![Page 1: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports
Section 4
![Page 2: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Challenges facing Air Crews and Air Traffic Controllers
•Taxi operations may be difficult and hazardous
•Aircrew workload during taxi has increased
![Page 3: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Technology improvements at airports have not kept pace with demand
•Air traffic volume increases yearly
•Air Traffic System is more complex
•Airport layout design is more complicated
Challenges facing Air Crews and Air Traffic Controllers
![Page 4: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Taxi Operations at Towered Airports
Conduct Pre-Taxi Planning•Study airport diagram BEFORE taxi
•Identify complex intersections and potential runway crossings
•Plan timing of checklists and conduct them while stopped
•Plan timing of company communications
•Listen to ATIS
CAUTION: Follow the taxi clearance or instructions that are ACTUALLY received and not those EXPECTED to be received.
![Page 5: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
•Copying complex taxi instructions can reduce a pilot’s vulnerability to forgetting.
“Cessna 34 Papa Uniform, taxi to Runway 19 right, at Alpha 3 intersection departure, via Taxiway Charlie to Taxiway Alpha, hold short of Runway 19 right.”
NOTE: Common sense should be used in determining this need. Don’t be afraid to ask for “progressive taxi directions”
Write Down Taxi Instructions
![Page 6: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
•Be vigilant if instructed to “taxi into position and hold”
•Be extremely cautious when directed to use a runway as a taxiway
Maintain Situational Awareness
![Page 7: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Monitor ATC instructions issued to other aircraft
LOOK before crossing intersecting taxiways or runways
Maintain Situational Awareness (con’t)
![Page 8: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Maintain Situational Awareness (con’t)
Use extra caution
At Night
or in periods of reduced visibility
![Page 9: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Use utmost caution when exiting the runway if the exit taxiway intersects with another runway
(see next three examples)
Maintain Situational Awareness (con’t)
Know where you are and where you’re going
![Page 10: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
4
D
D
Following landing, blue aircraft has been instructed to “hold short” Runway 4. Blue aircraft is expected to hold at this position even if the aircraft has not cleared the landing runway and remains inside the safety area for Runway 35. Follow ATC instructions.
35
Runway S
afet
y Are
a fo
r 4
Ru
nw
ay S
afet
y A
rea
fo
r 35
35
4
Note: Because of the relative short Taxiway D stub, the hold markings are not SEQUENCED in the “usual order” as one would expect to see exiting either runway.
![Page 11: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
32L
32R
Runway Safety Area 14L/32R
Following landing, the orange aircraft has been instructed to “hold short” Runway 14L. THE ORANGE AIRCRAFT IS EXPECTED TO HOLD AT THIS POSITION EVEN IF IT HAS NOT CLEARED THE LANDING RUNWAY AND REMAINS INSIDE THE SAFETY AREA FOR RUNWAY 14R/32L. (black circle)
Runway Safety Area 14R/32L
14R
![Page 12: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
32L
Runway Safety Area 14L/32R
Runway Safety Area 14R/32L
Runway Safety Area 14L/32R
Following landing the blue aircraft is expected to clear the hold position marking associated with the landing runway (black circle) unless otherwise instructed by ATC. The orange aircraft has been instructed to “hold short” Runway 14L.
32R
14R
![Page 13: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Coordinate Crew Communications
•On taxi instructions for takeoff
•On identifying runway intersections
•On identifying the correct departure runway
•On performing other “heads down” cockpit tasks
![Page 14: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Coordinate Crew Communications
•On landing and hold short clearance
•On ATC instructions to parking
•Before crossing hold short lines
![Page 15: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Maintain the “Communication Loop”
•Maintain a “sterile cockpit”
•Use standard ATC phraseology
•Focus on what ATC is instructing
•Read back all hold short and runway crossing instructions.
NOTE: Air Traffic Controllers are required to obtain from the pilot a readback of all runway hold short instructions
![Page 16: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
THE TWO MOST COMMON PILOT ERRORS RESULT IN RUNWAY INCURSIONS ARE:
•Taxiing onto the runway after acknowledging
ATC “hold short” instructions.
•Taking off without clearance.
![Page 17: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Potential “TRAPAircraft #1 is holding on the runway for an intersection departure runway 14 at taxiway Echo while aircraft #2, is told to “taxi into position and hold”.
