Berbers al-Andalus - Andalucia
711-16 Muslim conquest of Spain
732/33 Defeat of Muslims by Charles Martelat Tours/Poitiers
749-50 ‘Abbasids oust Umayyads fromcaliphate in Middle East
756 ‘Abd al-Rahman (r. 756-88) takesCordoba, rules as emir of al-Andalus
909 Fatimids establish territories in N. Africa
912-61 Reign of ‘Abd al-Rahman III
929 ‘Abd al-Rahman III declares himselfcaliph, founding Umayyad caliphate ofCordoba
961-76 Reign of al-Hakam II
musta‘ribun - Mozarabs
976 Death of al-Hakam II. Hisham accedesto throne, but Ibn Abi ‘Amir takes control
1031 Collapse of the Umayyad caliphate ofCordoba
652-902 Gradual conquest ofSicily by Muslims
Early 9th c. Muslims take Crete
846 Muslim forces pillage Rome
891 Muslim forces settle at Nice, conductattacks in France
915 Byzantines expel Muslims from central Italy
962 Byzantines re-take Crete
972/73 Muslim forces driven from Nice
1061-91 Normans under Roger(r. 1061-1101) take Sicily
895 Magyars arrive in Hungary
c. 900 Magyars enter German lands
906 Magyars plunder Saxony. Over next twodecades attack Germany, Italy, France
937 Magyars reach Reims
955 Otto I (r. 936-73) defeats Magyars at theLechfeld
968 Otto I establishes bishopric of Magdeburg
End 9th c./start 10th c. Bohemia, under influenceof bishopric of Regensburg, converts toChristianity
c. 960-92 Reign of Prince Mieszko of Polandwho converts to Christianity and (in 990)places Poland directly under papalprotection
Second half of 10th c. Magyars acceptmissionaries from Regensburg andSalzburg into Hungary
997-1038 Reign of St Stephen as King ofHungary
1000 Stephen receives crown from pope
863 Byzantine emperor sends Cyril (d. 869)and Methodius (d. 889) as missionariesto Slavs (with Slavonic Gospels)
867 Cyril and Methodius gain papal approvalfor activities
Eventually Croats follow Roman rite,Serbs follow Greek Orthodox rite
9th c. Bulgars create state in modern Bulgaria,Khan (king) Boris (r. 852-89) interestedin converting to Christianity
858 Dispute between Rome and Constantinopleas result of replacement of PatriarchIgnatius, by regent Bardas andEmperor Michael III (r. 842-67), withPhotius. Pope Nicholas I (p. 858-67)sends legates to investigate, but they arebought off
863 Nicholas summons church council at Rome,which repudiates Photius, re-instatesIgnatius. Michael III and Nicholasexchange rejections
864 Baptism of Boris into Greek OrthodoxChristianity, with Michael III as sponsor,but Photius disregards Boris’ requests, soBoris seeks papal support. Nicholas writesin support, but raises issue of filioquedoctrine
381 Council of Constantinople approves“The Holy Spirit, who proceeds from theFather”
Nicholas writes to Boris with “who proceedsfrom the Father and the Son (patrefilioque)”
867 Synod of eastern bishops excommunicatesNicholas. Start of Photian Schism
867-86 Reign of Basil I as Byzantine Emperor
870 Boris returns to Greek Orthodox Church
877 Death of Ignatius. Photius becomesPatriarch of Constantinople, this time withpapal approval
879 End of Photian Schism
890 Bulgaria adopts Slavonic liturgy of Cyriland Methodius