburg Address

November 1863: Ceremony held to dedicate a cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield.

Lincoln gave 2 minute speech at dedication ceremony

Effect of speech- allowed people to see U.S. in a new way Was not a collection of individual states, but a

UNIFIED NATION

Vicksburg

Union Gen. Grant led army to take Vicksburg on Mississippi River. Located on a hill that overlooked the river. Allowed whoever controlled the town to also control movement along river.

Spring 1863: Grant sent cavalry through MS to destroy rail lines and distract Confederate troops from his Union infantry marching towards Vicksburg.

Grant landed troops south of Vicksburg on April 30 and sent men to search for confederate troops.

May 14th, Union troops able to take Jackson, MS (capital). Allows Union confidence to be very high.

Grant order troops to rush city of Vicksburg and take it. Two attacks sent, neither successful.

By end of May, Grant decides to besiege the city. Every day, artillery fire on city from river and land Forces people to move away, into caves dug out of

hillsides Grant cut off food supplies, people in city desperate

(dogs, mules). Confederate command in Vicksburg appeals to Grant

for surrenderJuly 4th, 1863: Vicksburg falls to Union

forces. July 9th: Port Hudson, LA also fell to Union. Was last Confederate stronghold on MS River Union achieves goal of cutting south in two

The Confederacy Wears Down

Losses and high casualties at Vicksburg and Gettysburg leave Confederacy with lack of manpower

CSA experiencing shortage of food, shoes, uniforms, guns, ammunition. 1862: Bread Riots- Richmond, VA

By 1864, $1 (CSA) = $.05 in gold Printed $1 billion Confederate dollars- caused

inflation Issued $150 million bonds in exchange for money

Confederate plan changes: No need to hang on long enough to weaken Union morale and work toward armistice (cease-fire). Southern morale sank every day. Many in

Confederacy caller peace or to end the war. Tired of fighting.

Submarine Warfare

Feb. 1864- Confederate submarine HL Hunley attempt an attack on USS Housatonic off coast of Charleston. 8 men inside to turn hand cranks to move propeller

CSS Hunley ramed into USS Housatonic and planted 135 lb. torpedo into ship. Hunley backed away and Housatonic exploded, burned 3 min., sunk to bottom (5 killed).

Signal for success sent to Confederates back on land. Hunley turned and began return to land. Sometime between signal and return to land, the Hunley disappeared. Found buried in Atlantic off coast of Charleston in 1995.

Total War

By March of 1864, Lincoln has two trusted Generals who will FIGHT! Ulysses S. Grant- commander of all Union armies William Tecumseh Sherman- commander of division of

MSKnow fighting only continues because of

strength of willpower on both sides. If destroy will of the CSA to fight, then CSA would

collapse.

Both believe in total war. War that is limitless. No distinction between civilian

and soldier. Would use all resources to destroy will and ability of

enemy to resist Ex: eliminate food sources, resources, infrastructure,

artillery, MORALE!

Total War in Action

Grant’s strategy: decimate Lee’s Army of N. Virginia Even if Union lost more men in the fight, they could

afford it and the South could notSherman’s March to the Sea: Spring, 1864-

Sherman begins total war tactics. Began march across SE from Mississippi through Georgia. Created wide path of destruction along way. Army plunder, destroy, burned railroads, houses,

crops. Took supplies, killed livestock.

Sherman wanted to make Southerners “so sick of war that generations would pass away before they would again appeal to it.” By November 1864- path of destruction across south.

Atlanta/Savannah burned, many others Headed north through SC and NC Sherman’s forces + 25,000 former slaves head north

to help Grant destroy Lee

Election of 1864

Lincoln faced upcoming reelection and much opposition from Northern Democrats, some Republicans. People shocked, disappointed at length of war, high

casualties Regains support with victories and news of Sherman’s

march

November- Lincoln wins reelection over opposition! George McClellan (Democrat)- Upset at being

dismissed by Lincoln, had support of Copperheads John C. Fremont (Radical Republican)- Wanted

immediate emancipation of all slaves Conservative Republicans: gradual emancipation Moderate Republicans: grant emancipation, but with

reservations

Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse

April 3rd, 1865: Union troops conquered Richmond, VA (capital of CSA). Southerners had abandoned city on April 2nd and set fire to it to keep Union from taking it.