A/C 2
A/C 1As the pilot of either aircraft,
what should you be listening for?
Answer: ATC will soon give takeoff clearance to one of the aircraft holding on the runway. Ensure that clearance is directed to A/C 1.
![Page 18: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Aircraft # 1 is landing runway 35L and told to “If able, turn right Taxiway Kilo” while aircraft # 2 is given landing clearance to same runway.
A/C 2
A/C 1
As the pilot of aircraft 2,
what are you expecting to happen?
Answer: As pilot of A/C 2 you are expecting A/C 1 to clear the runway prior to your crossing the runway threshold or ATC to instruct you to “go around”.
![Page 19: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
•PRIOR TO TAXI, have a copy of and be familiar with the airport diagram
•Use the compass or heading display to supplement orientation
•Use all resources during “low” visibility taxiing
•If uncertain of position, STOP and advise ATC
•Inform ATC of any delay on runway when crossing or taking off
Keep “Heads UP” When Taxiing
![Page 20: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
DO NOT exit onto another runway after landing without ATC clearance.
DO NOT stop on a runway. If possible, taxi off the runway and then initiate communications with ATC to
regain your orientation.
CAUTION
![Page 21: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Recommend Review Advisory Circulars
AC 91-73 and AC 120-74
These circulars contain information concerning flight crew procedures during taxi
operations.
Additional information on this subject can be obtained from the
local Flight Standards District Office
![Page 22: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
•Familiarize yourself with the local traffic pattern. Not all airports use a standard traffic pattern.
•Be especially alert during calm winds. Aircraft may be utilizing an instrument approach to a runway other than the one in use for VFR operations..
•Remember to check Airport Facility Directories, NOTAMS, and airport web sites for site specific information.
Taxi Operations at NON-TOWERED Airports
or at airports without an operating control tower
CAUTION: Some aircraft operating at the airport may not be radio equipped.
Use Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF) - always!
![Page 23: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Taxi Operations at NON-TOWERED Airports
or at airports without an operating control tower
Use extreme caution when operating from a
runway where the opposite end of the
runway is not visible.
Use CTAF - always!
CAUTION: Some aircraft operating at the airport may not be radio equipped.
![Page 24: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Taxi Operations at NON-TOWERED Airports
or at airports without an operating control tower
Be vigilant if terrain features blocks the
view of the approach end of crossing
runways.
CAUTION: Some aircraft operating at the airport may not be radio equipped.
Use CTAF - always!
![Page 25: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Taxi Operations at NON-TOWERED Airports
•Scan the full length of the runway before crossing
•Maintain a “Sterile Cockpit”
•Use CTAF - always!
![Page 26: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
CTAF – Use It!Self Announce Your Position and Intentions
At Towered Airports
(when the tower is not operating)
and
at Non-Towered AirportsCheck Airport/Facility Directory (AFD) for Frequencies
CTAF frequency @ this airport: ___________________
Avoid a Surface Incident
A Fully Developed Surface Incident = An ACCIDENT!
![Page 27: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Maintain Situational Awareness
•Monitor the appropriate frequency for other traffic activity
•Monitor approach control, if possible, to alert you to IFR traffic inbound
•Use exterior lighting to be more conspicuous
Where is the hold position?
Hold Sign Hold Line
![Page 28: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Communications at Non-Towered Airports
•Ensure your radio is tuned to the appropriate CTAF frequency
•Listen before transmitting
•Always state the name of the airport at the beginning and end of the transmission
•Transmit intentions clearly but be brief
•Use your full call sign when broadcasting
![Page 29: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Recommend Review Advisory Circulars
AC 90-42 and AC 90-66These circulars contain information concerning
operations at airports WITHOUT operating Control Towers.
Additional information on this subject can be obtained from the local Flight Standards District Office
![Page 30: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
WHETHER YOU FLY INTO HERE…..
![Page 31: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
OR HERE…..
![Page 32: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
OR HERE…
![Page 33: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
LOOK, LISTEN, and EXPECT the unexpected!
![Page 34: Best Practices for Taxi Operations at Towered & Non-Towered Airports](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815acf550346895dc8a2b5/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
If You Operate From a Towered
or Non-towered Airport
•Plan Your Taxi Route
•Understand Your Taxi Route
•Execute Your Taxi Route!
End of Section 4