April 9th at Appomattox Courthouse, VA: Lee and Grant met at a private home to arrange surrender of Confederacy army to Union army. Lincoln very generous in terms of surrender. Grant took over Lee’s soldiers, sent them home w/ possessions and few days worth of rations.

By May, all Confederate resistance collapsed. The Civil War had ended- the Union had won.

Death toll almost as many deaths as all other US wars combined Union- 360,000 CSA- 260,000 TOTAL: 620,000

The War Changes the Nation

Political & Economic Changes: War increased Federal Gov. power and authority over people

During war, laws passed that allow gov. to have more control over individual citizens (income tax, conscription)

Gap between economy of N and S widened In North- dependence on factories, industry for war effort=

growth In South- economy busted. Slavery ended as source of labor,

fighting destroyed farmland and any industry the S did have

Warfare Revolution: =First “Modern” War Technology: Rifle, ironclad ships, minie ball (more

destructive lead bullet), early form of hand grenade & land/sea mines

13th Amendment

Emancipation Proclamation only freed slaves in the CSA.

After war, Lincoln fear people will see EP as temporary since slavery still existed in border states.

US Government knows can only end slavery by constitutional amendment to abolish slavery 13th Amendment to U.S. Constitution passed on Dec. 6,

1865 = 1st Reconstruction Amendment abolishes slavery

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation

Lincoln Assassination

March, 1865: John Wilkes Booth and friends plan kidnapping of Lincoln Would take to Richmond, VA and exchange for release

of Confederate prisoners Lincoln did not arrive at time/place, so plan failed

April, 1865: Plot to save Confederacy by killing Lincoln, VP Andrew Johnson, and Sec. of State William Seward all on same night

April 14th, 1865: Lincoln’s to Ford’s Theater in DC to see a play (Our American Cousin). During 3rd act, unknown shooter entered box and shot

Lincoln behind head Sic Semper Tyrannus= Thus always to tyrants! Lincoln paralyzed and died the next day (April 15th,

1865) Booth caught 12 days later in in Virginia Other two parts of plan failed

Ch. 4, Sec. 4: Reconstruction and its Effects

VP Andrew Johnson succeeds Lincoln as President in April, 1865

Reconstruction= period of rebuilding the United States and bringing Confederate States back into the Union

LINCOLN JOHNSON

Very lenientConfederates pardoned

if swore allegiance to Union & accept 13th Amend. Except high rank officers,

any accused of war crimes10% of 1860 voters need

to take oath before any states allowed to re-enter politics/the Union

VA, AR, LA, TN

No high-ranking Confederates or wealthy southerners could take oath Purpose was to break

planter’s power BUT, also says “White

men alone must manage the South”

FL, GA, AL, NC, SC, MS, TX

Reconstruction Plans

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Passed to establish Freedman’s Bureau- would provide food, clothing, hospitals, education, legal protection to former slaves and poor whites

Gave citizenship to African Americans

Forbid states from passing discriminatory laws (black codes) that restricted African-American lives Johnson vetoed Act, but was overridden by Congress

14th Amendment: Prevented states from denying rights and privileges to any U.S. citizen Purpose was to overrule the Dred Scott decision

Reconstruction Act & Impeachment

1867: Act sets up official plan for reconstruction. = Congressional Reconstruction

CSA divided into military districts- states were under martial law. Right to vote had to be given to African-Americans and all had to ratify 14th amendment to reenter Union. Johnson vetoed, Congress overruled

1868: Pres. Johnson removed Edwin Stanton as Sec. of War. Radical Republicans looking for war to get Johnson

out of office. Charge Pres. with violation of Tenure of Office Act House voted to impeach Johnson, but was not

convicted of crime, so remained in officeUlysses S. Grant wins presidency in 1868.

15th Amendment: No one could be kept from voting based on race, color, previous condition of servitude. Ratified in 1870.

Reconstructing Society

After the war ends, Northerners begin to infiltrate South: South left in ruins and needed to be rebuilt Northerners take advantage of financial/political

opportunity Investment into rebuilding projects Republican government officials

Scalawags= white southerners who joined the Republican party Often seeking to improve life/economic conditions To stop wealthy planters from regaining power Usually did not share Republican commitment to civil

rights for blacks Carpetbaggers= Northerners who moved south to

take advantage of economic opportunities Owned very little, so fit everything into carpet bag Some came south to work in schools to education

freedmen

A New Life for Former Slaves

Many slaves illiterate, so educating freedmen becomes important Public schools open in southern states as part of

Reconstruction governments Churches serve as education centers

Reconstruction brings in 16 African-Americans into Congress Hiram Revels is first. Black Senator from Mississippi

Sharecropping: Freedmen and poor white farmers have little to no

land, so no way to make money or feed families. Landowners divide land and assign few acres to

family. Supply seed, tools for family to farm land for owner. Family can keep a share of what is produced, but rest goes to owner.

Tenant Farming: Man/Family able to rent a piece of land. Keep entire

harvest.

Collapse of Reconstruction

Vigilante Groups form as some Southerners unable to accept changes from Reconstruction and with Civil Rights Used violence to intimidate blacks

Ku Klux Klan: Confederate terrorist organization Founded in 1865, Pulaski, TN Began as social club for former Confederates Evolved into violent vigilante group First Grand Wizard was Nathan Bedford Forrest, a

highly successful Confederate General

Ku Klux Klan

Goal to destroy Republican party, overthrow Reconstruction governments in southern states, give power back to planters, prevent blacks from exercising political rights.

Often use violence to threaten, intimidate Whites from all classes joined to preserve law & order

in white-dominated society Violence also against white Republican leaders Mobs would go through black areas of town to cause

riots, would attack blacks at suffragist meetings, intimidate all who try to vote Republican

Many Southern states fight back against KKK (TN, TX, NC, SC),. Not much success stopping organization because many local judges, policemen, mayors were Klansmen

KKK able to gain local power over state or federal authorities

Congressional Acts of 1870, 1871, 1872

Enforcement Acts: 1870- Provided that there be federal supervision of

elections Also, gave President power to use federal troops in

any area where Klan was activeAmnesty Act: 1872

Returned rights to over 150,000 former confederates Right to vote, right to hold federal/state offices

Same year (1872), Freedmen’s Bureau expired

Both the Act and expiration of FB allowed Southern Democrats able to regain political power

The Fall of Reconstruction

National support for Reconstruction was fadingRepublican party divided over post-war issues

Radical Republicans failing to convince others to let them keep running the south

Panic of 1873: Bank failures sent country into 5 year depression

Policies and decisions of Fed. Gov. began to undo social & political changes of radical Republicans

Election of 1876: Samuel Tilden (D) v. Rutherford B. Hayes (R) Tilden won popular vote, but not electoral vote Southern Democrats agree to accept Hayes IF the

Republicans would guarantee that federal troops would be withdraw from the South

Republicans agree, Hayes becomes president, and RECONSTRUCTION ENDS (1876/1877)

The Jim Crow South

With end of Reconstruction, Southern Democrats regain control in the South.

For Southerners, this is redemption- ability to regain control from Republicans

Redeemer governments push Jim Crow laws Jumping Jim Crow- song/dance performed in blackface,

popular in 1830s/1840s. “Jim Crow” synonymous with an African-American

Used to describe the south and laws made to segregate whites and blacks

Laws passed to restrict voting Poll taxes, literacy and comprehension tests,

residency/record-keeping requirements, the Grandfather clause

Reduced number of blacks and poor white voters in the South